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[[Image:SMSCoogee message(New onSouth a Nokia phoneWales).jpegjpg|thumb|A250px|Coogee receivedfrom SMSnorthern beingend announcedof onCoogee a [[Nokia]] [[phone]].Beach]]
'''Coogee''' is a beachside [[suburb]] of [[Sydney]] adjacent to Coogee Bay (the [[Tasman Sea]]) in the east, [[Clovelly, New South Wales|Clovelly]] in the north, [[Randwick, New South Wales|Randwick]] in the west and [[Kingsford, New South Wales|Kingsford]] and [[Maroubra, New South Wales|Maroubra]] in the south.
'''Short Message Service ''' ('''SMS''') is a service available on most digital [[mobile phone]]s that permits the sending of short messages (also known as '''text messages''', '''messages''', or more colloquially '''SMSes''', '''texts''' or even '''txts''') between [[mobile phone]]s, other handheld devices and even [[landline]] telephones.
The boundaries are formed mainly by Clovelly Road, Avoca Street and Rainbow Street, with arbitrary lines drawn to join these thoroughfares to the coast in the north-east and south-east corners.
==History==
The inventor of SMS is a Finnish civil servant by the name Matti Makkonen who then worked for a state-owned postal and telecommunications company [[Posti]] (Finland). He presented the idea in a pizzeria in [[Copenhagen]], during a conference of mobile phone communication's future in fall of 1982. Today M. Makkonen is the [[CEO]] of [[Finnet]]. Initially conceptualized as '''Message Handling Services''', SMS was proposed to be included in the [[Global System for Mobile Communications|GSM]] digital mobile phone standard as early as in 1984 by the Nordic Countries (in GSM WP3, a group chaired by J. Audestad). SMS was further discussed in the main GSM Group in February 1985 and it was included in the draft GSM spec (GSM Doc.28-85) the same year. The technical standard known today was largely created by [[IDEG]]'s Draft Group on Message Handling in 1987–1990, first chaired by Friedhelm Hillebrand. The first commercial short message was sent on [[3 December]] [[1992]] by Neil Papworth of [[Sema Group]] from a personal computer to Richard Jarvis of Vodafone on the [[Vodafone]] GSM network in the [[United Kingdom]].
SMS was originally designed as part of GSM, but is now available on a wide range of networks, including [[3G]] networks. However, not all text messaging systems use SMS, and some notable alternate implementations of the concept include [[J-Phone]]'s ''SkyMail'' and [[Docomo|NTT Docomo]]'s ''Short Mail'', both in [[Japan]]. E-mail messaging from phones, as popularized by NTT Docomo's [[i-mode]] and the RIM [[BlackBerry]], also typically use standard mail protocols such as [[SMTP]] over [[TCP/IP]], not SMS.
==Technical details==
The ''Short Message Service - Point to Point (SMS-PP)'' is defined in GSM recommendation 03.40. This is separate from GSM 03.41 which defines the Short Message Service - Cell Broadcast (SMS-CB) which allows messages (advertising, public information, etc.) to be broadcast to all mobile users in a specified geographical area.
Messages are sent via a [[store-and-forward]] mechanism to a [[Short Message Service Centre]] (SMSC), which will attempt to send the message to the recipient and possibly retry if the user is not reachable at a given moment. Both '''Mobile Terminated''' (''MT''), for messages sent to a mobile handset, and '''Mobile Originating''' ('''MO'''), for those that are sent from the mobile handset, operations are supported. Message delivery is [[best effort delivery|best effort]], so there are no guarantees that a message will actually be delivered to its recipient and delay or complete loss of a message is not uncommon, particularly when sending between networks. Users may choose to request delivery reports, which can provide positive confirmation that the message has reached the intended recipient, but notifications for failed deliveries are unreliable at best.
