Hinduism and Wikipedia:Introduction (historical): Difference between pages

Revision as of 22:28, 13 November 2005

Revision as of 23:59, 13 November 2005

Line 1:

{{Please leave this line alone}}

{{IndicTextCentre}}

<!-- Feel free to change the text below this line. No profanity, please. -->

{{Hinduism_small}}

Hello this is a try

:''This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see [[Hindu (disambiguation)]].

THIS IS AWESOME!!!!!

'''Hinduism''' ('''&#2361;&#2367;&#2344;&#2381;&#2342;&#2370; &#2343;&#2352;&#2381;&#2350;'''; also known as ''San&#257;tana Dharma'' - &#2360;&#2344;&#2366;&#2340;&#2344; &#2343;&#2352;&#2381;&#2350;, and ''Vaidika-Dharma'' - &#2357;&#2376;&#2342;&#2367;&#2325; &#2343;&#2352;&#2381;&#2350;) is a worldwide religious tradition that is based on the revealed knowledge of the [[Vedas|Veda]] and is the direct descendent of the [[Vedic]] [[Indo-Iranian]] religion. It encompasses many religious traditions that widely vary in practice, as well as many diverse sects and philosophies. The modern estimates of Hinduism's origin vary from 3102 BCE to 1300 BCE. It is also the third largest religion in the world with a following of approximately 1 billion people. Ninety-eight percent of Hindus can be found on the [[Indian subcontinent]], chiefly in [[Bharat|Bhārat]] ([[India]]). It is noteworthy however that the relatively small Himalayan kingdom of [[Nepal]] is the only nation in the world with Hinduism as its state religion.

See [[Hindu]] for more about a Hindu and different communities of Hindus.

== Core Concepts ==

===The Eternal Way ===

"San&#257;tana Dharma" (&#2360;&#2344;&#2366;&#2340;&#2344; &#2343;&#2352;&#2381;&#2350;, ''The Eternal Values'' ), Hinduism's traditional name, speaks to the idea that certain spiritual principles hold eternally true, transcending man-made constructs, representing a pure science of consciousness. This consciousness is not merely that of the body or mind and intellect, but of a transcendental state that exists within ''and'' beyond our existence, the unsullied Soul of all. Religion to the Hindu is the eternal search for the divine [[Brahman]] (&#2348;&#2381;&#2352;&#2361;&#2381;&#2350;&#2344;&#2381;, pronounced as "brəhmən", nominative singular being &#2348;&#2381;&#2352;&#2361;&#2381;&#2350; or "brəhmə"), the Supreme immanent and transcendant Reality or the Cosmic Spirit.

Hinduism's aspiration is best expressed in the following [[mantra]]:

:''OM Asato mā sadgamaya, tamaso mā jyotirgamaya, mrityor māmritam gamaya''

:"OM Lead me from falsehood to truth, from darkness to light, from death to immortality."

[[Image:Samsara.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Hindus believe that every living being is an eternally existing spirit (the soul or the self). While changing its body at every moment, this soul passes from one form of body to another. {{ref|re}}]]

=== Basic beliefs ===

What can be said to be common to all Hindus is the belief in [[Dharma]] (Duties and obligations), [[Reincarnation]] (rebirth), [[Karma]] ("actions", leading to a cause and effect relationship), and [[Moksha]] (salvation) of every soul through a variety of paths, such as ''Bhakti'' (devotion), ''Karma'' (action), ''Jnana'' (knowledge), and of course, ''[[Ishvara]]'' (the God). Reincarnation or the soul's transmigration through a cycle of birth and death, until it attains [[Moksha]], is governed by [[Karma]]. The philosophy of Karma lays forth the results of free-willed actions, which leave their imprint on the [[soul]] or the self, called as [[Atman|ātman]]. These actions determine the course of life and the life cycle for the soul in its subsequent life. Virtuous actions take the soul closer to the divine supreme and lead to a birth with higher-consciousness. Evil actions hinder this recognition of the divine supreme and the soul takes lower forms of worldly life. All existence, per Hinduism, from vegetation to mankind, are subjects to the eternal Dharma, which is the natural law. Even [[heaven]] (svarga) and [[Hell]] (naraka) are temporary. Liberation from this material existence and cycle of birth and death, to join or reach the Universal spirit or God (depending on belief), is known as [[moksha]], which is the ultimate goal of Hindus.

The other principles include the [[Guru Chela Dynamic|guru/chela dynamic]], the Divinity of Word of [[Aum|OM]] and the power of [[mantra]]s (religious hymn), manifestations of God's spirit in all forms of existence; that is an understanding that the essential spark of the Divine ([[Atman]]/[[Brahman]]) is in every living being. It allows for many spiritual paths leading to the One Ultimate Reality.

===Practice (Yoga Dharma)===

Hinduism includes a variety of practices, primarily spiritual devotion ([[Bhakti Yoga]]), selfless service ([[Karma Yoga]]), knowledge and meditation (Jnana or [[Raja Yoga]]). These are described in the two principal texts of Hindu [[Yoga]]: The [[Bhagavad Gita]] and the [[Yoga Sutras]]. The [[Upanishad]]s are also important as a philosophical foundation for these practices. The yogas provide a sort of alternate paths (or faiths) that links together various hindu beliefs and can also be used to categorize non-hindu beliefs that are seen as paths to [[moksha]], or [[nirvana]].

===The four objectives Of Life===

Another major aspect of Hindu dharma that is common to practically all Hindus is that of ''purushartha'', the "four objectives of life". They are ''kama'', ''artha'', ''[[dharma]]'' and ''[[moksha]]''. It is said that all humans seek ''kama'' (pleasure, physical or emotional) and ''artha'' (material wealth), but soon, with maturity, learn to govern these legitimate desires within a higher, framework of ''dharma''(righteousness), in all. Of course, the only goal that is truly ultimate, whose attainment results in ultimate happiness, is ''[[moksha]]'' (salvation), (also known as ''[[Mukti]]'' (spiritual liberation), ''[[Samadhi]]'', [[Nirvana]], etc.) from ''[[Samsara]]'' (cycle of birth and death).

