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I have understood that ''nori no miya sayako naishinnō denka'''s translation would be: Sayako, female prince (=princess) suo jure of princedom Nori. (As far as anything can be translated fully.) Am I correct in trusting that the abovesaid Japanese wording is in use of her in Japan? (or, why is it mentioned in the text??)<br>Based on this, my proposition for her article heading is [[Sayako, Princess Nori]] [[User:217.140.193.123|217.140.193.123]] 9 July 2005 10:53 (UTC)
The life and work of '''Darwin from Insectiverous plants to Worms''' followed after the work of [[Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions]].
== Birth rate nonsense ==
''See [[inception of Darwin's theory]] [[development of Darwin's theory]], [[publication of Darwin's theory]], [[reaction to Darwin's theory]], [[Darwin from Orchids to Variation]] and [[Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions]] for events leading up to this article.''
"Sayako has quit her job as an ornithologist in order to focus on her family life and potential motherhood, a decision commonly encouraged in Japanese society due to its falling birth rate." Due to its falling birth rate?? Tradtional values maybe. If this is an official statement from Kuroda or the Imperial family please say so. Otherwise, get rid of "due to its falling birth rate".
''Points relating to religion are covered in more detail in [[Charles Darwin's views on religion]].''
: Well Japan's shrinking population is a fact, and the idea that Japanese women are encouraged to forgoe professional careers in favour of motherhood is not total conjecture either. This was the article that motivated me to add that, just to be clear: http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/1115/p06s01-woap.html --[[User:Clngre|Clngre]] 16:22, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
==Background ==
In the aftermath of the publication of ''[[the Origin of Species|On the Origin of Species through Natural Selection]]'' in [[1859]], [[Charles Darwin]]'s allies [[Charles Lyell]], [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]], [[Thomas Huxley]], [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] and [[Asa Gray]] in America worked to spread acceptance of its ideas despite difficulty in coming to terms with [[natural selection]] and man's descent from animals.
:: Speaking as someone who's studied Japanese in Japan, that claim is not total nonsense, but it does not belong in this encyclopedic article. In particular, it oversimplifies Japanese culture. So, I have removed it. --[[User:LostLeviathan|LostLeviathan]] 18:03, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
Darwin's research and experiments on plants and animals continued, and his extensive writings countered the arguments against evolution, particularly those put by the [[George Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll|Duke of Argyll]] and [[George Jackson Mivart|St George Mivart]].
::: Ok, good point, I agree. --[[User:Clngre|Clngre]] 18:13, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
==Family matters, eugenics ==
Darwin's sons [[George Howard Darwin|George]] and [[Horace Darwin|Horace]] were ill and arrived home at Christmas [[1872]] for nursing. Darwin turned from his insectivorous plants to a more leisurely update of his monograph on climbing plants.
== "left the Imperial Family" ==
He was intrigued by [[Francis Galton|Galton]]'s latest "hereditary improvement" ideas (which would be called [[Eugenics]] after [[1883]]), proposing that society should breed out mental and physical disability and improve the nation's stock by introducing "a sentiment of caste among those who are naturally gifted". Families would be registered and incentives offered so that the best children chosen from each "superior family" would marry and reproduce. Darwin, aware that of his brood only [[William Darwin|William]] had good health, had already dismissed the aims as too "utopian" in ''[[the Descent of Man]]''. He thought these new proposals impractical if voluntary and politically horrifying if enforced by compulsory registration, even were they the "sole feasible" way of "improving the human race". He felt it better simply to publicise the "all-important principle of inheritance" and let people pursue the "grand" objective for themselves. In any case it was too late for his own infirm offspring.
What does it mean that she "left the Imperial Family"? -[[User:130.232.65.174|130.232.65.174]] 16:12, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
Huxley was also ill, needing a rest and harried by a neighbour suing over a damp basement. The X Club (a dining club formed in November [[1864]] to support the evolutionary "new reformation" in naturalism, including Huxley, Hooker, [[John Tyndall]], Busk, Spencer, and Spottiswoode) raised a £2,000 collection for him, primed by Darwin with £300. Darwin's spirits were again downcast when Lyell's wife died.
:Because she married a commoner, she is no longer in the line of succession. --[[User:Golbez|Golbez]] 17:05, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
In June [[1873]] Darwin resumed work on his insectivorous plants, with some distractions as his wife [[Emma Darwin|Emma]] took care of the seven Huxley children while Huxley and Hooker went on holiday to the continent. Having young children in the house was like the [[1850s]] again.
:It means that she must forfeit her royal title, forfeit her right to a royal allowance, and leave the royal palace. At this time, women are not permitted to assume the royal throne in Japan and therefore she was never in the line of succession.
===Parish conflict ===
A new reforming High Church vicar, the Revd. [[George Sketchley Ffinden]], had been imposing his ideas since taking over the parish in November [[1871]]. Darwin had to write to the patron, Brodie Innes, explaining what had upset the parishioners. Ffinden now usurped control of the village school which had been run for years by o committee of Darwin, Lubbock and the incumbent priest, with a "conscience clause" which protected the children from [[Anglican]] indoctrination. Ffinden began lessons on the ''[[Thirty-nine Articles]] of the Anglican faith'', an unwelcome move from the point of view of the [[Baptist]]s in the village. Darwin withdrew from the committee and cut his annual donation to the church, but continued with the Friendly Society work.
Is she still allowed contact with the Imperial Family, and perhaps attending the occasional Imperial event? --[[User:Madchester|Madchester]] 18:11, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
[[Hensleigh Wedgwood]]'s daughter Effie had married [[Thomas "Theta" Farrer]] in May, and on [[5 August]] [[1873]] the Darwins went to visit them for a few days. They arrived to hear that a fortnight previously the Farrer's servants had been called to an accident. Earl Granville's riding companion [[Samuel Wilberforce]] had been killed in a fall from his horse, and was subsequently laid out in state for two days in the Farrer's drawing room. Although an opponent of the ''Origin'', Wilberforce had always thought Darwin a "capital fellow".
