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'''Thealogy''' is literally the study of the [[Goddess]] ([[Greek language|Greek]] θεά, ''thea'', "goddess" + λόγος, ''logos'', "study"). In [[1993]], [[Charlotte Caron]]'s definition of '''thealogy''' as "reflection on the divine in feminine and feminist terms" appeared, but the term actually originates in the writings of [[Isaac Bonewits]] in [[1974]].
[[Image:Anthony_burgess.jpg|frame|left|Anthony Burgess]]
==First uses==
'''Anthony Burgess''' (b. John Burgess Wilson) was an English novelist and critic who lived from 1917 to 1993. He was also active as a composer, librettist, poet, playwright, screenwriter, journalist, essayist, travel writer, broadcaster, translator and educationalist. His fiction includes the Malayan trilogy (''[[The Long Day Wanes]]''), on the dying days of Britain's empire in the East; the [[(Anthony Burgess's) Enderby|Enderby]] cycle of comic novels, about a reclusive poet and his muse; the classic story of Shakespeare's love-life ''[[(Anthony Burgess's) Nothing Like the Sun|Nothing Like the Sun]]''; the cult exploration of the nature of evil ''[[A Clockwork Orange]]''; and the panoramic Tolstoyan saga ''[[Earthly Powers]]''. He gave us searching critical studies of [[James Joyce|Joyce]], [[Ernest Hemingway|Hemingway]], [[Shakespeare]] and [[D.H. Lawrence|Lawrence]]; produced the coruscating treatises on linguistics [[Language Made Plain]] and [[A Mouthful of Air]]; and turned out vast quantities of reviews and other journalism, in various languages, for newspapers and magazines across the world. He translated ''[[Cyrano de Bergerac (play)|Cyrano de Bergerac]]'', ''[[Oedipus the King]]'' and ''[[Carmen]]'' for theater; scripted ''[[Jesus of Nazareth (movie)|Jesus of Nazareth]]'' and ''[[Moses the Lawgiver]]'' for the screen; and composed the ''[[Sinfoni Melayu]]'', the Symphony (No. 3) in C, and the acclaimed opera ''[[Blooms of Dublin]]''.
===First(?) usages===
In "The Druid Chronicles (Evolved)," privately published in [[1976]], Isaac Bonewits used "thealogian" to refer to a Wiccan author ([[Aidan Kelly]], aka "C. Taliesin Edwards," who may have given him the term or vice versa) and "theilogy" (defined as "the study of more than one God"). Bonewits also used "theilogy" (and possibly "thealogy," since he thinks he coined them at the same time) in the pages of the widely-distributed "Gnostica" magazine he edited in 1974 and [[1975]].
==Life==
===Childhood===
Anthony Burgess was born on [[February 25]], [[1917]] in Harpurhey, a northeastern quarter of [[Manchester]], Lancashire, [[England]], to a Catholic family. He was left without a mother at one year old by the [[1918]]–[[1919]] [[influenza]] [[pandemic]] ("Spanish flu"), which also took the life of his sister Muriel.
"The Druid Chronicles (Evolved)" were a three-year project starting in 1974 and finished (published) in 1976. The article referred to within "The Druid Chronicles (Evolved)" is dated to the summer of 1976. Moreover, this is almost certainly not the first usage; the context of "thealogian" is in citing a work by C. Taliesin Edwards, "Essays towards a Meta''thealogy'' of the Goddess." [stress added] There is, however, a possibility that Bonewits altered the name of the work to fit with his terminology. He is attempting to track this down. Kelley himself has said to Bonewits that he can't remember which of the two of them said "thealogy" to the other first.
His mother, Elizabeth Burgess Wilson, had been a minor actress and dancer appearing at such theaters as the Manchester Ardwick Empire. Her stage name was "The Beautiful Belle Burgess". His father, Joseph Wilson, who died in 1948, was among other things a "bookie" (a person who takes bets, largely for horse-racing) and a pianist in movie theaters, accompanying the silent films of the era (see the novel ''The Pianoplayers''). Burgess described his father, who remarried, to a pub landlady, as "a mostly absent drunk who called himself a father".
