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The '''peripheral nervous system''' or '''PNS''', is part of the [[nervous system]], and consists of the [[nerve]]s and [[neuron]]s that reside or extend outside the [[central nervous system]]--to serve the limbs and organs, for example. Unlike the [[central nervous system]] however, the PNS is not protected by bone or the [[blood-brain barrier]], leaving it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the [[somatic nervous system]] and the [[autonomic nervous system]].
[[Image:Lateranbasilika portal.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The late Baroque façade of the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano was completed by Alessandro Galilei in 1735 after winning a competition for the design.]]
'''Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano''' — in [[English language|English]], the '''Basilica of Saint John Lateran''' — is the [[cathedral]] church of Rome and the official ecclesiastical seat of the [[Pope]]. Officially named ''Archibasilica Sanctissimi Salvatoris'' (Archbasilica of the Most Holy Savior), it is the oldest and ranks first among the five [[:Category:Major Basilicas|major basilicas]], and holds the title of [[ecumenical]] [[motherchurch]] among [[Catholic]]s.
== Naming of specific nerves ==
==Lateran Palace==
The site on which the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano sits was occupied during the [[Roman Empire|Early Empire]] by the [[palace]] of the [[gens]] Laterani. The Laterani served as [[administrator]]s for several [[emperor]]s; Sextius Lateranus was the first [[plebeian]] to attain the rank of [[consul]]. One of the Laterani, Consul-designate Plautius Lateranus, became famous for being accused by [[Nero]] of conspiracy against the emperor. The accusation resulted in the confiscation and redistribution of his properties.
The 12 [[cranial nerves]] originate from the [[brainstem]], and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions. CN X receives visceral sensory information from the thorax and abdomen, and CN XI is responsible for innervating the [[sternocleidomastoid muscle|sternocleidomastoid]] and [[trapezius muscle]]s, neither of which are exclusively in the head.
[[Image:Obelisk-Lateran.jpg|thumb|left|The square in front of the [[Lateran Palace]] has an [[obelisk]] built by [[Tuthmosis III]] in [[Karnak]], and placed in [[Circus Maximus]] before being re-erected in its current place.]]
The [[Lateran Palace]] fell into the hands of the emperor when [[Constantine I (emperor)|Constantine]] married his second wife Fausta, sister of [[Maxentius]]. Known by that time as the "Domus Faustae" or "House of Fausta," the Lateran Palace was eventually given to the Bishop of Rome by Constantine. The actual date of the gift is unknown but scholars believe it had to have been during the pontificate of [[Pope Miltiades]], in time to host a [[synod]] of [[bishop]]s in [[313]] that was convened to challenge the Donatist [[schism]], declaring [[Donatism]] as [[heresy]]. The palace [[basilica]] was converted and extended, eventually becoming the cathedral of Rome, the seat of the popes as patriarchs of Rome.
[[Spinal nerve]]s take their origins from the [[spinal cord]]. They control the functions of the rest of the body. In humans, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal. The naming convention for spinal nerves is to name it after the [[vertebra]] immediately above it. Thus the fourth thoracic nerve originates just below the fourth thoracic vertebra. This convention breaks down in the cervical spine. The first spinal nerve originates above the first cervical vertebra and is called C1. This continues down to the last cervical spinal nerve, C8. There are only 7 cervical vertabra and 8 cervical spinal nerves.
The official dedication of the Lateran Palace and basilica was presided by [[Pope Sylvester I]] in [[324]], declaring both as ''Domus Dei'' or "House of God." In reflection of the basilica's primacy in the world as mother church, the words ''Sacrosancta Lateranensis ecclesia omnium urbis et orbis ecclesiarum mater et caput'' are incised across the façade, meaning "Most Holy Lateran Church, of all the churches in the city and the world, the mother and head."
