Mary I of England and Wikipedia:Peer review: Difference between pages

Revision as of 23:41, 26 September 2005

Revision as of 21:14, 19 November 2005

Line 1:

{{Shortcut|[[WP:PR]]}}

:''For other people with this name, see [[Mary Tudor]]''

{| align=right

| [[Image:Mary I of England.jpg|right|thumb|220px|'''Mary I''' <br><small>Queen of England and Ireland</small>]]

|-

|

{{House of Tudor}}

|}

'''Mary I''' ([[18 February]] [[1516]] &ndash; [[17 November]] [[1558]]), also known as '''Mary Tudor''', was [[List of British monarchs|Queen of England]] and [[King of Ireland|Queen of Ireland]] from [[6 July]][[1553]] ( [[de jure]] ) or [[19 July]] 1553 ( [[de facto]] ) until her death. Mary, the fourth and penultimate monarch of the [[Tudor dynasty]], is remembered for her attempt to return [[England]] from [[Protestantism]] to [[Roman Catholicism]]. To this end, she had almost three hundred religious dissenters executed; as a consequence, she is often known as '''Bloody Mary'''. Her religious policies, however, were in many cases reversed by her successor and half-sister, [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]].

<small>''[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:Wikipedia:Peer review|action=purge}} Purge server cache]''</small>

Mary Tudor is sometimes confused with her cousin [[Mary I of Scotland|Mary, Queen of Scots]], who lived at approximately the same time.

This page is for nearly Featured-standard articles that need the final checking by peers before being nominated as [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|Featured article candidates]]. '''Requests for peer review''' are listed here to expose articles to closer scrutiny than they might otherwise receive. See [[:Category:Wikipedia style guidelines]] and [[:Category:Wikipedia how-to]] for advice on writing [[Wikipedia:How to write a great article|great articles]]. Or look at the discussion of [[Wikipedia:The perfect article|the perfect article]] and try to reach as many of those ideals as possible. If an article needs extensive work, please list it on [[Wikipedia:Pages needing attention|Pages needing attention]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for expansion|Requests for expansion]] or [[Wikipedia:Cleanup|Cleanup]]. Please list article content disputes on [[Wikipedia:Requests for comment|Requests for comment]] rather than here.

==Early life==

Mary was the second daughter and fifth child of [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] and his first wife, [[Catherine of Aragon]]. A [[stillbirth|stillborn]] sister, two short-lived brothers, and a stillborn brother had preceded her. She was born at the [[Palace of Placentia]] in [[Greenwich, London|Greenwich]] on Monday [[18 February]] [[1516]]. She was [[baptism|baptised]] on the following Wednesday with [[Thomas Wolsey|Thomas Cardinal Wolsey]] standing as her godfather. The Princess Mary was a precocious but sickly child who had poor eyesight, sinus conditions and bad [[headache]]s. Her poor health has been theorised by some authors to be from congenital [[syphilis]] transferred to her from her mother, who presumably would have contracted the disease from Mary's father. Whether or not he had the disease is debated, however, as the story emerged long after his death. Henry gave the Princess Mary her own court at [[Ludlow Castle]] and many of the prerogatives normally only given to a [[Prince of Wales]], sometimes leading to false assertions that she was created Princess of Wales, even though he was deeply disappointed that he (or, as he believed, his wife) had again failed to produce a healthy son; Catherine's sixth and last child was a stillborn daughter.

'''Note:''' [[Peer review]] is the process of review by peers and usually implies a group of authoritative reviewers who are equally familiar and expert in the subject. The process represented by this page is not formal peer review in that sense and articles that undergo this process cannot be assumed to have greater authority than any other.

The Princess Mary became an extremely well-educated child under the direction of her governess, the [[Margaret Pole%2C Countess of Salisbury|Countess of Salisbury]]. She learned to speak [[Latin]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]] and [[Italian language|Italian]], as well as her native [[English language|English]]. Other studies included [[Greek language|Greek]], [[science]], and [[music]]. In July [[1520]], when scarcely four and a half years old, she entertained some visitors with a performance on the [[harpsichord|virginals]]. A great part of the credit of her early education was undoubtedly due to her mother, who not only consulted the Spanish scholar [[Juan Luís Vives]] upon the subject, but was herself the Princess Mary's first teacher in Latin.