===The four stages of Life===

Ideally (though not feasible for most of today's lay Hindus), the human life is divided into four ''[[Ashramas]]'' ("phases" or "stages"). They are [[Brahmacharya]], [[Grihastha|Grihastha]], [[Vanaprastha]] and [[Sanyasa]]. The first quarter of one's life, ''[[Brahmacharya]]'' ("meditation in Brahma") is spent in [[celibate]], controlled, [[sober]] and pure contemplation under a [[Guru]], building up the mind for the realization of truth. [[Grihastya]] is the [[householder]]'s stage, alternatively known as [[samsara]], in which one marries and satisfies [[Kama (Hinduism)|kama]] and [[artha]] within a married life and [[professional]] [[career]]. [[Vanaprastha]] is gradual detachment from the [[material world]], ostensibly giving over duties to one's children, spending more time in [[contemplation]] of the Divine, and making holy [[pilgrimage]]s. Finally, in [[sanyasa]], the individual goes into seclusion, often envisioned as the renunciation, to find God through detachment from worldly life and peacefully shed the body for the next life.

[[Image:Gita1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Lord Krishna]] revealing the eternal super-consciousness to [[Arjuna]]]]

=== Nature of God ===

The Vedas depict [[Brahman]] as the Ultimate Reality, with the personal deities, called [[deva_(deity)|devas]] as different aspects or manifestations of one Brahman. Brahman (not to be confused with the deity [[Brahmā]]) is seen as the Universal Spirit. Brahman is the ultimate, both [[transcendent]] and [[immanent]] [[absolute infinite]] [[existence]], the sum total of all that ever is, was, or ever will be.

Additionally, like [[Abrahamic]] religions which believe in personal God, Hindus also believe in God that is the personal form of Brahman. Such a view of seeing the Brahman with positive qualities gives rise to the concept of God as '''the Supreme Lord''' or [[Ishvara]] (&#2312;&#2358;&#2381;&#2357;&#2352;). All Hindus maintain that [[Ishvara]] is One and only One, although the demi-gods or the [[deva_(deity)|devas]] which are his mundane manifestations could be as numerous as 330 million. Ishvara could be viewed in any way as a non-corporeal, infinite, spiritual being, or anthropomorphic deities such as [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]], for the sake of devotional worship.

Brahman is viewed as without personal attributes ([[Nirguna Brahman]]) or with attributes ([[Saguna Brahman]]) as God. In Vaishnavism and Shaivism, [[Saguna Brahman]] such [[Vishnu]] or [[Shiva]] is viewed as male. God's power (or energy) is personified as female or [[Shakti]]. However, God and God's energy are indivisible, unitary, and the same. The analogy is that fire represents [[God]] and the actual heat [[Shakti]]. According to [[Smarta]] views, God can be with attributes, [[Saguna Brahman]], and also be viewed with whatever attributes, (e.g., a female God) a devotee conceives.

Though all the different paths of Moksha (salvation) are, to various extents, acknowledged by all denominations, the actual conception of Brahman and its nature is what differentiates them. It is important to note that the contemporary perception of Hinduism, influenced by Smarta traditions, depicts an ''inclusive'' monotheistic religion, which accordingly holds that the different dieties are simply different forms of the single God.

== Denominations ==

{{main|Hindu denominations}}

Each of Hinduisms four major denominations share [[rituals]], [[beliefs]], traditions and personal deities with one another, but each sect has a different philosophy on how to achieve life's ultimate goal ([[moksha]], salvation) and on their concept of God ([[Ishwara]]). However, each denomination respects all others, and conflict of any kind is rare. Infact, many Hindus will not claim to belong to any denomination at all.

Contemporary Hinduism is now divided into four major divisions, Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism. Just as Jews, Christians, and Muslims all believe in one God but differ in their conceptions of Him, Hindus all believe in one God but differ in their conceptions. The two primary form of differences are between the sects of [[Vaishnavism]] which conceives God as [[Vishnu]], and [[Shaivism]] which conceives God as [[Shiva]]. [[Shaktism]] worships the Goddess [[Devi]] or alternatively (where it is viewed as a subsect of Shaivism) as the energy of Shiva. Smartism, in contrast, believes in all paths being the same and leading to one God or source, whatever one chooses to call the Ultimate Reality. The [[Trimurti]] concept (also called the Hindu trinity) of Smartism denotes the three aspects of God as Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer. A number of reform movements have also given rise to sects like Swami [[Dayananda Saraswati]]'s [[Arya Samaj]] which condemns [[iconolatry]] and focuses on the Vedas and the Vedic fire-sacrifices ([[yagna]]).

==== Smartism ====

{{main|Smartism}}

Smartas invariably follow Advaita (monist) philosophy, seeing multiple manifestations emanating from a single source called Brahman. It is seen as ultimate unity, with the personal gods (deities) being different manifestations of Brahman which can be called by different names. Smartism is the only branch of Hinduism that adopts these ideas strictly. The Smarta perspective dominates the view of Hinduism in the West.

==== Vaishnavism ====

{{main|Vaishnavism}}

A Vaishnavite considers Vishnu (&#2357;&#2367;&#2359;&#2381;&#2339;&#2369;) as the Supreme God, and consider other Gods as subordinate (like demi-gods). Accordingly, many Vaishnavites, for example, believe that Vishnu grants ultimately moksha. Vaisnavites, consider worship of other Gods as secondary because Lord Krishna, avatar of Vishnu, and God in Gaudiya Vaishnavism, says in the Gita :

'' Whatever deity or form a devotee worships,their wishes are granted by Me'' (Gita: 7:21-22)

'' O Arjuna, even those devotees who worship other subordinate deities (e.g., Devas, for example) with faith, they also worship Me, but in a different way because I am the Supreme Being. I alone am the enjoyer of all sacrificial services (Seva, Yajna) and Lord of the universe'' (Gita: 9:23).

=== Shaivism ===

{{main|Shaivism}}

[[Image:Pashupatinath_Temple.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Pashupatinath]] temple is located on the shore of the Bagmati river on the eastern part of Kathmandu, the capital of [[Nepal]]. It is regarded as one of the most sacred temples of [[Shiva]] in the world.]]