==Cervical spinal nerves (C1-C4)==
Twice the Lateran Palace and basilica have been rededicated. [[Pope Sergius III]] dedicated them to [[Saint John the Baptist]] in the [[10th century]] in honor of the newly consecrated basilica [[baptistry]]. [[Pope Lucius II]] dedicated the Lateran Palace and basilica to [[Saint John the Evangelist]] in the [[12th century]]. The church became the most important shrine in honor of the two saints, not often jointly venerated (but see [[Peruzzi|Peruzzi Chapel]], Santa Croce, Florence). In later years, a [[Benedictine]] [[monastery]] was established at the Lateran Palace, devoted to serving the basilica as a [[devotional]] to the two saints.
The first 4 cervical spinal nerves, C1 through C4, split and recombine to produce a variety of nerves that subserve the neck and back of head.
Spinal nerve C1 is called the [[suboccipital nerve]] which provides motor innervation to muscles at the base of the [[skull]].
C2 and C3 form many of the nerves of the neck, providing both sensory and motor control. These include the [[greater occipital nerve]] which provides sensation to the back of the [[head (anatomy)|head]], the [[lesser occipital nerve]] which provides sensation to the area behind the [[ear]]s, the [[greater auricular nerve]] and the [[lesser auricular nerve]]. See [[occipital neuralgia]].
The [[phrenic nerve]] arises from nerve roots C3, C4 and C5. It innervates the [[diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]], enabling breathing. If the spinal cord is transected above C3, then spontaneous breathing is not possible. See [[myelopathy]]
== Brachial Plexus (C5-T1)==
Every pope since Miltiades occupied the Lateran Palace until the reign of the French [[Pope Clement V]], who in [[1309]] decided to transfer the official seat of the Church to [[Avignon]], a papal fief that was an enclave within [[France]]. During the [[Avignon papacy]], the Lateran Palace and the basilica began to decline. Two destructive fires rampaged through the Lateran Palace and the basilica, in [[1307]] and again in [[1361]]. In both cases, the Avignon papacy sent money to their bishops in Rome to cover costs in reconstruction and maintenance. Despite the action, the Lateran Palace and the basilica lost its former splendor.
The last 4 cervical spinal nerves, C5 through C8, and the first thoracic spinal nerve, T1,combine to form the [[brachial plexus]], a tangled array of nerves, splitting, combining and recombining, to form the nerves that subserve the arm and upper back. Although the brachial plexus may appear tangled, it is highly organized and predictable, with little variation between people. See [[brachial plexus injuries]].
===Before forming three cords===
When the Avignon papacy formally ended and the Bishop of Rome again resided in Rome, the Lateran Palace and the basilica were deemed inadequate considering the accumulated damage. The popes took up residency at the [[Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere]] and later at the [[Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore]]. Eventually, the [[Palace of the Vatican]] was constructed, and the papacy moved in; the papacy remains there today.
The first nerve off the brachial plexus is the [[dorsal scapular nerve]], arising from C5 nerve root, and innervating the [[rhomboid]]s and the [[levator scapulae]] muscles.
The [[long thoracic nerve]] arises from C5, C6 and C7 to innervate the [[serratus anterior]].
The brachial plexus first forms three trunks, the superior trunk, composed of the C5 and C6 nerve roots, the middle trunk, made of the C7 nerve root, and the inferior trunk, made of the C8 and T1 nerve roots. The [[suprascapular nerve]] is an early branch of the superior trunk. It innervates the suprascapular and infrascapular muscles, part of the [[rotator cuff]]. See rotator cuff for [[rotator cuff|rotator cuff injuries]]
The trunks reshuffle as they traverse towards the [[arm]] into cords. There are three of them. The lateral cord is made up of fibers from the anterior and middle trunk. The posterior cord is made up of fibers from all three trunks. The medial cord is composed of fibers solely from the medial trunk.
===[[Lateral cord]]===
[[Pope Sixtus V]] tore down the original Lateran Palace and basilica and commissioned replacements. The rebuilt Lateran Palace and the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano became separate entities. Today the Lateran Palace is home to the [[Pontifical Museum of Christian Antiquities]].