{{FAPath}}

Even when she was a young child, the Princess Mary's marital future was being negotiated by her father. When she was but two years old, she was promised to the [[Dauphin]] Francis, son of [[Francis I of France|Francis I, King of France]]. After three years, the contract was repudiated; in [[1522]], the Princess Mary was instead contracted to her first cousin, the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] by the [[Treaty of Windsor 1522|Treaty of Windsor]]. Within a few years, however, the engagement was broken off. In [[1526]], the Princess Mary was sent to [[Wales]] to preside over the [[Council of Wales and the Marches]]. It was then suggested that the Princess Mary wed, not the Dauphin, but his father Francis I, who was eager for an alliance with England. A marriage treaty was signed; it provided that the Princess Mary should marry either Francis or his second son, [[Henry II of France|Henry, Duke of Orléans]]. Cardinal Wolsey, Henry VIII's chief advisor, managed to secure an alliance without a marriage.

{{PR-instructions}}

''See also [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer and video games/Peer review|Peer reviews]] for [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer and video games]]''

__TOC__

Meanwhile, the marriage of the Princess Mary's parents was in jeopardy. Queen Catherine had failed to provide Henry the male heir he desired; consequently, the King attempted to have his marriage to her annulled. In [[1533]], Henry secretly married another woman, [[Anne Boleyn]]. Shortly thereafter, [[Thomas Cranmer]], the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], formally declared the marriage with Catherine void and the marriage with Anne valid. Since the [[Pope Clement VII|Pope]] had previously denied him the annullment, Henry broke with the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. All appeals from the decisions of English ecclesiastical courts to the Pope were abolished, and the King was acknowledged as "Supreme Head" of the [[Church of England]].

==Requests==

Mary, meanwhile, was deemed illegitimate, as Henry's marriage to Catherine was officially null and void from the beginning. She lost the dignity of a Princess, becoming a mere "Lady". Her place in the line of succession was transferred to the Princess Elizabeth (daughter of Queen Anne). The Lady Mary was expelled from the Royal Court; her servants were dismissed from her service, and she was forced to serve as a lady-in-waiting under the Queen Anne's aunt, the [[Lady Shelton]], to her own infant half-sister Elizabeth, then living in [[Hatfield, Hertfordshire|Hatfield]]. She was not permitted to see her mother Catherine, or attend her funeral in [[1536]]. Her treatment and the hatred Queen Anne had for her was perceived as unjust; all [[Europe]], furthermore, regarded her as the only true heir and daughter of Henry VIII, although she was illegitimate under English law.

<!-- Please place new requests at the TOP of the page. Thanks! -->

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Castle of the Winds}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Logic}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Taekwondo}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Hapkido}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Sokol space suit}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Sense of community}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Indigenous Australians}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Waterfall model}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Portugal from the Restoration to the 1755 Earthquake}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Mariah Carey}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/William Tecumseh Sherman}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Civilian control of the military}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Objectivist poets}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Early life of Joseph Smith, Jr.}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Malwa}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Targeted therapy}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/New World Order (political)}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Bjørnøya}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Neurofibromatosis type II}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/FairTax}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Lloyd's of London}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Movie projector}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Soviet Union}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Bayreuth Festival}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Miyamoto Musashi}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Douglas Adams}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Voting system}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/We Belong Together}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Carl Johan Trygg}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/White's Tree Frog}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Tecmo Cup Football Game}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/The Star Wars Holiday Special}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/2005 Philippine electoral crisis}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Omnipotence paradox}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Solid State Lighting}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Providence, Rhode Island}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Potatau Te Wherowhero}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Legal status of Taiwan}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Cerritos, California}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/1997 Pacific hurricane season}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Dennis Berry}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Dawson Creek, British Columbia}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Psilocybe cubensis}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Albanian language}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Ceteris paribus}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/The Day After}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Neuropsychopharmacology}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Economics of the Iroquois}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Religious Society of Friends}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Texas State Highway 195}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/I Heard It Through the Grapevine}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Céline Dion}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Northern Ireland naming dispute}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Claudius}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/The Waterboys}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Eton College}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Constantine Maroulis}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Delrina}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Ubykh language}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/List of NFL champions}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/BASIC programming language}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Malta}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Marching band}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Palpatine}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Fabio Lione}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Irna Phillips}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/TGV}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/History of Ireland}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Guinness}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Imperialism in Asia}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/The West Wing (television)}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Game theory}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Unclean animals}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Prester John}}

{{Wikipedia:Peer review/Manifold}}

<!--

NOTICE:

PLEASE add new entries at the top, not the bottom. Thanks.

