|
#REDIRECT [[Nintendo GameCube]] {{R from alternate spelling}}
'''Roland Barthes''' ([[November 12]], [[1915]] – [[March 25]], [[1980]]) was a [[France|French]] [[literary critic]], [[literary theory|literary]] and [[social theory|social theorist]], [[philosopher]] and [[Semiotics|semiotician]].
==Background==
Barthes (pronounced BART) was born in [[Cherbourg]], [[Manche]]. His father died while Barthes was young, and he and his mother moved to [[Paris]] in [[1924]], his mother working as a [[bookbinder]]. Barthes studied at the [[Sorbonne]]. In 1934 he became infected with [[tuberculosis]]. He was in sanitoriums but, during intermissions in the illness, between 1939 and 1949 he taught in schools at [[Biarritz]], [[Bayonne]], [[Paris]], and [[Bucharest]]. From 1949 he moved into teaching in [[higher education]]. In 1980, he met his death on a Parisian street, run over by a [[laundry]] [[Van (road vehicle)|van]].
==Academic Career==
His long, productive career reached from the early days of [[structuralism|structuralist]] [[linguistics]] in France up to the peak of [[post-structuralism]], and Barthes' works are considered key texts of both structuralism and post-structuralism. Because Barthes was gay, although not openly so until late in his life, some take him as an [[Antecedent (logic)|antecedent]] for [[queer theory]]. In addition, the autobiographical and aesthetic qualities of many of Barthes' texts make them literature in their own right, and have been claimed by those interested in fashioning a new [[performative writing]].
In his [[1968]] essay "[[The Death of the Author]]," Barthes made a strong, polemical argument against the centrality of the figure of the author in literary study, ending with the much-quoted phrase "The death of the author is the birth of the reader." By giving the reader a greater role in the creation of meaning, Barthes saw 'works' of literature as analogous to 'works' of music- structures to be played and created as they were interpreted. ([[Michel Foucault]]'s later article ''What is an Author?'' responded to Barthes's polemic with an analysis of the social and literary "author-function.")
In his [[1971]] essay "From Work to Text", Barthes takes this idea further, arguing that while a 'work' (such as a book or a film) contains [[meaning]]s that are unproblematically traceable back to the [[author]] (and therefore [[closed]]), a [[text]] (the same book or film) is actually something that remains open. The resulting concept of [[intertextuality]] implies that meaning is brought to a cultural object by its audience and does not intrinsically reside in the object.
Barthes' book ''S/Z'' is often called the masterpiece of structuralist literary criticism. In ''S/Z'', Barthes dissects the story "[[Sarrasine]]" by [[Honoré de Balzac]] at length, proceeding sentence by sentence, assigning each word and sentence to one or several "codes" and levels of meaning within the story. In ''S/Z'' Barthes also introduced the concepts of ''lisible'' and ''scriptable'' ('''readable and writable''') works.
Barthes' cultural criticism, published in volumes including ''Mythologies'', is one of the key antecedents for later [[cultural studies]], the application of techniques of literary and social criticism to mass culture. ''Mythologies'' is a collection of extremely brief, clever analyses of cultural objects from zoos to museums to fashion (a topic Barthes later took up in detail with ''The Fashion System'').
Some of Barthes' later work, while it remains critical, is also personal and emotional. Most famously, his book ''Roland Barthes'' (often known as ''Barthes by Barthes'') is a theoretical autobiography, organized in alphabetical sections rather than chronological ones. His last book, ''[[Camera Lucida]]'', is a personal memoir, an epitaph for his mother (and himself), and a study of photography. ([[Jacques Derrida]] wrote, in his essay "The Deaths of Roland Barthes", about ''Camera Lucida'' that its "time and tempo accompanied his death as no other book, I believe, has ever kept vigil over its author.")
