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'''Mens sana in corpore sano''' is a famous [[Latin language|Latin]] quotation from [[Juvenal]] (Satire X line 356).
{{Timeline of Islamic history}}
It translates as "'''A sound mind in a sound body'''." The loosely-translated meaning in English for the phrase is "A healthy mind in a healthy body." Over time, the phrase has come to mean that only a healthy body can produce or sustain a healthy mind.
==20th Century ([[1901]]-[[2000]])==
* [[1901]]: [[Ibn Saud|Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud]] captures [[Riyadh]]. [[France|French]] forces occupy [[Morocco]].
* [[1904]]: [[Morocco]] becomes a [[France|French]] protectorate under the [[Conference of Algeciras]]. The [[Presian constitution]] is promoted.
* [[1905]]: The beginning of the [[Salafi|Salafiyyah]] movement in [[Paris]] with its main sphere of influence in [[Egypt]].
* [[1907]]: The beginning of the [[Young Turks]] movement in [[Turkey]].
* [[1912]]: The beginning of the [[Muhammadiyyah reform]] movement in [[Indonesia]].
* [[1914]]: Under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule, secret [[Arab]] nationalist societies are formed. [[World War I]] begins. The [[Ottoman Empire]] enters the war allied with [[Germany]].
* [[1916]]: [[Arab]] revolt against [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] (Turkish) rule. [[T. E. Lawrence|Lawrence of Arabia]] leads attacks on the Hejaz Railway.
* [[1917]]: [[Britain]] issues the then-secret [[Balfour Declaration]] pledging British support for the creation of a [[Jewish]] national homeland in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].
* [[1918]]: After losing virtually their entire empire, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] capitulate on October 19 and sign the [[Armistice of Mudros]] with the [[Entente Powers]] on [[October 30]]. [[World War I]] ends on [[November 11]]. [[Syria]] and [[Damascus]] become a [[France|French]] protectorate.
* [[1921]]: [[Abdullah I of Jordan]] in made King of [[Transjordan]]. His father was the [[Sharif of Mecca]]. [[Faisal I of Iraq]] is made King of [[Iraq]]. His father was the [[Sharif of Mecca]]. [[Abd al-Karim]] leads a revolt against colonial rule in [[Morocco|Moroccan]] [[Rif]], and declares the "Republic of the Rif".
* [[1922]]: [[Mustafa Kemal]] seizes control of Turkey and abolishes the [[Ottoman]] [[Sultan|Sultanate]], prompting the last Ottoman Sultan to flee Turkey; the 600 year-old [[Ottoman Empire]] officially ceases to exist.
* [[1923]]: Mustafa Kemal declares the [[Republic of Turkey]].
* [[1924]]: The [[Turkish Grand National Assembly]] abolishes the [[Ottoman]] [[Caliph|Caliphate]] and sends the remaining members of the Ottoman House into exile. King [[Ibn Saud|Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud]] conquers [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], leading to the unification of the Kingdoms of [[Najd]] and [[Hejaz]].
* [[1925]]: [[Reza Khan]] seizes the government in [[Persia]] and establishes the [[Pahlavi dynasty]].
* [[1926]]: [[Ibn Saud|Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud]] assumes title of King of [[Najd]] and [[Hejaz]].
* [[1927]]: Death of [[Zaghlul]], an [[Egypt|Egyptian]] nationalist leader.
* [[1928]]: [[Turkey]] is declared a secular state. [[Hasan al-Banna]] founds the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], an [[Islamist]] movement dedicated to social, political, and moral reform in [[Egypt]]. The movement would later spread to other Arab nations and to [[Pakistan]].
* [[1932]]: [[Iraq]] granted independence by [[League of Nations]].
* [[1934]]: War between King [[Ibn Saud|Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud]] and [[Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din|Imam Yahya]] of the [[Yemen]]. [[Peace treaty of Taif]]. [[Asir]] becomes part of [[Saudi Arabia]].
* [[1935]]: [[Iran]] becomes the official name of [[Persia]].
* [[1936]]: Increased [[Jew|Jewish]] immigration leads to an [[Arab]] revolt in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] in the [[Great Uprising]].
