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In [[neuroscience]], the '''Morris water maze''' is a behavioral procedure designed to test [[spatial memory]]. It was developed by [[neuroscientist]] [[Richard Morris]] in [[1981]], and is commonly used today to explore the role of the [[hippocampus]] in the formation of [[spatial memory|spatial memories]].
== Headline text ==
==Animated Version and the CIA==
== Overview ==
Professional movie reviewer Roger Ebert wrote:
In the typical [[paradigm]], a [[rat]] or [[mouse]] is placed into a small pool of [[opaque]] water—back-end first to avoid [[stress (medicine)|stress]], and facing the pool-side to avoid bias—which contains a escape platform hidden a few [[millimeter]]s below the water surface. Visual cues, such as colored shapes, are placed around the pool in plain sight of the animal.
THIS IS FUCKING STUPID STORY!
The pool is usually 4 to 6 feet in diameter and 2 feet deep. The pool could instead be half-filled with water at 1 foot deep. Some sidewall above the waterline prevents the rat from being distracted by lab activity. Mice are less cooperative in the water maze, but the bonus is that they are available as ‘knockout’ [[mutant]]s.
I'm not sure about the CIA front claim, and I personally disagree with Ebert's "twisted" evaluation. I always felt that the book, along with [[1984]], was chiefly if not entirely about Communism's excesses. --[[User:Ed Poor|Uncle Ed]]
When released, the rat swims around the pool in search of an exit while various [[parameter]]s are recorded, including the time spent in each [[quadrant]] of the pool, the time taken to reach the platform ([[Latency (engineering)|latency]]), and total distance traveled. The rat's escape from the water reinforces its desire to quickly find the platform, and on subsequent trials (with the platform in the same position) the rat is able to locate the platform more rapidly. This improvement in performance occurs because the rat has learned where the hidden platform is located relative to the conspicuous visual cues. If the rat does not escape within 1 to 2 minutes, it is rescued. After enough practice, a capable rat can swim directly from any release point to the platform. This ability is attributed to a spatial map in a [[brain]] area called the [[hippocampus]].
:Interestingly enough, it was the first feature length British animated film
== Pharmacological manipulation ==
I really think the note about ''interpreting'' "ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL… BUT… " should be removed. To use ''either'' MORE or LESS when talking about EQUALITY is an absurdity. This has always irked me, and if no one objects, and can argue that it should be retained, I will delete this within the week. [[User:Kalki|Kalki]] 20:11, 2003 Nov 9 (UTC)
Various [[drug]]s can be applied to test subjects before, during, or after maze training, which can reveal information about spatial learning and its underlying mechanisms. For example rats treated with the [[NMDA receptor]] blocker [[APV]] perform poorly in the Morris water maze, suggesting that NMDA receptors play a vital role in spatial learning [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1345945]. And since [[long-term potentiation]] -- a potential [[biology|biological]] mechanism for behavioral learning -- also requires NMDA receptors, spatial learning may require LTP.
"ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL, BUT SOME ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS" is supposed to be ironic and absurd. The point is most of the animals are so stupid, they don'tt recognize the saying as being strange.
Liang et al reported in [[1994]] that spatial learning requires both [[NMDA receptor|NMDA]] and [[AMPA receptor]]s, consolidation requires NMDA receptors, and the retrieval of spatial memories requires AMPA receptors [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7796636].
=="Thinly veiled?==
Gotta look it up in a day or so, but Orwell wrote a letter to his publisher when Animal Farm was in the last stages of preparation for press, asking him if he could change some detail sentence, about Snowball's precise ___location in some point in some battle, as "I have found out that Trotsky was probably not in [thus-and-such-place during thus-and-such incident." I hadn't realized this myself, but obviously Orwell intended it to have a very detailed relationship to history, and only my ignorance of the history of the Soviet Union prevented me from realizing it.
== Water maze vs. Conventional mazes ==
There's also some letter to a publisher in which he says, in reference to ''Animal Farm,'' something like "I'm working on something now but it is so not OK politically that Gollancz will never accept it..."
Watermaze has advantages over conventional mazes (e.g., [[plus maze]]). There are no [[local cue]]s such as [[scent trace]]s; no fixed escape-fomula; the rat makes good progress in the trials because it wants to escape. Rats are natural swimmers – they are not distressed but they do want to find that platform. Mice have an option to float, and maybe this is why they are not so cooperative in watermaze. It has been suggested that they don’t aim to find the platform, but trick the technician into rescuing them.
