Psychological operations and Wikipedia:Peer review: Difference between pages

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'''Psychological Operations''' ('''PSYOP''' or '''PSYOPS''') are planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to specific foreign audiences to influence their [[emotion]]s, [[motive]]s, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of [[government]]s, [[organization]]s, [[Group (sociology)|groups]], and [[individual]]s. The purpose of [[psychological]] operations is to induce or reinforce attitudes and behaviors favorable to the originator's objectives.

<small>''[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:Wikipedia:Peer review|action=purge}} Purge server cache]''</small>

This concept has especially been used by military institutions throughout the [[20th century]].

This page is for nearly Featured-standard articles that need the final checking by peers before being nominated as [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|Featured article candidates]]. '''Requests for peer review''' are listed here to expose articles to closer scrutiny than they might otherwise receive. See [[:Category:Wikipedia style guidelines]] and [[:Category:Wikipedia how-to]] for advice on writing [[Wikipedia:How to write a great article|great articles]]. Or look at the discussion of [[Wikipedia:The perfect article|the perfect article]] and try to reach as many of those ideals as possible. If an article needs extensive work, please list it on [[Wikipedia:Pages needing attention|Pages needing attention]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for expansion|Requests for expansion]] or [[Wikipedia:Cleanup|Cleanup]]. Please list article content disputes on [[Wikipedia:Requests for comment|Requests for comment]] rather than here.

==United Kingdom==

'''Note:''' [[Peer review]] is the process of review by peers and usually implies a group of authoritative reviewers who are equally familiar and expert in the subject. The process represented by this page is not formal peer review in that sense and articles that undergo this process cannot be assumed to have greater authority than any other.

In the [[British Armed Forces]], PSYOPS are handled by the tri-service [[15 Psychological Operations Group]].

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==United States==

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''See also [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer and video games/Peer review|Peer reviews]] for [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer and video games]]''

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[[Image:Symbols_of_PSYOP.JPG|thumb|US Army PSYOP Branch Insignia (Enlisted) and Reg. Crest]]

==Requests==

In the United States [[Department of Defense]], Psychological Operations units exist in the [[United States Army|Army]], and [[United States Air Force|Air Force]].

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==Archives==

Within the U.S. Psychological Operations community, PSYOPS is generally considered to be an incorrect abbreviation. The correct abbreviation is PSYOP.

*'''[[Wikipedia:Peer review/November 2005]] (current)'''

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/October 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/September 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/August 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/July 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/June 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/May 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/April 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/March 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/February 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/January 2005]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/December 2004]]

*[[Wikipedia:Peer review/Archive 3]], [[Wikipedia:Peer review/Archive 2]], [[Wikipedia:Peer review/Archive 1]]

[[Category:Editorial validation]]

===Army===

[[de:Wikipedia:Review]]

The Army's Psychological Operations elements are organized alongside [[Civil Affairs]] to form the [[USACAPOC|US Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command (USACAPOC)]], part of the [[U.S. Army Special Operations Command]] (USASOC). There are both Active Duty and [[United States Army Reserve|Army Reserve]] PSYOP units.

[[fr:Wikipédia:Comité de lecture]]

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One of the many facets of PSYOP is the Tactical PSYOP Team (TPT). A TPT generally consists of a team leader ([[Staff Sergeant]] or [[Sergeant]]), an assistant team leader (Sergeant or [[Specialist]]), and an additional soldier (Specialist) (although ranks are sometimes lower). A team is equipped with a [[High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle|Humvee]] fitted with a loud speaker, and occasionally works with a local translator indigenous to the host or occupied country.

[[fi:Wikipedia:Vertaisarviointi]]

[[zh:Wikipedia:同行评审]]

Generally, each [[battalion]]-sized element in a theater of war has at least one (occasionally more) TPTs attached to it. While women are allowed to hold the psychological operations specialty in the Army, they are not allowed to serve on TPTs in a war zone due to the high level of contact with the enemy (although this rule is occasionally bent).

[[Image:Loudspeaker.jpg|thumb|US Army PSYOP Team, Humvee, and Loudspeaker in Iraq]]

PSYOP soldiers are required to complete nine weeks of [[Basic Combat Training]]. After basic training, all PSYOP soldiers report to [[Fort Bragg, North Carolina|Fort Bragg]] to complete the 16-week Psychological Operation AIT course. The active duty component is then required to go to Airborne training. Upon completion they can spend up to a year in foreign language training. Certain reserve soldiers serving in units designated as Airborne are also required to go to Airborne training directly out of the AIT course. While language training and Airborne training for soldiers in non-Airborne units is awarded to reserve soldiers on a merit and need basis.

===Air Force===

The Air Force runs a specific set of operations for Psychological Operations using a modified [[C-130 Hercules]] aircraft named ''Commando Solo''. The purpose of ''Commando Solo'' is to provide an aerial platform for broadcast media on both television and radio. The media broadcast is created by various agencies and organizations.

===U.S. PSYOP Mistakes===

Every country's PSYOP attempts fall flat on their face sometimes. For example, Iraq's attempt to persuade American troops that while they were dying in Iraq their wives were being made love to by Bart Simpson (unknown to them, a famous American cartoon character).

The United States is not immune to mistakes in its PSYOP operation either. The most recent example of a U.S. PSYOP misstep is the public burning of enemy bodies in [[Afghanistan]]. While the bodies had been left on the battlefield and were to be burned anyway because of hygiene concerns, the decision by a tactical PSYOP team with the [[173rd Airborne]] to burn the bodies in public to try and lure enemy fighters to attack has become a public relations nightmare for the U.S. Army.

[[Image:Psyoppatches.JPG|thumb|Left: US Army Civil Affairs Psychological Operations Command patch. Worn by soldiers in any current PSYOP unit. Right: US Army 1st Special Operation Command patch (obsolete). Formerly the patch worn by PSYOP soldiers.]]

During the [[War on Terror]] U.S. PSYOP teams often use the broadcasting of inflammatory messages over loudspeakers to try tempting enemy fighters into a direct confrontation where the Americans have the upper hand. In the Afghanistan incident, a PSYOP sergeant read out the following inflammatory message to the Taliban:

''"Attention, Taliban, you are all cowardly dogs. You allowed your fighters to be laid down facing west and burned. You are too scared to retrieve their bodies. This just proves you are the lady boys we always believed you to be."''

U. S. authorities were to investigate the incident which may have contravened the [[Geneva convention]]. [http://www.japantoday.com/e/?content=news&cat=7&id=352718]

==See also==

*[[Psychological warfare]]

*[[Information warfare]]

*[[Propaganda]]

*[[15 Psychological Operations Group]] ([[British Armed Forces]])

==External links==

*[http://www.psywar.org/ PsyWar.Org - Psychological Operations and Black Propaganda] The history of psychological warfare / PSYOP with an extensive library of aerial propaganda leaflets.

*http://www.psywarrior.com/

*http://www.iwar.org.uk/psyops/

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4396351.stm U.S. PSYOP producing mid-eastern kids comic book]

* http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/branches/PsychologicalOperations.htm

* [http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/oss/oss.htm OSS -- Development of Psychological Warfare (WWII)]

*http://www.clandestineradio.com/

[[Category:Psychological warfare]]

[[Category:Propaganda]]