Strategic Petroleum Reserve (United States) and Thealogy: Difference between pages

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'''Thealogy''' is literally the study of the [[Goddess]] ([[Greek language|Greek]] θεά, ''thea'', "goddess" + λόγος, ''logos'', "study"). In [[1993]], [[Charlotte Caron]]'s definition of '''thealogy''' as "reflection on the divine in feminine and feminist terms" appeared, but the term actually originates in the writings of [[Isaac Bonewits]] in [[1974]].

The '''Strategic Petroleum Reserve''' (SPR) is an emergency [[petroleum]] store maintained by the [[United States]] [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]]. It is the largest emergency supply in the world with the capacity to hold up to 727 million [[barrel (unit)|barrel]]s (116 million [[cubic metre|m³]]) of [[crude oil]].

==First Facilities uses==

The reserve is stored at four sites on the [[Gulf of Mexico]], each located near a major center of petrochemical refining and processing. Each site contains a number of artificial caverns created in [[salt dome]]s below the surface. (''Note'': Capacity numbers may be out of date.)

* Bryan Mound - located near [[Freeport, Texas]]. Has a capacity of 226 million barrels (36,000,000 m²).

* Big Hill - located near [[Winnie, Texas]]. Has a capacity of 160 million barrels (25,000,000 m²).

* West Hackberry - located near [[Lake Charles, Louisiana]]. Has a capacity of 219 million barrels (35,000,000 m²).

* Bayou Choctaw - located near [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]]. Has a capacity of 72 million barrels (11,000,000 m²).

===First(?) usages===

Individual caverns within a site can be up to 1000 m below the surface, average dimensions are 60 m wide and 600 m deep, and capacity ranges from 6 to 30 million barrels (1 to 5 million m³). Almost $4 billion was spent on the facilities. The decision to store in caverns was taken to reduce costs; the Dept. of Energy claims it is roughly 10 times cheaper to store oil below surface with the added advantages of no leaks and a constant natural churn of the oil due to a temperature gradient in the caverns. The caverns were created by drilling down and then dissolving the salt with water.

In "The Druid Chronicles (Evolved)," privately published in [[1976]], Isaac Bonewits used "thealogian" to refer to a Wiccan author ([[Aidan Kelly]], aka "C. Taliesin Edwards," who may have given him the term or vice versa) and "theilogy" (defined as "the study of more than one God"). Bonewits also used "theilogy" (and possibly "thealogy," since he thinks he coined them at the same time) in the pages of the widely-distributed "Gnostica" magazine he edited in 1974 and [[1975]].

A fifth site, Weeks Island in [[Iberia Parish, Louisiana]], had a capacity of 72 million barrels (11,000,000 m²), but was decommissioned in [[1999]]. Unlike the other facilities, the Weeks Island caverns were a conventional near-surface [[salt mine]], formerly owned by [[Morton Salt]]. In [[1993]], a [[sinkhole]] formed on the site, allowing fresh water to intrude into the caverns.

"The Druid Chronicles (Evolved)" were a three-year project starting in 1974 and finished (published) in 1976. The article referred to within "The Druid Chronicles (Evolved)" is dated to the summer of 1976. Moreover, this is almost certainly not the first usage; the context of "thealogian" is in citing a work by C. Taliesin Edwards, "Essays towards a Meta''thealogy'' of the Goddess." [stress added] There is, however, a possibility that Bonewits altered the name of the work to fit with his terminology. He is attempting to track this down. Kelley himself has said to Bonewits that he can't remember which of the two of them said "thealogy" to the other first.

Because of the caverns' construction in salt deposits, fresh water would erode the walls, potentially causing the structure to fail. The caverns were backfilled with salt-saturated [[brine]]. This process which allowed for recovery of 98% of the petroleum stored in the facility, reduced the risk of further freshwater intrusion, and helped prevent the remaining oil from leaking into the [[aquifer]] that is located over the salt dome.

In [[1976]], [[Valerie Saiving]], ending her "[[Androcentrism]] in Religious Studies" made a much quoted invocation that yearns towards something as yet undefined-

== History ==

Access to the reserve is determined by the conditions written into the 1975 Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA), primarily to counter a severe supply interruption. The maximum removal rate, by physical constraints, is 4.3 million barrels per day (8 m³/s). Oil could begin entering the marketplace 13 days after a Presidential order. The Dept. of Energy says that it has about 7 to 8 weeks worth of inventory protection in the SPR. This, combined with private sector inventory protection, is estimated to total 150 days worth of emergency supply.

:''it is just possible that the unheard testimony of that half of the human species which has for so long been rendered inarticulate may have something to tell us about the holy which we have not known - something which can finally make us whole.''