:As far as I know, she will not "openly" contact the Imperial Family but occasionally may attend events when invited. This contact issue is a result of the current constitution that basically forbids the Imperial Family from taking a political position. Suppose her husband (or herself) runs for a seat in congress (unlikely but possible) and reveals his political view a day (or week, month, year, decade, even century) after she met with the Imperial Family. It will be impossible to argue that there was no discussion of politics. Japanese will then be inclined to support his view out of respect for the Imperial Family (compare with how a Catholic in general would support Pope's view) and arguing against would be impossibly hard. Anyway, except for occasional events when a chance encounter is possible, she will not have contact that we will know of. -- [[User:Revth|Revth]] 03:47, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
===Pause ===
At home, a heated discussion with Hooker ended with Darwin lying in bed with his memory gone and "a severe shock continually passing through my brain". Emma feared an epileptic fit, but the doctor put him on a diet and in September he returned to work on insectivorous plants. His correspondence continued, funding worthy projects and acknowledging countless gifts including ''Das Kapital'' from "a sincere admirer", [[Karl Marx]], which Darwin had difficulty in following, but hoped that both their efforts towards "the extension of knowledge... [would] add to the happiness of mankind".
Hm. If she has a son, will he be considered outside the royal line of succession? --[[User:Brasswatchman|Brasswatchman]] 21:33, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
[[Francis Darwin|Frank]] struggled with his medical studies, and after finishing his thesis on animal tissues he was to assist with plant tissues at Downe. [[George Howard Darwin|George's]] legal career had been ended by stomach illness and he had spent two years going to spas. He began writing topical essays, the first in the ''Contemporary Review'' on Galton. His latest essay boldly dismissed prayer, divine morals and "future rewards & punishments". Darwin urged him not to publish it for some months, and "to pause, pause, pause."
:Yes, current laws will keep anyone who does not retain the title to be outside succession. -- [[User:Revth|Revth]] 03:47, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
===Fiske ===
During a visit in November [[1873]] the Harvard philosopher [[John Fiske]] amused the X Club with his story of a [[cockney]] in [[New York]] warning him "What, that 'orrid hold hinfidel 'Uxley? Why, we don't think hanythink of 'im in Hingland! We think 'e's 'orrid!", himself writing that "I am quite wild over Huxley... what a pleasure to meet such a clean-cut mind! It is like Saladin's sword which cut through the cushion." and "Old Darwin is the dearest, sweetest, loveliest old grandpa that ever was. And on the whole he impresses me with his strength more than any man I have seen yet. There is a charming kind of quiet strength about him and about everything he does. He isn't burning and eager like Huxley. He has a mild blue eye, and is the gentlest of gentle old fellows. [his] long white hair and enormous white beard [made him] very picturesque... guileless simplicity... I am afraid I shall never see him again, for his health is very bad. Of all my days in England I prize today the most."
== "the Imperial Family" ==
==New edition of ''The Descent of Man'' ==
Darwin tackled a new edition of the ''Descent of Man'', and offered the self-financing Wallace the work of assisting him. Wallace quoted seven shillings an hour, mentioning that he was "dipping into politics" proposing nationalisation of coal mining. Emma found out and had the task given to their son [[George Howard Darwin|George]], so Darwin had to write apologetically to Wallace, adding "I hope to Heaven that politics will not replace natural science."
Was she to marry within the Imperial Family, or is there more than one Imperial Family in Japan? This does not seem fair to me. We all are people of God, what right is it that some demand to be imperial to others. Like bush.
===Parish reading room ===
Is she still allowed to go to family functions and holidays? I guess some people (her husband) are not allowed to move up in the world.
For two years, Emma had organised a winter reading room in the local school for local labourers, who subscribed a penny a week to smoke and play games, with "Respectable newspapers & a few books... & a respectable housekeeper..there every evening to maintain decorum." This was a common facility to save men from "resorting to the [[public house]]". In [[1873]] the Revd. Ffinden opposed it, as "Coffee drinking, bagatelle & other games" had been allowed and "the effects of tobacco smoke & spitting" were seen when the children returned in the morning. Emma got Darwin to get the approval of the education inspectorate in London, and just before Christmas [[1873]] the Darwins and Lubbocks got the agreement of the school committee, offering to pay for any repairs needed "to afford every possible opportunity to the working class for self improvement & amusement". A furious Ffinden huffed that it was "quite out of order" for the Darwins to have gone to the inspectorate behind his back. In the autumn of [[1874]] Darwin let off steam at Ffinden and formally resigned from the school committee on health grounds.
:And of course someone has to pull the "People of God" crap. She probably left on her own accord, seeing as how the article doesn't mention any hoopla being thrown by her family. I think they normally marry members of government, diplomats or people higher on the social ladder.--[[User:Kross|Kross]] | [[User talk:Kross|Talk]] 18:09, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
:One other possibility that occured to me reading this article: is it possible that this is just the way that the Imperial Family works? That daughters are considered to "marry out" of the household, while sons stay in the same household? That would fit with what I know of some traditional Asian cultures. I would appreciate it if someone who knew more about traditional Japanese culture would weigh in. --[[User:Brasswatchman|Brasswatchman]] 21:32, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
===Spiritualism ===
::You're right, according to [[Japanese_Imperial_Family#Living_former_members_of_the_imperial_family|this]], they lose their titles as soon as they get hitched.--[[User:Kross|Kross]] | [[User talk:Kross|Talk]] 22:13, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
[[Fancis Galton]] caught the fad for [[Spiritualism]]. On a visit to London in January [[1874]] Darwin attended a séance at [[Erasmus Alvey Darwin|Erasmus]]'s house with relatives including [[Hensleigh Wedgwood]], as well as Huxley. [[George Howard Darwin|George]] had hired the medium Charles Williams, and they sat round the table in the dark, but as the room grew stuffy Darwin went upstairs to lie down, missing the show, with sparks, sounds and the table rising above their heads. While Galton thought it a "good séance", Darwin later wrote "The Lord have mercy on us all, if we have to believe such rubbish" and told Emma that it was "all imposture" and "it would take an enormous weight of evidence" to convince him otherwise. At a second séance Huxley and George found that Williams was nothing but a cheat, to Darwin's relief. Emma told Hensleigh's daughter Snow that Charles "won't believe it, he dislikes the thought of it so much". Snow remembered that her uncle "used to look upon it as a great weakness if one allowed wish to influence belief" and when Emma said that "he does not always act up to his principles" Snow thought that was "what one means by bigotry", to which Emma said "Oh yes, he is a regular bigot".
