Vietnamese alphabet and Navy Yard–Ballpark station: Difference between pages

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{{WMATA infobox
The '''Vietnamese alphabet''' (''quốc ngữ'' or "national language") is the current writing system for the [[Vietnamese language]]. It is based on the [[Latin alphabet]], with some [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] and the addition of nine accent marks or [[diacritic]]s — four of them to create additional sounds, and the other five to indicate the [[tonal language|tone]] of each word. The many diacritics, often two on the same letter, makes written Vietnamese easily recognizable.
|name = Navy Yard
|picture = Navy_yard.jpg
|opened = [[December 28]], [[1991]]
|platform = Center platform
|RTU = -
|line info = {{WMATA line|previous=[[Anacostia (Washington Metro)|Anacostia]]|line=Green|next=[[Waterfront-SEU (Washington Metro)|Waterfront-SEU]]}}
|}}'''Navy Yard''' is a [[Washington Metro]] station in [[Washington, DC]] on the [[Green Line (Washington Metro)|Green Line]]. The station is located in [[Washington DC (southeast)|Southeast Washington]], with entrances on M Street at Half Street and New Jersey Avenue.
 
The station is named for the nearby [[Washington Navy Yard]]. The industrial neighborhood is a focus for redevelopment; the Arthur Capper and Carrollsburg Dwellings, nearby [[public housing]] projects, are scheduled for demolition. The Southeast Federal Center, a U.S. government office complex built on the former Navy Yard Annex, opened in [[2000]]; the station serves many commuters to the new headquarters of the [[United States Department of Transportation]] and other agencies. The main tourist attraction is the [[Navy Museum]], on the grounds of the Navy Yard.
==The letters==
 
Plans for a [[Washington Nationals#The_Ballpark_Controversy|new baseball stadium]] for the [[Washington Nationals]] also call for expansion of the station to serve game-day crowds.
The Vietnamese alphabet has the following 37 letters (29 single and 8 digraphs), in [[collation|collating]] order:
{|
|A||Ă||Â||B||C||Ch||D||Đ||E||Ê||G||Gi||H||I||K||Kh||L||M||N||Ng||Nh||O||Ô||Ơ||P||Ph||Q||R||S||T||Th||Tr||U||Ư||V||X||Y
|-
|a||ă||â||b||c||ch||d||đ||e||ê||g||gi||h||i||k||kh||l||m||n||ng||nh||o||ô||ơ||p||ph||q||r||s||t||th||tr||u||ư||v||x||y
|}
 
===Vowels===
 
{{sectstub}}
 
The correspondence between the orthography and pronunciation is somewhat complicated, where a single letter either represents more than one different monophthongs, or both a monophthong and a diphthong(s), or where different letters represent the same monophthong.
 
{| border="2" cellpadding="5" style="line-height: 1.2em; text-align: center; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"
|-
! Orthography
! Sound value(s)
! Orthography
! Sound value(s)
|-
| a
|  {{IPA|/ɐː/, /ɐ/, /ɜ/}}
| o
|  {{IPA|/ɔ/, /ɐw/, /w/}}
|-
| ă
|  {{IPA|/ɐ/}}
| ô
|  {{IPA|/o/, /ɜw/, /ɜ/}}
|-
| â
|  {{IPA|/ɜ/}}
| ơ
|  {{IPA|/əː/, /ɜ/}}
|-
| e
|  {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| u
|  {{IPA|/u/, /w/}}
|-
| ê
|  {{IPA|/e/, /ɜ/}}
| ư
|  {{IPA|/ɨ/}}
|-
| i
|  {{IPA|/i/, /j/}}
| y
|  {{IPA|/i/, /j/}}
|}
 
The table below matches Vietnamese vowels (written in [[IPA]]) and their respective orthographic symbols used in the writing system.
 