-->

==Archives==

Mary confidently expected her troubles to end when Queen Anne lost royal favour and was beheaded in [[1536]]. The Princess Elizabeth was also degraded to a Lady and removed from the line of succession. Henry married [[Jane Seymour]], who died shortly after giving birth to a son, the [[Edward VI of England|Prince Edward, Duke of Cornwall]]. The Lady Mary's privy purse expenses for nearly the whole of this period have been published, and show that Hatfield, Beaulieu or Newhall in Essex, Richmond and Hunsdon were among her principal places of residence.

*'''[[Wikipedia:Peer review/November 2005]] (current)'''

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/October 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/September 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/August 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/July 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/June 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/May 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/April 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/March 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/February 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/January 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/December 2004]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/Archive 3]], [[Wikipedia:Peer review/Archive 2]], [[Wikipedia:Peer review/Archive 1]]

[[Category:Editorial validation]]

[[Image:Mary I in 1544.jpg|thumb|200px|The Princess Mary (1544)]]

However, it quickly transpired that it had been Mary's father Henry, not Anne alone, who had been persecuting Mary. The only way he would grant her his favor was if she accepted humiliating attacks on her religion and royal position. The Lady Mary attempted to reconcile with her father by submitting to him as head of the Church of England under [[Jesus]], thus repudiating Papal authority, and acknowledging that the marriage between her mother and father was unlawful, thus making her illegitimate. She also became godmother to her half-brother Edward and was chief mourner at Queen Jane's funeral. In turn, Henry agreed to grant her a household, and the Lady Mary was permitted to reside in royal palaces. Henry's sixth and last wife, [[Catherine Parr]], was able to bring the family closer together, again improving the Lady Mary's position.

[[de:Wikipedia:Review]]

There were several attempts to marry her off to European princes, but none of them succeeded. In [[1544]], an [[Act of Parliament]] returned the Lady Mary and the Lady Elizabeth to the line of succession (after their half-brother, the Prince Edward, Duke of Cornwall). Both women, however, remained legally illegitimate.

[[fr:Wikipédia:Comité de lecture]]

[[simple:Wikipedia:Peer review]]

In [[1547]], Henry died, to be succeeded by Edward VI. Edward was England's first Protestant monarch; his Parliament's [[Act of Uniformity]] prescribed Protestant rites for church services, such as the use of Thomas Cranmer's new ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]''. The Lady Mary, desirous of maintaining the old Roman Catholic form, asked to be allowed to worship in private in her own [[chapel]]. After she was ordered to stop her practices, she appealed to her cousin and former matrimonial prospect, the Emperor Charles V. Charles threatened war with England if the Lady Mary's religious liberty were infringed; consequently, the Protestants at court ceased to interfere with her private rituals.

[[fi:Wikipedia:Vertaisarviointi]]

[[zh:Wikipedia:同行评审]]

==Accession==

Edward VI died in 1553 whilst Mary was staying at [[Fralingham Castle]] in [[Suffolk]]. He did not desire that the Crown go to either the Lady Mary or the Lady Elizabeth; consequently, he excluded them from the line of succession in his will, which was unlawful, because it contradicted an Act of Parliament passed in 1544 restoring the Lady Mary and the Lady Elizabeth to the line of succession, and because it was made by a minor. Under the guidance of [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland]], Edward VI instead devised the Crown to the [[Lady Jane Grey]], a descendant of Henry VIII's younger sister, [[Mary Tudor (queen consort of France)|Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk]], and the Duke of Northumberland's daughter-in-law.