In [[1976]], [[Valerie Saiving]], ending her "[[Androcentrism]] in Religious Studies" made a much quoted invocation that yearns towards something as yet undefined-
Having some Scottish and Irish blood – it is not clear in what quantities – Burgess was raised by his maternal aunt, and later by his stepmother. Christened John Burgess Wilson, he was known as Jack. His childhood was a solitary one: and he was living in rooms above an "off-licence" (liquor store) and newspaper-tobacconist shop that his aunt ran, and above a "pub" (public house or bar).
:''it is just possible that the unheard testimony of that half of the human species which has for so long been rendered inarticulate may have something to tell us about the holy which we have not known - something which can finally make us whole.''
===Youth and education===
::(Saiving 1976:197)
Burgess was schooled at St Edmund's Roman Catholic Elementary School, and later at Bishop Bilsborrow Memorial Roman Catholic Primary School in Moss Side. Good grades from the latter institution resulted in a place at the noted Manchester Catholic secondary school [[Xaverian College]].
===Second(?) usage ===
He entered the [[University of Manchester]] in 1937, graduating three years later with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, 2nd class honours, upper division, in English language and literature. His thesis was on the subject of Marlowe's ''Dr Faustus''.
In "The Changing of the Gods" 1979:96, [[Naomi Goldenberg]] selfconsciously introduces the term as a half whimsical possibility, an inspirational comment, not a prelude to exegesis. She does not go on to define what thealogy might be, other than the implicit femininity of the coinage. This lack was perhaps because at that time the very assertion of a serious feminist analysis of religion was virtually unheard of, and the introduction of the concept was an excitingly powerful, but vague, possibility.
He had originally wanted to study music, but his grades in physics – then a requirement for the subject – were deemed not high enough to qualify for a place on the program.
This is not to say that both Goldenberg and Saiving do not both offer extremely solid chunks of thealogy, but they do not give an overview of something to which they were midwives.
Burgess's father died of flu in 1938 and his stepmother of a heart attack in 1940.
===WarBonewits serviceagain===
In [[1940]] Burgess began an unheroic wartime stint with the military, beginning with the [[Royal Army Medical Corps]], which included a period at a field ambulance station at Morpeth, Northumberland, England, and during which time he also directed an army dance band. He later moved to the Army Educational Corps, where among other things he conducted speech therapy at a lunatic asylum. He failed in his aspiration to win an officer's commission.
Also in [[1979]], in the first revised edition of "Real Magic," Bonewits defined "thealogy" in his Glossary this way: "Intellectual speculations concerning the nature of the Goddess and Her relations to the world in general and humans in particular; rational explanations of religious doctrines, practices and beliefs, which may or may not bear any connection to any religion as actually conceived and practiced by the majority of its members." While the last clause was his editorializing, the majority of the definition was adapted by removing sexist assumptions from a dictionary then in his library. Also in the same glossary, he defined "theology" and "theoilogy" (spelled correctly this time) with nearly identical words, changing the pronouns appropriately. He has since dropped the use of "theoilogy" in favor of "polytheology," also first published by him in the 1974 "Druid Chronicles."
In 1942 he married, in [[Bournemouth]], the Welsh-born school principal's daughter Llwela Jones, known as Lynne. She had been a fellow student at Manchester University. Their union was childless.
In [[2003]] he pointed out that "thealogy" is an obvious coinage that may have been invented many times, and that feminist scholars are unlikely to have been familiar with his writings.
Burgess was stationed for a time in [[Gibraltar]], a British naval base off the coast of [[Spain]], at an army garrison (see ''A Vision of Battlements''). Here he was a training college lecturer in speech and drama, teaching German, Russian, French and Spanish, and he helped instruct the troops in "The British Way and Purpose". He was also an instructor for the Central Advisory Council for Forces Education of the UK Ministry of Education.