* [[1939]]: [[World War II]].
* [[1941]]: [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Russia]]n forces invade [[Iran]] and [[Reza Pahlavi|Reza Shah]] is forced to abdicate in favor of his son [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah]] in [[Iran]]. [[Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi]] founds [[Jamaat-e-Islami]], the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]'s [[South Asian]] counterpart.
* [[1945]]: End of [[World War II]].
* [[1946]]: [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Syria]] are granted independence from [[Britain]] and [[France]].
* [[1947]]: India gains independence from Britain, and [[Pakistan]] is created from the region's [[Muslim]]-majority areas. Disputes over the status of [[Kashmir]] leads to the first [[Indo-Pakistani War]]; Kashmir is divided between India and Pakistan.
* [[1948]]: Hundreds of thousands of [[Palestinians]] are displaced as [[Israel]] comes into existence. [[Arab]] armies suffer defeat in [[1948 Arab-Israeli War|war with Israel]].
* [[1949]]: [[Hassan al Banna|Hasan al-Banna]], leader of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], is assassinated by [[Egyptian]] security forces.
* [[1951]]: [[Libya]] becomes independent.
* [[1952]]: [[Farouk of Egypt|King Faruq]] of [[Egypt]] forced to abdicate.
* [[1953]]: Backed by [[American]] and [[United Kingdom|British]] intelligence agencies, [[Fazlollah Zahedi|General Zahedi]] leads a coup against [[Mohammed Mossadegh]], returning the Shah to power. Death of King [[Ibn Saud|Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud]] of [[Saudi Arabia]]. The foundation stone is laid to enlarge the [[Masjid al-Nabawi|Prophet's mosque]] in [[Medina]].
* [[1954]]: [[Algerian War of Independence]] begins.
* [[1956]]: [[Morocco]] becomes independent. [[Tunisia]] becomes independent.
* [[1957]]: The Bey of Tunisia is deposed, and [[Habib Bourguiba|Bourguiba]] becomes becomes president. Enlargement of the [[Masjid al Haram|Haram]] in [[Mecca]] begins.
* [[1960]]: [[Mali]] and [[Senegal]] become independent.
* [[1962]]: [[Algeria]] becomes independent. Death of Zaydi Imam of [[Yemen]] (Ahmad). Crown Prince Bahr succeeds him and takes the title [[Imam]] Mansur Bi-Llah Muhammad.
* [[1965]]: American Muslim leader [[Malcolm X]] is assassinated. The second [[Indo-Pakistani War]] results in a stalemate.
* [[1967]]: [[Israel]] launches a [[preemptive war]] against [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]] and seizes control of [[Jerusalem]], the [[West Bank]], [[Gaza Strip]], the [[Sinai Peninsula]], and the [[Golan Heights]] after defeating combined forces from [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], and [[Syria]] during the [[Six-Day War]]. More Palestinians are displaced.
* [[1968]]: The enlargement of the [[Masjid al Haram|Haram]] in [[Mecca]] is completed.
* [[1969]]: [[Idris I of Libya|King Idris]] of [[Libya]] is ousted by a coup led by [[Muammar al-Qaddafi|Colonel Qadhdhafi]].
* [[1971]]: [[Bengalis]] in [[East Pakistan]] under the leadership of Sheikh [[Mujibur Rahman]] begin campaigning for independence from [[West Pakistan]], prompting a heavy-handed military reprisal from Pakistani forces. India becomes involved in the conflict, resulting in the third [[Indo-Pakistani War]]. After a bloody struggle during which the Pakistani army commits numerous war crimes against Bengali civilians, [[Bangladesh]] comes into existence.
* [[1973]]: [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|King Zahir]] [[Shah]] of [[Afghanistan]] is overthrown.
* [[1975]]: Death of [[Elijah Muhammad]], leader of [[Nation of Islam]] among [[African Americans]] in North America. [[Warith Deen Muhammad]] assumes leadership of Nation of Islam and shifts movement toward [[Islam|Islamic]] Orthodoxy, renaming it American Muslim Mission.