The SPR was created following the [[1973 energy crisis]]. The EPCA of [[December 22]], [[1975]], made it policy for the U.S. to establish a billion barrel (159 million m³) reserve. A number of existing storage sites were acquired in 1977. Construction of the first surface facilities began in June 1977. On [[July 21]], [[1977]], the first oil—approximately 412,000 barrels (66,000 m³) of Saudi Arabian light crude—was delivered to the SPR. Fill was suspended in FY 1995 to devote budget resources to refurbishing the SPR equipment and extending the life of the complex. The current SPR sites are expected to be usable until around 2025. Fill was resumed in 1999.

::(Saiving 1976:197)

===Second(?) usage ===

Oil has been removed under emergency conditions only once in 1991 and an authorization to release more oil was authorized on [[August 31]], [[2005]] to help refineries whose operations had been hurt by [[Hurricane Katrina]]. However, oil has been temporarily loaned out or exchanged to private oil companies in a few circumstances. These include an ARCO pipeline disruption in April 1996; an exchange of 11 million barrels (1,800,000 m³) of Maya crude oil for 8.5 million barrels (1,400,000 m³) of higher value crude oil in 1998; a dry dock collapse in June 2000 just north of the Intracoastal Waterway near Lake Charles, Louisiana used by CITGO and Conoco refineries; and temporary loans in response to supply disruptions following [[Hurricane Lili]] in 2002 and several strong storms during the [[2004 Atlantic hurricane season]].

In "The Changing of the Gods" 1979:96, [[Naomi Goldenberg]] selfconsciously introduces the term as a half whimsical possibility, an inspirational comment, not a prelude to exegesis. She does not go on to define what thealogy might be, other than the implicit femininity of the coinage. This lack was perhaps because at that time the very assertion of a serious feminist analysis of religion was virtually unheard of, and the introduction of the concept was an excitingly powerful, but vague, possibility.

On [[November 13]], [[2001]], President [[George W. Bush]] announced that the SPR would be filled, saying, "The Strategic Petroleum Reserve is an important element of our Nation's energy security. To maximize long-term protection against oil supply disruptions, I am directing...the Secretary of Energy to fill the SPR up to its 700 million barrel [111,000,000 m³] capacity." The highest prior level was reached in 1994 with 592 million barrels (94 million m³). At the time of President Bush's directive, the SPR contained about 545 million barrels (87 million m³). By redirecting a certain amount of imported crude oil to the reserve, some think this effectively raised oil prices by 28 cents per gallon (7c/L). Since the directive in 2001, the capacity of the SPR increased by 27 million barrels (4.3 million m³) due to natural corrosion of the salt caverns in which the reserves are stored.

This is not to say that both Goldenberg and Saiving do not both offer extremely solid chunks of thealogy, but they do not give an overview of something to which they were midwives.

On [[August 17]], [[2005]], the SPR reached its goal of 700 million barrels (111,000,000 m³), or about 96% of its now-increased 727 million barrel capacity. Approximately 60% of the crude oil in the reserve is the less desirable sour (high [[sulfur]] content) variety. The oil delivered to the reserve is "royalty-in-kind" oil—royalties owed to the U.S. government by operators who acquire leases on the federally-owned Outer Continental Shelf in the Gulf of Mexico. These royalties were previously collected as cash, but in 1998 the government began testing the effectiveness of collecting royalties "in kind" - or in other words, acquiring the crude oil itself. This mechanism was adopted when refilling the SPR began, and once refilling is completed, future royalties will be paid into the Federal treasury.

===Bonewits again===

On [[August 31]], [[2005]], [[George W. Bush|President George W. Bush]] authorized the SPR to release oil to help refineries whose operations had been affected by [[Hurricane Katrina]]. Katrina had shut down an estimated 95% of crude production and 88% of natural gas output in the Gulf of Mexico. This amounted to a quarter of total US output. About 735 oil and natural gas rigs and platforms had been evacuated due to the hurricane.

Also in [[1979]], in the first revised edition of "Real Magic," Bonewits defined "thealogy" in his Glossary this way: "Intellectual speculations concerning the nature of the Goddess and Her relations to the world in general and humans in particular; rational explanations of religious doctrines, practices and beliefs, which may or may not bear any connection to any religion as actually conceived and practiced by the majority of its members." While the last clause was his editorializing, the majority of the definition was adapted by removing sexist assumptions from a dictionary then in his library. Also in the same glossary, he defined "theology" and "theoilogy" (spelled correctly this time) with nearly identical words, changing the pronouns appropriately. He has since dropped the use of "theoilogy" in favor of "polytheology," also first published by him in the 1974 "Druid Chronicles."