Thus, after Edward died on [[6 July]] 1553, the Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed Queen. Jane's accession was met with popular disapproval, which was suppressed by the use of force. A young boy so bold as to hail "Queen Mary" was punished by having his [[ear]]s cut off. Still, the country remained devoted to Mary. On [[19 July]], Jane's accession proclamation was deemed to have been made under coercion and was revoked; instead, Mary was proclaimed Queen. All support for the Lady Jane vanished and Mary rode into London triumphantly and unchallenged, with her half-sister, the Lady Elizabeth, at her side, on [[3 August]].

Since the Act of Succession passed in 1544 recognised only Mary as Edward's heir, and since Edward's will was never authorised by statute, Mary's ''[[de jure]]'' reign dates to [[6 July]] 1553, the date of Edward's death. Her ''[[de facto]]'' reign, however, dates to [[19 July]] 1553, when Jane was deposed. One of her first actions as [[monarch]] was to order the release of the Catholic [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk]] and [[Stephen Gardiner]] from imprisonment in the [[Tower of London]].

Originally, Mary was inclined to exercise clemency, and initially set the Lady Jane Grey free, recognising that the young girl was forced to take the Crown by her father-in-law. The Lady Jane's father, [[Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk]], was also released. The [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland|Duke of Northumberland]] was the only conspirator immediately executed for [[high treason]], and even this was after some hesitation on the Queen's part. She was left in a difficult position, as almost all the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Counsellors]] had been implicated in the plot to put the Lady Jane Grey on the Throne. She could only rely on [[Stephen Gardiner]], whom she appointed [[Bishop of Winchester]] and [[Lord Chancellor]]. Gardiner performed Mary's coronation on [[1 October]] 1553 because Mary did not wish to be crowned by the senior ecclesiastics, who were all Protestants.

==Reign==

Mary's first Act of Parliament retroactively validated Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, and legitimated the Queen.

Now 37, Mary turned her attention to procuring a husband to father an heir in order to prevent her half-sister, the Lady Elizabeth, from succeeding to the Throne. She rejected [[Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon]] as a prospect when her first cousin, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, suggested that she marry his only son, the [[Spain|Spanish]] prince [[Philip II of Spain|Philip]]. The marriage, a purely political alliance for Philip, was extremely unpopular with the English. Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] petitioned her to consider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of Spain. Insurrections broke out across the country when she refused. The Duke of Suffolk once again proclaimed that his daughter, the Lady Jane Grey, was Queen. The young [[Thomas Wyatt|Sir Thomas Wyatt]] led a force from [[Kent]], and was not defeated until he had arrived at London's gates. After the rebellions were crushed, both the Duke of Suffolk and the Lady Jane Grey were convicted of [[high treason]] and executed. Since the rebellion was designed to put her on the throne, the Lady Elizabeth was imprisoned in the Tower of London, but was put under house arrest in [[Woodstock Palace]] after two months.

[[Image:Mary and Philip medal.jpg|thumb|250px|Mary and Philip appear on the above medal by Jacopo da Trezzo made circa 1555.]]

Mary married Philip on [[25 July]] [[1554]] at [[Winchester Cathedral]]. Under the terms of the marriage treaty, Philip was to be styled "King of England", all official documents (including Acts of Parliament) were to be dated with both their names and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. Philip's powers, however, were extremely limited; he and Mary were not true joint Sovereigns. Nonetheless, Philip was the only man to take the crown matrimonial upon his marriage to a reigning Queen of England; [[William III of England|William III]] became jointly sovereign with his wife, [[Mary II of England|Mary II]], pursuant to Act of Parliament, rather than matrimonial right. [[Coin]]s were to also show the head of both Mary and Philip. The marriage treaty further provided that England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father, the Holy Roman Emperor, in any war. Mary fell in love with Philip and, thinking she was pregnant, had thanksgiving services at the diocese of London in November 1554. But Philip found his queen, who was eleven years his senior, to be physically unattractive and after only fourteen months left for Spain under a false excuse. Mary suffered a [[phantom pregnancy]]; Philip released the Lady Elizabeth from house arrest so that he could be viewed favourably by her in case Mary died during childbirth.