Transmission of the short messages between SMSC and phone is via [[SS7]] within the standard [[GSM]] [[Mobile Application Part|MAP]] framework. Messages are sent with the additional MAP operation ''forward_short_message'', whose payload length is limited by the constraints of the signalling protocol to precisely 140 [[byte]]s. In practice, this translates to either 160 7-[[bit]] characters, 140 8-bit characters, or 70 2-byte characters in languages such as Chinese, Korean, Japanese or Slavonic languages (e.g. Russian) when encoded using 2-byte [[UTF-16]] [[character encoding]] (see [[Unicode]]). This does not include [[routing]] data and other [[Metadata (computing)|metadata]], which is additional to the payload size.
Larger content (known as '''long SMS''' or '''concatenated SMS''') can be sent [[segmentation (disambiguation)|segmented]] over multiple messages, in which case each message will start with a user data header (UDH) containing segmentation information. The receiving phone is then responsible for reassembling the message and presenting it to the user as one long message. While the standard theoretically permits up to 255 segments, 3 to 4 segment messages are the practical maximum, and long messages are billed as equivalent to multiple SMS messages.
Short messages can also be used to send binary content such as [[ringtone]]s or logos, as well as [[Over The Air Programmable|OTA]] programming or configuration data. Such uses are a vendor-specific extension of the GSM specification and there are multiple competing standards, although [[Nokia]]'s Smart Messaging is by far the most common.
==Premium content==
SMS is widely used for delivering premium content such as news alerts, financial information, logos and ringtones. Such messages are also known as '''premium-rated short messages''' ('''PSMS'''). The subscribers are charged extra for receiving this premium content, and the amount is typically split with the [[mobile network operator]] and the [[Value-added service|content provider]] (VASP) dividing the income either through revenue share or a fixed transport fee.
Premium short messages are also increasingly being used for "real-world" services. For example, some vending machines now allow payment by sending a premium-rated short message, so that the cost of the item bought is added to the user's phone bill.
==Popularity==
Short message services are developing very rapidly throughout the world. By mid-2004 texts were being sent at a rate of 500 billion messages per annum. At an average cost of [[United States dollar|USD]] 0.10 per message, this generates revenues in excess of 50 billion for mobile telephone operators and represents close to 100 text messages for every person in the world. Growth has been rapid; in [[2001]], 250 billion short messages were sent, in 2000 just 17 billion. SMS is particularly popular in [[Europe]], [[Asia]] (excluding [[Japan]] and [[Korea]]) and [[Australia]]. Popularity has grown to a sufficient extent that the term ''texting'' (used as a [[verb]] meaning the act of cell phone users sending short messages back and forth) has entered the common lexicon. In [[China]], SMS is very popular, and has brought service providers large profit (18 billion short messages were sent in [[2001]] [http://www.tymcc.com.cn/news/linenews/export.asp?id=1313]).
Short messages are particularly popular amongst young urbanites. In many markets, the service is comparatively cheap. For example, in [[Australia]] a message typically costs between AUD 0.20 and AUD 0.25 to send, compared to a voice call, which costs anywhere between [[Australian dollar|AUD]] 0.40 and AUD 2.00 per minute.
The most frequent texters are found in south-east Asia. In [[Singapore]], hundreds of messages can be sent per month for free, after which messages cost between [[Singapore dollar|SGD]] 0.05 and SGD 0.07 each to send. The same pricing format is followed in the [[Philippines]] where the average user sent 2,300 messages in 2003, making it the world's most avid texting nation. SMS is a part in almost all marketing campaigns, advocacy, and entertainment. In fact, SMS is so inexpensive (messages cost [[Philippine peso|PHP]] 1.00 (about [[United States dollar|USD]] 0.02) to send), influential, powerful, and addictive for Filipinos that several local dotcoms like [http://www.chikka.com Chikka Messenger], [http://www.gofish.ph GoFISH Mobile], and [http://www.bidshot.com Bidshot] now fully utilize SMS for their services. <!--I am not sure the last sentence of this paragraph means much and it sounds rather like advertising, but I am leaving it to others to judge/!-->
Europe follows next behind Asia in terms of the popularity of texting. In 2003, an average of 16 billion messages were sent each month. Users in [[Spain]] sent a little more than fifty messages per month on average in 2003. In [[Italy]], [[Germany]] and the [[United Kingdom]] the figure was around 35–40 texts per month. In each of these countries the cost of sending a text varies from as little as £0.03–£0.18 depending on the payment plan. Curiously [[France]] has not taken to texting in the same way, sending just under 20 texts on average per user per month. France has the same [[GSM]] technology as other European countries so the uptake is not hampered by technical restrictions. Part of the reason for the lack of uptake may be due higher prices due to weak competition in the mobile market—the key player [[Orange SA|Orange]] is owned by subsidized [[France Télécom]]. However some telecom analysts suggest that this factor has dissipated in recent years and say that the reason may be cultural—text messaging is associated with a fast pace of life and France is more reluctant than others to dispense with its traditions.