Similar to Vaishnavism, many Shaivites hold that Lord [[Shiva]] (&#2358;&#2367;&#2357;) is the Supreme and all other deities sprung forth from him. They follow either [[monistic]] or [[dvaita|dualistic]] philosophies.

=== Shaktism ===

{{main|Shaktism}}

Shaktas worship Shakti (or [[Devi]]) in all of her forms, whilst not rejecting the importance of masculine and neuter divinity. The "History of the Shakta Religion" explains that ''The Shaktas conceive their Great Goddess as the personification of primordial energy and the source of all divine and cosmic evolution. She is identified with the Supreme Being, conceived as the Source and the Spring as well as the Controller of all the forces and potentialities of Nature.'' It is associated with [[Vedanta]], [[Samkhya]] and [[Tantra]] philosophies, is ultimately monist, and has a rich tradition of [[Bhakti yoga]] associated with it.

Shaivite views often consider Shaktism to be sub-denomination of Saivism, arguing that Devi is worshipped as female in order to attain union with Siva, who in Saivism is the male counterpart of Devi and in Shaktism, is viewed as the formless Absolute.

== Hindu sacred texts ==

{{main|Hindu scripture}}

The overwhelming majority of Hindu [[scripture|sacred texts]] are composed in the [[Sanskrit language]]. Indeed, much of the [[morphology]] and [[linguistic]] philosophy inherent in the learning of Sanskrit is sometimes claimed to be inextricably linked to study of the Vedas and relevant Hindu scriptures.

===Shruti===

{{main|Shruti}}

The [[Veda]]s (&#2357;&#2375;&#2342;, literally, "Knowledge") are considered as Shruti (revealed) by Hindus. They are said to have been revealed by the Supreme Being [[Brahman]] to the sages / seers ([[rishi]]s) while the latter were in deep meditation. While the overwhelming majority of Hindus may never read the [[Veda]]s, there prevails in them a reverence for this transcendental notion of Eternal Knowledge. The four [[Veda]]s (the [[Rig Veda|Rig]], [[Yajur Veda|Yajur]], [[Sama Veda|Sama]] and [[Atharva Veda]]s) are various ''shakhas'' or branches of knowledge. Depending on the branch, different commentaries and instructions are associated with each Veda. The Vedas, apart from the hymn ([[mantra]]) or the '''Samhitā''' (&#2360;&#2306;&#2361;&#2367;&#2340;&#2366;) portion, also have three layers of commentaries integrally incorporated within them. They are the '''BrāhmaNas''' (&#2348;&#2381;&#2352;&#2366;&#2361;&#2381;&#2350;&#2339;, not to be confused with Brahman) containing prose commentaries on the rituals, the [[Aranyaka|Āranyakas]] (&#2310;&#2352;&#2339;&#2381;&#2351;&#2325;) containing the esoteric and mystical expainations of the mantras, and the [[Upanishad]]s (&#2313;&#2346;&#2344;&#2367;&#2359;&#2342;&#2381;) conatining highly philosophical and metaphysical writings about the nature of, and the relationship between the soul ([[Atman]] and the Supreme Spirit [[Brahman]]. Each Veda also has various law books and ritual manuals associated with like, like the [[Dharmashastra]]s, [[Grihyasutra]]s, etc but most people do not consider them as an integral part of the Shruti or Vedic literature.

The Upanishads set Hindu philosophy apart with its embrace of transcendent and yet multiple immanent forces that is subjective to each man, seen by some as an identification of unity in diversity. Modern indology suggests that while early Hinduism is most reliant on the four [[Veda]]s, Classical Hinduism, from the [[Yoga]] and [[Vedanta]] to [[Tantra]] and [[Bhakti]] streams, was moulded around the [[Upanishads]]. The Vedas are full of mysticism and allegories. While many schools like Smartism and Advaitism encourage people to interpret the Vedas philosophically and metaphorically and not too literally, Vaishnavism stresses the literal meaning (mukhya vrtti) as primary and indirect meaning (gauna vrtti) as secondary: ''saksad upadesas tu srutih'' - "The instructions of the sruti-sastra should be accepted literally, without so-called ''fanciful or allegorical interpretations''." (Jiva Gosvami, Krsna Sandarbha 29.26-27). In this manner, Advaita takes a stance opposite to, while Vaishnavism similar to the [[Abrahamic religions]], where it is important to interpret the [[Bible]] and the [[Quran]] literally and not philosophically. The very sound of the Vedic mantras is considered as "purifying" by many Hindus, hence the rigour in learning pronunciation. The rigorous oral tradition of transmitting the Vedas has helped in it's perfect preservation.

[[Image:Mindsenses.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''The Bhagavad Gita'' describes the mind as turbulent and obstinate. 'The Chariot of the Body': The five horses represent the five senses (tongue, eyes, nose, ears and skin). The rein symbolises the mind, the driver is the intelligence while the passenger is the spirit soul.]]

===Bhagavad Gita===

{{main|Bhagavad Gita}}

A core sacred text of Hinduism and its [[Hindu philosophy|philosophy]], the Bhagavad Gita (&#2349;&#2327;&#2357;&#2342;&#2381; &#2327;&#2368;&#2340;&#2366;), often referred to as the Gita, is a summation of the [[Vedic religion|Vedic]], [[Yoga|Yogic]], [[Vedantic]] and [[Tantric Buddhism|Tantric]] philosophies. The Bhagavad Gita, meaning "song of the Lord", refers to itself as a 'Yoga [[Upanishad]]' and is sometimes called ''G&#299;topani&#351;ad''. It expounds on [[Karma Yoga]], [[Bhakti Yoga]] and [[Jnana Yoga]]. It is an integral part of the epic [[Mahabharata]].

While technically it is considered as ''Smriti'' text, it has singularly achieved nearly the status of ''Shruti'', or revealed knowledge. This Gita is easy to follow and is also one of the most popular books in Hinduism. Unlike the [[Vedas]], that are most esoteric and intricate, the Gita is read by many practising Hindus.

