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I have understood that ''nori no miya sayako naishinnō denka'''s translation would be: Sayako, female prince (=princess) suo jure of princedom Nori. (As far as anything can be translated fully.) Am I correct in trusting that the abovesaid Japanese wording is in use of her in Japan? (or, why is it mentioned in the text??)<br>Based on this, my proposition for her article heading is [[Sayako, Princess Nori]] [[User:217.140.193.123|217.140.193.123]] 9 July 2005 10:53 (UTC)
{{otheruses}}
== Birth rate nonsense ==
{{Taxobox_begin | color = pink | name = Snakes}}
{{Taxobox_image | image = [[Image:YoungCopperhead.jpg]] | caption = }}
{{Taxobox_begin_placement | color = pink}}
{{Taxobox_regnum_entry | taxon = [[Animal]]ia}}
{{Taxobox_phylum_entry | taxon = [[Chordate|Chordata]]}}
{{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = [[Reptile|Reptilia]]}}
{{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = [[Squamata]]}}
{{Taxobox_subordo_entry | taxon = '''Serpentes'''}}<br/>{{Taxobox authority | author = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] | date = 1758}}
{{Taxobox_end_placement}}
{{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = [[Superfamily|Superfamilies]] and [[Family (biology)|Families]]}}
*[[Henophidia]]
:[[Aniliidae]]
:[[Anomochilidae]]
:[[Boidae]]
:[[Bolyeriidae]]
:[[Cylindrophiidae]]
:[[Loxocemidae]]
:[[Pythonidae]]
:[[Tropidophiidae]]
:[[Uropeltidae]]
:[[Xenopeltidae]]
*[[Typhlopoidea]]
:[[Anomalepididae]]
:[[Leptotyphlopidae]]
:[[Typhlopidae]]
*[[Xenophidia]]
:[[Acrochordidae]]
:[[Atractaspididae]]
:[[Colubridae]]
:[[Elapidae]]
:[[Hydrophiidae]]
:[[Viperidae]]
{{Taxobox_end}}
"Sayako has quit her job as an ornithologist in order to focus on her family life and potential motherhood, a decision commonly encouraged in Japanese society due to its falling birth rate." Due to its falling birth rate?? Tradtional values maybe. If this is an official statement from Kuroda or the Imperial family please say so. Otherwise, get rid of "due to its falling birth rate".
'''Snakes''' are [[Poikilothermic|cold blooded]] legless [[reptile]]s closely related to [[lizard]]s, which share the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Squamata]]. There are also several species of legless [[lizard]] which superficially resemble snakes, but are not otherwise related to them. A love of snakes is called ophiophilia, a fear of snakes is called ophidiophobia (or snakephobia), a specialist in snakes is an ophiologist.
: Well Japan's shrinking population is a fact, and the idea that Japanese women are encouraged to forgoe professional careers in favour of motherhood is not total conjecture either. This was the article that motivated me to add that, just to be clear: http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/1115/p06s01-woap.html --[[User:Clngre|Clngre]] 16:22, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
An old synonym for snake is '''serpent'''; in modern usage this usually refers to a mythic or symbolic snake, and information about such creatures will be found under [[serpent]]. This article deals with the biology of snakes.
:: Speaking as someone who's studied Japanese in Japan, that claim is not total nonsense, but it does not belong in this encyclopedic article. In particular, it oversimplifies Japanese culture. So, I have removed it. --[[User:LostLeviathan|LostLeviathan]] 18:03, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
==Evolution==
The [[phylogeny]] of snakes is poorly known. Snake [[skeleton]]s are fragile and unlikely to [[fossil]]ize. However, it is generally assumed that snakes derived from [[lizard]]-like ancestors.