In the [[United States|US]], however, the appeal of SMS is even more limited. Although a SMS usually costs only USD 0.05 (many providers also offer monthly allotments), only 13 messages were sent by the average user in 2003. The reasons for this are varied—many users have unlimited "mobile-to-mobile" minutes, high monthly minute allotments, or unlimited service. Moreover, [[push to talk]] services offer the instant connectivity of SMS and are typically unlimited. Further the integration between competing providers and technologies necessary for cross-network texting has only been available recently. SMS is also typically an opt-in service in the United States—thus sending a message is much less a guarantee of receipt than in other countries. However the recent addition of [[AT&T]]-powered SMS voting on the television program ''[[American Idol]]'' has introduced many Americans to SMS, and usage is on the rise.
In addition to SMS voting, a different phenomenon has risen in more cell phone saturated countries. In Finland some TV channels began "SMS Chat", which involved sending short messages to a phone number, and the messages would be shown on TV a while later. Chats are always moderated, which prevents sending harmful material to the channel. The craze soon became popular and evolved into games, first slow-paced quiz and strategy games. After a while, faster paced games were designed for television and SMS control. Games tend to involve registering one's nickname, and after that sending short messages for controlling a character on screen. Messages usually cost 0.05 to 0.86 [[euro]]s apiece, and games can require the player to send dozens of messages. In December 2003 Finnish TV-channel [[MTV3]] put a Santa Claus character on air reading aloud messages texted in by viewers. Some customers were later accused of "hacking" after they discovered a way to control Santa's speech synthesizer. More recent late-night attractions on the same channel include "Beach Volley", in which the bikini-clad female hostess blocks balls "shot" by short message. On [[March 12]] 2004, the first entirely "interactive" TV-channel "VIISI" began operation in Finland. That did not last long though, as SBS Finland Oy took over the channel and turned it into a music channel named "The Voice" in November 2004.
Text messaging is also popular in [[Japan]]. However, it is known by different names depending on the mobile service. With [[NTT DoCoMo]], it is known as "i-mode mail." With [[KDDI|AU]], it is known as "C-Mail." Mobile e-mail is usually the norm when sending messages between phones with different services, but between phones using the same service, text messaging is more prevalent.
A few widely publicized speed contests have been held between expert [[Morse code]] operators and expert SMS users (see [[#References|references]]). Morse code has consistently won the contests, leading to speculation that cellphone manufacturers may eventually build a Morse code interface into cellphones. The interface would automatically translate the Morse code input into text so that it could be sent to any SMS-capable cellphone so therefore the receiver of the message need not know Morse code to read it. Other speculated applications include taking an [[Morse_code#Morse_code_as_an_assistive_technology|existing assistive application of Morse code]] and using the vibrating alert feature on the cellphone to translate short messages to Morse code for silent, hands free "reading" of the incoming messages. Several cellphones already have informative audible Morse code ring tones and alert messages, for example: many [[Nokia]] cellphones have an option to beep SMS in Morse code when it receives a short message. There are third party applications already available for some cellphones that allow Morse input for short messages (see [[#References|references]]).
An increasing trend towards [[spamming]] cell phone users through SMS has prompted cellular service carriers to take steps against the practice, before it becomes a widespread problem. No major spamming incidents involving SMS have been reported [[As of 2003|as of October 2003]], but the existence of cell-phone spam has already been noted by industry watchdogs, including ''Consumer Reports'' magazine.