The lateral cord gives rise to the following nerves:
*The [[lateral pectoral nerve]], C5, C6 and C7 to the [[pectoralis major]] muscle
*The [[musculocutaneous nerve]] which innervates the [[biceps brachii|biceps]] muscle
*The [[median nerve]], partly. The other part comes from the medial cord. See below for details.
===[[Posterior cord]]===
The square in front of the Lateran Palace has a red granite [[obelisk]], the largest in the world, erected by [[Tuthmosis III]] in [[Karnak]]. It was removed to Rome by [[Constantius]] in 357 and re-erected in the [[Circus Maximus]]. Sixtus V had it re-erected in 1587 on its present site.
The posterior cord gives rise to the following nerves:
*The [[upper subscapular nerve]], C7 and C8, to the [[subscapularis]] muscle of the [[rotator cuff]].
*The [[lower subscapular nerve]], C5 and C6, to the [[teres major]] also of the rotator cuff.
*The [[thoracodorsal nerve]], C6, C7 and C8, to the [[latissimus dorsi]] muscle.
*The [[axillary nerve]], which supplies sensation to the shoulder and motor to the [[deltoid]] muscle and the [[teres minor]] muscle.
*The [[radial nerve]], which innervates the [[triceps brachii]] muscle, the [[brachioradialis]] muscle, the extensor muscles of the fingers and wrist ([[extensor carpi radialis]] muscle), and the extensor and abductor muscles of the thumb. See [[radial nerve injuries]].
===[[Medial cord]]===
The Lateran Palace has also been the site of five [[Ecumenical council]]s. See [[Lateran council]]s.
The medial cord gives rise to the following nerves:
*The [[median pectoral nerve]], C8 and T1, to the pectoralis muscle
*The [[medial brachial cutaneous nerve]], T1
*The [[medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve]], C8 and T1
*The [[median nerve]], partly. The other part comes from the lateral cord. C7, C8 and T1 nerve roots. The first branch of the median nerve is to the [[pronator teres]] muscle, then the [[flexor carpi radialis]], the [[palmaris longus]] and the [[flexor digitorum superficialis]]. The median nerve provides sensation to the anterior palm, the anterior [[thumb]], [[index finger]] and [[middle finger]]. It is the nerve compressed in [[carpal tunnel syndrome]].
*The [[ulnar nerve]] originates in nerve roots C7, C8 and T1. It provides sensation to the ring and pinky fingers. It innervates the [[flexor carpi ulnaris]] muscle, the [[flexor digitorum profundus]] muscle to the ring and pinky fingers, and the intrinsic muscles of the hand (the [[interosseous muscle]], the [[lumbrical muscle]]s and the [[flexor pollicus brevis]] muscle). This nerve traverses a groove on the elbow called the [[cubital tunnel]], also known as the funny bone. Striking the nerve at this point produces an unpleasant sensation in the ring and little fingers.
==Other thoracic spinal nerves (T3-T12)==
==Reconstruction==
The remainder of the thoracic spinal nerves, T3 through T12, do little recombining. They form the [[intercostal nerve]]s, so named because the run between the [[rib]]s. For points of reference, the 7th intercostal nerve terminates at the lower end of the [[sternum]], also known as the [[xyphoid process]]. The 10th intercostal nerve terminates at the [[umbilicus]], aka the belly button.
There were several attempts at reconstruction of the basilica before Pope Sixtus V's definitive project. Sixtus hired his favorite architect [[Domenico Fontana]] to oversee much of the project. Further renovation of the interior ensued under the direction of [[Francesco Borromini]], commissioned by [[Pope Innocent X]]. The vision of [[Pope Clement XII]] for reconstruction was an ambitious one: he launched a competition to design a new façade. The winner of the competition was Alessandro Galilei. The façade as it appears today was completed in [[1735]]. Galilei's façade however removed all vestiges of traditional ancient basilica architecture.