===Smriti===

{{main|Smriti}}

The post- Vedic Hindu texts form the latter category, the most notable of which are the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the ''[[Ramayana]]'', major [[epic]]s considered sacred by all followers of Sanatana Dharma. Their stories are arguably familiar to the vast majority of Hindus. Other texts considered important by today's Hindus include the [[Devi Mahatmya]], an ode to [[Devi]], the Divine Mother, and the [[Yoga Sutras]], a key meditative yoga text of Shri [[Patanjali]]. There are also a number of revered Hindu [[Tantras]], the [[Manusmriti]], the 18 [[Purana]]s which vividly describe Later Hinduism's deities and mythology, and [[List of sutras|Sutras]] that command the respect of various Hindu sects of different persuasion, some including the [[Mahanirvana Tantra]], [[Tirumantiram]] and [[Shiva Sutras]]. The Ramayana, Mahabharata and many Puranas are much more widely read by today's Hindus than the Vedas, and the temple and icon worship of modern Hinduism is attributable to them.

Other important scriptures are the sectarian [[Hindu Agamas]] which are texts related to rituals and worship and is dedicated to [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] and [[Devi]]. The Shrutis take precedence over Smriti in any matter of apparent mutual dispute.

== Origins and society ==

===Origins of Hinduism ===

{{main|History of Hinduism}}

[[Image:Wheel of Konark, Orissa, India.JPG|thumb|right|250px|The [[Sun Temple]] in [[Konark]], [[Orissa]] is one of the most famous stone [[monument]] in the world. The temple is conceived as a massive 24-wheel chariot of the Sun God [[Surya]].]]

Hinduism is the world's oldest major religion in existence. From a Hindu perspective, the [[Sanatana Dharma]] propounds eternal and universal principles with no beginning or end. Hindu puranas and astrononimical evidence within place Lord Krishna's birth at a date of 3100 B.C. Krishna's incarnation was preceded by Lord [[Rama]]s, sometimes dated at over 5,000 B.C. It is believed by many Hindus that their religious tradition was fully formed by the time of Lord [[Rama]], believed to be the seventh incarnation of Lord [[Vishnu]]. Modern indology, on the otherhand, suggests that Hinduism only developed sometime between 1500-1300 BCE based on the linguistic and literary dating of the Rig Veda, the oldest of the Hindu spiritual texts.

The origin of collective Hindu thought cannot be ascribed to any single founder (though most of its later schools of philosophy and belief can be), or associated with a specific time or a single place of foundation. The Vedas, the earliest Hindu scriptures, are the compilation of spiritual laws and truths binding upon all of creation. It is believed that each Veda was revealed to enlightened sages over a long period of time.

The term 'Hindu' itself is a corrupt form of the word 'Sindhu', which literally means 'dweller across the Indus Valley'. The religion is often named (more appropriately) as ''Sanatana Dharma'' in all of its books.

=== Etymology ===

The term '[[Hindu]]' is said to be derived from the name of the [[Sindhu]] (&#2360;&#2367;&#2344;&#2381;&#2343;&#2369;, ie, the [[Indus]]) river, which is known as '''Hindu''' in Persian. In the [[Iranian_languages|Iranian]] linguistic branch, the 's' of the [[Indic]] branch is cognate with the 'h' sound of Iranian. Although this is the main theory for the origins of the term "Hindu", there are many others. Indian philosopher and grammarian [[Patanjali]] (c. 200 BCE) was the first to use the term Hindu (&#2361;&#2367;&#2344;&#2381;&#2342;&#2369;), possibly due to Iranian influence, in the sense of people of India. India is also traditionally, but unofficially called [[Hindustan]] or [[Hind]] in [[Hindi]], [[Persian_language|Persian]], [[Arabic]], etc. Note that the word [[Hindustan]] also has other meanings.

===Vedic religion===

{{main|Vedic religion}}

Modern Hinduism grew out of the knowledge described in the [[Vedas]]. The earliest of these, the [[Rigveda]] centres on worship of the deities [[Indra]] and [[Agni]], and on the [[Soma]] ritual. They would perform fire-sacrifices called [[yagna|yajña]] (&#2351;&#2332;&#2381;&#2334;) with the chanting of the Vedic mantras. Probably animals were also sacrificed in larger yajñas, as claimed by Buddhist and Jain texts. The [[Ashvamedha]] was the most important sacrifice described in the [[Yajurveda]], possibly performed for the last time by [[Samudragupta]] in the [[4th century]]. The age and origins of the Vedas themselves are disputed, but it is clear that they were transmitted orally for several millennia. They show strong similarities to the language and religion of the [[Avesta]], which are sometimes traced back to either the influence of the [[3rd millennium BC]] [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], or to a [[2nd millennium BC]] [[Indo-Iranian]] migration (see [[Aryan invasion theory]]), or to a combination of these.

===Hindu nationalism===

Main Articles: [[Hindu Nationalism]], [[Hindutva]], [[Hindu Rashtra]]

In the 20th century, emerging Indian [[nationalism]] began to emphasise Hinduism, in opposition to the British Raj, but also in contrast to [[Islam]], and after Independence in connection with the territorial disputes with Pakistan. Such nationalistic Hinduism is generally termed [[Hindutva]] ("Hinduness", paradoxically not a well-formed Sanskrit word, since "Hindu" is a Persian word), but the boundaries are fluid and the Indian Supreme Court ruled that "no precise meaning can be ascribed to the terms 'Hindu', 'Hindutva' and 'Hinduism'; and no meaning in the abstract can confine it to the narrow limits of religion alone, excluding the content of Indian culture and heritage." Hindutva ideology was enunciated first by [[Savarkar]] in his seminal work 'Hindutva'. Hindutva ideology rose to importance in [[Politics of India|Indian politics]] in the [[1980s]] and is chiefly associated with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] movement. It has come to symbolise the rising bi-polarisation of Indian polity in the late 1990's and the first decade of the 21st century, evident in the rise of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in the same period. One of their short term aims is to rebuilt a Rama temple at the site of the controversial [[Babri]] [[mosque]] in Ayodhya. Rama was said to have born on that site, over which probably the [[Mughal]] commander Mir Baki had built the Babri mosque after destroying the Vaishnavite temple commemoriating the birthplace, in his alleged frenzy of [[iconoclasm]].