==Txt speak==
''Main article: [[txt]]''
[[Image:Telephone-keypad.png|thumb|100px|right|The small phone keypad caused a number of adaptations in SMS linguistics.]]
Because of the limited message lengths and tiny user interface of mobile phones, SMS users commonly make extensive use of [[abbreviation]]s, particularly the use of numbers for words (for example, "4" in place of the word "for"), the omission of vowels, as in the phrase "txt msg", or the replacement of spaces with capitalization, such as "ThisIsVeryCool". To avoid the even more limited message lengths allowed when using [[Cyrillic]] or [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letters, some [[Eastern Europe|Eastern Europeans]] use the [[Latin alphabet]] for their own [[language]].
Historically, this language developed out of shorthand used in [[chatrooms]] on the Internet, where users would abbreviate some words to allow a response to be typed more quickly. However, this became much more pronounced in SMS, where mobile phone users don't generally have access to a [[QWERTY]] keyboard as chatroom users did, and more effort is required to type each character.
In Mandarin Chinese, numbers that sound similar to words are used in place of those words. For example, the numbers 520 in Chinese ("wu er yi") sound like the words for "I love you" ("wo ai ni"). The sequence 748 ("qi si ba") sounds like the curse for "drop dead".
[[Predictive text]] [[software]] that attempts to guess [[word]]s ([[AOL]]'s [[T9]]) or [[letter]]s (Eatoni's [[LetterWise]]) reduces the labor of time-consuming input. This makes abbreviations not only less necessary, but slower to type than regular words which are in the software's [[dictionary]]. However it does make the texts longer, often requiring the text message to be sent in multiple parts and therefore costing more to send.
An example of some is the following passage translated from [[William Shakespeare]]'s [[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]:
If we shadwoes ave ofendd. Thnk bt ths & al is mnded. That u ave but slumer’d ere; while thse visions did appr; & this wk & idel theme; no mre yielding bt a dream. Gentles, do nt reprehend; if u pardon we wil mend; & I am honst Puck;
==Social Impact of SMS==
SMS has caused subtle but interesting changes in society since it became popular. News worthy events include (in chronological order):
[[Image:Wedding_cake_island.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Wedding Cake Island in Coogee Bay]]
===Academic Impact===
* In [[December 2002]], a cheating scheme was uncovered during final-exam week at the [[University of Maryland, College Park]]. A dozen students were caught cheating on an accounting exam through the use of text messages on their cell phones.
The name "Coogee" is said to be taken from a local [[Australian Aborigine|Aboriginal]] word believed to mean "smelly place", or "stinking seaweed"; a reference to the smell of decaying kelp washed up on the beach. Although at certain times large quantities of seaweed are still washed up, it is usually removed before it gets a chance to smell. Early visitors to the area, from the 1820's onwards, were not able to confirm exactly what the word "Coogee" meant, or if it in fact related to Coogee Beach. Another name, "Bobroi", was also recalled as the indigenous name for the locality.
* In [[December 2002]], [[Hitotsubashi University]] in [[Japan]] failed 26 students in December 2002 for receiving e-mailed exam answers on their cell phones.
The Aboriginal population had largely relocated by the mid-19th century after being decimated by disease and violent clashes with early settlers, though some Aborigines live in the area today.
===Criminal Impact===Akhilesh
* In [[October 2003]], a Filipino immigrant living in Belgium was arrested by police after a friend sent him a joke short message pretending to be the world's most wanted terrorist. The message read 'I was wondering if I can stay with you for a couple of days. Everybody's so angry at me. And I really need a friend. Yours truly, Osama bin Laden.' [http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2116219/sms-terrorist-joke-ends-arrest].
Coogee was gazetted as a village in [[1838]], growing slowly until it was connected to the city by electric [[tram]] in [[1902]]. The suburb's popularity as a seaside resort was now guaranteed and the [[Surf Lifesaving|Coogee Surf Life Saving Club]] was founded in 1907. Population growth began in earnest in the 1920s.