== Pelvis and Perineum Nerves ==
==Architectural history==
[[Image:Roma-san giovanni03.jpg|thumb|The Lateran apse, holding the [[Papal]] ''[[cathedra]]'', making this basilica the cathedral of Rome. Note the [[cosmatesque]] decorations.]]
An apse lined with mosaics and open to the air still preserves the memory of one of the most famous halls of the ancient palace, the "[[Triclinium]]" of [[Pope Leo III]], which was the state banqueting hall. The existing structure is not ancient, but it is possible that some portions of the original mosaics have been preserved in a three-part mosaic: in the centre Christ gives their mission to the Apostles, on the left he gives the keys to St. Sylvester and the [[Labarum]] to Constantine, while on the right St. Peter gives the papal [[stole]] to Leo III and the standard to [[Charlemagne]].
*Lumbar spinal nerves
Some few remains of the original buildings may still be traced in the [[city walls]] outside the Gate of St. John, and a large wall decorated with paintings was uncovered in the 18th century within the basilica itself, behind the Lancellotti Chapel. A few traces of older buildings also came to light during the excavations made in [[1880]], when the work of extending the apse was in progress, but nothing was then discovered of real value or importance.
*Sacral spinal nerves
*Coccygeal spinal nerves
== See also ==
A great many donations from the popes and other benefactors to the basilica are recorded in the ''[[Liber Pontificalis]]'', and its splendour at an early period was such that it became known as the "Basilica Aurea", or Golden Basilica. This splendour drew upon it the attack of the [[Vandal]]s, who stripped it of all its treasures. [[St. Leo the Great]] restored it about [[460]], and it was again restored by [[Pope Hadrian]], but in [[896]] it was almost totally destroyed by an earthquake— ''ab altari usque ad portas cecidit'' "it collapsed from the altar to the doors"— damage so extensive that it was difficult to trace the lines of the old building, but these were in the main respected and the new building was of the same dimensions as the old. This second church lasted for four hundred years and then burnt in 1308. It was rebuilt by [[Pope Clement V]] and [[Pope John XXII]], only to be burnt down once more in [[1360]], but again rebuilt by [[Pope Urban V]].
* [[Peripheral nervous system disease]]
Through these various vicissitudes the basilica retained its ancient form, being divided by rows of columns into aisles, and having in front a [[peristyle]] surrounded by colonnades with a fountain in the middle, the conventional Late Antique format that was also followed by the old [[Saint Peter's Basilica|St Peter's]]. The façade had three windows, and was embellished with a mosaic representing Christ, the Saviour of the World. The porticoes were frescoed, probably not dating further back than the twelfth century, commemorating the [[Roman Navy|Roman fleet]] under [[Vespasian]], the taking of [[Jerusalem]], the Baptism of the Emperor Constantine and his [[Donation of Constantine|"Donation" of the Papal States]] to the Church. Inside the basilica the columns no doubt ran, as in all other basilicas of the same date, the whole length of the church from east to west, but at one of the rebuildings, probably that which was carried out by Clement V, the feature of a transverse nave was introduced, imitated no doubt from the one which had been, long before this, added at [[Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls]]. It was probably at this time also that the church was enlarged.
{{nervous_system}}
Some portions of the older buildings still survive. Among them the pavement of medieval [[Cosmatesque]] work, and the statues of [[St. Peter]] and [[Paul of Tarsus|Saint Paul]], now in the [[cloister]]s. The graceful baldacchino over the high altar, which looks so utterly out of place in its present surroundings, dates from [[1369]]. The ''stercoraria'', or throne of red marble on which the popes sat, is now in the [[Vatican Museums]]. It owes its unsavoury name to the anthem sung at the papal enthronement, "De ''stercore'' erigens pauperem" ("lifting up the poor out of the dunghill", from Psalm 112). From the fifth century there were seven oratories surrounding the basilica. These before long were incorporated in the church. The devotion of visiting these oratories, which held its ground all through the medieval period, gave rise to the similar devotion of the seven altars, still common in many churches of Rome and elsewhere.
