|
#REDIRECT [[Nintendo GameCube]] {{R from alternate spelling}}
{{Infobox President | name=Herbert Hoover
| nationality=american
| image name=HerbertHoover.jpg
| order=31st President
| date1=[[March 4]], [[1929]]
| date2=[[March 3]], [[1933]]
| preceded=[[Calvin Coolidge]]
| succeeded=[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
| date of birth=[[August 10]], [[1874]]
| place of birth=[[West Branch, Iowa]]
| dead=dead
| date of death=[[October 20]], [[1964]]
| place of death=[[New York City]], [[New York]]
| wife=[[Lou Henry Hoover]]
| party=[[United States Republican Party|Republican]]
| vicepresident=[[Charles Curtis]]
}}
'''Herbert Clark Hoover''' ([[August 10]], [[1874]] – [[October 20]], [[1964]]) is best known as being the 31st [[President of the United States|President]] of the [[United States]] ([[1929]]-[[1933]]). However, prior to that, he was a successful [[mining engineer]], [[humanitarian]], and administrator. He had the [[List of U.S. Presidents by time as former president|longest retirement]] of any U.S. President and died 31 years after leaving office, during the administration of [[Lyndon Johnson]] — his fifth successor.
==Family background==
Hoover was born into a [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]] family in [[West Branch, Iowa|West Branch]], [[Iowa]]. He was the first President to be born west of the [[Mississippi River]]. Both of his parents, Jesse Hoover and Hulda Minthorn, died when Hoover was young. His father died in [[1880]], and his mother in [[1884]].
In the summer of [[1885]] eleven-year-old "Bert" Hoover boarded a [[Union Pacific Railroad|Union Pacific]] train headed west to [[Oregon]]. Sewn into his clothes were two dimes; he also carried a hamper of his Aunt Hannah's homemade delicacies. Waiting for him on the other end of the continent was his Uncle John Minthorn, a doctor and school superintendent whom Hoover recalled as "a severe man on the surface, but like all Quakers kindly at the bottom." The future president lived with his uncle in [[Newberg, Oregon]] for several years following his parents' deaths.
[[Image:1930-25B-tn.jpg|right|thumb|Hoover lived with his Uncle John Minthorn in this [[Newberg, Oregon]] house from [[1885]]-[[1891|91]].]]
Hoover's six years in Oregon taught him self-reliance. "My boyhood ambition was to be able to earn my own living, without the help of anybody, anywhere," he once reported. As an office boy in his uncle's Oregon Land Company he mastered [[bookkeeping]] and [[typing]], while also attending business school in the evening. Thanks to a local schoolteacher, Miss Jane Gray, the boy's eyes were opened to the novels of [[Charles Dickens]] and [[Sir Walter Scott]]. ''[[David Copperfield (novel)|David Copperfield]]'', the story of another orphan cast into the world to live by his wits, would remain a lifelong favorite.
==Education==
[[Image:1893-7-tn.jpg|left|thumb|Hoover (seated, left) and other members of the Stanford surveying squad, [[1893]].]]
In the fall of [[1891]] Hoover attended the new [[Stanford University|Leland Stanford Junior University]] at [[Palo Alto, California]]. Cutting a wider swath outside the classroom than in, Hoover managed the baseball and football teams, started a laundry, and ran a lecture agency. Teaming up with other poor boys against campus swells, the reluctant candidate was elected student body treasurer on the "Barbarian" slate, then wiped out a student-government debt of $2,000.
Hoover earned his way through school by doing typing chores for Professor [[John Casper Branner]], who also got him a summer job mapping the terrain in [[Arkansas]]' [[Ozark Mountains]]. It was in Branner's [[geology]] lab that he met [[Lou Henry Hoover|Lou Henry]], a banker's daughter born in [[Waterloo, Iowa|Waterloo]], [[Iowa]], in 1874. Lou shared her fellow Iowan's love of the outdoors and self-reliant nature. "It isn't so important what others think of you as what you feel inside yourself", she told college friends.
Hoover graduated in May [[1895]], three months before his 21st birthday. He left Stanford with $40 in his pocket and no prospects for employment. But from this college in a hayfield he had derived much more than a degree in geology. Stanford gave Hoover an identity, a profession, and a future bride. Most of all, Stanford became for the orphan from West Branch a surrogate family--a place to belong.
[[Image:boxer.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Boxer forces in Tianjin.]]