* In [[June 2004]], a British [[punk rock]] fan was questioned by police, regarding a text message containing lyrics from "[[Tommy Gun]]" by [[The Clash]], "How about this for Tommy Gun? OK - so let's agree about the price and make it one jet airliner for 10 prisoners." [http://www.guardian.co.uk/terrorism/story/0,12780,1230607,00.html].
An English-style seaside entertainment pier stood at the beach between [[1928]] and [[1934]] but it was demolished after damage by the surf.
* In 14 [[August 2005]], there was a [[hoax]] involved in [[Helios Airways Flight 522]] plane crash. News media widely reported that shortly before the crash a passenger sent a short message indicating that the pilot had become blue in the face, or roughly translated as "The pilot is dead. Farewell, my cousin, here we're frozen." Police later arrested Nektarios-Sotirios Voutas, a 32 year-old private employee from Thessaloniki who admitted that he had made up the story and given several interviews in order to get attention.
Today Coogee is one of Australia's more densely populated areas, with apartment buildings in every style from the 1930s onwards. Some free-standing houses remain. The suburb is a popular destination for tourists.
===Political Impact===
* In [[January 2001]], [[Joseph Estrada]] was forced to resign from the post of president of the [[Philippines]]. The popular campaign against him was widely reported to have been co-ordinated with SMS ''[[chain letter]]s''.
On the northern [[headland]] stands the doorway of the old Giles gym and baths, the remainder of which has now been demolished. This area is now known as "Dolphin Point". The doorway and a four-metre high bronze sculpture serve as a memorial to twenty of the Australian victims of the [[2002 Bali bombing]] who were residents of Coogee and its neighbouring suburbs, including six members of the Coogee Dolphins [[Rugby League]] team.
* In [[July 2001]], [[Malaysia]]'s government decreed that an [[Islam]]ic [[divorce]] (which consists of saying "I divorce you" three times in succession) was not valid if sent by sort message.
==Transport==
* During the [[2004]] Philippine presidential elections, short message was a popular form of electoral campaigning for and against candidates such as incumbent president [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]] and main contender [[Fernando Poe, Jr.]].
Sydney's steam [[Trams in Sydney|tramways]] first reached Coogee in [[1883]] and were electrified in [[1902]]. The trams were replaced by buses from time to time in the 1940s and 1950s as the infrastructure suffered severe neglect during and after WWII. The tracks were deemed too expensive to repair and the power supply was so inadequate that trams would grind to a halt in incovenient locations. Eventually the entire Sydney tram network was scrapped and replaced by buses. The last trams ran to Coogee in [[1960]].
* In [[February 2005]], an Australian company by the name of [[TheSMSzone]] [http://theSMSzone.com ext.link)launched a controversial SMS [[spoofing]] service allowing messages to be [[masked]], [[anonymous]] and thus totally unidentifiable. With [[masked]] short messages it is possible to impersonate someone else by making the message appear to be from another phone. This facilitates [[spam]], mobile [[fraud]], defamation and other undesirable uses.
The suburb is now well served by buses, with routes to the Sydney [[Central Business District|CBD]] via [[Randwick, New South Wales|Randwick]], [[Bondi Junction]], [[Eastlakes]] via Maroubra and [[Leichhardt]] via [[Glebe, New South Wales|Glebe]] and [[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]].
===Social Development===
* In [[August 2005]], a SMS chat sculpture was installed at the annual diploma exhibition of Dresden's University of Art HfBK. The artist Matthias Haase explores today's means of social interaction. Visitors may participate in the art work by sending a text message to the sculpture, which projects the message onto a screen [http://www.textually.org/textually/archives/2005/08/009432.htm 1, SMS chat sculpture].
==Geography and landmarks==
* During [[Hurricane Katrina]], many residents were unable to make contact with relatives/friends using traditonal landline phones. Thanks to SMS they could communicate with each other by text message.