:.........I smell a Disney movie plot. All it needs is a talking animal played by a black comedian and it'll be perfect. [[User:Keaton|Keaton]] | [[User talk: Keaton|Keaton]] 7:32PM 11/15/05
===New edition of ''Descent'' ===
::So true, Keaton, so true... LOL! [[Dismas]]|[[User talk:Dismas|<sup>(talk)</sup>]] 09:43, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
Darwin continued painfully rewriting his books with the help of [[Etty Darwin|Henrietta]] and George, incorporating ideas from Galton and new anecdotes. He bought from Lubbock the Sandwalk he had been renting for years, but the price seemed excessive and affected their friendship. News of a dispute involving the removal of [[George Bentham]] from presidency of the Linnean Society, allegedly spurred on by Owen, led Darwin to write "What a demon on earth Owen is. I do hate him". With Huxley's assistance he updated the ''Descent'' on ape-brain inheritance, which Huxley thought "pounds the enemy into a jelly... though none but anatomists" would know it.
The manuscript was completed in April [[1874]], and the publisher [[John Murray (publisher)|John Murray]] planned a 12 shilling half-price edition to replicate the success of the cheap revision of the ''Origin''. Darwin left the proofs to George, and turned again to Plants. The new edition was published on [[13 November]] with the price cut to the bone at 9 shillings.
==So it's because he's a commoner or not?==
==Insectiverous plants ==
The sentence "These changes in her status are demanded by a 1947 law that requires female members of the Imperial Family to relinquish their birth position, official membership in the royal family, and allowance upon their marriage." makes it sound like '''any''' marriage would mean that the women would have to leave the Imperial Family. So just to make sure I understand this, is it because she married a "commoner" or is it because she simply married anyone that she has to leave the Family? [[Dismas]]|[[User talk:Dismas|<sup>(talk)</sup>]] 09:43, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
During [[1874]] Darwin contacted many of his old friends to assist with experimentation on insectiverous plants, including Hooker and his assistant [[William Thistelton-Dyer]] at [[Kew]], [[John Burdon Sanderson]] at [[University College London]] running lab tests on the plant's digestion, and [[Asa Gray]] at Harvard. Enquiries to ''Nature'' magazine would bring in sacks of mail to be dealt with by [[Francis Darwin|Frank]], who settled into Brodie Innes's old house in the village and married Amy Ruck on [[23 July]]. At this time the family was joined by [[George Romanes]] who had been a student with Frank at Cambridge.
The 1947 Imperial Household Law states that if a female member of the imperial family (a naishinnō or an nyoō) marries anyone other than the emperor or another male member of the imperial family, she will automatically lose her status as a member of the imperial family. The issue of princess marrying within the imperial family has not arisen since the 1947 law went into effect because the membership of the imperial family was effectively limited to the male line descendants of Emperor Taishō. Only two of that emperor's four sons, Emperor Shōwa and Prince Mikasa, had children and grandchildren. There simply is no pool of potential husbands among the current imperial family members (22 people).
===Controversy with Mivart ===
As well as working on the proofs, [[George Howard Darwin|George Darwin]] made a statistical analysis of first cousin marriages (three times more frequent in "our rank" than in the lower) and, influenced by Galton, published an article on "beneficial restrictions in marriage". [[George Jackson Mivart|Mivart]] attacked this anonymously in the ''Quarterly Review'', misinterpreting advocacy of divorce in cases of criminality or advice as " the most oppressive laws, and the encouragement of vice in order to check population", talking of "hideous sexual criminality". A furious Darwin told George to take legal advice while he contacted the publisher of his books and the ''Quarterly'', [[John Murray (publisher)|John Murray]], threatening to "take his business elsewhere".
Chapter III, Article 14 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan states, "Peers and peerage shall not be recognized." There are only two classes of Japanese recognized by this constitution: (1) the members of the imperial family, and (2) all other Japanese citizens. Therefore, even the descendants of the Meiji era kazuko (peerage) and the miyake (imperial collateral lines) are legally commoners. [[User: Jeff]] 07:25, 16 November 2005
Darwin's holiday at [[Southampton]] with [[William Darwin|William]] was overshadowed as he drafted George's response. [[John Tyndall]]'s address to the British Association later that month laid claim to "wrest from theology the entire ___domain of cosmological theory" and led to calls for his prosecution for blasphemy. Lyell, now nearly blind and in deteriorating health, wrote to Darwin applauding the boost to "you and your theory of evolution" despite his qualms about the hereafter. Darwin was sympathetic, but did "not feel any innate conviction" of life after death. The October issue of the ''Quarterly'' carried George's response and an "apology" from [[George Jackson Mivart|Mivart]] which still maintained "that the doctrines... are most dangerous and pernicious" and infuriated Darwin.
:So wouldn't it be rather incestuous for her to marry one of the Imperial Family? [[Dismas]]|[[User talk:Dismas|<sup>(talk)</sup>]] 20:30, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
::The imperial family is huge. All royal families have long traditions of marrying distant (and not-so-distant) cousins. When you have a single imperial family tree that has lasted for two millennia, you have a lot of branches. --[[User:Golbez|Golbez]] 21:36, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
:::Okay, one of you says that the Imp. Fam. is 22 members strong, the other says it's "huge" with lots of branches. I'm still confused.... [[Dismas]]|[[User talk:Dismas|<sup>(talk)</sup>]] 19:32, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
::::Maybe I'm wrong. Shrug. Ask them. --[[User:Golbez|Golbez]] 20:22, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
On [[13 November]] Hooker's wife Fanny died suddenly, and a devastated Hooker felt unable to return home after the funeral and brought his family to Downe. Emma looked after the children, and when Hooker returned to Kew, Darwin urged "hard work" to overcome his "utter desolation". Later, Darwin mentioned the Mivart argument and Hooker rallied the X Club (a dining club formed in November [[1864]] to support the evolutionary "new reformation" in naturalism, including Huxley, Hooker, [[John Tyndall]], Busk, Spencer, and Spottiswoode). Huxley eagerly used a review to attack "anonymous slander", telling Darwin that he "ought to be like one of the blessed gods of Elysium, and let the inferior deities do battle with the infernal powers." Mivart confidentially pleaded to make amends, but Huxley told Darwin that the "most effectual punishment" was to "give him the cold shoulder". Darwin was itching to speak his mind, and when no apology had come by [[12 January]] [[1875]] he wrote vowing never to communicate with Mivart again.
:::::Golbez, the Japanese Royal Family ''did'' have collateral branches. If you'd read Jeff's earlier post, you'd know that these lines lost their royal status after 1947, as well as the former peerage (nobles like dukes, counts, barons, etc.). A woman traditionally takes the status of her husband upon marriage, which would mean that an Imperial princess must marry of equal rank to keep her title.