{| border="2" cellpadding="5" style="line-height: 1.0em; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"
|+ ''Simple Vowels''
|- valign="top"
| {{IPA|/i/}}
* usually written as '''''i''''': {{IPA|/si/}} = '''''sĩ''''' 'scholar'.
* sometimes written as '''''y''''': {{IPA|/mi/}} = '''''Mỹ''''' 'America'.
* always written as '''''y''''' if
*# preceded by an orthographic vowel: {{IPA|/xwiɜn/}} = '''''khuyên''''' 'to advise';
*# at the beginning of a word derived from Chinese (written as i otherwise): {{IPA|/iɜw/}} = '''''yêu''''' 'to love'.
* (Note that '''''i''''' and '''''y''''' are also used to write the consonant semivowel {{IPA|/j/}}.)
| {{IPA|/e/}}
* written as '''''ê'''''.
|- valign="top"
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
* written as '''''e'''''.
| {{IPA|/ɨ/}}
* written as '''''ư'''''.
|- valign="top"
| {{IPA|/əː/}}
* written as '''''ơ'''''.
| {{IPA|/ɜ/}}
* {{IPA|/ɜ/}} occurs as a monophthong and also as the second part of a diphthong.
|- valign="top"
| {{IPA|/ɐː/}}
* written as '''''a'''''.
| {{IPA|/ɐ/}}
*
|- valign="top"
| {{IPA|/u/}}
* written as '''''u'''''.
| {{IPA|/o/}}
* written as '''''ô'''''.
|- valign="top"
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
* written as '''''o'''''.
|  
|}
 
{| border="2" cellpadding="5" style="line-height: 1.2em; text-align: center; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"
|+ ''Diphthongs & Triphthongs''
|-
! Sound Value(s)
! Orthography
! Sound Value(s)
! Orthography
|-
| {{IPA|/uj/}}
| ui
| {{IPA|/iw/}}
| iu
|-
| {{IPA|/oj/}}
| ôi
| {{IPA|/ew/}}
| êu
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔj/}}
| oi
| {{IPA|/ɛw/}}
| eo
|-
| {{IPA|/əːj/}}
| ơi
| {{IPA|/əːw/}}
| ơu
|-
| {{IPA|/ɜj/}}
| ây, ê
| {{IPA|/ɜw/}}
| âu, ô
|-
| {{IPA|/ɐːj/}}
| ai
| {{IPA|/ɐːw/}}
| ao
|-
| {{IPA|/ɐj/}}
| ay, a
| {{IPA|/ɐw/}}
| au, o
|-
| {{IPA|/ɨj/}}
| ưi
| {{IPA|/ɨw/}}
| ưu
|-
| {{IPA|/iɜ/}}
| ia, ya, iê, yê
| {{IPA|/uɜ/}}
| ua, uô
|-
| {{IPA|/ɨɜ/}}
| ưa, ươ
|  
|  
|-
| {{IPA|/iɜw/}}
| iêu, yêu
| {{IPA|/uɜj/}}
| uôi
|-
| {{IPA|/ɨɜj/}}
| ươi
| {{IPA|/ɨɜw/}}
| ươu
|}
 
{| border="2" cellpadding="5" style="line-height: 1.0em; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"
|- valign="top"
| width="50%"| {{IPA|/iɜ/}}
* written as '''''ia''''' in open syllables: /miɜ/ = '''''mía''''' 'sugar cane' (note: ''open syllables'' are syllables that end a vowel, ''closed syllables'' end in a consonant)
* written as '''''iê''''' before a consonant: /miɜŋ/ = '''''miếng''''' 'morsel'
* the '''''i''''' is written as '''''y''''' at the beginning of words or after an orthographic vowel:
** '''''ya''''': /xwiɜ/ = '''''khuya''''' 'late at night'
** '''''yê''''': /xwiɜn/ = '''''khuyên''''' 'to advise'; /iɜn/ = '''''yên''''' 'calm'
|
{{IPA|/uɜ/}}
* written as '''''ua''''' in open syllables: /muɜ/ = '''''mua''''' 'to buy'
* written as '''''uô''''' before a consonant: /muɜn/ = '''''muôn''''' 'ten thousand'
|- valign="top"
|
{{IPA|/ɨɜ/}}
* written as '''''ưa''''' in open syllables: /mɨɜ/ = '''''mưa''''' 'to rain'
* written as '''''ươ''''' before consonants: /mɨɜŋ/ = '''''mương''''' 'irrigation canal'
|  
|}
 
===Consonants===
 
{{sectstub}}
 
In order to avoid confusion with the "gi" digraph, the letter "g" and the digraph "ng" are written "gh" and "ngh", respectively, when they appear before "i"; and also (for historical reasons) before "e" or "ê". The letters F, J, W and Z are also used in foreign loan words.
 