::: Ok, good point, I agree. --[[User:Clngre|Clngre]] 18:13, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
The likeliest ancestors are thought to be [[mosasaur]]s — extinct [[aquatic]] reptiles from the [[Cretaceous]] — which in turn are thought to have derived from [[varanid lizard]]s. Features such as lack of eyelids and lack of external ears are thought to have evolved to combat marine conditions, leading to a snake similar in appearance to [[sea snake]]s of today. In the Late Cretaceous, snakes would reemerge from the ocean onto land as they are today. The best fossil snake remains, from Late Cretateous marine sediments, support this theory. Similar skull structure; reduced/absent limbs; and other anatomical features found in both mosasaurs and snakes lead to a positive [[cladistic]]al correlation, though some features are also shared with varanids. Supposedly similar locomotion for both groups is also used as support.
== "left the Imperial Family" ==
A secondary hypothesis is that snakes directly evolved from varinids similar to the [[Lanthanotidae|earless monitor]] of [[Borneo]]. Like this monitor, theoretical ancestors would have been land-burrowers. As these ancestors became more subterranean, they lost their limbs and became more streamlined for burrowing. Features such as lack of eyelids and external ears, according to this theory, evolved to combat subterranean conditions. In the Late Cretaceous, snakes would, as with the marine origin theory, re-emerge onto land as they are today.
What does it mean that she "left the Imperial Family"? -[[User:130.232.65.174|130.232.65.174]] 16:12, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
Fragmentary remains that have been found from the Early Cretaceous may refute either theory, though. Additionally, [[genetic]] tests have been performed that show no close affinity to varanids and thus to mosasaurs either. These tests did not show to which lizard family snakes more closely align, either, allowing for more debate.
:Because she married a commoner, she is no longer in the line of succession. --[[User:Golbez|Golbez]] 17:05, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
==Feeding==
:It means that she must forfeit her royal title, forfeit her right to a royal allowance, and leave the royal palace. At this time, women are not permitted to assume the royal throne in Japan and therefore she was never in the line of succession.
All snakes are [[carnivore|carnivorous]], eating small animals including lizards and other snakes, [[rodents]] and other small mammals, birds, [[egg]]s or insects. Some snakes have a [[venom]]ous bite which they use to kill their prey before eating it. Other snakes kill their prey by [[constriction]] resulting in death by [[strangulation]]. Still others swallow their prey whole and alive.
Is she still allowed contact with the Imperial Family, and perhaps attending the occasional Imperial event? --[[User:Madchester|Madchester]] 18:11, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
Snakes do not chew their food and have a very flexible [[mandible|lower jaw]], the two halves of which are not rigidly attached, and numerous other joints in their skull (see [[snake skull]]), allowing them to open their mouths wide enough to swallow their prey whole, even if it is larger in diameter than the snake itself. Contrary to the popular myth, at no point do they "unhinge" their jaws (disarticulate their mandibular joints).
:As far as I know, she will not "openly" contact the Imperial Family but occasionally may attend events when invited. This contact issue is a result of the current constitution that basically forbids the Imperial Family from taking a political position. Suppose her husband (or herself) runs for a seat in congress (unlikely but possible) and reveals his political view a day (or week, month, year, decade, even century) after she met with the Imperial Family. It will be impossible to argue that there was no discussion of politics. Japanese will then be inclined to support his view out of respect for the Imperial Family (compare with how a Catholic in general would support Pope's view) and arguing against would be impossibly hard. Anyway, except for occasional events when a chance encounter is possible, she will not have contact that we will know of. -- [[User:Revth|Revth]] 03:47, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
After eating, snakes become torpid while the process of [[digestion]] takes place. Digestion is an intensive activity, especially after the consumption of very large prey, and so much metabolic energy is involved that ''Crotalus durissus'', the Mexican rattlesnake, may actually raise its body temperature as much as 6 degrees above the surrounding environment. Because of this, a snake disturbed after having eaten recently will often regurgitate the prey in order to be able to escape the perceived threat. However, when undisturbed, the digestive process is highly efficient, dissolving and absorbing everything but hair and claws, which are excreted along with uric acid waste. Snakes have been known to occassionally die from trying to swallow an animal that is too big.