=== Growing usage by Carol Christ and Ursula King ===
===Early teaching career===
Leaving the army with the rank of sergeant-major in 1946, Burgess was for the next four years a lecturer in speech and drama, and at the Mid-West School of Education near Wolverhampton, at the Bamber Bridge Emergency Teacher Training College (known as "the Brigg" and associated with the [[University of Birmingham]]), near Preston, northern England.
[[Carol Christ]] used the term more substantially in "Laughter of Aphrodite" [[1987]].
At the end of 1950 he took up a job as a secondary school teacher of English literature on the staff of Banbury Grammar School in the market town of [[Banbury]], Oxfordshire (see ''The Worm and the Ring'', which the then mayoress of Banbury claimed libeled her). In addition to his teaching duties Burgess was required to supervise sports from time to time, and he ran the school's drama society.
In [[1989]] [[Ursula King]] notes its growing usage as a fundamental departure from traditional male-oriented theology, characterised by its privileging of symbols over rational explanation. She chronicles sympathetically that-
The years were to be looked back on as some of the happiest of Burgess's life. Thanks to financial assistance provided by his first wife Lynne's father, the couple were able to buy a cottage in the picturesque village of [[Adderbury]], not far from Banbury.
:''most writing on the Goddess, when not historical, is either inspirational or devotional, and a systematically ordered body of thought, even with reference to symbols, is only slowly coming into existence.''
Burgess organised a number of amateur theatrical events in his spare time involving local people and students, including productions of [[T.S. Eliot]]'s ''Sweeney Agonistes'' (Burgess had named the Adderbury cottage Little Gidding, after one of Eliot's ''[[Four Quartets]]'') and [[Aldous Huxley]]'s ''The Giaconda Smile''.
::(1989:126-127)
== Further expansion of thealogy by Starr* Saffa ==
It was in Adderbury that Burgess cut his journalistic teeth, with several of his contributions published in the local newspaper the ''Banbury Guardian''.
Tahirih Thealogy
The would-be writer was a habitué of the pubs of the village, especially one called The Bell, where his predilection for consuming large quantities of cider was noted at the time.
The basic Definition of TheAlogy as opposed to Theology means viewing the world incorporating the Female lens which to a great extent in the past has been omitted in Theology.
===Malaya===
Tahirih TheAlogy is religion beyond religion, politics beyond politics, and spiritual feminism beyond feminism in that it recognizes the Cosmic Christ Spirit in every individual and sets out the pattern of balance for the Sixth Cycle of humanity based on magnetic attraction vs. force and patriarchal constructs.
In January 1954 Burgess was was interviewed by the British Colonial Office for a post in [[Malaya]] (now [[Malaysia]]) as a teacher and education officer in the British colonial service. Several months later he and his wife travelled to Singapore by the liner ''Willem Ruys'' from Southampton with stops in Port Said and Colombo.
During the later part of 2004 Starr* Saffa introduced Tahirih Thealogy and the Tahirih Path in her book entitled “Tahirih Thealogy: Female Christ Spirit of the Age” based on the figure of the 19th Century Iranian born Prophet-Poetess Tahirih who was also known as Qurratu’l-ayn, and the return of Fatima.
Burgess was stationed initially in [[Kuala Kangsar]], the royal town in [[Perak]], in what were then known as the Federated Malay States. Here he taught at the [[Malay College Kuala Kangsar|Malay College]], dubbed "the Eton of the East" and now known as Malay College Kuala Kangsar (MCKK).
Tahirih taught that inner knowledge is trumps and Starr* Saffa says Tahirih TheAlogy has the potential to unite East and West where everyone can be living Tahirih’s in this day through the continuous flow of Spirit.
In addition to his teaching duties at this school for the sons of leading Malayans, he had responsibilities as a "housemaster" in charge of students of the preparatory (junior) school, who were housed at a Victorian-era mansion known as "King's Pavilion". The building was once occupied by the British Resident in Perak. This edifice had gained notoriety during World War II as a place of torture, being the local headquarters of the ''[[Kempeitai]]'' (Japanese secret police).
== Definition by Charlotte Caron ==
As his novels and autobiography document, Burgess's late 1950s coincided with the communist insurgency, an undeclared war known as the [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948-60) when rubber planters and members of the European community – not to mention many Malays, Chinese and Tamils – were subject to frequent terrorist attack.