In [[1899]] he married his Stanford sweetheart, [[Lou Henry Hoover]] and they had 2 sons. They went to [[China]], where he worked for a private corporation as China's leading engineer. In [[June]] [[1900]] the [[Boxer Rebellion]] caught the Hoovers in [[Tianjin]]. For almost a month the settlement was under heavy fire. While his wife worked in the hospitals, Hoover directed the building of barricades, and once risked his life rescuing Chinese children.
Between [[1907]] and [[1912]], Lou and Hoover combined their talents to create a translation of one of the earliest printed technical treatises: [[Georg Agricola]]'s '''De re metallica''', originally published in [[1556]]. At 670 pages with 289 [[woodcuts]], the Hoover translation remains the definitive English language translation of Agricola's work.
HeyLo EVERYONE!!!
==Hoover's humanitarian years==
Bored with making money, the Quaker side of Hoover yearned to be of service to others. In August of [[1914]] he got his chance, when the assassinations in Sarajevo of the Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, touched off long-simmering rivalries among the jealous nations of Europe. [[World War I]] was at hand, and few Americans were prepared. An estimated 120,000 of Hoover's countrymen, penniless and confused, were trapped on the wrong side of the [[Atlantic]] and needed help. The U.S. Ambassador to the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], [[Walter Hines Page]], sent an urgent request for assistance to Hoover on August 3rd.
Within twenty-four hours, five hundred volunteers were assembled and the grand ballroom of the [[Savoy Hotel]] was turned into a vast [[canteen]] and distribution center for food, clothing, steamer tickets and cash. "I did not realize it at the moment, but on August 3, 1914 my engineering career was over forever. I was on the slippery road of public life." During the next few weeks Hoover assisted Chief [[White Feather]] of [[Pawhuska]], [[Oklahoma]], and [[dowager]]s in jewels to get home. When one woman angrily insisted on a written pledge that no [[Germany|German]] [[submarine]] would attack her vessel in mid-ocean, Hoover readily complied. Furthermore, Hoover, together with nine engineer friends, loaned desperate travelers a total of $1.5 million. All but $400 of this was returned, confirming the Great Engineer's faith in the American character. The difference between [[dictator]]ship and [[democracy]], Hoover liked to say, was simple: dictators organize from the top down, democracies from the bottom up.
[[Image:HerbertHooveratOWU.jpg|left|thumb|Hoover seated (left) with [[Arthur Flemming]] at [[Ohio Wesleyan University]] ]]
Trapped between German bayonets and a British blockade, [[Belgium]] in the fall of 1914 faced imminent starvation. Hoover was asked to undertake an unprecedented relief effort for the tiny kingdom dependent on imports for 80 percent of its food. This would mean abandoning his successful career as the world's foremost mining engineer. For several days he pondered the request, finally telling a friend, "Let the fortune go to hell." He would assume the immense task on two conditions--that he receive no salary, and that he be given a free hand in organizing and administering what became known as the [[Commission for the Relief of Belgium]] (CRB).
The CRB became, in effect, an independent republic of relief, with its own flag, navy, factories, mills and railroads. Its $12-million-a-month budget was supplied by voluntary donations and government grants. More than once Hoover made personal pledges far in excess of his total worth. In an early form of shuttle diplomacy he crossed the [[North Sea]] 40 times seeking to persuade the enemies in London and Berlin to allow food to reach the war's victims. He also taught the Belgians, who regarded cornmeal as cattle feed, to eat [[cornbread]]. In all, the CRB saved ten million people from starvation.
Every day brought new crises. The British investigated charges that he was a German spy. Germans deported youthful CRB workers, including a major of [[The Salvation Army]], on similar charges. At home, Senator [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] wanted to prosecute Hoover for dealing with the enemy. [[Theodore Roosevelt]] promised to hold Lodge at bay, informing Hoover that "the courage of any political official is stronger in his office than in the newspapers."
Despite the obstacles put before him Hoover persisted, purchasing rice in [[Burma]], [[Argentine]] corn, [[China]] beans and American wheat, meat and fats. Long before the [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|Armistice of 1918]] he was an international hero, in the words of Ambassador Page, "a simple, modest, energetic little man who began his career in [[California]] and will end it in heaven."