Hm. If she has a son, will he be considered outside the royal line of succession? --[[User:Brasswatchman|Brasswatchman]] 21:33, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
Snakes do not normally prey on people, but there are instances of small children being eaten by large [[Boidae|constrictor]]s in the [[jungle]]. While some particularly aggressive species exist, most will not attack humans unless startled or injured, preferring instead to avoid contact. In fact, most snakes are non-venomous or have venom that is not harmful to humans.
:Yes, current laws will keep anyone who does not retain the title to be outside succession. -- [[User:Revth|Revth]] 03:47, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
==Skin==
The [[skin]] is covered in [[scale (zoology)|scale]]s. Most snakes use specialized belly scales to move, gripping surfaces. The body scales may be smooth, [[keeled scales|keeled]], or granular. Their eyelids are transparent "spectacle" scales which remain permanently closed. They shed their skin periodically. Unlike other reptiles, this is done in one piece, like pulling off a sock. It is thought that the primary purpose of this is to remove external parasites. This periodic renewal has led to the snake being a symbol of healing and medicine, as pictured in the [[Rod of Asclepius]]. In "advanced" ([[Caenophidian]]) snakes, the broad belly scales and rows of dorsal scales correspond to the vertebrae, allowing scientists to count the vertebrae without dissection.
== "the Imperial Family" ==
==Perception==
While snake [[Visual perception|vision]] is unremarkable (generally being best in arboreal species and worst in burrowing species), it is able to detect movement. Some snakes, like the Asian vine snake, have [[binocular vision]]. In most snakes, the lens moves back and forth within the eyeball to focus. In addition to their eyes, some snakes (pit vipers, pythons, and some boas) have [[infrared]] sensitive receptors in deep grooves between the nostril and eye which allow them to "see" the radiated heat. As snakes have no external ears, [[hearing (sense)|hearing]] is restricted to the sensing of vibrations, but this sense is extremely well developed. A snake smells by using its [[forked tongue]] to collect airborne particles then passing them to the [[Jacobson's organ]] in the [[mouth]] for examination. The fork in the tongue gives the snake a sort of directional sense of smell.
Was she to marry within the Imperial Family, or is there more than one Imperial Family in Japan? This does not seem fair to me. We all are people of God, what right is it that some demand to be imperial to others. Like bush.
==Internal organs==
Is she still allowed to go to family functions and holidays? I guess some people (her husband) are not allowed to move up in the world.
The left [[lung]] is very small or sometimes even absent, as snakes' tubular bodies require all of their organs to be long and thin, and to accommodate them all only one lung is functional. Also, many organs that are paired, such as kidneys or reproductive organs, are staggered within the body, with one located ahead of the other. The most primitive snakes, including boas and pythons, have [[anal spurs]], a pair of claws on either side of the [[cloaca]] which are the vestiges of limbs. The leg bones and remains of the pelvis are embedded within the body in these species.