Mary then turned her attention to religious issues. She had always rejected the break with Rome instituted by her father. Her half-brother, Edward, had established Protestantism; Mary wished to revert to Roman Catholicism. England was reconciled with Rome, and [[Reginald Cardinal Pole]], who would become an adviser Mary very heavily depended upon, became [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], after Mary had his predecessor executed. Edward's religious laws were abolished by Mary's first Parliament and numerous Protestant leaders were executed in the so-called [[Marian Persecutions]]. The first to die was [[John Rogers (religious)|John Rogers]] ([[4 February]] [[1555]]) and the next to be killed was [[John Hooper]], the [[Bishop of Gloucester]] ([[9 February]] 1555). The persecution lasted uninterrupted for three and three-quarter years. She earned the epithet of ''[[Bloody Mary (person)|Bloody Mary]]'' though her successor and half-sister, Elizabeth, more than balanced the number killed under Mary with Catholic persecution, in total, but not in frequency. (Elizabeth reigned seven times as long, and some of her executions were of actual traitors, under any definition). For frequency the persecution of Catholics under the short reign of her predecessor [[Edward VI]] is perhaps more comparable or possibly the persecution of Protestants in the early years of their father [[Henry VIII]].

Having inherited the Throne of Spain upon his father's abdication, Philip returned to England from March to July [[1557]] to persuade Mary to join with Spain in a war against [[France]] in the [[Italian Wars]]. Meanwhile, England was full of faction, and seditious pamphlets of Protestant origin inflamed the people with hatred against the Spaniards. But perhaps the strangest thing about the situation was that the [[Pope Paul IV|Pope]] sided with France against Spain. English forces fared badly in the conflict and as a result the Kingdom lost [[Calais]], its last remaining continental possession. Mary later lamented that when she lay dead the words "Philip" and "Calais" would be found inscribed on her [[heart]].

Mary also set in motion currency reform to counteract the dramatic devaluation of the currency overseen by [[Thomas Gresham]] that characterized the last few years of Henry VIII's reign and the reign of Edward VI. These measures, however, were largely unsuccessful and it was only under Elizabeth that economic catastrophe was prevented. Mary's deep religious convictions also inspired her to institute social reforms, although these were unsuccessful as well.

Under her reign, in another of the [[Plantations of Ireland]], English colonists were settled in the Irish midlands to reduce the attacks on [[the Pale]] (the colony around [[Dublin]]). Two counties were created and, in her honour, were named [[County Laois|Queens County]] and, for Phillip, [[County Offaly|Kings County]]. The county town of Queens County was called [[Portlaoise|Maryborough]].

==Death==

During her reign, Mary's weak health led her to suffer numerous phantom pregnancies. After such a delusion was suffered in [[1558]], Mary decreed in her will that her husband Philip should be the [[regent]] during the minority of her child. No child, however, was born, and Mary died at the age of forty-two of [[influenza]], [[uterine cancer]] or [[ovarian cancer]] at [[St. James's Palace]] on [[17 November]] 1558. It has been theorised that an ovarian [[cyst]] prevented her from becoming pregnant. She was succeeded by her half-sister, who became [[Elizabeth I]]. Mary is buried in [[Westminster Abbey]] immediately beside Elizabeth. The Latin inscription on their tomb translates to "Partners both in Throne and grave, here rest we two sisters, Elizabeth and Mary, in the hope of one resurrection".

==Legacy==

Although Mary enjoyed tremendous popular support and sympathy for her mistreatment during the earliest parts of her reign, she lost almost all of it after marrying Philip. The English viewed the marriage as a breach of English independence; they felt that it would make England a mere dependency of Spain. The marriage treaty clearly specified that England was not to be drawn into any Spanish wars, but this guarantee proved meaningless. Philip spent most of his time governing his Spanish and European territories, and little of it with his wife in England. After Mary's death, Philip became a suitor for Elizabeth's hand, but Elizabeth refused.