Most of the consonants are pronounced like their European equivalents, with the following clarifications:
 
* "Ch" is a [[voiceless palatal stop]] (IPA: {{IPA|[c]}}) or [[affricate]] (IPA: {{IPA|[ʧ]}}).
* "Đ" is used to represent the regular /d/ sound.
* Both "D" and "Gi" are pronounced either {{IPA|[z]}} in the northern dialects (including Hanoi), or {{IPA|[j]}} (similar to English ''y'') in the central and Saigon dialects.
* "Kh" is a [[voiceless velar fricative]] (IPA: {{IPA|[x]}}). It is similar to the German or Scottish ''Ch'', the Russian ''X'', the Mandarin ''K'', or the Arabic or Persian ''Kh''.
* "Ng" is a [[velar]] n consonant. "Ng" sounds like the English suffix end ''ng'' in English ''singing'' (no "g" or hard "n" sounds are pronouced).
* "Nh" is a palatal n pronounced like Spanish "ñ" (or, for that matter, Portuguese "nh").
* "Ph" is pronounced /f/. Indeed, there seems to be no justification for the use of "ph" rather than "f" in Vietnamese, as it is ''not'' an aspirated "p" (cf. "Kh", "Th").
* "S" is pronounced like the English ''sh'', and "X" is pronounced /s/ for the southern dialect and some central dialects; But they are both pronounced as ''s'' among the northern dialects.
* "Th" is an aspirated "t". It is the only "T" sound in English.
* "Tr" is a retroflex "t" (in the southern regions). It's only other equivalent is in the Mandarin Chinese ''zh''. Mandarin Chinese words that start with the ''zh'' will usually turn into Sino-Vietnamese words that start with ''tr''.
 
==Tone markings==
 
Vietnamese is a [[tonal language]], i.e. the meaning of each word depends on the "tone" (basically a specific [[tone of voice|pitch]] and [[glottalization]] pattern) in which it is pronounced.
 
There are six distinct tones; the first one ("level tone") is not marked, and the other five are indicated by diacritics applied to the main vowel of the syllable:
 
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4>
<tr bgcolor="#eecc00"><th>Tone</th><th>Marking</th><th colspan=12>Marked vowels</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Ngang (Level)</td><td>Unmarked</td>
<td>A/a</td><td>&#258;/&#259;</td><td>Â/â</td>
<td>E/e</td><td>Ê/ê</td><td>I/i</td>
<td>O/o</td><td>Ô/ô</td><td>&#416;/&#417;</td>
<td>U/u</td><td>&#431;/&#432;</td><td>Y/y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Huy&#7873;n (Falling)</td><td>Grave</td>
<td>À/à</td><td>&#7856;/&#7857;</td><td>&#7846;/&#7847;</td>
<td>È/è</td><td>&#7872;/&#7873;</td><td>Ì/ì</td>
<td>Ò/ò</td><td>&#7890;/&#7891;</td><td>&#7900;/&#7901;</td>
<td>Ù/ù</td><td>&#7914;/&#7915;</td><td>&#7922;/&#7923;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>H&#7887;i (Dipping-rising)</td><td>Hook</td>
<td>&#7842;/&#7843;</td><td>&#7858;/&#7859;</td><td>&#7848;/&#7849;</td>
<td>&#7866;/&#7867;</td><td>&#7874;/&#7875;</td><td>&#7880;/&#7881;</td>
<td>&#7886;/&#7887;</td><td>&#7892;/&#7893;</td><td>&#7902;/&#7903;</td>
<td>&#7910;/&#7911;</td><td>&#7916;/&#7917;</td><td>&#7926;/&#7927;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ngã (Rising glottalized)</td><td>Tilde</td>
<td>Ã/ã</td><td>&#7860;/&#7861;</td><td>&#7850;/&#7851;</td>
<td>&#7868;/&#7869;</td><td>&#7876;/&#7877;</td><td>&#296;/&#297;</td>
<td>Õ/õ</td><td>&#7894;/&#7895;</td><td>&#7904;/&#7905;</td>
<td>&#360;/&#361;</td><td>&#7918;/&#7919;</td><td>&#7928;/&#7929;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S&#7855;c (Rising)</td><td>Acute</td>
<td>Á/á</td><td>&#7854;/&#7855;</td><td>&#7844;/&#7845;</td>
<td>É/é</td><td>&#7870;/&#7871;</td><td>Í/í</td>
<td>Ó/ó</td><td>&#7888;/&#7889;</td><td>&#7898;/&#7899;</td>
<td>Ú/ú</td><td>&#7912;/&#7913;</td><td>Ý/ý</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>N&#7863;ng (Falling glottalized)</td><td>Dot below</td>
<td>&#7840;/&#7841;</td><td>&#7862;/&#7863;</td><td>&#7852;/&#7853;</td>
<td>&#7864;/&#7865;</td><td>&#7878;/&#7879;</td><td>&#7882;/&#7883;</td>
<td>&#7884;/&#7885;</td><td>&#7896;/&#7897;</td><td>&#7906;/&#7907;</td>
<td>&#7908;/&#7909;</td><td>&#7920;/&#7921;</td><td>&#7924;/&#7925;</td>
</tr>
</table>
 