===''Insectiverous Plants'', parish and vivisection ===
Darwin struggled on, by February [[1875]] telling George that "I know full well the feeling of life being objectless & all being vanity of vanities", and Hooker that he was even "ready to commit suicide". The death of Lyell on [[22 February]] had him feeling "as if we were all soon to go". Their friendship had cooled after Lyell declined to back natural selection, and Darwin pleaded illness rather than take part as a pall-bearer at the funeral in [[Westminster Abbey]]. In March Darwin took the proofs of ''Insectiverous Plants'' to [[John Murray (publisher)|Murray]].
:::::Unless she marries into one of the other royal families of East Asia, which would require adopting a whole new culture and language, it is easier for an Imperial princess to marry commoners and lose their status. There is no nobility in Japan and there are no other Imperial princes to marry short of commiting incest. In short, unless a person is a legitimate male-line descendant of Emperor Taisho (and unmarried for women), they are a commoner. -- [[User:65.92.149.147|65.92.149.147]] 04:02, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
For a year the vicar had refused to speak to any of the Darwins, and when two evening lectures were proposed for the village, Lubbock had to act as an intermediary in requesting use of the schoolroom. The committee agreed, but Ffinden refused to co-operate, writing that "I had long been aware of the harmful tendencies to revealed religion of Mr. Darwin's views, but.. I had fully determined.. not to let my difference of opinion interfere with a friendly feeling as neighbours, trusting that God's grace might in time bring one so highly gifted intellectually and morally to a better mind." Darwin was equally haughty in return, condescending that "If Mr. F bows to Mrs D. and myself, we will return it". He found that dealing with [[George Jackson Mivart|Mivart]] and Ffinden was increasing his private hostility to Christianity.
== A japanese princess has married a commoner ==
Darwin's daughter [[Etty Darwin|Henrietta]] at first supported a petition drawn up by [[Frances Power Cobbe]] demanding anti-vivisection legislation. Though Darwin was an animal lover and had never carried out vivisection, he persuaded her that "Physiology can only progress by experiments on living animals". During his spring break in [[London]] he took the matter up with his contacts, at first thinking of a counter-petition, then on Huxley's advice seeking support lobbying for a pre-emptive bill to provide for regulated vivisection with what he called a "more humanitarian aspect". The hint to the fox-hunting houses of parliament that a ban could lead to further restrictions helped, and though Cobbe's bill reached the [[house of Lords]] on [[4 May]] [[1875]] a week before the scientist's bill reached the [[House of Commons]], the Home Secretary announced a Royal Commission of inquiry to resolve the arguments, with Huxley co-opted on to the Commission.
Hooray! -Patrick Beverley
The demand for Darwin as an author was shown when ''Insectiverous Plants'', a 450 page catalogue of plant experiments, sold out quickly and in July a 1,000 copy reprint sold out within a fortnight.
==''Variation'' revised ==
Now Darwin turned to work on a new edition of ''The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication'' incorporating additions from the hundreds of letters and scores of monographs that had been sent to Darwin in the seven years since it had been published. Parts were altered or discarded, and [[George Romanes]] set aside work on jellyfish to graft vegetable plants in experiments aimed at finding out about the "gemmules" which Darwin thought formed the mechanism of inheritance of characteristics. Investigations into "pangenesis" by [[Francis Galton|Galton]] had tried blood transfusions between different breeds of rabbits without success. Darwin continued to look for proof of inheritance of acquired characteristics, amassing evidence of blacksmith's children being muscular and babies born with scars matching those of their parents. He would not follow Huxley in discarding these ideas, and ''Descent'' had presented such inheritance as a significant factor in human evolution.
Darwin had long been concerned that his children could have inherited his weaknesses. He was proud that [[Francis Darwin|Frank]] seemed to have inherited his interest in natural history, coming to [[Down House]] from the village to carry out plant experiments, and put his son up for a Fellowship of the [[Linnean Society of London|Linnean Society]].
==''Cross and Self Fertilisation''==
With ''Variation'' at the printers and with his old essay on ''The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants'' due out in November [[1875]] with "illustrations... drawn by my son, [[George Howard Darwin|George]]", Darwin wrote ''The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom''. This drew on a painstaking series of experiments, protecting the plants from insects and controlling the pollination of flowers, counting the seeds and checking them for fertility, repeated for up to ten generations with detailed records kept at every stage.
Darwin tabulated the results, Galton checked his statistics, and they found the crossed plants significantly superior to self-fertilised ones in height, weight, vigour and fertility. The same principle would apply to people, and though the attempt to get a question on the census had failed, George analysed data from lunatic asylums and the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' which Darwin cited as showing a small effect produced by first-cousin marriages.
While Emma ensured that he took short breaks, Darwin pressed on with work as "my sole pleasure in life" and finished the first draft of ''Fertilisation'' in May [[1876]], promptly going on to a revision of ''Orchids''.
==''Recollections'' ==
They visited Hensleigh and Fanny to celebrate the announcement that Frank's wife Amy was five months pregnant, and Charles and Emma would shortly become grandparents. Darwin decided to leave a posthumous memoir for his family, and on Sunday [[28 May]] [[1876]] he began ''Recollections of the Development of my mind and character''. He found this candid private memoir easy going, covering his childhood, university, life on the [[HMS Beagle|Beagle]] and developing work in science. A section headed "Religious Belief" opened just before his marriage, and frankly discussed his long disagreement with Emma. (''see [[Charles Darwin's views on religion]]'') He recalled [[Anne Darwin|Annie]] and thought of how, but for her untimely death, she would now "have grown into a delightful woman... Tears still come into my eyes, when I think of her sweet ways". He completed his memoir on [[3 August]], concluding that after his book on fertilisation was published, "my strength... will probably be exhausted".
On [[7 September]] the baby, named Bernard, was born at Down House, but his mother suffered a fever and convulsions, and died four days later at the age of 26. Darwin thought it the "most dreadful thing", and Frank in a state of shock and grief moved into Down House with the baby. The contractors were brought in to extend the house for him, and Frank carried on with mechanical chores for his father, making a fair copy of the memoir and correcting proofs of ''Orchids''.