===Temples===

{{main|Mandir}}

[[Image:Gopuram-madurai.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Most of the Hindu temples have their principal shrine facing the rising sun and their entrance facing east. An important aspect of the temple design is that it is intended to lead from the temporal world to the eternal one. Shown here, is the [[Meenakshi temple]] in southern India.]]

Hindu temples inherited rich and ancient rituals and customs, and have occupied a special place in Hindu society. They are usually dedicated to a primary deity, called the presiding deity, and other subordinate deities associated with the main deity. However, some ''mandirs'' are dedicated to multiple deities. Most major temples are constructed as per the [[aagama shastras]].

Temples are a place for darshan (vision of the divine), [[puja]], [[meditation]], and religious congregation among other religious activities. [[Puja]] or worship, frequently uses the aid of a ''[[#Forms of worship: icons and mantras|murti]]'' (statue in which divine presence is invoked) in conjunction with the singing or chanting of meditational prayer in the form of [[mantra]]s. Devotional songs called [[bhajan]]s (written primarily from the 14th-17th centuries), [[kirtan]] (devotional songs), and [[arti]] are sometimes sung in conjunction with performance of puja. This rather organic system of devotion attempts to aid the individual in connecting with God through symbolic communion. People usually kneel or genuflect to the ground and then touch the ground with their forehead, or prostrate themselves completely before the deity. Most Hindu homes also have a section devoted for daily worship of the deities with religious icons and meditation. This form of icon and temple worship is called [[puja]] and is integral to the [[Bhakti]] cult.

The temple culture and tradition has been undergoing dramatic changes, partly due to the deteriorating values in society. Similarly, the unique institute of sacred temple dancers and artists, [[devadasi]]s, has gone through many upheavals.

===Current geographic distribution===

{{main|Hinduism by country}}

[[Image:Kumbh_mela.jpg|thumb|250px|Largest gathering of humanity on Earth. Around 70 million people participated in [[Kumbh Mela]] at [[Haridwar]].]]

[[Image:Neasden_Temple_-_Shree_Swaminarayan_Hindu_Mandir_-_Gate.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hinduism continues to grow, as is evidenced by the modern [[Neasden Temple]] in [[London]].]]

Of the total Hindu population of the world, about 94% (890 million) live in [[India]] (ie. [[Bharat]]). [[Nepal]], some [[Indonesia]]n islands, [[Bhutan]], [[Mauritius]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Fiji]], [[Guyana]], [[Singapore]], and [[Suriname]] have significant density of Hindu populations. In [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] and [[Bali]] the major religion is Hinduism and is still reflected in the traditional culture and architecture.

Apart from these countries [[Bangladesh]] (14.4 million), [[Pakistan]] (2.5 million), [[Sri Lanka]] (3 million), [[Malaysia]] (1.5 million), [[United States]] (1.5 million), [[South Africa]] (1.1 million) and the [[Middle East]] (1 million) also have sizable Hindu populations.

==Hindu philosophy: the six Vedic schools of thought==

{{main|Hindu philosophy}}

The six ''Astika'' or orthodox (accepting the authority of the Vedas) schools of Hindu philosophy are [[Nyaya]], [[Vaisheshika]], [[Samkhya]], [[Yoga]], [[Purva Mimamsa]] (also called just 'Mimamsa'), and [[Vedanta|Uttara Mimamsa]] (also called '[[Vedanta]]'). The non-Vedic schools are called Nastika, or heterodox, and refer to [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Lokayata]]. The schools that continue to enrich Hinduism today are [[Purva Mimamsa]], [[Yoga]], and [[Vedanta]]. See [[Hindu philosophy]] for a discussion of the historical significance of [[Samkhya]], [[Nyaya]], and [[Vaisheshika]].

===Purva Mimamsa===

{{main|Purva Mimamsa}}

The main objective of the Purva ("earlier") [[Mimamsa]] school was to establish the authority of the Vedas. Consequently, this school's most valuable contribution to Hinduism was its formulation of the rules of interpretation of Vedas. Its adherents believed that revelation must be consistent with reasoning, that it should not be accepted blindly as dogma. This school of thought led to later development of advaita philosophy which is key to the Sanatana/Hindu Dharma and was especially championed by philosophers like [[Adi Sankara]] and [[Swami Vivekananda]].

===Yoga===

{{main|Yoga}}

[[Image:Indus 03.jpg|thumb|200px|right|In Hinduism, Yoga is considered to be the ultimate way of attaining spiritual goals. The earliest written accounts of yoga appear in the [[Rig Veda]], which began to be codified between 1500 and 1200 BCE. Some historians believe that this 5000 thousand years old sculpture is of a yogi.]]

Yoga means ''union'' and is generally interpreted as union with the Divine, or integration of body, mind, and spirit. It goals are [[moksha]] or [[samadhi]]. It, like the [[Upanishad]]s, seeks realisation of the infinite Brahman, through meditational, physical and spritual practices.

[[Upanishads]], sage [[Patanjali]]'s [[Yoga Sutra]] and the [[Bhagavad Gita]] are indispensable literature in the study of Yoga and elaborate on [[Raja Yoga]], [[Bhakti Yoga]], [[Karma Yoga]] and [[Gyana Yoga]]. Of these, the [[Yoga Sutra]] is essentially a compilation and systematisation of meditational Yoga philosophy.

===Uttara Mimamsa: the three schools of Vedanta===

{{main|Vedanta}}

The Uttara ("later") Mimamsa school is perhaps one of the cornerstone movements of Hinduism and certainly was responsible for a new wave of philosophical and meditative enquiry, renewal and revival of Hinduism, and established strong philosophical foundation. Primarily associated with the [[Upanishad]]s and their commentary by [[Badarayana]], the [[Vedanta Sutra]]s, Vedanta thought, according to the pre-Shankaran Buddhist sources (Aryadeva, Kamalashila, Bhavya) monotheistic, later split into three groups, initiated by the thinking and writing of [[Adi Sankara]]. Most Hindu thought today in some way relates to changes affected by [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] thought, which focused on unity of all God.