==SPR petroleum sales==

*[[1985]] - Test sale - 1.1 million barrels (175,000 m³)

*[[1990]]/[[1991|91]] - [[Desert Storm]] sale - 21 million barrels (3.3 million m³)

**4 million in August 1990 test sale

**17 million in January 1991 Presidentially-ordered drawdown

*[[1996]]-[[1997|97]] total non-emergency sales for deficit reduction - 28 million barrels (4.5 million m³)

In [[2003]] he pointed out that "thealogy" is an obvious coinage that may have been invented many times, and that feminist scholars are unlikely to have been familiar with his writings.

==External links==

* [http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves/ DOE Fossil Energy: Petroleum Reserves]

* [http://www.spr.doe.gov/reports/dir.htm Current inventory]

* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011113.html President Orders Strategic Petroleum Reserve Filled] - November 13, 2001

* [http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/afp/20050831/pl_afp/usweatheroil_050831130701 President authorizes release of oil due to Hurricane Katrina] - August 31, 2005

=== Growing usage by Carol Christ and Ursula King ===

[[Carol Christ]] used the term more substantially in "Laughter of Aphrodite" [[1987]].

[[Category:Peak oil]]

[[Category:Petroleum]]

In [[1989]] [[Ursula King]] notes its growing usage as a fundamental departure from traditional male-oriented theology, characterised by its privileging of symbols over rational explanation. She chronicles sympathetically that-

[[Category:United States Department of Energy]]

:''most writing on the Goddess, when not historical, is either inspirational or devotional, and a systematically ordered body of thought, even with reference to symbols, is only slowly coming into existence.''

::(1989:126-127)

== Further expansion of thealogy by Starr* Saffa ==

Tahirih Thealogy

The basic Definition of TheAlogy as opposed to Theology means viewing the world incorporating the Female lens which to a great extent in the past has been omitted in Theology.

Tahirih TheAlogy is religion beyond religion, politics beyond politics, and spiritual feminism beyond feminism in that it recognizes the Cosmic Christ Spirit in every individual and sets out the pattern of balance for the Sixth Cycle of humanity based on magnetic attraction vs. force and patriarchal constructs.

During the later part of 2004 Starr* Saffa introduced Tahirih Thealogy and the Tahirih Path in her book entitled “Tahirih Thealogy: Female Christ Spirit of the Age” based on the figure of the 19th Century Iranian born Prophet-Poetess Tahirih who was also known as Qurratu’l-ayn, and the return of Fatima.

Tahirih taught that inner knowledge is trumps and Starr* Saffa says Tahirih TheAlogy has the potential to unite East and West where everyone can be living Tahirih’s in this day through the continuous flow of Spirit.

== Definition by Charlotte Caron ==

In [[1993]] Charlotte Caron's definition of thealogy as "reflection on the divine in feminine and feminist terms" appeared in "To Make and Make Again" (quoted from Russell & Clarkson 1996). By this time the concept had gained considerable (though conventionally marginal) status, broadly analogous to Ruether's view of radical feminist theology as opposed to reformist [[feminist theology]].

=== Melissa Raphael's view ===

In [[1997]] [[Melissa Raphael]] wrote "Thealogy & Embodiment" which put the usage firmly on the map, and which she sustained in her subsequent "Thealogy: Discourse on the Goddess" ([[1999]]?). Together with Carol Christ's "Rebirth of the Goddess" 1997 Raphael's work provides a start for the "systematically ordered body of thought" King found lacking in 1989.

== Three interpretations of thealogy ==

There are perhaps three distinct interpretations of thealogy, and they are evident in the briefing above.

*Christ, King and Raphael focus thealogy specifically on [[Goddess]] spirituality.

*Caron defines a broader field of a female worldview of the [[sacred]].

*Goldenberg's neologism as a political stance that marks the [[androcentrism]] of historical [[theology]] permeates the other two and raises its own issues.

=== Thealogy as Goddess spirituality ===

Taking the Goddess variant first, and it seems the commonest to the point where thealogy is typically assumed to be purely Goddess based, a linguistic derivation from the Greek "thea"

(goddess). Goddess systematics inevitably face the question of "god in a skirt" or not, a subtly [[sexism|sexist]] tag that nonetheless carries a genuine issue. This can be viewed as sexist because "in a skirt" defines a subject norm as altered, trivialised, and definitely derivative, much as some have considered the female to have been historically defined in relation to the male. Thealogy specifically aims to counter what its proponents perceive as the massive [[dualism|dualistic]] sexism in the field of religion, by asserting a female [[worldview]] that is not merely reformist or derivative, so its proponents would see this quip as especially destructive.