===Liberalism===
Despite Ffinden's continuing opposition, Emma's project of a parish reading room for labourers was restarted and opened before Christmas. Darwin saw ''Orchids'' and ''Cross and Self Fertilisation'' published as he wrote his next book on flowers. In February [[1877]] he attended the ''George and Dragon'' in his position as treasurer and persuaded the village labourers, who were suffering from wage cuts and a threat to their jobs in a farm slump, not to disband the ''Friendly Society'' and take the proceeds, but to keep some protection for their longer term security by keeping the books open while distributing their surplus funds. His old [[Whig]] principles fitted well with the ''Self-Help'' philosophy of another Murray author, [[Samuel Smiles]], who had impressed Darwin.
As a "thorough Liberal", Darwin supported [[William Ewart Gladstone|Gladstone]], the "Grand Old Man" of British politics. Three months earlier Darwin had backed the outcry against the "Bulgarian horrors" when 15,000 (Christian) [[Bulgaria]]n rebels were massacred by (Muslim) [[Turk]]ish troops, and supported Gladstone's calls for [[Russia]]n intervention in opposition to the [[Tory]] government's support for the Turks. Marx thought this a hypocritical preference for a Christian oppressor, and complained about Darwin's support for the "piggish demonstration". On [[10 March]] Gladstone, while doing the rounds of his backbenchers and visiting Lubbock, turned up with his entourage at Down House and for two hours regaled a silent Darwin with comments from his latest pamphlet on Turkish terrorism, and "launched forth his thunderbolts with unexhausted zest". Before leaving he asked Darwin if evolution meant that the future belonged to America as the Eastern civilisations decayed; after thinking it over, Darwin responded "Yes." Watching Gladstone's "erect alert figure" walking away, he said "What an honour that such a great man should come to visit me!"
A fortnight after Gladstone's visit, the leading secularist, militant atheist and unofficial Liberal candidate [[Charles Bradlaugh]] with co-publisher [[Annie Besant]] caused public outrage by publishing do-it-yourself contraceptive advice from an American doctor, [[James Knowlton]], in a sixpenny pamphlet ''Fruits of Philosophy''. Bradlaugh and Besant were accused of obscenity and committed for trial on [[18 June]] [[1877]]. A fortnight beforehand they subpoenaed Darwin for their defence, expecting his suppport. Appalled, he wrote protesting the "great suffering" this would put him to, and advised that he would have to denounce the defendants as he had "long held an opposite opinion" on birth control, as evidenced by an extract from the ''Descent of Man'' stating that "our natural rate of increase, though leading to many and obvious evils, must not be greatly diminished by any means." The practice of contraception would "spread to unmarried women & would destroy chastity on which the family bond depends; & the weakening of this bond would be the greatest of all evils to mankind."
===Holidays ===
The subpoena was dropped, and Darwin was not held back from holidaying at [[Leith Hill]] and [[Southampton]] for his much needed "rest" which, as usual, meant working furiously away from home. He visited [[Stonehenge]] for the first time, examining how worm castings had buried the [[megalith]]s over time. Emma feared that the day-trip involving two hours train journey and a 24 mile drive would "half kill" him, but he was in wonderful form even after digging in the hot sun.
In mid July [[1877]] his work on the sex life of plants culminated in the publication of ''The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species'', dedicated to [[Asa Gray]]. He could not "endure being idle" and turned to his next book, on plant movement. Emma got him away for his autumn break to [[Abinger]] on the [[North Downs]], and though Wallace now lived only a few miles away, Darwin avoided him, diplomatically writing that he "wished to come over to see you, but driving tires me so much that my courage failed."
===Honorary Doctorate ===
The [[University of Cambridge]] had come round to Darwinism, and on Saturday [[17 November]] the family attended the Senate House for a ceremony in which Darwin was awarded a honorary Doctorate of Laws in front of crowds of students, who strung a cord across the chamber with a monkey-marionette which was removed by a Proctor then replaced by a "missing link", a beribboned ring which hung over the crowd through the ceremony.
Darwin entered to a roar of approval. The Public Orator gave his [[panegyric]] describing Darwin's work with purple Latin prose, to some good humoured heckling from the students, and distanced the dignitaries from "the unlovely tribe of apes" saying "'Mores in utroques dispares' – the moral nature of the two races is different".
Emma had a headache, so she and Darwin let their boys to stand in for them at a dinner in his honour at which Huxley chided the university for failing to honour Darwin twenty years earlier. On the Sunday, after a "brilliant luncheon" with [[George Howard Darwin|George]] at Trinity College, they were given guided tours. The engineering professor James Stuart showed Emma and Darwin round his workshop and later wrote of "A strong.. looking man with iron grey hair..[as though] rough hewn from a rock with a heavy..hammer,.. A man of genius.. indeed one of 'the few'."
===Romanes ===
Into the spring of [[1878]] Darwin and Frank again filled the house with experiments on the movement of plants. To Frank it was "as if an outside force were compelling him", and in March the strain brought back his old sickness of attacks of dizziness. Dr. Clark in London prescribed a "dry diet" which helped, and refused to charge his patient so Darwin sent £100 towards the development of a fungus-proof potato by a "highly respectable" [[Belfast]] breeder. He also responded to an appeal asking the [[HMS Beagle]]'s officers for help in supporting an orphan – the grandson of [[Jemmy Button]].
[[George Romanes]] had become Darwin's leading protégé, but a conflict between his reasoned scepticism and earlier longing for faith came to a head when his sister died. His attempt to get solace from a leading spiritualist came to nothing. Darwin invited Romanes to Downe to help him recover. Romanes had earlier written a refutation of theism, and had taken Darwin's advice to pause, but now wanted to publish. Darwin counselled anonymity, and suggested study of the evolution of religious reasoning, giving him unused notes on instinct from his work on ''Natural ''Selection''. Romanes launched on the study of comparative psychology, and in August was given a standing ovation for his talk at the British Association. In November the Darwins were staying with the Litchfields, and Romanes drove there to introduce his fiancé and present his new book, ''A Candid Examination of Theism'' by "Physicus". Darwin read it with "very great interest", but was unconvinced.
==Biography of Erasmus Darwin ==
The German scientific periodical ''Kosmos'' featured, as a 70th birthday tribute to Charles Darwin, an essay by [[Ernst Krause]] on his grandfather [[Erasmus Darwin]]. In March [[1879]] he arranged for it to be translated as a book to which he would add a biographical preface. This would counter [[Samuel Butler (1835-1902)|Samuel Butler]]'s ''Evolution Old and New'' in which the previously supportive, though unscientific, author of ''Erewhon'' had turned against Darwinism, and he sent a copy of it to Krause.