The great debate between followers the major Hindu philosophical school, [[Advaita]] and the schools such as those of [[Ramanuja]] and [[Madhva]], focused on the true nature of [[Brahman]], on whether Brahman was essentially monistic, qualified non-dualistic or dualistic in nature.

====Pure monism: [[Advaita]]====

{{main|Advaita}}

Advaita literally means "not two"; thus this is what we refer to as a monistic (or non-dualistic) philosophy, which emphasises oneness of all God. Its proponent was [[Adi_Sankara|Sankara]] ([[788]]?-[[820]]?). Sankara expounded his theories largely based on previous teachings of the [[Upanishad]]s and his own [[guru]] [[Govinda Bhagavadpada]]. By the analysis of consciousness, he exposed the relative nature of the Universe and established the non-dual nature of Brahman in which [[Atman]] (the individual soul) and [[Brahman]] (the Ultimate Reality) are identified to be identical.

To Advaitists (nondualists) Ultimate Reality is best expressed as [[Nirguna Brahman]], or God without form, or God without physical attributes; indeed, some might go so far as to say it is not 'God' but something beyond - the Godhead. However, even that definition can be limiting. Nirguna Brahman can never be described as that as It transcends all definitions. All personal forms of God ([[Ishvara]]) such as [[Vishnu]] or [[Shiva]] are different aspects of Nirguna Brahman in physical form, or God with attributes, [[Saguna Brahman]].

God's energy may also be personified as Devi, the Divine Mother. For Vaishnvaites who follow Ramanuja's philosophy, Devi is Lakshmi, who is the Mother of all and who pleads with Vishnu for mankind for salvation. For Shaivites, Devi is Parvati. For Shaktas, who worship Devi, Devi is the physical form of God. See [[Advaita]] for more.

====Qualified monism: [[Vishistadvaita]]====

{{main|Vishistadvaita}}

[[Ramanuja]] ([[1040]] - [[1137]]) was the foremost proponent of the concept of Sriman Narayana as the supreme Brahman. He taught that Ultimate Reality had three aspects: Isvara (Vishnu), cit (soul) and acit (matter). Vishnu is the only independent reality, while souls and matter are dependent on God Vishnu for their existence. Because of this qualification of Ultimate reality, Ramanuja's system is known as qualified non-dualism.

====Dualism: [[Dvaita]] ====

{{main|Dvaita}}

Like Ramanuja, [[Shri Madhvacharya|Madhva]] ([[1238]] - [[1317]]) identified [[God]] with Vishnu, but his view of reality was purely dualistic in that he understood a fundamental differentiation between the ultimate Godhead and the individual soul, and the system is therefore called Dvaita (dualistic) Vedanta.

==Alternative cultures of worship==

===The Bhakti schools===

{{main|Bhakti}}

[[Image:Ganesha2.jpg|thumb|right| [[Ganesh|Shri Ganesh]] is the son of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]]. He is widely worshipped as [[Vignesh]], the remover of obstacles.]]

The [[Bhakti yoga|Bhakti]] (Devotional) school takes its name from the Hindu term that signifies a blissful, selfless and overwhelming devotion of God as the beloved Father, Mother, Child, or whatever relationship finds appeal in the devotee's heart. The philosophy of Bhakti seeks to relate to the personal form of God. Seen as a form of [[Yoga]], or union, it seeks to interlink the self with God, since consciousness of the body and limited mind as self is seen to be a limiting factor in spiritual realisation.

Essentially, it is God who effects all change, who is the source of all works, who acts through the devotee as love and light. 'Sins' and evil-doings of the devotee are said to fall away of their own accord, the devotee shriven, limitedness even transcended, through the devotion of God. The [[Bhakti]] movements rejuvenated Hinduism through their intense expression of devotion and their responsiveness to the emotional and philosophical needs of India.

Altogether, bhakti resulted in a mass of devotional literature, music and art that has enriched the world and given India renewed spiritual impetus, one eschewing elaborate rituals.

===Tantra===

{{main|Tantra}}

Extolled as a short-cut to self-realization and spiritual enlightenment by some, left-hand tantric rites are often rejected as dangerous by most orthodox Hindus. Tantra can be concisely described as the black sheep of Hindu yoga.

:''For the benefit of men of the Kali age, men bereft of energy and dependent for existence on the food they eat, the Kaula doctrine, O auspicious one! is given'', said Shiva on the Kaula school of Tantrism.

The word "[[tantra]]" means "treatise" or "continuum", and is applied to a variety of mystical, occult, medical and scientific works as well as to those which we would now regard as "tantric". Most tantras were written in the middle ages and sprang from Hindu cosmology and [[Yoga]].

== Important symbolism and themes in Hinduism==

[[Image:YoungBrahminBoy.jpg|thumb|175px|right|This young [[India]]n brahmachari bears on his forehead the distinctive triple-line [[tilaka]] (made out of ash, referred to as ''vibhuti'') and on his chest a [[rudraksha]] (eye of [[Rudra]]) and [[mala]] (rosary), both symbols of Lord [[Shiva]].]]

=== Tika (symbol on forehead or between eyebrows) ===

{{main|Tilaka}}

The tilaka (or tilak) is a mark worn on the forehead and other parts of the body for spiritual reasons. It is believed to symbolise the need to cultivate supramental consciousness, which is achieved by opening the mystic "third eye." It is most commonly seen as a dot (or Bindu) worn by women, especially married women, and carries connotations of marraige and auspiciousness.

Hindus stress meditation to acquire knowledge beyond the mind and body, a trait that is often associated with the ascetic god [[Shiva]]. Men, too, will bear on their foreheads the equivalent ''tika'' ([[tilaka]]) mark, usually on religious occasions, its shape often representing particular devotion to a certain main deity: a 'U' shape stands for [[Vishnu]], a group of three horizontal lines for [[Shiva]]. It is not uncommon for some to meld both in an amalgam marker signifying ''Hari-Hara'' (Vishnu-Shiva indissoluble).