After the [[United States]] entered the war, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] appointed Hoover head of the [[Food Administration]]. He succeeded in cutting consumption of foods needed overseas and avoided rationing at home, yet kept the [[Allies]] fed. The Armistice did not end Hoover's involvement with relief. After the end of the war, Hoover, a member of the [[Supreme Economic Council]] and head of the [[American Relief Administration]], organized shipments of food for starving millions in [[Central Europe]]. To this end he employed a new formed Quaker organization, the [[American Friends Service Committee]] to carry out much of the logistical work in Europe. He extended aid to famine-stricken [[Bolshevist Russia]] in [[1921]]. When a critic inquired if he was not thus helping [[Bolshevism]], Hoover retorted, "Twenty million people are starving. Whatever their politics, they shall be fed!"
==Presidency==
[[Image:HerbertClarkHoover.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Hoover listening to the [[radio]].]]
After capably serving as [[United States Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]] under Presidents [[Warren G. Harding]] and [[Calvin Coolidge]], and leading relief efforts in the wake of the [[Great Mississippi Flood of 1927]], Hoover became the [[U.S. presidential election, 1928|Republican Presidential nominee in 1928]]. He said then: "We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over [[poverty]] than ever before in the history of any land." Within months the [[Stock market]] crashed, and the nation's economy spiraled downward into what became known as the [[Great Depression]].
After the crash Hoover announced that while he would keep the Federal budget balanced, he would cut taxes and expand public-works spending. However, he signed the [[Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act]], which raised tariffs on over 20,000 dutiable items and later, the 1932 Revenue Act, which hiked taxes and fees (including postage rates) across the board. These acts are often blamed for deepening the depression, and being Hoover's biggest political blunders. Moreover, the Federal Reserve System's tightening of the money supply (for fear of [[inflation]]) is also regarded by most modern economists as a mistaken tactic given the situation. Hoover's [[Secretary of the Treasury]] was [[Andrew Mellon]], a hold over from the Coolidge administration.
Hoover was nominated for a second term but was defeated by [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] in the 1932 election. This was the first election in which the Republican party did not receive a majority of the [[African American]] vote since [[Abraham Lincoln]] was elected in [[1860]]. The trend continues to this day, with a majority of African Americans voting for the [[Democratic Party (United States)]].
===Hoover and the economy===
Hoover's stance on the economy was based on [[volunteerism]]. From before his entry to the presidency, he was among the greatest proponents of the concept that public-private cooperation was the way to achieve high long-term growth. Hoover feared that too much intervention or coercion on behalf of the government would destroy individuality and self-reliance, which he considered to be important American values. Though he was not averse to taking action which he considered was in the public good - such as regulating [[radio]] broadcasting and [[aviation]], he preferred a voluntary, non-government approach.
In [[June]] [[1931]], to deal with a very serious banking collapse in [[Central Europe]] that threatened to cause a world-wide financial melt-down, Hoover issued the so-called [[Hoover Moratorium]] that called for a one-year halt in [[reparations]] payments by [[Germany]] to [[France]] and in the payment of Allied war debts to the United States. The Hoover Moratorium had the effect of temporarily stopping the banking collapse in Europe. In June [[1932]], a conference was held in [[Switzerland]] that cancelled all reparations payments by Germany.
Hoover's economy was put to the test with the onset of the [[Great Depression]] in 1929. It was his vocal stance on non-intervention that led to public perception that he was a [[laissez-faire]], 'do nothing' president, which his supporters deny.
The following is an outline of other actions Hoover took to try to help end the depression through government taxing and spending:
#Signed the [[Emergency Relief and Construction Act]], the nation's first Federal [[unemployment]] assistance.
#Increased public works spending. Some of Hoover's efforts to stimulate the economy through public works are as follows:
##Asked Congress for a $400 million increase in the Federal Building Program
##Directed the [[Department of Commerce]] to establish a Division of Public Construction in December 1929.
##Increased subsidies for ship construction through the Federal Shipping Board
##Urged the state governors to also increase their [[public works]] spending, though many failed to take any action.
#Signed the [[Federal Home Loan Bank Act]] establishing the [[Federal Home Loan Bank]] system to assist citizens in obtaining financing to purchase a home.
#Increased subsidies to the nation's struggling farmers with the [[Agricultural Marketing Act]], but with only limited impact.
#Established the President's [[Emergency Relief Organization]] to coordinate local, private relief efforts resulting in over 3,000 relief committees across the U.S.
#Urged bankers to form the [[National Credit Corporation]] to assist banks in financial trouble and protect depositor's money.