[[Image:Lateranbasilika portal.jpg|thumb|left]]<!--repeating a small image makes the text more understandable-->
Of the façade by [[Alessandro Galilei]] (1735), the cliché assessment has ever been that it is the façade of a [[palace]], not of a church. Galilei's front, which is a screen across the older front creating a [[narthex]] or vestibule, does express the nave and double aisles of the basilica, which required a central bay wider than the rest of the sequence; Galilei provided it, without abandoning the range of identical arch-headed openings, by extending the central window by flanking columns that support the arch, in the familiar [[Palladian window|Serlian motif]]. By bringing the central bay forward very slightly, and capping it with a pediment that breaks into the roof balustrade, Galilei provides an entrance doorway on a more-than-colossal scale, framed in the paired colossal [[Corinthian order|Corinthian pilasters]] that tie together the façade in the manner introduced at [[Michelangelo]]'s [[Campidoglio|palace on the Campidoglio]].
[[Category:Nervous system]]
===Lateran cloister===
[[Category:Peripheral nervous system|*]]
[[Image:Latran intérieur.jpg|thumb|The cloister of the monastry, with a [[cosmatesque]] decoration.]]
Between the basilica and the city wall there was in former times the great monastery, in which dwelt the community of monks whose duty it was to provide the services in the basilica. The only part of it which still survives is the cloister, surrounded by graceful columns of inlaid marble. They are of a style intermediate between the [[Romanesque]] proper and the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], and are the work of [[Vassellectus]] and the [[Cosmatesque|Cosmati]]. This beautiful cloister dates to the early [[13th century]].
[[de:Peripheres Nervensystem]]
===Lateran bapistry===
[[es:Sistema nervioso periférico]]
:''Main article: [[Lateran Baptistery]].''
[[fr:Système nerveux périphérique]]
The octagonal Lateran Bapistry stands somewhat apart from the basilica. It was founded by [[Pope Sixtus III]], perhaps on an earlier structure, for a legend grew up that [[Constantine the Great]] had been baptized there and enriched the structure. (He was actually baptised in the East, by an [[Arianism|Arian]] bishop.) This baptistry was for many generations the only baptistery in Rome, and its octagonal structure, centered upon the large basin for full immersions provided a model for others throughout Italy, and even an iconic motif of [[illuminated manuscript]]s, "The [[fountain of Life]]".
[[is:Úttaugakerfið]]
[[lt:Periferinė nervų sistema]]
==Catholic liturgy==
[[sv:Perifera nervsystemet]]
On the [[liturgical calendar]] of the [[Catholic Church]], November 9 is the [[feast]] (memorial) of the Dedication of the Basilica of St. John Lateran.
==See also==
*[[Early Christian art and architecture]]
{{Commons|Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano}}
==External links==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09014b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia Article on the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano]
*[http://www.italycyberguide.com/Geography/cities/rome2000/L12.htm Illustrated Guide of the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano]
*[http://roma.katolsk.no/giovannilaterano.htm Lateran entry from "Guide to the Churches of Rome"]
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?q=basilica+of+st+john+rome&ll=41.885953,12.506207&spn=0.004044,0.007196&t=h&hl=en Satellite Photo of St. John Lateran]
*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Obeliscus_Constantii.html Constantine's obelisk]
[[de:Lateran]]
[[fr:Basilique Saint-Jean du Latran]]
[[gl:Basílica de San Xoán de Letrán]]
[[it:Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano]]
[[ja:サン・ジョバンニ・イン・ラテラノ大聖堂]]
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[[pl:Bazylika św. Jana na Lateranie]]
[[Category:Major Basilicas|Giovanni in Laterano, San]]
[[Category:Properties of the Holy See|Giovanni in Laterano, San]]
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