In the summer he became bogged down with the proofs of his preface about Erasmus, and Henrietta edited out controversial points. The publisher John Murray was satisfied, but Darwin vowed "never again" to be "tempted out of my proper work".
Although he tired more quickly now, Darwin still worked for several hours a day. Emma ensured he took holidays, in autumn [[1879]] joining the Litchfields for a month in the [[Lake District]] where he met with [[John Ruskin]], though this was not a meeting of minds. On return the Darwins were visited by [[Ernst Haeckel]] whose "roaring" about the freedom of science had Darwin retreating to his plants.
Darwin unsuccessfully tried to get government support for the Belfast potato breeder from the Permanent Secretary, [[Thomas "Theta" Farrer]] (Effie Wedgwood's husband). Farrer was more concerned that his daughter by his first marriage wanted to marry the unsuitable sickly [[Horace Darwin]]. Despite her father's opposition the young couple prevailed, with Darwin giving his son £5,000 of railway stock and assuring Farrer that Horace would have a suitable inheritance. The wedding took place on [[3 January]] [[1880]], with the families not on speaking terms.
===Samuel Butler ===
In ''Evolution Old and New'' [[Samuel Butler (1835-1902)|Samuel Butler]] claimed that earlier evolutionists had correctly seen the mind as controlling evolution, and [[George Jackson Mivart|Mivart]] told [[Richard Owen]] that he thought the book would "help to burst the bubble of 'Natural Selection'." [[Ernst Krause]]'s ''Erasmus Darwin'' countered this, and Butler took affront at Darwin's preface which said that Krause's essay predated Butler's book, when it clearly had passages written later. Darwin had to admit that Krause had revised his essay, and spent a week in February [[1880]] drafting responses, then was persuaded to ignore the dispute, writing to Huxley "I feel like a man condemned to be hung who has just got a reprieve". Butler took the silence as a tacit admission of guilt.
===Coming of Age ===
Huxley titled his Royal Institution talk ''The Coming of Age of the Origin of Species'', celebrating its 21st anniversary, though wrongly claiming that before its publication only [[catastrophism]] was accepted. While Darwin (on holiday with the Farrers, now on good terms) was delighted by the press coverage, he was disappointed to find no mention in its text of [[natural selection]] – even "Darwin's Bulldog" was still not committed to the central plank of his theory.
In April, Gladstone defeated the Tories at the general election, delighting Charles and Emma Darwin though not all their relatives, and a buoyant Charles sent a large subscription to Abbot's ''The Index'' with hearty wishes for success in the "good cause of truth" and 'free religion'. The Liberal success even got the militant atheist [[Charles Bradlaugh]] elected as MP for [[Northampton]], and public controversy about atheism erupted. He was prevented from taking his seat in the [[House of Commons]] by procedural requirements of the oath of allegiance, and secularists such as [[Edward Aveling]] toured the country leading protests. Aveling had been writing a series on ''Darwin and his Works'' in Bradlaugh's paper ''The National Reformer'', and Darwin had sent written thanks which he now feared would be published to his shame.
In June, after sending ''Movement in Plants'' to his publisher [[John Murray (publisher)|John Murray]], Darwin visited [[William Darwin|William]] and Sarah at Southampton, and he got William to write to Abbot withdrawing the endorsement that had been printed as advertising copy in the magazine: even association with free thought in distant America could damage his respectability.
==Worms ==
Darwin again took up his work on worms. As ever, he corresponded widely, encouraging and helping fund research and collecting anecdotes. Emma supported his commitment, saying that "if it was a condition of his living, that he sh[oul]d do now work, she was willing for him to die". For their autumn break they visited Horace and Ida in [[Cambridge]], and to spare him the stress of getting between London stations and changing trains Emma arranged a private railway carriage. At Cambridge he showed Emma around the "scenes of my early life".
In September [[1880]] he completed the proofs of ''Movement in Plants'', his largest botany book at 600 pages with 196 wood-cuts, sighing "I am turned into a sort of machine for observing facts & grinding out conclusions." When on [[13 October]] he got the request he had feared from Aveling, for permission to dedicate the ''Darwin and his Works'' articles to Darwin in book format, he declined in a four page letter marked PRIVATE emphasising that he confined his writing to science and avoided aiding attacks on religion.
Attacks on Darwin's theory continued, and when the official report of a scientific voyage slighted "the theory which refers the evolution of species to extreme variation guided only by natural selection" he responded in ''Nature'', "Can Sir [[Wyville Thomson]] name any one who has said that the evolution of species depends only on natural selection?" and set out multiple causes, including "use and disuse of parts". He called Thomson's criticism appropriate to "theologians and metaphysicians", and was only stopped by Huxley from using "irreverent language".
===Help for Wallace ===
Wallace was suffering "ever-increasing anxiety" over funds, and [[Arabella Buckley]], Lyell's old secretary, pleaded with Darwin to help him find "some modest work". Hooker persuaded Darwin it was hopeless, noting that Wallace had "lost caste" over spiritualism and a £500 bet he had won by proving the world was a globe to a rich flat-earth fanatic who then started litigation which cost Wallace more than the bet had won. When Wallace's "best book" to date, ''Island Life'', came out in November [[1880]] Darwin devoted all his attention to getting his friends to sign a testimonial he wrote, then rushed it to Gladstone before the re-opening of Parliament at the start of January and was overjoyed when Gladstone agreed to recommend a civil list pension of £200 a year, backdated six months. As Darwin passed on the good news to Wallace, Emma organised the family accounts so that Charles could distribute the surplus from the year's £8,000 investment income to the children.
===Work on worms ===
Downe was snowed in, and an outbreak of swine fever involved Darwin as magistrate signing orders daily to allow movement of stock. He wrote to Kovalevsky "I make sure, but wo[e]fully slow progress, with my new book" on worms. In late February he visited London, and called on [[George Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll|Duke of Argyll]], his old opponent. They had a long and "awfully friendly" discussion, and when Argyll asked if it was not "impossible to look at [the design of orchids] without seeing that they were the the effect and the expression of Mind?", Darwin looked at him "very hard" before replying that he could see the "overwhelming force" this argument might have, but he could no longer accept it.
