Communications in Afghanistan and Peripheral nervous system: Difference between pages
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The '''peripheral nervous system''' or '''PNS''', is part of the [[nervous system]], and consists of the [[nerve]]s and [[neuron]]s that reside or extend outside the [[central nervous system]]--to serve the limbs and organs, for example. Unlike the [[central nervous system]] however, the PNS is not protected by bone or the [[blood-brain barrier]], leaving it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the [[somatic nervous system]] and the [[autonomic nervous system]].
== Naming of specific nerves ==
The 12 [[cranial nerves]] originate from the [[brainstem]], and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions. CN X receives visceral sensory information from the thorax and abdomen, and CN XI is responsible for innervating the [[sternocleidomastoid muscle|sternocleidomastoid]] and [[trapezius muscle]]s, neither of which are exclusively in the head.
[[Spinal nerve]]s take their origins from the [[spinal cord]]. They control the functions of the rest of the body. In humans, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal. The naming convention for spinal nerves is to name it after the [[vertebra]] immediately above it. Thus the fourth thoracic nerve originates just below the fourth thoracic vertebra. This convention breaks down in the cervical spine. The first spinal nerve originates above the first cervical vertebra and is called C1. This continues down to the last cervical spinal nerve, C8. There are only 7 cervical vertabra and 8 cervical spinal nerves.
==Cervical spinal nerves (C1-C4)==
The first 4 cervical spinal nerves, C1 through C4, split and recombine to produce a variety of nerves that subserve the neck and back of head.
Spinal nerve C1 is called the [[suboccipital nerve]] which provides motor innervation to muscles at the base of the [[skull]].
C2 and C3 form many of the nerves of the neck, providing both sensory and motor control. These include the [[greater occipital nerve]] which provides sensation to the back of the [[head (anatomy)|head]], the [[lesser occipital nerve]] which provides sensation to the area behind the [[ear]]s, the [[greater auricular nerve]] and the [[lesser auricular nerve]]. See [[occipital neuralgia]].
The [[phrenic nerve]] arises from nerve roots C3, C4 and C5. It innervates the [[diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]], enabling breathing. If the spinal cord is transected above C3, then spontaneous breathing is not possible. See [[myelopathy]]
== Brachial Plexus (C5-T1)==
The last 4 cervical spinal nerves, C5 through C8, and the first thoracic spinal nerve, T1,combine to form the [[brachial plexus]], a tangled array of nerves, splitting, combining and recombining, to form the nerves that subserve the arm and upper back. Although the brachial plexus may appear tangled, it is highly organized and predictable, with little variation between people. See [[brachial plexus injuries]].
===Before forming three cords===
The first nerve off the brachial plexus is the [[dorsal scapular nerve]], arising from C5 nerve root, and innervating the [[rhomboid]]s and the [[levator scapulae]] muscles.
The [[long thoracic nerve]] arises from C5, C6 and C7 to innervate the [[serratus anterior]].
The brachial plexus first forms three trunks, the superior trunk, composed of the C5 and C6 nerve roots, the middle trunk, made of the C7 nerve root, and the inferior trunk, made of the C8 and T1 nerve roots. The [[suprascapular nerve]] is an early branch of the superior trunk. It innervates the suprascapular and infrascapular muscles, part of the [[rotator cuff]]. See rotator cuff for [[rotator cuff|rotator cuff injuries]]
The trunks reshuffle as they traverse towards the [[arm]] into cords. There are three of them. The lateral cord is made up of fibers from the anterior and middle trunk. The posterior cord is made up of fibers from all three trunks. The medial cord is composed of fibers solely from the medial trunk.
===[[Lateral cord]]===
The lateral cord gives rise to the following nerves:
*The [[lateral pectoral nerve]], C5, C6 and C7 to the [[pectoralis major]] muscle
*The [[musculocutaneous nerve]] which innervates the [[biceps brachii|biceps]] muscle
*The [[median nerve]], partly. The other part comes from the medial cord. See below for details.
===[[Posterior cord]]===
The posterior cord gives rise to the following nerves:
*The [[upper subscapular nerve]], C7 and C8, to the [[subscapularis]] muscle of the [[rotator cuff]].
*The [[lower subscapular nerve]], C5 and C6, to the [[teres major]] also of the rotator cuff.
*The [[thoracodorsal nerve]], C6, C7 and C8, to the [[latissimus dorsi]] muscle.
*The [[axillary nerve]], which supplies sensation to the shoulder and motor to the [[deltoid]] muscle and the [[teres minor]] muscle.
*The [[radial nerve]], which innervates the [[triceps brachii]] muscle, the [[brachioradialis]] muscle, the extensor muscles of the fingers and wrist ([[extensor carpi radialis]] muscle), and the extensor and abductor muscles of the thumb. See [[radial nerve injuries]].
===[[Medial cord]]===
The medial cord gives rise to the following nerves:
*The [[median pectoral nerve]], C8 and T1, to the pectoralis muscle
*The [[medial brachial cutaneous nerve]], T1
*The [[medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve]], C8 and T1
*The [[median nerve]], partly. The other part comes from the lateral cord. C7, C8 and T1 nerve roots. The first branch of the median nerve is to the [[pronator teres]] muscle, then the [[flexor carpi radialis]], the [[palmaris longus]] and the [[flexor digitorum superficialis]]. The median nerve provides sensation to the anterior palm, the anterior [[thumb]], [[index finger]] and [[middle finger]]. It is the nerve compressed in [[carpal tunnel syndrome]].
*The [[ulnar nerve]] originates in nerve roots C7, C8 and T1. It provides sensation to the ring and pinky fingers. It innervates the [[flexor carpi ulnaris]] muscle, the [[flexor digitorum profundus]] muscle to the ring and pinky fingers, and the intrinsic muscles of the hand (the [[interosseous muscle]], the [[lumbrical muscle]]s and the [[flexor pollicus brevis]] muscle). This nerve traverses a groove on the elbow called the [[cubital tunnel]], also known as the funny bone. Striking the nerve at this point produces an unpleasant sensation in the ring and little fingers.
==Other thoracic spinal nerves (T3-T12)==
The remainder of the thoracic spinal nerves, T3 through T12, do little recombining. They form the [[intercostal nerve]]s, so named because the run between the [[rib]]s. For points of reference, the 7th intercostal nerve terminates at the lower end of the [[sternum]], also known as the [[xyphoid process]]. The 10th intercostal nerve terminates at the [[umbilicus]], aka the belly button.
== Pelvis and Perineum Nerves ==
*Lumbar spinal nerves
*Sacral spinal nerves
*Coccygeal spinal nerves
== See also ==
* [[Peripheral nervous system disease]]
{{nervous_system}}
[[Category:Nervous system]]
[[Category:Peripheral nervous system|*]]
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[[fr:Système nerveux périphérique]]
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[[sv:Perifera nervsystemet]]
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