The lowercase letter "i" should retain its dot even when accented. (However, this detail is often lost in computers and on the Internet, due to the obscurity of Vietnamese specialty fonts and limitations of encoding systems.)
 
In lexical ordering, differences in letters are treated as primary, differences in tone markings as secondary, and differences in case as tertiary differences. Ordering according to primary and secondary differences proceeds syllable by syllable. According to this principle, a dictionary lists "tuân th&#7911;" before "tu&#7847;n chay" because the secondary difference in the first syllable takes precedence over the primary difference in the second.
 
==History==
A station serving the Navy Yard area existed in original plans for Metro; however, the routing of the Green Line below proved controversial. In [[1976]] the original routing was rejected as too costly and disruptive. A new study proposed a more westerly path which would move the Anacostia station west, replace the Good Hope Road station with one at [[Congress Heights (Washington Metro)|Congress Heights]], and terminate at Brinkley instead of [[Branch Ave (Washington Metro)|Branch Ave]]. In December [[1977]] public hearings this route was criticized as disserving poorer landowners in the area, but WMATA approved the western route in [[1980]], scheduled to open in [[1986]]. Supporters of the Branch Avenue route then took the case to the [[U.S. District Court]].
 
The court ruled in February [[1981]] that the 1977 hearings were invalid, as insufficient public notice had been given, and issued an injunction halting construction below the [[Waterfront-SEU (Washington Metro)|Waterfront station]]. New hearings were held in June [[1982]], but the court again ruled against WMATA in October [[1983]]. A third set of hearings in July [[1984]] finally selected the present route, allowing constructon to commence.[http://www.roadstothefuture.com/Metro_Branch_Ave_Opening.html]
The Vietnamese language was first written down, from the [[13th century]] onwards, using variant [[Chinese script|Chinese characters]] (''[[chu nom|ch&#7919; nôm]]'' &#23383;&#21891;), each of them representing one word. The system based on the script used for writing [[classical Chinese]] (''[[chu nho|ch&#7919; nho]]''), but it was supplemented with characters developed in Vietnam (''ch&#7919; thu&#7847;n nôm'', proper Nom characters) to represent native Vietnamese.
 
As early as [[1527]], [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Christian]] [[missionary|missionaries]] in Vietnam began using the Latin alphabet to transcribe the [[Vietnamese language]] for teaching and evangelization purposes. These informal efforts led eventually to the development of the present Vietnamese alphabet, largely by the work of [[France|French]] [[Jesuit]] [[Alexandre de Rhodes]], who worked in the country between [[1624]] and [[1644]]. Building on previous [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]-Vietnamese dictionaries by [[Gaspar D'Amaral]] and [[Duarte da Costa]], Rhodes wrote a Vietnamese-Portuguese-[[Latin]] dictionary, which was printed in [[Rome]] in [[1651]], using his spelling system.
 
In spite of this development, ch&#7919; nôm and ch&#7919; nho remained in use until the early 20th century, when the French colonial administration made Rhodes's alphabet official. By the late [[20th century]], qu&#7889;c ng&#7919; was universally used to write Vietnamese, such that literacy in the previous Chinese character-based writing systems for Vietnamese is now limited to a small number of scholars and specialists.
 