=== Broad interpretation of thealogy (Caron) ===

Caron's definition "Reflection on the divine in feminine and feminist terms" holds a caution for feminist theologians and thealogians alike that the female sacred extends beyond the feminist agenda. Often theology or feminist thealogy writes as if the Goddess is a feminist discovery. The "womenspirit" Goddess is a highly selected deity who for thealogians such as Christ has nothing to do with goddess practices such as violent sacrifice, or validating a male conqueror. However, this can be seen to be as inauthentic as the habit of some Christians of disowning the [[Inquisition]] as "not done by real Christians" (see the "[[no true Scotsman]]" [[logical fallacy]]).

Nor is it a matter only of past history: many members of a huge international organisation like the [[Fellowship of Isis]] would not identify as feminist, nor would a great many [[Pagan]]s. Outside the goddessing of western [[New religious movement|NRMs]] thealogy can recognise and give due respect to the world millions in village and tribal religions who look to goddesses in ways that may or may

not be feminist, and Caron's definition allows thealogy to be this widely inclusive.

This broader view accords well with the kind of fluid systematics profiled by [[Cynthia Eller]] when she reports her respondent [[Margaret Keane]] as saying:

:''I don't make those kind of distinctions that you hear about, they don't make any sense to me. You can say it's the Great Goddess, and that's the one Goddess, but she's also all of the many goddesses, and that's true. And she's everywhere. She's immanent in everything, in the sparkle of the sun on the sea, and even in an animistic concept. I think certain objects can embody that force and power. So I worship the Great Goddess, and I'm polytheistic and pantheistic and monotheistic too. And I also have a feeling for nature spirits...''

::(1993 :132-133)

This broader view has most recently been labelled by [[Michael York]] as "polymorphic thealogy." He also raises the issue of whether thealogy venerates one Goddess or many, which some thealogicians consider a non-question since it arises from a monotheist worldview that they do not hold.

However Caron's definition falls short of explicitly allowing for male positions in thealogy.

=== A challenge to androcentrism ===

The third interpretation of thealogy as an assertion of female sacred worldviews is clearly political. The notes above touch on how this usage aims to counter the deeply established dualistic relegation of female as derivative, making the male the norm: as [[Mary Daly]] put it "If God is male, then the male is God."

Thealogy has been criticised as [[essentialism|essentialist]] by [[queer theory|queer theorists]] and others.

To a thealogian it is important to explore the female worldview (not only but notably of the sacred) and not be compelled to take off female spectacles when looking at themes beyond female [[psychobiology]]. A speaker may choose to adopt a kind of gender neutral stance insofar as she can, or she may try to empathise with a male worldview, and a male speaker vice versa.

== Linguistic twiddling ==

Many scholars find the term "thealogy" exasperating, a linguistic twiddling, including some feminist theologians. But the position of women operating within the male worldview of theology, as in most of [[feminist theology]], is more marginal than in the general run of professional occupations these days. The rigidly entrenched sexism in the contemporary academy perceived by some thealogs recalls situations of general Women's Liberation in 1972, rather than society 30 years later (see recent research studies Ofsted UK).

==See also==

*[[God and gender]]

*[[feminist theology]]

*[[goddess]]

*[[goddess worship]]

==References==

* Isaac Bonewits "The Second Epistle of Isaac" in "the Druid Chronicles (Evolved)" Berkeley Drunemeton Press, 1974.

*Isaac Bonewits "Real Magic" Creative Arts Book Co., 1979

*Charlotte Caron "To Make and Make Again: Feminist Ritual Thealogy" NY Crossroad 1993

*Carol Christ "Rebirth of the Goddess:Finding meaning in feminist spirituality" Routledge 1997

*Cynthia Eller "Living in the Lap of the Goddess: The Feminist Spirituality Movement in America" Crossroad 1993

*Naomi Goldenberg "The Changing of the Gods" 1979

*Ursula King "Women and Spirituality" Macmillan 1989

*Melissa Raphael "Thealogy & Embodiment" 1997 Sheffield Academic Press

*Melissa Raphael "Introducing Thealogy: Discourse on the Goddess" 1999 Sheffield Academic Press

*Letty M. Russell & J Shannon Clarkson "Dictionary of Feminist Theologies" Mowbray 1996.

*Starr* Saffa "Tahirih Thealogy: Female Christ Spirit of the Age" OzForUs Publishing 2004; Zeus-publications 2005.

*Valerie Saiving "Androcentrism in Religious Studies" in Journal of Religion 56:1976:177-97

[[Category:Theology]]