:And of course someone has to pull the "People of God" crap. She probably left on her own accord, seeing as how the article doesn't mention any hoopla being thrown by her family. I think they normally marry members of government, diplomats or people higher on the social ladder.--[[User:Kross|Kross]] | [[User talk:Kross|Talk]] 18:09, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
:One other possibility that occured to me reading this article: is it possible that this is just the way that the Imperial Family works? That daughters are considered to "marry out" of the household, while sons stay in the same household? That would fit with what I know of some traditional Asian cultures. I would appreciate it if someone who knew more about traditional Japanese culture would weigh in. --[[User:Brasswatchman|Brasswatchman]] 21:32, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
==Locomotion==
::You're right, according to [[Japanese_Imperial_Family#Living_former_members_of_the_imperial_family|this]], they lose their titles as soon as they get hitched.--[[User:Kross|Kross]] | [[User talk:Kross|Talk]] 22:13, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
Snakes utilize a variety of methods of movement which allow them substantial mobility in spite of their legless condition. All snakes are capable of [[lateral undulation]], in which the body is flexed side-to-side, and the flexed areas propagate posteriorly, giving the overall shape of a posteriorly propagating sine wave. In addition, all snakes are capable of [[concertina movement]]. This method of movement can be used to both climb trees and move through small tunnels. In the case of trees, the branch is grasped by the posterior portion of the body, while the anterior portion is extended. The anterior portion then grasps the branch, and the posterior portion is pulled forward. This cycle may occur in several sections of the snake simultaneously. In the case of tunnels, instead of grasping, the body loops are pressed against the tunnel walls to attain traction, but the motion is otherwise similar. Another common method of locomotion is [[rectilinear locomotion]], in which the snake remains straight and propels itself via a caterpillar-like motion of its belly-muscles. This mode is usually only used by very large, heavy snakes, such as large pythons and vipers. The most complex and interesting mode is [[sidewinding]], a undulatory motion used to move across slippery mud or loose sand.
:.........I smell a Disney movie plot. All it needs is a talking animal played by a black comedian and it'll be perfect. [[User:Keaton|Keaton]] | [[User talk: Keaton|Keaton]] 7:32PM 11/15/05
Not all snakes dwell on land; [[sea snake]]s live in shallow tropical seas.
::So true, Keaton, so true... LOL! [[Dismas]]|[[User talk:Dismas|<sup>(talk)</sup>]] 09:43, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
The physical modelling of snake motion is done in [http://www.siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperGraph/animation/art_life/snakes.htm The Motion Dynamics of Snakes and Worms]. From the article:
:"''Snakes are quite different internally than worms, since they have ribs attached to a flexible backbone. The worm motion described above is called "rectilinear progression" and can be done by a sliding its skin over its ribs. The more familiar horizontal motion of a snake is called "horizontal undulatory progression". This is simulated by sending compression waves down the body, as with the worm, but the springs on the left side are 180 degrees out of phase with those on the left side, i.e., one side is expanding while the other is compressing. This bends the snakes into waves. As with the worm, directional friction causes the snake to move forward. If the snake has a good grip on the ground then the body segments all follow the same path. If the snake has a poor grip on the ground then the segments move sideways, causing a "sidewinding" motion. The "sidewinding" motion occurs with real snakes when they don't have good contact with the ground, e.g., sand. The snake also partially lifts itself off the ground to reduce thermal contact and increase the pressure on the remaining part. This is simulated by adding a vertical sinusoidal flexing that is 90 degrees out of phase with the horizontal waves. This raises most of the snake off the ground. The wavelength used was the length of the snake divided by 1.4 ''".
==So it's because he's a commoner or not?==
==Reproduction==
The sentence "These changes in her status are demanded by a 1947 law that requires female members of the Imperial Family to relinquish their birth position, official membership in the royal family, and allowance upon their marriage." makes it sound like '''any''' marriage would mean that the women would have to leave the Imperial Family. So just to make sure I understand this, is it because she married a "commoner" or is it because she simply married anyone that she has to leave the Family? [[Dismas]]|[[User talk:Dismas|<sup>(talk)</sup>]] 09:43, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
A wide range of reproductive modes are used by snakes. All snakes employ [[internal fertilization]], accomplished by means of paired, forked [[hemipenes]], which are stored inverted in the male's tail. Most snakes [[Oviparous|lay eggs]], and of those most species abandon them shortly after laying; however, some species are [[ovoviviparous]] and retain the eggs within their bodies until they are almost ready to hatch. Recently, it has been confirmed that several species of snake are actually fully [[viviparous|livebearing]], nourishing their young through a [[placenta]] as well as a [[yolk sac]]. Retention of eggs and live birth are commonly, but not exclusively, associated with cold environments, as the retention of the young within the [[female]] allows her to control their temperature more effectively than if the developing young were in external eggs.