As I say, details when I have time to look them up. They're all in the Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 16:30, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
== Watermaze analysis ==
:Orwell subtitled his novel "A Fairy Story". If he didn't want to veil it he would never have given such a subtitle (does it read like a fairy story to you?). It is meant to mislead the authorities but not others.
The earliest and classic measure of learning is ''[[Latency (engineering)|latency]]'', which refers to the amount of time it takes to find the platform. However, rats can cheat. They might guess an area and swim a search pattern, getting to the platform quite quickly. There is a whole bunch of further analyses, which can tease out true spatial learning. The same swim is used, but a [[video tracker]] is required. Professional systems come with a suite of analysis features to extract measures such as time and path in [[quadrant]]s, near platform, in any specified area. The [[Gallagher measure]] looks for average distance to platform. The [[Whishaw corridor test]] measures time and path in a strip from swim-start to platform.
:The whole point of a satirical [[allegory]] is to represent something in another mode. Why? Think about it. "Thinly veiled" is not wrong. Authentic representation does not mean the book can't have a few red herrings to throw the unsuspected parties offguard. [[User_Talk:Mandel|Mandel]]
Mice are smart
== Atlantis platform ==
== [[Animal Farm (fictional government)]] ==
A more advanced way to stop the rats cheating is the [[Atlantis rising platform]], which stays deep in the water and only rises when the rat lingers at the right place.
This page is a recent creation, but I can't honestly see justification for its inclusion since there is nothing there that couldn't be in here, it's just awfully silly. I just though I'd offer it to you for improvement, but I will VFD it if it is not improved.
==Pincher References ==
I don't know who took out Pincher as the leader of the Animal Guard. I'm not sure if you know, but there was a film adaptation of Animal Farm in 1999, starring [[Patrick Stewart]], [[Ian Holm]], and [[Kelsey Grammer]]. In the movie, Napoleon makes Pincher the leader of the Animal Guard. I even put Pincher down in the fictional military people.- [[User:B-101|B-101]] 12:32, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
* Davis S, Butcher SP, Morris RG. "The NMDA receptor antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (D-AP5) impairs spatial learning and LTP in vivo at intracerebral concentrations comparable to those that block LTP in vitro." ''J Neurosci''. 1992 Jan;12(1):21-34. PMID 1345945
== Modern 2002 view removed by [[User:64.230.96.197]] ==
* Liang KC, Hon W, Tyan YM, Liao WL. "Involvement of hippocampal NMDA and AMPA receptors in acquisition, formation and retrieval of spatial memory in the Morris water maze." ''Chin J Physiol.'' 1994;37(4):201-12. PMID 7796636
[[de:Morris-Wasserlabyrinth]]
The section was removed by [[User:64.230.96.197]], perhaps by error, when inserting a link. There seems to be no explanation here for the removal, so I am restoring it. [[User:Hu|Hu]] 17:41, 2004 Nov 18 (UTC)
==External links==
== Suggest 9 possible wiki links and 2 possible backlinks for [[Animal Farm]]. ==
* [http://www.hvsimage.com/papers/index.htm Watermaze publications 1966-2002]
* [http://neco.mitpress.org/cgi/content/abstract/10/1/73 Information on the hippocampus]
* [http://www.mailtalk.ac.uk/archives/watermaze.html The UK Academic Watermaze Discussion Group]
[[Category:Mazes]]
An [[User:Nickj/Link_Suggester|automated Wikipedia link suggester]] has some possible wiki link suggestions for the [[Animal_Farm]] article:
[[Category:Neuroscience]]
* Can link '''Animalism''': <nowiki>... Animal Farm), the pigs, who have developed the doctrine of</nowiki> [[Animalism]]<nowiki> and lead the revolution, gradually take over. The two [[boa...</nowiki> ([[Animal_Farm#Plot|link to section]])
* Can link '''history of the Soviet Union''': <nowiki>...ers in Animal Farm are all carefully drawn to represent the</nowiki> [[History of the Soviet Union|history of the Soviet Union]]<nowiki> and Orwell makes this explicit in the case of Napoleon who ...</nowiki> ([[Animal_Farm#Characters|link to section]])
* Can link '''real world''': <nowiki>... letters. The other characters have their analogies in the</nowiki> [[Real World|real world]]<nowiki> but care should be taken with these comparisons as they do ...</nowiki> ([[Animal_Farm#Characters|link to section]])
* Can link '''a new song''': <nowiki>...nd]]'', but later, Napoleon and the other pigs ordered that</nowiki> [[A New Song|a new song]]<nowiki> be sung in its place. This is a reference to the replacemen...</nowiki> ([[Animal_Farm#Significance|link to section]])
