Julia, Princess of Battenberg and Field hockey: Difference between pages

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[[Image:field hockey 1 550px.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A game of field hockey in progress]]

'''Julia von Hauke''' ([[November 12]], [[1825]] <small>[[Julian calendar|(O.S.)]]</small> = [[November 24]] [[1825]] <small>[[Julian calendar|(N.S.)]]</small> - [[September 19]], [[1895]]) was wife of Prince [[Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine| Alexander of Hesse-Darmstadt]] (1823-1888), mother of [[Alexander of Bulgaria]], and ancestor of the house of [[Mountbatten]] and the British royal [[House of Windsor]].

'''Field hockey''' is a popular sport for [[men]] and [[women]] in many countries around the world. In most countries, especially those in which [[ice hockey]] is not very prominent, it is simply known as '''hockey'''.

Field hockey has several regular, prestigious international tournaments for both men and women such as the [[Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]], the quadrennial [[World Hockey Cup]]s, the annual [[Champions Trophy (field hockey)|Champions Trophies]], and World Cups for juniors.

She was born in [[Warsaw]], the daughter of [[John Maurice von Hauke]] (1775-1830), also known as Hans Moritz von Hauke, and his wife, née Sophie la Fontaine. Her father was German and a professional military man and fought in [[Napoleon]]'s army in [[Austria]], [[Italy]], [[Germany]] and the [[Peninsular War]]. He then switched sides to fight for the Russians. Recognising his abilities, [[Nicholas I of Russia|Tsar Nicholas]] appointed him Minister of War and made him a [[Count]].

[[India]]n and [[Pakistan]]i national teams have traditionally dominated men's hockey, but have become less prominent recently, with [[The Netherlands]], [[Germany]] and [[Australia]] gaining importance in the late 1980s. Other strong hockey playing nations include [[Spain]], [[Argentina]] and [[South Korea]]. The Netherlands was the predominant international women's team before hockey was added to Olympic events. In the early 1990s Australia emerged as the strongest women's country, though retirement of a number of key players has weakened the team. Other important women teams are [[China]], [[Korea]], [[Argentina]] and Germany.

In the uprising of 1830 led by revolutionary army cadets, the targets were [[Grand Duke]] Constantine, [[Poland]]'s Governor-General, and the Minister of War, Count Moritz von Hauke. While saving the Grand Duke, von Hauke was cut to pieces by sabres before the eyes of his wife and three children. His wife died of shock shortly afterwards, and their children were made wards of the Emperor.

Many countries have extensive club competitions for both junior and senior players. Despite the large numbers of participants, club hockey is not a particularly large spectator sport and few players can afford to play professionally. In the [[United States]], for instance, field hockey is widely regarded as a women's sport, but there are men's leagues as well, mostly on a collegiate level.

Julia served as lady-in-waiting to Empress [[Marie of Hesse and by Rhine|Maximiliane]], wife of Tsar [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] and sister of Prince Alexander of Hesse-Darmstadt, and met her future husband in St. Petersburg. On [[October 28]], [[1851]], in [[Breslau]] in Prussian [[Silesia]] (now [[Wroclaw]] in [[Poland]]), she married Prince Alexander. Julia was considered to be of insufficient rank to have any of her children qualify for the succession on the throne of [[Hesse-Darmstadt]], hence the marriage was considered [[morganatic]]. Julia was created Her Illustrious Highness Countess of [[Battenberg]] in 1851 by her brother-in-law, Grand Duke Ludwig III of Hesse and by Rhine (Hesse-Darmstadt), and elevated to Her Serene Highness Princess of Battenberg in 1858 (a non-royal title). As a result of this final elevation, the children of this union were also elevated to Prince or Princess and addressed as 'Serene Highness'. Thus Battenberg became the name of a cadet branch of the Grand Ducal family of Hesse.

In those countries where winter conditions prevent play on outdoor fields, field hockey is played indoors during the off-season. This indoor variant, known as [[indoor field hockey]] differs from its outdoor parent in a number of respects. For example, the players may not raise the ball outside the shooting circle, nor hit it.

Julia converted from Roman Catholicism to Lutheranism on [[12 May]] [[1875]]. She died at Schloss Heiligenberg, near [[Jugenheim]] in [[Germany]].

==History==

There were five children of the marriage, styled princes and princesses of Battenberg:

Hockey is the oldest known stick-and-ball game (apart perhaps from Irish [[hurling]], which dates back to pre-historic times). Historical records show that games resembling modern field hockey were played in various ancient civilizations, although it is not possible to know exactly when and where the game began. There are 4,000 year old drawings in Egypt of the game being played. While ''modern hockey'' appeared in the mid-18th century in [[England]], primarily in schools, it was not until the first half of the 19th century that hockey became firmly established, the first club being created in [[1849]] at [[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]] in south-east [[London]].