The billiard room at [[Down House]] was now devoted to worm experiments which included Darwin shining different colours of lights at them at night, his sons playing different musical instruments to them, different scents and kinds of food. Other stimuli were ignored, but a bright white light or a touch of breath would make them bolt "like rabbits" into their burrows. They appeared to "enjoy the pleasure of eating" showing "eagerness for certain kinds of food", sexual passion was "strong enough to overcome... their dread of light", and he saw "a trace of social feeling" in their way of "crawling over each other's bodies". Experiments showed that they dragged leaves into their burrows narrow end first, having somehow got a "notion, however rude, of the shape of an object", maybe by "touching it in many places" with a sense like "a man... born blind and deaf" and a rudimentary intelligence.
By mid march he was writing the final chapters of what he told [[Victor Carus]] would be "a small book of little moment. I have little strength & feel very old." He wrote to ''[[The Times]]'' about the anti-vivisection cause, accusing it of committing "a crime against humanity" by holding back the "progress of physiology", then commented that we "ought to be grateful" to worms, which reached a depth of "five or six feet" even "here at Down" where he expected to be buried shortly.
===No heart or strength ===
Before Easter he sent off his manuscript for ''The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms'', and found he had no "heart or strength... to begin any investigation lasting for years". "Never happy except when at work", he was at a loose end until he remembered his [[The Autobiography of Charles Darwin|autobiography]]. On [[22 April]] [[1881]], exactly 30 years after Annie's burial, he re-read the passages about her and Emma's letter of that time, and added a note under his [[daguerreotype]] of Annie, "When I am dead, know that many times, I have kissed & cryed over this." [sic.]
He left the proofs of ''Worms'' to Frank and, despondent, turned down Gladstone's invitation to become a Trustee of the British Museum. Early in June [[1881]] Emma and the Litchfields took him to the [[Lake District]], together with William and young Bernard. The sky was "like lead" and an attempt at climbing brought spots before his eyes and a doctor's diagnosis that his heart condition was "precarious". He wrote to Hooker that "Illness is downright misery to me... I cannot forget my discomfort for an hour [and] must look forward to Down graveyard as the sweetest place on earth."
===''The Creed of Science'' ===
Then he was perked up by the 400 page ''The Creed of Science'' by the Irish philosopher [[William Graham]], and wrote that "You have expressed my inward conviction.. that the Universe is not the result of chance" though he retained a "horrid doubt" that such beliefs might have arisen as the mind evolved. He still supported natural selection as the engine of social progress, pointing out that "The more civilised so-called Caucasian races have beaten the Turkish hollow in the struggle for existence" and telling Graham that elimination of "lower races" by "higher civilised races" was inevitable in the progress of [[Malthusian]] struggle.
Back at Downe, a letter from Wallace promoted the socialist ideas of [[Henry George]]'s ''Progress and Poverty'' proposing to "make land common property" as morally just. The landowner Darwin responded that such books had "a disastrous effect" on his mind, he hoped that Wallace would not "turn renegade to natural history" while adding that "I have everything to make me happy and contented".
===Pleasant memories ===
To Hooker he wrote of "Pleasant memories of long past days... many a discussion and... a good fight". Hooker valued their arguments "as iron sharpeneth iron" and, longing to "throw off the trammels of official life" and retire from [[Kew]], found it "difficult to resist the pessimist view of creation", but "when I look back... to the days I have spent in intercourse with you and yours, that view takes wings to itself and flies away." That summer Darwin was in his "happiest spirits", chatting "deliciously" for hours and in the evenings asking for Bach and Handel to be played repeatedly. Romanes, visiting with his wife and baby, thought the old man as "grand and good and bright as ever".
Darwin stayed with [[Erasmus Alvey Darwin|Erasmus]] while his portrait was painted by [[John Collier]] and on [[3 August]] dined by special invitation with the [[Prince of Wales]], the Crown Prince of Germany and eminent physicians at the start of the Seventh International Medical Congress. Later, Erasmus became gravely ill and died on [[26 August]], and at the funeral at Downe on [[1 September]] Charles, looking "old and ill", was a picture of "sad reverie". Subsequently Darwin inherited half Erasmus's estate. William announced that this made Darwin's wealth over a quarter of a million pounds, "''without'' mother's fortune", and Darwin redrafted his will. He sent a note to his sister Caroline about her half of Erasmus's estate, enclosing a miniature of their mother and commenting that he could not remember her face, though he did recall her "black velvet gown" and the "death scene".
A requested visit from the eminent but atheist German Doctor [[Ludwig Büchner]] in company with the notorious [[Edward Aveling]] went amiably on Thursday [[28 September]] with Darwin introducing his old friend the Revd. Brodie Innes, and defending agnosticism ''(see [[Charles Darwin's views on religion]])''.
''Worms'' was published in October [[1881]] and within weeks thousands had been sold. It brought a flood of letters, with many "idiotic" enquiries, and a "worn out" Darwin escaped with Emma to visit Horace and Ida in Cambridge.
==Roots and illness ==
Darwin, "quite set up", returned to his experiments on plant roots standing in an ammonia solution, preparing sections and looking for "physiological division of labour" through his microscope.
In London he made an unannounced visit to the house of Romanes on [[15 December]]. Romanes was absent, and Darwin declined the concerned butler's invitation to come in. He crossed the street, stumbled and clutched the railings before getting a cab. The next morning Dr, Clark pronounced him fine, but Emma kept him indoors and he was visited by eminent scientists. He seemed bright and animated, but told the geologist [[John Judd]] that he had "received his warning".
Once home, this did not hold him back from working hard at his root cells, as well as still doing his walks round the Sandwalk, receiving visitors and dealing with letters. In one he argued with an American feminist that women are "inferior intellectually". In February he was "miserable to a strange degree" with a cough. On [[7 March]] [[1882]] he had a seizure while on the Sandwalk 400 yards from the house and struggled back to collapse in Emma's arms. Dr. Clark diagnosed [[angina]] and prescribed morphine pills for the pain. Darwin lay prostrate in despair, then a younger doctor, Dr. Norman Moore, assured him that his heart was only weak and within days Darwin was back at work, writing to ''Nature'' about beetles.
Having company helped. Henrietta brought her friend Laura Forster (aunt of [[E. M. Forster]]), herself making a rapid recovery from illness. Darwin daily told Laura of his symptoms and feelings. One day he came out into the garden and, putting his arms round Emma, said "Oh Laura, what a miserable man I should be without this dear woman." Another afternoon he joined her in the drawing-room and said "The clocks go dreadfully slowly, I have come in here to see if this one gets over the hours any quicker than the study one does."