During the five-year long reign, 283 individuals were [[burning at the stake|burnt at the stake]], twice as many as had suffered the same fate during the previous century and a half of English history, and at a greater rate than under the contemporary [[Spanish Inquisition]]. Several notable clerics were executed; among them were the former Archbishop of Canterbury [[Thomas Cranmer]], the former [[Bishop of London]] [[Nicholas Ridley (martyr)|Nicholas Ridley]] and the reformist [[Hugh Latimer]]. [[John Foxe]] vilified her in a book entitled ''The Actes and Monuments of these latter and perilous Dayes, touching matters of the Church, wherein are comprehended and described the great Persecution and horrible Troubles that have been wrought and practised by the Romishe Prelates, Epeciallye in this Realme of England and Scotland, from the yeare of our Lorde a thousande to the time now present'', commonly called ''The Book of Martyrs''. The persecution of Protestants earned Mary the appellation "Bloody Mary" and led the English people to revile her. It is said that the Spanish ambassadors were aghast at the jubilation and celebration of the people upon her death. Many historians believe, however, that Mary does not deserve all the blame that has been cast upon her. She was not solely responsible for the persecution of Protestants; others who participated included the [[List of Archbishops of Canterbury|Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[Reginald Cardinal Pole]], who was appointed during her reign, the [[Bishop of Winchester]] [[Stephen Gardiner]] and the Bishop of London [[Edmund Bonner]] ("Bloody Bonner", who had been deprived of his see until Mary's accession to the throne) - and many historians quietly forget that her successor Elizabeth I also executed as many indviduals in the same way.

One popular tradition traces the [[nursery rhyme]] ''[[Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary]]'' to Mary's unpopular attempts to bring Roman Catholicism back to England, identifying the "[[cockle]] [[animal shell|shells]]", for example, with the symbol of [[pilgrimage]] to the [[shrine]] of [[Saint James the Great|Saint James]] in [[Santiago de Compostela|Spain]] and the "pretty maids all in a row" with [[nun]]s. Another tradition has it that the rhyme was based on the life of Mary's cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots. There is however no proof that the rhyme was known before the 18th century: see its article for more information.

==Portrayal==

Mary has appeared several times in Tudor-related movies. [[Ann Tyrrell]] made a cameo appearance as Mary in the movie ''[[Young Bess]]'' ([[1953]]). [[Nicola Pagett]] played Mary in the [[1969]] film ''[[Anne of the Thousand Days]]''; Pagett's brief appearance was in a fictitious scene depicting Mary at Catherine of Aragon's deathbed. (Historically, Mary was not present at the time.)

In [[1971]], the [[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]] broadcast the six-part television series ''[[The Six Wives of Henry VIII]]''. In the first part, ''Catherine of Aragon'', the young Princess Mary was portrayed by [[Verina Greenlaw]]. The character, played by [[Alison Frazer]], reappeared in the third part, ''Jane Seymour'', and in the sixth part, ''[[Catherine Parr]]''. In the blockbuster sequel, ''[[Elizabeth R]]'', the middle-aged Mary was played by [[Daphne Slater]].

The [[1985]] movie [[Lady Jane (movie)|''Lady Jane'']] had Mary played by [[Jane Lapotaire]]. In [[1998]], Mary was portrayed by [[Kathy Burke]] in the lavish costume drama ''[[Elizabeth (1998 movie)|Elizabeth]]''. In [[2003]], [[Lara Belmont]] played Mary in the British television drama ''Henry VIII''.

Mary is the subject of the novel, ''The Shadow of the Crown'' by Jean Plaidy. Mary also appears in Philippa Gregory's novel, ''The Queen's Fool'' and in Margaret Irwin's trilogy of Queen Elizabeth youth, ''Young Bess,'' ''Elizabeth, Captive Princess'' and ''Elizabeth and the Prince of Spain.'' For younger readers, Mary's story is told in ''Mary, Bloody Mary'' by Carolyn Meyer.

==Style and arms==

Like Henry VIII and Edward VI, Mary used the style "Majesty", as well as "Highness" and "Grace". "Majesty", which Henry VIII first used on a consistent basis, did not become exclusive until the reign of Elizabeth I's successor, [[James I of England|James I]].