In the early [[1970s]], [[artificial turf]] fields began to be used in competition. The introduction of synthetic pitches instead of grass ones has completely changed most aspects of hockey. The game, as well as the material used to play, has taken a definitive turn, gaining mainly in speed. In order to take into account the specificities of this surface, new tactics and new techniques have been developed, often followed by the establishment of new rules to take account of these techniques.

#Marie (1852-1923), married in 1872 Gustav, Count of Erbach-Erbach (d. 1908), with issue.

#[[Prince Louis of Battenberg|Ludwig]] (1854-1921), created Lord Mountbatten and First Marquess of Milford Haven in 1917, married in 1884 [[Princess Victoria of Hesse and the Rhine]] (1863-1950), with issue (including [[Princess Andrew of Greece]], Queen [[Louise of Sweden]], and the [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Earl Mountbatten of Burma]]).

#[[Alexander of Bulgaria|Alexander]] (1857-1893), created Reigning Prince of Bulgaria in 1879, abdicated in Bulgaria and created Count von Hartenau, married morganatically in 1889 Jeanne Loisinger (1865-1951), with issue.

#Heinrich (1858-1896), married Beatrice, Princess of Great Britain and Ireland (1857-1944), with issue (including [[Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg]] later Queen of Spain, having been elevated to 'Royal Highness' by her uncle King Edward VII). His children resided in Britain and became Lords and Ladies Mountbatten in 1917. His eldest son was created First Marquess of Carisbrooke in 1917.

#Franz Joseph (1861-1924), married in 1897 Anna, Princess Petrovich-Niegosh of [[Montenegro]] (1874 - 1971), with no issue.

{{see|Field hockey history}}

Alexander and Julia's eldest son, Ludwig (Louis) of Battenberg, became a British subject, and during World War I, due to anti-German feelings prevalent at the time, anglicised his name to Mountbatten (a literal translation of the German Battenberg), as did his cousins, the sons of Prince Henry and Princess Beatrice. This branch of the family also renounced all German titles and were granted peerages by their cousin King [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]: Prince Louis became First [[Marquess of Milford Haven]], while Prince Alexander, Prince Henry's eldest son, became First [[Marquess of Carisbrooke]].

==The field of play==

[[Image:hockey_field_large.png|thumb|250px|right|Diagram of a hockey field]]

Most hockey field dimensions were originally fixed using whole numbers of imperial measures and are expressed as such in this article. It is, nevertheless, the metric measurements shown in parenthesis which are the current official dimensions of the field of play as laid down by the [[International Hockey Federation]] (FIH) in the "Rules of Hockey 2005".

[[de:Julia von Hauke]]

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The game is played between two teams of eleven players on a 100 &times; 60 yard (91.4 m &times; 55 m) rectangular field. At each end there is a goal 7 feet (2.14 m) high and 12 feet (3.66 m) wide, and a semi-circle 16 yards (14.63 m) from the goal known as the "arc", or "shooting circle", with a dotted line 5 yards (5 m) from the semi-circle, as well as lines across the field 25 yards (22.9 m) from each end-line and in the center of the field. A spot, called the penalty spot, is placed 7 yards (6.4 m) from the center of each goal.

[[Category:1825 births|Hauke, Julia von]]

[[Category:1895 deaths|Hauke, Julia von]]

==Equipment==

Each player carries a "stick", normally a little over 3 feet (90 centimetres) long and traditionally made of wood but now often made with [[fibreglass]], [[kevlar]] and [[carbon fibre]] [[composite material|composites]], with a rounded handle flattening out on one side and with a hook at the bottom. The flat side of the hook is used to push, dribble, or hit a hard plastic ball. Each field player normally wears a mouth guard and shin guards. A goalkeeper must wear complete protective gear: normally a helmet, neck guard, chest protector, gloves, super-padded shin guards (known as pads), and kickers which cover their feet and allow them to kick the ball. [[Image:Keep.jpg|thumb|right|A Goalkeeper in full outfit.]]

==Rules and play ==

Players are only permitted to play the ball with the flat side or edges of the stick. The flat side is always on the "natural" side for a right-handed person &mdash; there are no "left-handed" hockey sticks. If the ball is raised off the ground in a manner that is in the umpires opinion dangerous the ball is turned over to the other team and they receive a free hit from the point of contact. The definition of a "dangerous ball" is a matter of interpretation by the umpires, but it depends on the speed of the ball, the height at which it is raised, and the number of players near its path. Balls travelling at head height near players are almost always regarded as dangerous, whereas a flick at knee height landing into space would very rarely be so. When shooting at goal any height is permitted as it is a shot on goal; as long as it is not dangerous to a player within 3 yards (about 3 metres) of the striker.