The 1947 Imperial Household Law states that if a female member of the imperial family (a naishinnō or an nyoō) marries anyone other than the emperor or another male member of the imperial family, she will automatically lose her status as a member of the imperial family. The issue of princess marrying within the imperial family has not arisen since the 1947 law went into effect because the membership of the imperial family was effectively limited to the male line descendants of Emperor Taishō. Only two of that emperor's four sons, Emperor Shōwa and Prince Mikasa, had children and grandchildren. There simply is no pool of potential husbands among the current imperial family members (22 people).
== Surviving venomous snake bites ==
Chapter III, Article 14 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan states, "Peers and peerage shall not be recognized." There are only two classes of Japanese recognized by this constitution: (1) the members of the imperial family, and (2) all other Japanese citizens. Therefore, even the descendants of the Meiji era kazuko (peerage) and the miyake (imperial collateral lines) are legally commoners. [[User: Jeff]] 07:25, 16 November 2005
There is little reason to fear death from snake bites. Only a quarter of snakes are [[venom]]ous, and among the 7,000 Americans bitten by venomous snakes every year, fewer than fifteen die ([[lightning]] kills more). However, if you are bitten by a snake, there are certain procedures to follow. Firstly, move away from the attacking snake. Secondly, check for one or two puncture wounds on your body. If the site of the bite begins to swell and hurt terribly, then you have been envenomated. If possible, keep the wound below your heart and ''slowly'' begin to move toward medical attention. The venom alone is usually not enough to kill you, but overexerting yourself while envenomated can. Do not tie off the affected area to prevent the venom from spreading, as lack of blood [[circulation]] may cause tissue death. Moreover, the venom spreads throughout the [[circulatory system]] almost instantaneously upon entry and frantic running speeds the delivery. Despite popular belief, you cannot suck out snake venom with your mouth. Finally medical care has to be availed of without delay as anti-venom can almost always cure any lethal bite.
:So wouldn't it be rather incestuous for her to marry one of the Imperial Family? [[Dismas]]|[[User talk:Dismas|<sup>(talk)</sup>]] 20:30, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
::The imperial family is huge. All royal families have long traditions of marrying distant (and not-so-distant) cousins. When you have a single imperial family tree that has lasted for two millennia, you have a lot of branches. --[[User:Golbez|Golbez]] 21:36, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
:::Okay, one of you says that the Imp. Fam. is 22 members strong, the other says it's "huge" with lots of branches. I'm still confused.... [[Dismas]]|[[User talk:Dismas|<sup>(talk)</sup>]] 19:32, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
::::Maybe I'm wrong. Shrug. Ask them. --[[User:Golbez|Golbez]] 20:22, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
== Lethal venomous snakes ==
:::::Golbez, the Japanese Royal Family ''did'' have collateral branches. If you'd read Jeff's earlier post, you'd know that these lines lost their royal status after 1947, as well as the former peerage (nobles like dukes, counts, barons, etc.). A woman traditionally takes the status of her husband upon marriage, which would mean that an Imperial princess must marry of equal rank to keep her title.
While only a quarter of snakes are venomous, there are various species that are lethal to humans. The following groups of lethal snakes can be aggressive and their venom can kill a healthy adult if left untreated for several hours. ''This list is incomplete.''