#Actively encouraged businesses to maintain high wages during the depression. Many businessmen, most notably [[Henry Ford]], raised or maintained their worker's wages early in the Depression in the hope that more money into the pockets of consumers would end the economic downturn.
#Signed the [[Reconstruction Finance Act]]. This act established the [[Reconstruction Finance Corporation]], which made loans to the states for public works and unemployment relief. In addition, the RFC made loans to banks, railroads and agriculture credit organizations.
#Raised [[tariff]]s to protect American jobs. After hearings held by the [[House Ways and Means Committee]] generated over 20,000 pages of testimony regarding tariff protection, Congress responded with legislation that Hoover signed despite some misgivings. Instead of protecting American jobs, the [[Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act|Smoot-Hawley tariff]] is widely blamed for setting off a worldwide trade war which only worsened the country's economic ills.
[[Image:Hhover.gif|right|thumb|Hoover's White House portrait]]
In order to pay for these and other government programs, Hoover agreed to one of the largest [[tax increase]]s in American history. The [[Revenue Act of 1932]] raised taxes on the highest incomes from 25% to 63%. The [[estate tax]] was doubled and [[corporate tax]]es were raised by almost 15%. Hoover also encouraged Congress to investigate the [[New York Stock Exchange]] and this pressure resulted in various reforms.
For this reason, some hold that Hoover's economics were in fact [[left-wing]] in character. During the 1932 elections, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] blasted the Republican incumbent for spending and taxing too much, increasing national debt, raising tariffs and blocking trade, as well as placing millions on the dole of the government. He attacked Herbert Hoover for "reckless and extravagant" spending, of thinking "that we ought to center control of everything in Washington as rapidly as possible," and of leading "the greatest spending administration in peacetime in all of history." Roosevelt's running mate, [[John Nance Garner]], accused the Republican of "leading the country down the path of [[socialism]]".
These policies pale beside the more drastic steps taken as part of the [[New Deal]], however, and Hoover's opponents charge that they came too little, and too late. Even as he legislated for changes, he reiterated his view that while people must not suffer from hunger and cold, caring for them must be primarily a local and voluntary responsibility.
Even so, New Dealer [[Rexford Tugwell]] (see [[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldengate/sfeature/sf_30s.html]]) later remarked that although no one would say so at the time, "practically the whole New Deal was extrapolated from programs that Hoover started."
Unemployment rose to 24.9% by the end of Hoover's presidency in [[1933]], a year that is considered to be the depth of the Great Depression. Even with massive intervention by his successor Roosevelt, the economy underwent only limited improvement, with unemployment falling to 14.3% in 1937, and then rising to 19% under a severe recession in [[1937]]-[[1938]] (a contraction labeled a depression by some economists). It was not until the war in the [[1940]]s that the economy recovered fully. (Unemployment did not drop below 9.9% until [[1942]]).
===The Bonus Army===
Thousands of World War I [[veterans]] and their families demonstrated in Washington, D.C., during June 1932, calling for immediate payment of a bonus that had been promised by the [[Bonus Law of 1924]] for payment in [[1945]]. Hoover, unconscionably, sent [[U.S. Army]] forces, led by General [[Douglas MacArthur]] and aided by junior officers [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] and [[George S. Patton Jr.]], to remove the "[[Bonus army]]" from the capitol. This possible violation of the [[Posse Comitatus Act]] of [[1878]], and the fact that only a token payment was given to the veterans to pay for their trip home, added to Hoover's image as a cold-hearted president with little sympathy for the suffering created by the Great Depression.