One player from each team is designated the "[[goalkeeper]]". Goalkeepers usually wear extensive protective equipment including helmets, chest guards, body armour, heavily padded gloves, leg guards, and foot guards (called "Kickers"). The Goalkeeper is permitted to deflect or stop the ball with any part of his or her body or stick (-just with the flat side) whilst within their defensive circle (the arc). They are also allowed to propel the ball away using their kickers or their leg guards whilst within their defensive circle (the arc). They also carry a stick which can be used in the same way as any other player, but is primarily used for diving saves.

If a defence field player commits one of the many fouls (kicking the ball, obstruction, lifting in a dangerous area, back side of the stick, etc) inside their defensive shooting circle, or commits a deliberate or particularly serious foul outside the circle but within their defensive quarter of the field, then a complicated and indirect penalty shot is taken, called a "penalty corner". A deliberate breach by defenders within the circle, or a rule breach that directly prevents a goal being scored, results in the award of a "penalty stroke", approximately equivalent to a [[penalty kick (football)|penalty kick]] in [[football (soccer)]].

The match is officiated by two [[umpire (field hockey)|umpires]]. Traditionally each umpire generally controls half of the field, divided roughly diagonally, although now experiments are being made where either umpire can make any decision anywhere on the field.

The teams' object is to play the ball into their "shooting circle" and, from there, hit, push or flick the ball into the goal. The team with more goals after two 35-minute halves wins the game.

==Tactics==

The main methods by which the ball is moved around the field by players are: the "dribble", where the player controls the ball with the stick and runs with the ball, pushing the ball along as they run; The "push", where the player uses their wrists to push at the ball; the "flick" or "scoop", similar to the push but with an additional wrist action to force the stick through at an angle and lift the ball off the ground; and the "hit", where a backlift is taken and contact with the ball is made quite forcefully. In order to produce a much stronger hit, usually for travel over long distances, the stick is raised higher and swung at the ball, known as a "drive".

Tackles are made by placing the stick into the path of the ball. To increase the effectiveness of the tackle, players will often place the entire stick close to the ground horizontally, thus representing a wider barrier. To avoid the tackle, the ball carrier will either pass the ball to a teammate using any of the push, flick, or hit, or attempt to maneuver or "pull" the ball around the tackle, trying to deceive the tackler.

When passing and maneuvering between players, certain commands are used to ensure understanding of movements and plays among teammates. Although these vary depending on which country the game is in, there are a few standard calls. By calling "through" or "straight" the ball is passed straight ahead to another player. "Flat" or "square" signifies a pass made to the right or left of the player with the ball at a 90 degree angle. Passes made backward are ocassionally signified by a call of "drop". A hit made forward at an angle is recognized as "up".

At the highest level, hockey is a fast-moving, highly skilled sport, with players using fast moves with the stick, quick accurate passing, and hard hits, in attempts to keep possession and move the ball towards the goal. While physically tackling and otherwise obstructing players is not permitted, collisions are common, and the speed at which the ball travels along the ground (and sometimes through the air, which is legal if it is not judged dangerous by the umpire) requires the use of padded shin guards to prevent injury. Some of the tactics used resemble football (soccer), but with greater speed - the best players maneuver and score almost quicker than the eye can see.

==Major Tournaments==

The biggest two field hockey tournaments are undoubtedly the [[Hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] tournament, and the [[World Hockey Cup|Hockey World Cup]], which is also held every 4 years. Apart from this, there is the [[Champions Trophy (field hockey)|Champions Trophy]] Cup held each year for the six top-ranked teams. Amongst the men, India has won 8 Olympic golds and Pakistan have lifted the World Cup 4 times. Amongst the women, Australia has 3 Olympic golds while Netherlands has clinched the World Cup 5 times.

==External links==

*[http://www.fihockey.org The FIH]

*[http://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,1181-162501-179716-83571-0-file,00.pdf FIH Rules of Hockey 2005] (pdf file)

*[http://www.fieldhockey.com/ Field hockey resource on the web; rules, news etc]

*[http://www.community-online.com/directory.cfm?TopicID=651 Community-online.com - Field Hockey]

{{Team_Sport}}

[[category:team sports]]

[[Category:Olympic sports]]

[[Category:Hockey]]

[[Category:Field hockey|*]]

[[Category:Ball games]]

[[bn:হকি]]

[[ca:Hoquei sobre herba]]

[[de:Feldhockey]]

[[et:Maahoki]]

[[eo:Hokeo]]

[[fr:Hockey sur gazon]]

[[ko:필드하키]]

[[hi:फील्ड हाकी]]

[[it:Hockey su prato]]

[[nl:Hockey]]

[[ja:ホッケー]]

[[pt:Hóquei em campo]]

[[ru:Хоккей]]

[[sr:Хокеј на трави]]

[[fi:Maahockey]]

[[sv:Landhockey]]

[[zh:曲棍球]]