=== Ahimsa (non-violence), vegetarian diet and the cow ===

{{main|Ahimsa}}

Ahimsa is a concept which advocates non-violence and a respect for all life. The term ahimsa first appears in the [[Upanishad]]s and in [[Raja Yoga]], it is the first of the five yamas, or eternal vows/restraints of yoga.

{{main|Vegetarianism}}

A large section of Hindus embrace vegetarianism in a bid to respect higher forms of life. While vegetarianism is not a dogma or requirement, it is recommended as a [[sattwa|sattwic]] (purifying) lifestyle. About 30% of today's [[Hindu]] population, especially in orthodox communities in [[South India]], in certain northerly states like Gujarat, where there is significant [[Jain]] influence, and in many [[Brahmin]] and [[Marwari]] enclaves around the subcontinent, is vegetarian - primarily lacto-vegetarian. Some avoid even [[onion]] and [[garlic]], as they are regarded as [[rajasic]].

{{main|Sacred cow}}

Those [[Hindus]] who do eat meat predominantly abstain from [[beef]], some even avoid the usage of leather products. This is possibly because the largely pastoral Vedic people and subsequent generations relied so heavily on the cow for dairy products, tilling of fields and fuel for fertiliser that its status as a 'caretaker' led to identifying it as an almost maternal figure (so the term ''gau mata''). While most Hindus do not worship the cow, it still holds an honoured place in Hindu society. It is said that [[Krishna]] is both [[Govinda]] (herder of cows) and Gopala (protector of cows), and [[Shiva]]'s attendant is [[Nandi Bull|Nandi]], the bull. With the stress on vegetarianism (usually followed even by meat-eating Hindus on religious days) and the sacred nature of the cow ([[Sacred cow]]), it is no wonder that most Hindu holy cities have a ban on selling beef. Some semi-tribal Hindus and worshippers of [[Shakti]] sacrifice goats and buffalos on special occasions, but this practice is quickly disappearing as it is viewed by broad minded Hindus themselves as incompatible to the Hindu concepts of compassion and non-violence, ie., [[ahimsa]].

=== Hindu symbolism ===

Among the most revered symbols in Hinduism, two are quintessentially a part of its culture and representative of its general ethos:

[[Image:Hindu_swastika.png|right|165px|[[Swastika]]]]

[[Image:Om2.jpg|left|165px|[[Aum]] ([[Om]])]]

[[AUM|'''''Aum''''']] ('''&#2384;''') is the sacred symbol of Hinduism, and is prefixed and sometimes suffixed to all Hindu [[mantra]]s and prayers. Its contains a deep symbolic message; which is considered as divine primordial vibration of the Universe which represents all existence, encompassing all of nature into the One Ultimate Reality.

'''[[Swastika]]''' ('''&#21328;''') is an [[Arya]], or ''noble and auspicious'' symbol. It stands for [[satya]], truth, and stability within the power of [[Brahma (god)|Brahma]] or, alternatively, of [[Surya]], the sun. Its rotation in four directions has been used to represent many ideas, but primarily describes the four directions, the four Vedas and their harmonious whole. It has been used in ancient cultures around world and predominantly in Hinduism since the early [[Vedic civilization|Vedic culture]] and is still widespread in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Many other cultures still hold it to be auspicious, especially in [[India]], in spite of the recent association with [[Nazism]] which used a modified version of this symbol.

===Murtis (icons)===

{{main|Murti}}

[[Image:Nataraja.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The dancing posture of Lord [[Siva|Śiva]], known as the [[Nataraja]], is often said to be the supreme statement of Hindu art]]

Whether believing in the One source as formless (nirguna brahman, without attributes) or as a personal God (saguna Brahman, with attributes), Hindus understand that the one truth may be seen as different to different people. The philosophy of Bhakti seeks contact with the personal form of Brahman, which explains the proliferation of so many Gods and Goddesses in India, often reflecting the singular inclinations of small regions or groups of people.

Worship of God is often represented symbolically through the aid of icons (''murti'') which are conduits for the devotee's consciousness, markers for the human mind that signify the ineffable and illimitable nature of the power and grandeur of [[God]]. They are symbols of the greater principle and according to the understanding of the worshipper, the concept or entity is sometimes presumed to be present in them (in monotheistic doctrines) and sometimes not (in monistic doctrines).

In a [[Mandir|Hindu Temple]], the divine spirit/energy is commonly invoked into the Murtis at the time of their consecration. Worship of such Murtis is done everyday in a [[Mandir|temple]]. Most practising Hindus also maintain a [[Mandir|temple]] in their homes for worship and meditation.

Some of deities worshipped are [[Vishnu]] (as [[Krishna]] or [[Rama]]), [[Swaminarayan]], [[Shiva]], [[Devi]] (the Mother as many female deities, such as [[Lakshmi]], [[Saraswati]], [[Kali]] and [[Durga]]), [[Ganesha]], [[Skanda]] and [[Hanuman]]. Also, the [[Puranas]] list twenty-five avatara of [[Vishnu]] : [[Catursana]], [[Narad]], [[Varaha]], [[Matsya]], [[Yajna]], [[Nara-Narayana]], [[Kapila]], [[Dattatreya]], [[Hayasirsa]], [[Hamsa]], [[Prsnigarbha]], [[Rsabha]], [[Prithu]], [[Narasimha]] , [[Kurma]], [[Dhanvantari]], [[Mohini]], [[Vamana]], [[Parasurama]], [[Raghavendra]], [[Vyasa]], [[Balarama]], [[Krishna]], [[Buddha]] and [[Kalki]].

===Mantra===

{{main|Mantra}}

Reciting [[mantra]]s or incantations is a general practice in Hindu rituals. Many mantras are from the Vedas. Much of ''mantra yoga'', as it is called, is done through ''japa'' (repetition). Mantras are chanted, through their meaning, sound, and chanting style, to help meditational focus for the [[sadhaka]] (practitioner). They can also be used to aid in expression of love for the deity, another facet of [[Bhakti yoga]] akin to the understanding of the [[murti]]. They often give courage in exigent times and serve to help 'invoke' one's inner spiritual strength. Indeed, [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s dying words were a two-word [[mantra]] to the Lord [[Rama]]: ''"Hai Ram!"'.