A posthumous book came out in [[1987]] in English, ''Incidents'', which contained fragments from his journals: his ''Soires de Paris'' (a [[1979]] extract from his erotic diary of life in Paris); an earlier diary he kept (his erotic encounters with boys in [[Morocco]]); and ''Light of the Sud Ouest'' (his childhood memories of rural French life).
==Works==
*''[[A Barthes Reader]]''
*''[[Camera Lucida]]''
*''[[Critical Essays]]''
*''[[The Eiffel Tower and other Mythologies]]''
*''[[Elements of Semiology]]''
*''[[The Empire of the Signs]]''
*''[[The Fashion System]]''
*''[[The Grain of the Voice]]''
*''[[Image-Music-Text]]''
*''[[Incidents]]''
*''[[A Lover's Discourse]]''. A beautiful and original work that stands somehwere between poetry and criticism. It is considered a novel by some.
*''[[Michelet]]''
*''[[Mythologies]]''. A particularly pleasant starting point, especially the famous first (''The World of Wrestling'') and last (''Myth Today'') essays.
*''[[New Critical Essays ]]''
*''[[On Racine]]''
*''[[The Pleasure of the Text]]''
*''[[The Responsibility of Forms]]''
*''[[Roland Barthes (book)]]''
*''[[The Rustle of Language ]]''
*''[[Sade /Fourier /Loyola]]''
*''[[The Semiotic Challenge]]''
*''[[S/Z: An Essay]]'' ISBN 0374521670
*''[[Writing Degree Zero]]'' ISBN 0374521395
==Works on Roland Barthes==
Calvet, Louis-Jean. trans Sarah Wykes. <u>Roland Barthes: A Biography</u>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1994. (This is a fine popular biography)
==External links==
* {{fr}} [http://www.incipitblog.com/index.php/2005/09/13/roland-barthes-mythologies-le-vin-et-le-lait-le-bifteck-et-les-frites-1957/ Audio Book (mp3)]: two excerpts from Mythologies: Le vin et le lait, Le bifteck et les frites (Wine and milk, Steak and french fries)
*[http://jacketmagazine.com/23/purdy-barthes.html "Between Zero and a Hard Place"] by Gilbert Wesley Purdy. Essay on Barthes' Writing Degree Zero.
*[http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/roland_barthes.html Barthes page from the Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory]
*[http://www.lichtensteiger.de/methoden.html Das "Anrennen gegen die Grenzen der Sprache" - Methoden des Schreibens und Strategien des Lesens by Ralph Lichtensteiger]
*[http://www.eciad.ca/~rburnett/Barthes.htm]
*[http://homepage.newschool.edu/~quigleyt/vcs/barthes-wt.html "From Work to Text"] Essay written by Barthes.
*[http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/wyrick/debclass/rbwres.htm "Wrestling"] Excerpt from Mythologies.
*[http://xroads.virginia.edu/~DRBR/toys.html "Toys"] Another excerpt from Mythologies.
[[Category:1915 births|Barthes, Roland]]
[[Category:1980 deaths|Barthes, Roland]]
[[Category:20th century philosophers|Barthes, Roland]]
[[Category:French philosophers|Barthes, Roland]]
[[Category:Literary critics|Barthes, Roland]]
[[Category:Postmodern theory|Barthes, Roland]]
[[Category:Poststructuralism|Barthes, Roland]]
[[Category:Structuralism|Barthes, Roland]]
[[Category:Normans|Barthes, Roland]]
[[Category:LGBT philosophers|Barthes, Roland]]
[[Category:Philosophy of sexuality|Barthes, Roland]]
[[Category:Gay writers|Barthes, Roland]]
[[Category:philosophers|Barthes, Roland]]
[[de:Roland Barthes]]
[[es:Roland Barthes]]
[[fr:Roland Barthes]]
[[it:Roland Barthes]]
[[he:רולאן בארת]]
[[ja:ロラン・バルト]]
[[pt:Roland Barthes]]
[[sk:Roland Barthes]]
[[sv:Roland Barthes]]
| 