* Can link '''state socialism''': <nowiki>...viet Union]], probably for the purpose of distancing Soviet</nowiki> [[State socialism|state socialism]]<nowiki> with Trotsky's revolutionary socialism. ...</nowiki> ([[Animal_Farm#Significance|link to section]])
* Can link '''live action''': <nowiki>...uccessfully revolt against the pigs. There was also a 1999</nowiki> [[Live action|live action]]<nowiki> film directed by John Stephenson. In addition, radical soc...</nowiki> ([[Animal_Farm#References and post-publication views of the book|link to section]])
* Can link '''John Stephenson''': <nowiki>...e pigs. There was also a 1999 live action film directed by</nowiki> [[John Gould Stephenson|John Stephenson]]<nowiki>. In addition, radical socialist rappers [[Dead Prez]] rele...</nowiki> ([[Animal_Farm#References and post-publication views of the book|link to section]])
* Can link '''John Reed''': <nowiki>...w of the book's premise=== In [[2002]], the American author</nowiki> [[John Reed|John Reed]]<nowiki> published ''Snowball's Chance''. This book adopts Orwell's...</nowiki> ([[Animal_Farm#A modern revisionist view of the book's premise|link to section]])
* Can link '''western countries''': <nowiki>...n had suffered less from the [[Great Depression]] than most</nowiki> [[Western world|western countries]]<nowiki>, and because Stalin had led the Soviet Union in the success...</nowiki> ([[Animal_Farm#A modern revisionist view of the book's premise|link to section]])
Additionally, there are some other articles which may be able to linked to this one (also known as "backlinks"):
* In [[Recurring South Park characters#Big Gay Al|Recurring South Park characters]], can backlink '''animal farm''': <nowiki>...=== Big Gay Al is a [[stereotype]]d [[gay]] man. He runs an</nowiki> [[Animal Farm|animal farm]]<nowiki> for gay animals who have been rejected by [[homophobia|homo...</nowiki>
* In [[Windmill Farm Railway|Windmill Farm Railway]], can backlink '''Animal Farm''': <nowiki>The '''Windmill Farm Railway''' is located at the Windmill</nowiki> [[Animal Farm|Animal Farm]]<nowiki>, Burscough, near [[Ormskirk]], Lancashire.The railway opera...</nowiki>
''Notes'': The article text has not been changed in any way; Some of these suggestions may be wrong, some may be right.<br>
''[[User talk:LinkBot|Feedback]]'': [[User:Nickj/Link Suggester/Positive Feedback|I like it]], [[User:Nickj/Link Suggester/Negative Feedback|I hate it]], [[User:Nickj/Link Suggester/Don't link to|Please don't link to]] — [[User:LinkBot|LinkBot]] 11:28, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
== Differences between the book and the 1998 movie ==
There's a whole section like this that reads like it was written by a high schooler, including the line "Mr. and Mrs. Jones went home and got it on."
While I've not seen the movie and have no reason to doubt that this happened, that doesn't seem to be very "encyclopedic."
Also it's written in a first person point of view, with a lot of "I" statements, as in, "I didn't include them all, so if you know of any others, go ahead and add them."
I personally see little to no redeeming value in this section whatsoever and, at the very least, should be rewritten to something appropriating more professional language. [[User:159.121.130.84|159.121.130.84]] 12:44, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
:I couldn't agree more, this sounds like a school report, not a serious encyclopaedic entry [[User:Twrist|Twrist]] 21:57, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
::I'd like to lend my support to the removal of this section, or at least to its replacement with a brief sentence referencing the movie. In its current form it serves only to trivialize the book (not to mention this article). --[[User:Koyna|Koyna]] 11:02, May 4, 2005 (UTC)
:::It goes on and on and on and doesn't get anywhere. If the differences between the novel and the movie are that important, perhaps we could make a new novel, and get it rewritten by someone else? But I'd support removing that section completely.
== Is the similarity in meter between "Beasts of England" and the German National Anthem a coincidence? ==
Since I first read Animal Farm in High School, I've always wondered whether there was some hidden significance to the similarity in the meter of the Animals Anthem '''Beasts of England''' and the [[Das Lied der Deutschen|German National Anthem]] (once known as Deutschland Über Alles).
Without too much strain, the meters do match. You do have to spread some of the sylables (such as the 'aw' sound in trod and the 'ah' in alone) out over several notes, but that is not uncommon in music.
''Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland,''
''Beasts of every land and clime,''
''Hearken to my joyful tidings''
''Of the golden future time.''
''Soon or late the day is coming,''
''Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown,''
''And the fruitful fields of England''
''Shall be trod by beasts alone. ''
:When I first read Animal Farm, for some reason I realised the meter fits very nicely (in fact, perfectly ... no straining needed) to 'La Cucaracha'. Still does ... try it! [[User:Proto|Proto]] 11:22, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
::Or 'My darling Clementine', come to think of it. [[User:Proto|Proto]] 09:55, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
:::I had always assumed that "Beasts of England" essentially equalled [[Internationale]]. The original Soviet Union anthem, and later gotten rid of by Stalin. Infact, these lyrics fit the tune of Internationale! --[[User:OldakQuill|Oldak]] [[User_talk:OldakQuill|Quill]] 4 July 2005 12:41 (UTC)
== Identical Article ==
I found [http://www.explore-reading.com/literature/A/Animal_Farm.html this] when I was looking up other Animal Farm information. The meta date expiration tag for their site showed a date in 2003. Which do you think ripped the other? [[user^demon|^demon]] - 6/08/05, 02:08 UTC.
*From the page you linked to:''This article was derived fully or in part from the article Animal Farm on Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.'' --[[User:Canderson7|Canderson7]] 01:11, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
==What is animal farm about?==
I did Animal Farm as a set book about 1962 - it was presented to us then as a ''very close'' allegory of the events in Soviet Russia (e.g. the Socialism in One Country v World Revolution debate). And contrary to the intro to the present article Orwell was not a CP-Sympathiser for most of his life . He witnessed aspects of the CP-Behaviour in the Spanish Civil War which made him suspicious of the Moscow-directed CP. He was a good old fashioned thinking British leftie :-) Suggest we amend the silly last sentence in the intro.--[[User:Linuxlad|Linuxlad]]
I think the book's was a merely a distrust of some Communist's genuine-ness in helpin' people, not the ideology of Communism itself. Of course, Capitalists like to twist this book, well around their finger's, and use it against Leftist's. The book was more about a farm led by a man called Jones Manor, that was overthrown by the Animal's, obviously enough, and they suceed, as was foretold by an ol' pig called fer "Old Mayor". The leaders of the revolution were "Napoleon" and "Snowball". Not givin' away too much here, but some of them suceed's more than the other in the long-run, an'trough keen propaganda and cunningness, one of the other has to go. Read it.--[[User:OleMaster|OleMurder]] 21:13, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
(Er, thanks...)
The identification of the characters presently quoted in the text is pretty standard, (and more or less as I remember it from a 1960s 'gloss') but not totally above contention - have we got a _reference_ for the version in the WP article?? (Especially the slightly POV statements on how much Mr Blair really loved Mr Marx greatly - which may well be true for all I know...)[[User:Linuxlad|Linuxlad]]
== "modern revisionist view" ==
<blockquote>However, Reed's critique, a concentration on the contrasts of capitalism and socialism, fails to recognize the book's message of the corruption of the ideals of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] and the progressive subversion of the ideals of Lenin (Old Major) and Trotsky (Snowball) by Stalin (Napoleon). The humans (capitalists, [[fascism|fascists]], and the tsar) are in no way portrayed sympathetically. Nevertheless, the book was released at a time when Stalin was widely admired by portions of the Western Intelligentsia, partly because the Soviet Union had suffered less from the [[Great Depression]] than most [[western countries]], and because Stalin had led the Soviet Union in the successful and dearly-won victory over [[Nazi Germany]]. The [[Destalinization]] of Russia under [[Nikita Khrushchev]] was still more than a decade in the future.</blockquote>
This is a critique of Reed's critique and needs to be de-POV'd before it gets back in the article. No editorials. It was the second paragraph of the "modern revisionist" section. --[[User:Mr. Billion|Mr. Billion]] 00:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
== plot (long) (short) ==
Two seperate sections for plot is really silly. They might as well be titled '''Plot for those who have homework due in a week''' and '''Plot for those who have let it slide and have to hand in tomorrow'''. These should be deleted/merged unless someone can justify it. <small><font color="#000000">[[User:MeltBanana|MeltBanana]]</font></small> 14:02, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
I agree with this, I've not seen it in any other book pages. Do people think one should go or should it stay how it is? [[User:SamTrev|SamTrev]] 22:37, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
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