Because the period of education necessary to gain initial literacy is considerably less for the largely phonetic Latin-based script compared to the several years necessary to master the full range of Chinese characters, the adoption of the Vietnamese alphabet also facilitated widespread literacy among Vietnamese speakers&mdash;in fact, whereas a majority of Vietnamese in Vietnam could not read or write prior to the 20th century, the population is now almost universally literate.
 
==Vietnamese fonts and encodings==
 
The universal character set [[Unicode]] does not have a separate segment for the Vietnamese alphabet; the required characters are scattered throughout the Basic Latin, Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended-B, and Latin Extended Additional segments. An [[ASCII]]-based writing convention, [[VIQR|Vietnamese Quoted Readable]], and several byte-based encodings including TCVN3, VNI, and [[VISCII]] were widely used before Unicode became popular. Most new documents now exclusively use Unicode.
 
==See also==
 
*[[VIQR]], a standard 7-bit writing convention of the Vietnamese alphabet.
*[[VISCII]], a standard 8-bit encoding of the Vietnamese alphabet.
*[[Vietnamese language]]
*[[Vietnamese phonology]]
 
==External link==
*[http://www.cjvlang.com/Writing/writsys/writviet.html Vietnamese Writing System]
 
Navy Yard is the last station prior to crossing the [[Anacostia River]]; the tunnel below the Anacostia was the first drilled with a [[tunnel boring machine]] in the United States. Service to the station finally began on [[December 28]], [[1991]] with the extension of the Green Line to [[Anacostia (Washington Metro)|Anacostia]].
==Bibliography==
 
==References==
* Gregerson, Kenneth J. (1969). A study of Middle Vietnamese phonology. ''Bulletin de la Société des Etudes Indochinoises'', ''44'', 135-193. (Published version of the author's MA thesis, University of Washington). (Reprinted 1981, Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics).
* RoadstotheFuture.com: "[http://www.roadstothefuture.com/Metro_Branch_Ave_Opening.html Metrorail Branch Avenue Route Completion]"
* Haudricourt, André-Georges. (1949). Origine des particularités de l'alphabet vietnamien. ''Dân Vi&#x1EC7;t-Nam'', ''3'', 61-68.
* Nguyen, &#272;ang Liêm. (1970). ''Vietnamese pronunciation''. PALI language texts: Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8702-2462-X
* Nguy&#x1EC5;n, &#272;ình-Hoà. (1955). ''Qu&#7889;c-ng&#7919;: The modern writing system in Vietnam''. Washington, D. C.: Author.
* Nguy&#x1EC5;n, &#272;ình-Hoà. (1992). Vietnamese phonology and graphemic borrowings from Chinese: The Book of 3,000 Characters revisited''. ''Mon-Khmer Studies'', ''20'', 163-182.
* Nguy&#x1EC5;n, &#272;ình-Hoà. (1996). Vietnamese. In P. T. Daniels, & W. Bright (Eds.), ''The world's writing systems'', (pp. 691-699). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
* Nguy&#x1EC5;n, &#272;ình-Hoà. (1997). ''Vietnamese: Ti&#x1EBF;ng Vi&#x1EC7;t không son ph&#x1EA5;n''. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 1-55619-733-0.
* Pham, Andrea Hoa. (2003). ''Vietnamese tone: A new analysis.'' Outstanding dissertations in linguistics. New York: Routledge. (Published version of author's 2001 PhD dissertation, University of Florida: Hoa, Pham. ''Vietnamese tone: Tone is not pitch''). ISBN 0-4159-6762-7.
* Thompson, Laurence E. (1991). ''A Vietnamese reference grammar''. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1117-8. (Original work published 1965).
 
==External links==
[[Category:Latin-derived alphabets]]
* WMATA: [http://www.wmata.com/metrorail/Stations/station.cfm?station=84 Navy Yard Station]
[[Category:Vietnamese language]]
* Stationmasters.com: [http://www.stationmasters.com/System_Map/NAVYYARD/navyyard.html Navy Yard Station]
* world.nycsubway.org: [http://world.nycsubway.org/us/washdc/green/wmata-green-navy.html Navy Yard Station]
* The Schumin Web Transit Center: [http://transit.schuminweb.com/rail/washington/stations/green/navy-yard.asp Navy Yard Station]
 
[[Category:Washington Metro stations]]
[[fr:Quôc ngu]]
[[nl:Quoc ngu]]