:::::Unless she marries into one of the other royal families of East Asia, which would require adopting a whole new culture and language, it is easier for an Imperial princess to marry commoners and lose their status. There is no nobility in Japan and there are no other Imperial princes to marry short of commiting incest. In short, unless a person is a legitimate male-line descendant of Emperor Taisho (and unmarried for women), they are a commoner. -- [[User:65.92.149.147|65.92.149.147]] 04:02, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
*[[Adder]]
*[[Asp]]
*[[Black snake]]
*[[Boomslang]]
*[[Brown snake]]
*[[bushmaster (snake)|Bushmaster]]
*[[Cobra (snake)|Cobra]]
*[[Coral Snake]]
*[[Copperhead]]
*[[Cottonmouth]]
*[[Death adder]]
*[[Diamondback]]
*[[Fer-de-lance]]
*[[Gaboon Viper]]
*[[King Cobra]]
*[[Krait]]
*[[Lancehead]]
*[[Mamba]]
*[[Pit Viper]]
*[[Rattlesnake]]
*[[Russell's viper]]
*[[Saw-scaled Viper]]
*[[Sea snake]]
*[[Taipan]]
*[[Tiger snake]]
*[[Urutu]]
== A japanese princess has married a commoner ==
==Snake charmers==
[[Image:india_snake_charmer.jpg|thumb|right|175px|A [[snake charming|snake charmer]] during a performance in [[Jaipur]], [[India]]]]
Hooray! -Patrick Beverley
In some parts of the world, especially in [[India]], [[snake charming]] is a roadside show performed by a charmer. In this, the snake charmer carries a basket that contain a snake which he seemingly charms by playing tunes from his flute-like musical instrument, to which the snake responds. However, snakes are deaf, so they cannot hear the music of the charmer's instrument. Researchers have pointed out that many of these snake charmers are good sleight-of-hand artists. The snake moves corresponding to the flute movement and the vibrations from the tapping of the charmer's foot which is not noticed by the public. They rarely catch their snakes and the snakes are either nonvenomous or defanged cobras. Sometimes these people exploit the fear of snakes by released snakes into the neigbourhood and claim to rid the residence of snakes. Other snake charmers also have a snake and mongoose show, where both the animals have a mock fight; however, this is not very common.
==Snake trapping==
Despite the existence of snake charmers, there have also been professional snake catchers. The tribals of "Irulas" from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] in India have been practicising this art for generations. They generally don't use gimmicks and with the help of a simple stick catch the snakes from the fields or houses. They are also known to eat some of the snakes they catch and are very useful in rat extermination in the villages. Their knowledge of snakes and their behaviour is uncanny. Modern day snake trapping involves a herpetologist using a long stick with a "V" shaped end. Some like [[Steve Irwin]] prefer to catch them using bare hands.
==Human consumption of snakes==
In some cultures, the consumption of snakes is acceptable[http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=1487714] or even considered a delicacy[http://www.asiatour.com/x-librar/dining/chinese.htm], prized for its alleged pharmaceutical effect of warming the heart. It is reported to taste like chicken[http://www.asiatour.com/x-librar/dining/chinese.htm]. Western cultures document the consumption of snake under extreme circumstances of hunger[http://skyways.lib.ks.us/kansas/ksevents/rsru]. However, human consumption of these snakes, especially the uncooked ones, may often cause deadly infection from rare parasites.
==Egypt==
In Egyptian history, the snake occupies a primary role with the Nile cobra adorning the crown of the pharaoh in ancient times. It was worshipped as one of the Gods and was also used for sinister purposes including killing an opponent or for suicide as [[Cleopatra VII of Egypt|Cleopatra]] did.
==Hinduism==
Called the land of snakes, [[India]] is steeped in tradition regarding snakes. Snakes are worshipped as gods even today with many women pouring [[milk]] on snake pits (despite snakes' aversion for milk). The cobra is seen on the neck of [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]] is depicted often as sleeping only on a 7 headed snake. There are also several temples in India solely for cobras sometimes called ''Nagraj'' (King of Snakes) and it is believed that snakes are symbols of fertility.
==Christianity==
In [[Christianity]] the snake makes its infamous appearance in the first book ([[Genesis]]) of the [[Bible]] when a snake appears before the first couple [[Adam and Eve]] and tempts them with the [[forbidden fruit]]. It is also seen in [[Exodus]] when [[Moses]] turns his stick into a snake to devour the pharaoh's snake. Later he carves out a [[cross]] with a snake to cure the people in the desert.