The most revered mantra in Hinduism is the famed [[Gayatri Mantra]] of the [[Rig Veda]](see [[Sanskrit]] for pronunciation):

:[[Devanagari]]: &#2384; &#2349;&#2370;&#2352;&#2381;&#2349;&#2369;&#2357;&#2360;&#2381;&#2357;&#2307; | &#2340;&#2340;&#2381; &#2360;&#2357;&#2367;&#2340;&#2369;&#2352;&#2381;&#2357;&#2352;&#2375;&#2339;&#2381;&#2351;&#2350;&#2381; | &#2349;&#2352;&#2381;&#2327;&#2379; &#2342;&#2375;&#2357;&#2360;&#2381;&#2351; &#2343;&#2368;&#2350;&#2361;&#2367; | &#2343;&#2367;&#2351;&#2379; &#2351;&#2379; &#2344;&#2307; &#2346;&#2381;&#2352;&#2330;&#2379;&#2342;&#2351;&#2366;&#2340;&#2381;

:Transliteration:'' OM bh&#363;r bhuva sva&#7717;'' | ''tat savit&#363;r vare&#7751;yam'' | ''bhargo devasya dh&#299;mahi'' | ''dhiyo yo na&#7717; pra-coday&#257;t''

:Translation: "May we attain that excellent glory of Savitar the God / so may He stimulate our prayers."

It is considered one of the most sacred of all Hindu mantras, invoking the universal [[Brahman]] as the principle of knowledge and the illumination of the primordial Sun. Many Hindus to this day, in a tradition that has continued unbroken for at least 3,000 years, perform morning ablutions at the bank of a sacred river (especially the [[Ganga]]/[[Ganges]]) while chanting this mantra.

== References==

# {{note|re}} [http://www.iskcon.com/galleries/bg1983/1/index.htm# Bhagavad Gita]

# Chaudhuri, Nirad C. 1979. ''Hinduism: A Religion to Live By''. Chatto & Windus, London. ISBN 0-7011-2225-0

# [http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article?eu=402241 Rigveda. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia]

# [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555715/Hinduism.html "Hinduism" on Microsoft Encarta Online]

==See also==

{{Template:Hindu scriptures}}

===Hinduism===

* [[Contemporary Hindu movements]], [[Criticism of Hinduism]]

* [[Hinduism by country]]

* [[Hindu temples]]

* [[Hindu deities]]

* [[Hindu Calendar]]

* [[List of Hindu denominations]]

* [[List of Hindus]]

* [[List of Hinduism-related articles]]

* [[Sanskrit]]

* [[Vedic science]]

* [[Puja]]

* [[Hinduism and other religions]]

===Related systems and religions===

* [[Eastern philosophy]]

* [[Buddhism]]

* [[Jainism]]

* [[Sikhism]]

* [[Taoism]]

==External links==

<!--See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism#External_Links] for guidelines to adding links here. PLEASE DISCUSS IN TALK BEFORE ADDING NEW ONES-->

* [http://www.atmajyoti.org/spirwrit_hinduism.asp Atma Jyoti Ashram] Articles on aspects of Hindu spirituality.

* [http://www.atributetohinduism.com/ ''A Tribute To Hinduism''] - This site catalogs thoughts of world-renowned intellectuals regarding Hinduism, recommends books for further reading, and provides useful links for further research.

* [http://www.Hinduism.co.za/ Hinduism.co.za]

* [http://www.encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org/ ''Authentic Hinduism'' Encyclopedia]

* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/index.shtml BBC Religion and Ethics on Hinduism]

* [http://www.dharmacentral.com/faq.htm Dharma Central's facts about Hinduism]

* [http://hinduism.iskcon.com/ Heart of Hinduism] - Based on the widely used UK schools text.

* [http://www.hindu.org/ Hindu.org]

* [http://www.hindunet.org/ Hindunet.org]

* [http://hinduwebsite.com/ Hinduism and Hinduism resources]

* [http://www.iskcon.com/ International Society for Krishna Consciousness] - From the Vaisnava Tradition of Hinduism.

* [http://www.theuniversalwisdom.org/hinduism/paper-on-hinduism-vivekananda/ Paper on Hinduism by Swami Vivekananda]

* [http://news.hinduworld.com Sarve Samachar] - Hindu news

*[http://www.hinduism-today.com/archives/2004/4-6/37-52_ten_questions.shtml Ten common questions by outsiders and pertinent answers.]

* [http://veda.harekrsna.cz/ VEDA - Vedas and Vedic Knowledge Online]

<!-- interwiki -->

{{Hinduism}}

{{HinduFestivals}}

[[Category:Hinduism]]

[[Category:Religious faiths, traditions, and movements]]

[[Category:Vegetarianism]]

[[af:Hindoeïsme]]

[[ar:هندوسية]]

[[ca:Hinduisme]]

[[da:Hinduisme]]

[[de:Hinduismus]]

[[et:Hinduism]]

[[el:Ινδουϊσμός]]

[[es:Hinduismo]]

[[eo:Hinduismo]]

[[fa:هندوگرایی]]

[[fr:Hindouisme]]

[[ko:힌두교]]

[[hi:हिन्दू धर्म]]

[[hr:Hinduizam]]

[[io:Hinduismo]]

[[id:Hindu]]

[[is:Hindúismi]]

[[it:Induismo]]

[[he:הינדואיזם]]

[[kw:Hindoueth]]

[[lv:Hinduisms]]

[[lt:Induizmas]]

[[li:Hindoeïsme]]

[[hu:Hinduizmus]]

[[nl:Hindoeïsme]]

[[ne:हिन्दू धर्म]]

[[ja:ヒンドゥー教]]

[[nb:Hinduisme]]

[[nn:Hinduismen]]

[[pl:Hinduizm]]

[[pt:Hinduísmo]]

[[ru:Индуизм]]

[[sl:Hinduizem]]

[[fi:Hindulaisuus]]

[[sv:Hinduism]]

[[yi:הינדויִסם]]

[[zh:印度教]]

{{Link FA|fr}}