===Cabinet===
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="4" style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000000;" align="left"
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="7"|
|-
|align="left"|'''OFFICE'''||align="left"|'''NAME'''||align="left"|'''TERM'''
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|[[President of the United States|President]]||align="left" |'''[[Herbert Hoover]]'''||align="left"|1929–1933
|-
|align="left"|[[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]||align="left"|'''[[Charles Curtis]]'''||align="left"|1929–1933
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]||align="left"|'''[[Henry L. Stimson]]'''||align="left"|1929–1933
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]]||align="left"|'''[[Andrew Mellon]]'''||align="left"|1929–1932
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''[[Ogden L. Mills]]'''||align="left"|1932–1933
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]]||align="left"|'''[[James W. Good]]'''||align="left"|1929
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''[[Patrick J. Hurley]]'''||align="left"|1929–1933
|-
|align="left"|[[Attorney General of the United States|Attorney General]]||align="left"|'''[[William D. Mitchell]]'''||align="left"|1929–1933
|-
|align="left"|[[Postmaster General of the United States|Postmaster General]]||align="left"|'''[[Walter Folger Brown|Walter F. Brown]]'''||align="left"|1929–1933
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]]||align="left"|'''[[Charles F. Adams]]'''||align="left"|1929–1933
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]]||align="left"|'''[[Ray L. Wilbur]]'''||align="left"|1929–1933
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]]||align="left"|'''[[Arthur M. Hyde]]'''||align="left"|1929–1933
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]]||align="left"|'''[[Robert P. Lamont]]'''||align="left"|1929–1932
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''[[Roy D. Chapin]]'''||align="left"|1932–1933
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Labor|Secretary of Labor]]||align="left"|'''[[James J. Davis]]'''||align="left"|1929–1930
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''[[William N. Doak]]'''||align="left"|1930–1933
|}
<br clear="all">
==Achievements of the Hoover Administration==
Even if the Hoover presidency has a negative imprint on it, it must be noted that there were some important reforms under the Hoover administration.
The President expanded civil service protection, cancelled private oil leases on government lands and led the way for the prosecution of gangster [[Al Capone]]. He appointed a commission which set aside 3 million acres (12,000 km²) of [[national park]]s and 2.3 million of national forests; he appointed a [[Federal Farm Board]] that tried to fix farm prices, advocated tax reduction for low-income Americans, doubled the numbers of veteran hospital facilities, negotiated a treaty on St. Lawrence Seaway (which failed in the [[Senate]]), signed an act that made ''[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]'' the [[national anthem]], wrote a Children's Charter that advocated protection of every child regardless of race and gender, built the [[San Francisco Bay Bridge]], created an [[antitrust]] division in the [[Justice Department]], required air mail carriers to improve service, proposed federal loans for urban slum clearances, organized the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]], reorganized the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]], proposed a federal Department of Education, advocated fifty-dollar-a-month [[pension]]s for Americans over 65, chaired White House conferences on child health, protection, homebuilding and homeownership. He also signed the [[Norris-La Guardia Act]] that paved the way for the [[New Deal]]'s labor policy.
In the foreign arena he helped to pave the way for [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s "Good Neighbor Policy" by withdrawing American troops from [[Nicaragua]] and [[Haiti]], he also proposed an arms [[embargo]] on [[Latin America]] and a one-third reduction in the world's naval forces - the [[Hoover Plan]]. He and Secretary of State [[Henry Stimson]] outlined the [[Stimson Doctrine|Hoover-Stimson Doctrine]] that said that the United States would not recognize territories gained by force.
===Supreme Court appointments===
Hoover appointed the following Justices to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]:
* [[Charles Evans Hughes]] - Chief Justice - [[1930]]
* [[Owen Josephus Roberts]] - 1930
* [[Benjamin Nathan Cardozo]] - [[1932]]
==Post-Presidency==
His opponents in Congress, whom he felt were sabotaging his program for their own political gain, painted him as a callous and cruel president.
Hoover was badly defeated in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1932]]. After Roosevelt assumed the presidency, Hoover became a critic of the [[New Deal]], warning against tendencies toward [[statism]]. His misgivings are in the book ''The Challenge to Liberty'' where he talks of [[fascism]], [[communism]], and [[socialism]] as enemies of traditional American liberties.
In [[1947]], President [[Harry S. Truman]] appointed Hoover to a [[commission]], which elected him chairman, to reorganize the executive departments. This became known as the [[Hoover Commission]]. He was appointed chairman of a similar commission by President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] in [[1953]]. Many economies resulted from both commissions' recommendations. Over the years, Hoover wrote many articles and books, one of which he was working on when he died at the age of 90 in [[New York City]] on [[October 20]], [[1964]] at 11:35 AM, 31 years and seven months after leaving office. He had outlived his wife by 20 years. By the time of his death, he had rehabilitated his image and died praised as a beloved statesman. His was the longest retirement of any President. ([[Gerald Ford]] is now a close contender, and [[as of 2005]], he has been out of office for 28 years). Hoover and his wife are buried at the [[Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum]] in [[West Branch, Iowa]].
The Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House, built in [[1919]] in [[Palo Alto, California]], is now the official residence of the President of Stanford University, and a [[National Historic Landmark]].