==Death ==
Emma wanted a quiet Easter, so Laura and Henrietta left on [[4 April]], but on the 4th and 5th Darwin suffered attacks, noting "much pain". He continued to note sporadic attacks and took amyl nitrate antispasmodic. George arrived to help Frank and Jackson (the butler) move Darwin. After signs of recovery he had agonising pain before midnight on [[19 April]] and a flustered Emma gave him brandy. He whispered "My love, my precious love... Tell all my children to remember how good they have always been to me." and later "I am not the least afraid to die".
Dr Allfrey attended and gave some relief, then after he left at 8 a.m. Charles began violent vomiting, after two hours gasping "If I could but die" repeatedly. Frank and Henrietta returned to join Bessy, who persuaded a worn out Emma to take an opium pill and rest. Charles woke in a daze, recognised his children and embraced them with tears. He suffered more bouts of nausea and pain, then at 3.25 p.m. groaned "I feel as if I should faint". Emma was called and held him as he suffered excruciating pain, then lost consciousness and died at 4 p.m. on Wednesday [[19 April]] [[1882]].
Frank brought Bernard from the nursery to the garden. As they walked past the drawing-room window Bernard noticed his aunts and said "Why are Bessy and Etty crying? because Grandpa is so ill?" Grief stricken, Frank eventually said "Grandpa has been so ill that he won't be ill any more." They reached the Sandwalk and Bernard gathered a bouquet of wild lilies.
===Funeral ===
Arrangements were made for burial in St. Mary's churchyard at Downe, with Brodie Innes offering to perform the rites, and the customary black edged letters were sent out to friends, relatives and colleagues.
In London Galton got [[William Spottiswoode]] as President of the Royal Society to telegraph the Darwins asking if they would consent to burial in [[Westminster Abbey]], an honour that Darwin had been glad to see given to Lyle in [[1875]]. They told Hooker, Lubbock and Huxley who with Spottiswoode met the Revd. [[Frederic Farrar]], Canon of Westminster. Farrar suggested a petition to overcome any objections to an [[agnostic]] being buried in the Abbey, and approached the Revd. [[George Granville Bradley]], Dean of Westminster. Lubbock took up a petition in the [[House of Commons]] stating that "it would be acceptable to a very large number of our countrymen of all classes and opinions that our illustrious countryman Mr. Darwin should be buried in Westminster Abbey." It was "very influentially signed". Newspapers took the request up, sending a public plea to Emma and the children to consent, as foreign tributes poured in. ''The Standard'' maintained that "true Christians can accept the main scientific facts of Evolution just as they do of Astronomy and Geology", ''[[The Times]]'' declared the [[1860]] debate was "ancient history" and the ''Daily News'' said that Darwin's doctrine was consistent "with strong religious faith and hope".
Hurried arrangements were made, and Emma saw it "nearly settled. It gave us all a pang not to have him rest quietly by Eras – ; but William felt strongly, and on reflection I did also, that his gracious & grateful nature would have wished to accept the acknowledgement of what he had done". While her children and relatives attended the funeral, she stayed at Downe.
The Downe tradesmen were disappointed, the publican pointing out that it "would have helped the place so much, for it would have brought hosts of people down to see his grave". The joiner had "made his coffin just the way he wanted it, all rough, just as it left the bench, no polish, no nothin", but this was returned and replaced by one "you could see to shave in". He added that "They buried him in Westminster Abbey, but he always wanted to lie here, and I don't think he'd have liked it."
That Sunday, Church sermons praised Darwin, saying Natural Selection was "by no means alien to the Christian tradition" (if interpreted correctly) and seeking a "reconciliation between Faith and Science". On Tuesday there was a massive demand for admission cards to the funeral.
All day on Tuesday the hearse was drawn by four horses the 16 miles from Downe to Westminster in cold drizzling rain. Next morning the Abbey filled with mourners including international dignitaries and scientists. At mid day on Wednesday [[26 April]] [[1882]] the full pomp of a state occasion began. The service included a specially commissioned hymn, "Happy is the man that findeth wisdom, and getteth understanding". William felt a cold draught and, in front of the nation, put his black gloves on top of his bald head for protection. Darwin was buried beneath the monument to [[Isaac Newton]], next to Sir [[John Herschel]], and as the coffin was lowered, the choir sang "His body is buried in peace, but his name liveth evermore".
===Commemoration ===
Galton proposed a commemorative stained glass window in the Abbey, with panels symbolising the works of nature, each contributed by a different country. The evolution pane did not proceed, but the Royal Society formed a committee which decided on a bronze plaque in the Abbey, and a statue for the new Natural History Museum at South Kensington. [[Richard Owen]] remained opposed, and unveiling of the statue had to wait till [[1885]], after his retirement. The pomp and ceremony was attended by the Prince of Wales, scientists and the family, though not Emma, and led by Huxley.
Darwin's Westminster Abbey funeral expressed a public feeling of national pride, with the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' proclaiming that Great Britain had "lost a man whose name is a glory to his country". Religious writers of all persuasions praised his "noble character and his ardent pursuit of truth", calling him a "true Christian gentleman". In particular the [[Unitarian]]s and free religionists, proud of his Dissenting upbringing, supported his naturalistic views. [[William Carpenter]] carried a resolution praising Darwin's unravelling of "the immutable laws of the Divine Government", shedding light on "the progress of humanity". The Unitarian preacher [[John Chadwick]] from [[New York]] wrote that "The nation's grandest temple of religion opened its gates and lifted up its everlasting doors and bade the King of Science come in."
== Reference ==
*Adrian Desmond and James Moore, ''Darwin'' (London: Michael Joseph, the Penguin Group, [[1991]]). ISBN 0-7181-3430-3
==See also==
* [[Charles Darwin]]
* [[the Origin of Species]]
* [[The Voyage of the Beagle]]
* [[Charles Darwin's views on religion]]
:Articles showing the context of his life, work and outside influences at the time:
* [[inception of Darwin's theory]]
* [[development of Darwin's theory]]
* [[publication of Darwin's theory]]
* [[reaction to Darwin's theory]]
* [[Darwin from Orchids to Variation]]
* [[Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions]]
* Darwin from Insectiverous plants to Worms
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[[Category:Charles Darwin]]
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