Coogee beach is relatively protected through its formation as a bay. The surrounding coastline is mostly cliffs, decreasing in height down to the beach in the western part of the bay. The bay is sheltered from the roughest seas by [[Wedding Cake Island]], a rocky reef about 400m off the southern headland.
==Vulnerabilities==
The beach itself drops off rapidly at the edge of the water, which can result in a dangerous shore break particularly when the surf is large. The combination of this shore break and high visitor numbers mean that Coogee has more spinal injuries than any other Australian beach.
* In [[October 2005]], researchers from [http://www.cse.psu.edu Pennsylvania State University] published an [http://www.smsanalysis.org/ analysis of vulnerabilities in SMS-capable cellular networks].
In larger surf, there are often [[rip current]]s at both the northern end and at the southern ends, and also quite frequently in the centre of the beach. These are simply the places where the incoming water escapes most naturally. It is claimed by locals that the rip in the centre of the beach is partly caused by the remaining foundations of the old entertainment pier (see above - history).
{{section-stub}}
At the northern end of the beach, are stairs leading from Dolphin Point down to the old Giles baths. This is now an open rock pool carved out of the surrounding rocks. A short walk further to the north is Gordons Bay, which is a popular ___location for [[snorkeling]]. At the southern end is the Ross Jones Memorial Pool just below the [[Coogee Surf Lifesaving Club]]. Also at the southern end are two small [[reef]]s the inner and the outer. Further south is a coastal walk that goes past the womens baths and Wylies baths.
==See also==
* [[Enhanced Messaging Service]] (EMS)
* [[Multimedia Messaging System]] (MMS) (message service, a newer standard)
* [[Mobile Marketing]]
* [[Shorthand]]
* [[Short Message Service Centres]] (SMSC)
* [[SMPP]]
* [[Speedwords]]
* [[Reverse SMS billing]]
* [[Common Short Code]]
* [[Upsnap]]
* [[4INFO]]
* [[instant message]]
==ReferencesPolitics==
* ''Je ne texte rien'', ''[[The Economist]]'', [[July 10]], [[2004]] (page 65 UK edition)
* ''[http://www.engadget.com/entry/1234000657035633/ Nokia files patent for Morse Code-generating cellphone]'', [[March 12]], [[2005]], [[Engadget]].
* ''[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/printFriendly/0,,1-2-1571664,00.html A race to the wire as old hand at Morse code beats txt msgrs]'', [[April 16]], [[2005]], [[The Times|The Times Online]].
*''[http://www.boingboing.net/2005/06/01/nokia_app_lets_you_k.html Nokia app lets you key SMSes in Morse Code]'', [[June 1]], [[2005]] [[Boing Boing]].
*''[http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/wlg/7016 Back to the Future - Morse Code and Cellular Phones]'', [[June 28]], [[2005]] [[O'Reilly|O'Reilly Network]].
Coogee is part of the [[City of Randwick]], forming the East Ward together with [[Clovelly, New South Wales|Clovelly]]. It lies in the [[Australian House of Representatives electoral Divisions|Federal electorate]] of [[Division of Kingsford Smith|Kingsford Smith]] (which covers all of south-east Sydney), and the [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly electoral districts|State electorate]] of [[Electoral district of Coogee|Coogee]] (which also includes the suburbs of [[Randwick, New South Wales|Randwick]], [[Waverley, New South Wales|Waverley]], [[Clovelly]], [[Bronte, New South Wales|Bronte]], and [[Bondi Junction]]).
==External links==
{{commons|Short message service}}
<!-- Do not add your SMS service or gateway here. Really. -->
*[http://smsforum.net/ SMS Forum]
*[http://www.telenor.com/telektronikk/volumes/pdf/3.2004/Page_187-194.pdf SMS, the strange duckling of GSM] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF format]])
*[http://www.visualgsm.com/wire_sms_index.htm SMS Tutorial]
*[http://www.cryptosms.com/ SMS Security]
<!-- Do not add your SMS service or gateway here. Really. -->
== External links ==
[[Category:GSM Standard]]
* Information and photos at [http://coogee.web.com Coogee Beach Home Page].
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