==Movies==
* [[Anaconda]] and Anacondas - The Hunt for the Black Orchid
* King Cobra
* [[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)]]
* [[The Jungle Book (1967 movie)]]
* [[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]
== Classification ==
'''Order:Squamata'''
*'''Suborder Serpentes'''
**'''Superfamily [[Typhlopoidea]] (Scolecophidia)'''
***Family [[Anomalepidae]]: dawn blind snakes
***Family [[Typhlopidae]]: [[blind Snake]]s
***Family [[Leptotyphlopidae]] /Glauconiidae: slender blind snakes
**'''Superfamily [[Henophidia]] (Boidea)'''
***Family [[Aniliidae]] /Ilysiidae: [[pipe snake]]s
***Family [[Anomochilidae]] dwarf pipe snakes
***Family [[Boidae]]: [[boa]]s
***Family [[Pythonidae]]: [[python (snake)|python]]s
***Family [[Bolyeriidae]]: Round Island boas
***Family [[Cylindrophiidae]]: Asian pipe snakes
***Family [[Loxocemidae]]: Mexican burrowing pythons
***Family [[Tropidophiidae]]
***Family [[Ungaliophiidae]]: dwarf boas
***Family [[Uropeltidae]]: [[shield-tail Snake]]s
***Family [[Xenopeltidae]]: [[Sunbeam Snake]]s
***Family [[Acrochordidae]]: [[file snake]]s
**'''Superfamily [[Xenophidia]] (Colubroidea = Caenophidia)'''
***Family [[Atractaspididae]]: [[mole viper]]s
***Family [[Colubridae]]: colubrids (over half of all snake species, such as [[garter snake]], [[rat snake]], [[milk snake]], [[king snake]])
***Family [[Elapidae]]: [[cobra (snake)|cobra]]s, [[krait]]s, [[coral snake]]s, [[Australian copperhead]]s
***Family [[Hydrophiidae]]: [[sea snake]]s
***Family [[Viperidae]]: [[viper]]s and [[pit viper]]s (e.g. [[rattlesnake]], [[American copperhead]])
==Related topics==
* [[Snakebot]]
* [[Snake teeth]]
* [[Snakebite (bite)|Snakebite]]
* [[Snake poison]]
* [[Snake skeleton]]
* [[Snake (Zodiac)]]
==References==
*{{Book reference | Author=[[Romulus Whitaker]] (English edition); Tamil translation by O.Henry Francis | Title=நம்மை சுட்ரியுள்ள பாம்புகள் (Snakes around us, Tamil) | Publisher=National Book Trust | Year=1996 | ID=ISBN:81-237-1905-1}}
==External links==
{{Commons|Category:Serpentes|Snakes}}
*[http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174118 Integrated Taxonomic Information System] Serpentes
* [http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/~uetz/families/taxa.html Taxonomic order for snakes]
* [http://biology.bangor.ac.uk/~bss166/ Snake systematics (taxonomy)]
* [http://www.wildernessmanuals.com/manual_4/chpt_6/3.html First Aid for Snake Bites]
* [http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/ENVIRONMENTAL.htm Snake envonomation treatment]
* [http://www.itmonline.org/arts/snakes.htm The medicinal use of snakes in China]
* [http://www.survivaliq.com/survival/poisonous-snakes-and-lizards.htm Poisonous snakes and lizards]
* [http://www.surviveoutdoors.com/reference/snakes/snake-bites.asp Snake Pictures]
* [http://www.venomdoc.com/LD50/LD50men.html Snake venom LD50 values]
* [http://www.freesnake.com Snake Photos and Breed Information]
[[Category:Snakes| ]]
[[Category:Squamata]]
[[Category:Scaled reptiles]]
[[Category:Pet reptiles]]
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[[bg:Змия]]
[[ca:Serp]]
[[cy:Neidr]]
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[[eo:Serpento]]
[[es:Culebra]]
[[fa:مار]]
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[[he:נחשים]]
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