==Quotes==
*"True American Liberalism utterly denies the whole creed of socialism." ''The Challenge to Liberty'', pg 57.
*"A chicken in every pot and a car in every garage" - Presidential Campaign Slogan 1928
*"I outlived the bastards" - answer to a question of how he managed to survive the long ostracism under the Roosevelt administration.
==Writings of Hoover==
* Agricola, G., ''De Re Metallica'', tr. by Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover, The Mining magazine, London, 1912
*''The Challenge to Liberty'', 1934
*''Addresses Upon The American Road, 1933-1938'', Charles Scribner's Sons, NY, 1938
*''The Problems of Lasting Peace'', with Hugh Gibson, Doubleday Doran, Garden City NY, 1942
==Media==
{{multi-video start}}
{{multi-video item |
filename = Herbert Hoover video montage.ogg|
title = Herbert Hoover video montage|
description =Collection of video clips of the president. (3.2 [[Megabyte|MB]], [[ogg]]/[[Theora]] format). |
format = [[Theora]]
}}
{{multi-video end}}
==Related articles==
* [[U.S. presidential election, 1928]]
* [[U.S. presidential election, 1932]]
* [[Hoover-Minthorn House]]
* [[Hoover Institution]]
* [[Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum]] - located near [[Iowa City, Iowa|Iowa City]] in [[West Branch, Iowa]].
* [[Herbert Hoover National Historical Site]] - also in [[West Branch, Iowa]]
==External links==
* [http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi139.htm Hoover and Agricola]
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/hoover.htm Inaugural Address]
* [http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/showfindingaid.cfm?findaidid=HooverH Audio clips of Hoover's speeches]
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/hh31.html White House Biography]
* [http://www.americanpresident.org/history/herberthoover/ American President.org Biography]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/hoover-1.html Herbert Hoover First State of the Union Address]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/hoover-2.html Herbert Hoover Second State of the Union Address]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/hoover-3.html Herbert Hoover Third State of the Union Address]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/hoover-4.html Herbert Hoover Fourth State of the Union Address]
* [http://www.davidpietrusza.com/Herbert-Hoover-links.html Herbert Hoover Links]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[United States Secretary of Commerce]]|before=[[Joshua W. Alexander]]|after=[[William F. Whiting]]|years=[[1921]]–[[1928]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]] [[President of the United States|Presidential]] [[:Category:U.S. Republican Party presidential nominees|candidate]]|before=[[Calvin Coolidge]]|after=[[Alf Landon]]| years=[[U.S. presidential election, 1928|1928]] (won), [[U.S. presidential election, 1932|1932]] (lost)}}
{{succession box|title=[[President of the United States]]|before=[[Calvin Coolidge]]|after=[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]|years=[[March 4]], [[1929]] – [[March 3]], [[1933]]}}
{{end box}}
{{start box}}
{{USpresidents | before=[[Calvin Coolidge|Coolidge]] | after=[[Franklin D. Roosevelt|F.D. Roosevelt]]| years=[[1929]]–[[1933]]}}
{{end box}}
{{USRepPresNominees}}
{{USSecCommerce}}
[[Category:1874 births|Hoover, Herbert]]
[[Category:1964 deaths|Hoover, Herbert]]
[[Category:People from California|Hoover, Herbert]]
[[Category:People from Iowa|Hoover, Herbert]]
[[Category:Swiss-American people]]
[[Category:German-Americans|Hoover, Herbert]]
[[Category:Stanford alumni|Hoover, Herbert]]
[[Category:U.S. Republican Party presidential nominees|Hoover, Herbert]]
[[Category:Quakers|Hoover, Herbert]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States|Hoover, Herbert]]
[[bg:Хърбърт Хувър]]
[[da:Herbert Hoover]]
[[de:Herbert C. Hoover]]
[[es:Herbert C. Hoover]]
[[eo:Herbert C. HOOVER]]
[[fr:Herbert Hoover]]
[[id:Herbert Hoover]]
[[he:הרברט קלרק הובר]]
[[nl:Herbert Hoover]]
[[ja:ハーバート・フーヴァー]]
[[no:Herbert Hoover]]
[[pl:Herbert Hoover]]
[[pt:Herbert Hoover]]
[[simple:Herbert Hoover]]
[[sk:Herbert Hoover]]
[[sv:Herbert Hoover]]
[[zh:赫伯特·胡佛]]
| 