* [[1978]]: [[Imam Musa Sadr]] is apparently assassinated after he disappears on a trip to [[Libya]]. He was the religious leader of the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] [[Twelvers|Twelve-Imam Shi'ites]]. He promoted the resurgence of [[Shi'a Islam|Shi'ites]] in Lebanon and set the foundation of [[Amal Movement|Amal]]. As part of the [[Camp David Accords]], [[Egypt]] becomes the first [[Arab]] nation to recognize [[Israel]]. Israel returns the [[Sinai Peninsula]] to Egypt.
* [[1979]]: Years of political tension and unrest in [[Iran]] climax as the [[autocratic]] [[Pahlavi]] regime is overthrown by a popular revolution. In its place, Iranian clerics led by [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] establish the Muslim World's first [[Islamic government]] of any kind in over 50 years, declaring the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]]. Groups of students loyal to the new regime seize control of the American embassy in Tehran and take 66 officials hostage. Religious students in [[Saudi Arabia]] seize control of the [[Masjid al Haram|Haram of Mecca]], sparking a two-week standoff with Saudi security forces. The crisis comes to an end when Saudi forces storm the mosque, killing 237 of the 300 men and apprehending the remainder. All surviving conspirators in the plot are publicly executed. The [[Soviet Union]] invades [[Afghanistan]]. Death of influential [[Islamist]] leader [[Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi]].
* [[1980]]: Iraq invades Iran, beginning the [[Iran-Iraq War|Iran-Iraq war]]. In a move not recognized internationally, [[Israel]] confirms its capital as the united [[Jerusalem]].
* [[1981]]: The 444-day [[Iranian hostage crisis]] comes to an end. [[Egyptian]] president [[Anwar Sadat]] is assassinated by militants opposed to his autocratic policies and recognition of [[Israel]].
* [[1982]]: [[Israel]] invades [[Lebanon]], purportedly in response to repeated [[Katyusha]] rocket attacks originating in southern Lebanon.
* [[1989]]: The [[Iran-Iraq War|Iran-Iraq war]] comes to an end following much loss of life. The [[Soviet Union]] withdraws the last of its forces from [[Afghanistan]]. [[Afghan]] [[mujahideen]] factions begin fighting each other. Death of [[Shia]] religious leader and [[Iranian]] head of state [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]].
* [[1990]]: [[Iraq]] invades [[Kuwait]].
* [[1991]]: A coalition of [[United States]]-led forces attacks [[Iraq]] and reverses its attempted military annexation of [[Kuwait]]. US-backed economic sanctions are imposed on [[Iraq]]. The sanctions are widely blamed for subsequent dramatic increases in famine, birth defects, and infant mortality amongst Iraqis. The [[Soviet Union]] collapses. [[Azerbaijan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]], all predominantly Muslim former Soviet republics, become independent.
* [[1992]]: The 400 year-old [[Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]], [[India]] is destroyed by [[Hindu]] [[extremists]], sparking widespread religious rioting acorss India.
* [[1994]]: [[Jordan]] becames the second of [[Israel]]'s [[Arab]] neighbors to recognize Israel.
* [[1996]]: [[Taliban]] forces seize control of most of [[Afghanistan]] and declare the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]].
* [[1998]]: Amidst growing criticism of his economic policies, longtime [[Indonesian]] leader General [[Suharto]] resigns after over thirty years in power.
* [[1999]]: General [[Pervez Musharraf]] seizes control of [[Pakistan]] after a military coup against the government of Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]].
* [[2000]]: [[Palestinians]] in the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]] begin the [[Al-Aqsa Intifada]].
The phrase is taken from a longer sentence, "Orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano," which may be translated: "You should pray for a healthy mind in a healthy body," which is a very different thing than the current meaning above.
[[Timeline of Islamic history]]
[[Category:Islamic history]] ▼
[[Category:Arab]]
* [[List_of_company_name_etymologies#A|ASICS]], company name derived from the phrase.
[[Category:Jewish Islam topics]]
[[Category:Timeline of Islamic history]]
== External Links ==
{{wikiquotepar|Juvenal}}
▲[[Category: IslamicLatin historyphrases]]
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