When Mary ascended the Throne, she was proclaimed under the same official style as Henry VIII and Edward VI: "Mary, by the Grace of [[God]], [[List of monarchs of England |Queen of England]], [[English Kings of France | France]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland| Ireland]], [[Fidei defensor|Defender of the Faith]] and of the [[Church of England]] and also of [[Church of Ireland | Ireland]] in [[Earth]] Supreme Head". The "supremacy phrase" at the end of the style was repugnant to Mary's [[Roman Catholic Church | Catholic]] [[faith]]; from [[1554]] onwards, she omitted the phrase without statutory authority, which was not retroactively granted by [[Parliament of the United Kingdom | Parliament]] until [[1555]].

Under Mary's marriage treaty with [[Philip II of Spain]], the couple were jointly styled King and Queen. The official joint style reflected not only Mary's but also Philip's dominions and claims; it was "Philip and Mary, by the grace of God, King and Queen of England, France, [[List of monarchs of Naples and Sicily|Naples]], [[Kings of Jerusalem| Jerusalem]] and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, [[Prince]]s of [[Spain]] and [[Sicily]], [[Archduke]]s of [[Austria]], Dukes of [[Rulers of Milan|Milan]], [[Duke of Burgundy|Burgundy]] and [[Duke of Brabant | Brabant]], Counts of [[Habsburg]], [[Count of Flanders|Flanders]] and [[Tyrol]]". This style, which had been in use since [[1554]], was replaced when Philip inherited the Spanish Crown in [[1556]] with "Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God King and Queen of England, [[List of Spanish monarchs | Spain]], France, Jerusalem, both the Sicilies and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol".

Mary I's [[heraldry|arms]] were the same as those used by her predecessors since [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]]: ''Quarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for [[France]]) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for [[England]])''. Sometimes, Mary's arms were impaled (depicted side-by-side) with those of her husband.

==See also==

*[[List of British monarchs]]

*[[Mary Tudor (queen consort of France)|Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk]]

==References==

*[http://tudorhistory.org/mary/ Eakins, L. E. (2004). "Mary I"]

*"Mary I". (1911). ''Encyclopædia Britannica,'' 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.

*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09766a.htm "Mary Tudor" (1910). ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' (Volume IX). New York: Robert Appleton Company.]

*Williamson, D. (1998). ''The Kings and Queens of England'' New York: National Portrait Gallery.

==External link==

{{commons|Mary I of England}}

*[http://www.archsoc.com/games/Mary.html Stevens, Garry. (2004). "Bloody Mary: Further Intrigue in the Tudor Court"]

{{start box}}

{{succession box two to two |

before=[[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]]<br>( de jure ) <br>[[Lady Jane Grey|Lady Jane Grey]] <br> ( de facto )|

title1=[[List of British monarchs|Queen of England]] |

title2=[[King of Ireland|Queen of Ireland]] |

years1=[[6 July]][[1553]] - [[17 November]][[1558]]|

years2=[[6 July]][[1553]] - [[17 November]][[1558]]|

after=[[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]

}}

{{end box}}

[[Category:1516 births]]

[[Category:1558 deaths]]

[[Category:Henry VIII's children]]

[[Category:Heirs to the English & British thrones]]

[[Category:English monarchs]]

[[Category:History of Catholicism in Britain]]

[[Category:Tudor]]

[[Category:Roman Catholic monarchs]]

[[Category:Queens regnant]]

[[cy:Mair I o Loegr]]

[[da:Maria 1. af England]]

[[de:Maria I. (England)]]

[[es:María Tudor]]

[[fr:Marie Ire d'Angleterre]]

[[ko:메리 1세]]

[[is:María I Englandsdrottning]]

[[it:Maria I d'Inghilterra]]

[[he:מרי הראשונה מלכת אנגליה]]

[[kw:Maria I a Bow Sows]]

[[la:Maria I (regina Anglica)]]

[[nl:Maria I van Engeland]]

[[ja:メアリー1世 (イングランド女王)]]

[[no:Maria I av England]]

{{Link FA|no}}

[[pl:Maria I Tudor]]

[[pt:Maria I de Inglaterra]]

[[fi:Maria I (Englanti)]]

[[sv:Maria I av England]]

[[zh:玛丽一世 (英格兰)]]

{{Link FA|pt}}