In [[1993]] Charlotte Caron's definition of thealogy as "reflection on the divine in feminine and feminist terms" appeared in "To Make and Make Again" (quoted from Russell & Clarkson 1996). By this time the concept had gained considerable (though conventionally marginal) status, broadly analogous to Ruether's view of radical feminist theology as opposed to reformist [[feminist theology]].
Following, but not necessarily consequent upon, an alleged dispute with the Malay College's principal about accommodation for himself and his wife, Burgess was posted elsewhere – the couple occupied an apparently rather noisy apartment in the building mentioned above, where privacy was supposedly minimal. This, at any rate, was the reason given for his transfer to the Malay Teachers' Training College at [[Kota Bharu]], [[Kelantan]]. This is located on the Siamese border; the Thais had ceded the area to the British in 1909 and a British adviser had been installed.
=== Melissa Raphael's view ===
Burgess attained fluency in Malay, spoken and written (the language was still at that time rendered in the Arabic script known as [[Jawi]]). He spent much of his free time engaged in creative writing, "as a sort of gentlemanly hobby, because I knew there wasn't any money in it". He published his first novels, ''Time For A Tiger'', ''The Enemy in the Blanket'' and ''Beds in the East''. These became known as "The Malayan Trilogy" and were later to be published in one volume as ''The Long Day Wanes''. During his time in the East he also wrote ''English Literature: A Survey for Students'', and this book was in fact the first Burgess work published (if we do not count an essay published in the youth section of the London newspaper the ''Daily Express'' when Burgess was a child).
In [[1997]] [[Melissa Raphael]] wrote "Thealogy & Embodiment" which put the usage firmly on the map, and which she sustained in her subsequent "Thealogy: Discourse on the Goddess" ([[1999]]?). Together with Carol Christ's "Rebirth of the Goddess" 1997 Raphael's work provides a start for the "systematically ordered body of thought" King found lacking in 1989.
===Brunei===
== Three interpretations of thealogy ==
After a period of leave in Britain in 1959, he took up a further Eastern post, this time at the Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin College in [[Bandar Seri Begawan]], [[Brunei]], a sultanate on the northern coast of the island of [[Borneo]]. Brunei had been a British protectorate since 1888, and was not to achieve independence until 1984. In Brunei Burgess sketched the novel that, when it was published in 1961, was to be entitled ''Devil of a State'' . Although the novel dealt with Brunei, for libel reasons the action had to be transposed to an imaginary East African "sultanate" similar to [[Zanzibar]].
There are perhaps three distinct interpretations of thealogy, and they are evident in the briefing above.
But before long Burgess had "collapsed" in a Brunei classroom while teaching history (he was explaining to his Bruneian students the causes and consequences of the [[Boston Tea Party]]). He is thought at this time to have been diagnosed as having an inoperable brain tumour, with the likelihood of only surviving a short time, occasioning the alleged breakdown. However, this is disputed. Some accounts have him suffering from the effects of prolonged heavy drinking (and associated poor nutrition), of the often oppressive Southeast Asian climate, of chronic constipation, and of overwork and professional disappointment. As he put it, the scions of the sultans and of the elite in Brunei "did not wish to be taught", because the free-flowing abundance of oil guaranteed their income and privileged status.
*Christ, King and Raphael focus thealogy specifically on [[Goddess]] spirituality.
*Caron defines a broader field of a female worldview of the [[sacred]].
*Goldenberg's neologism as a political stance that marks the [[androcentrism]] of historical [[theology]] permeates the other two and raises its own issues.
=== Thealogy as Goddess spirituality ===
Describing the Brunei debacle to an interviewer over twenty years later, Burgess commented: "One day in the classroom I decided that I'd had enough and to let others take over. I just lay down on the floor out of interest to see what would happen." On another occasion he described it as "a willed collapse out of sheer boredom and frustration". But he gave a different account to the British arts and media veteran Jeremy Isaacs in 1987 when he said: "I was driven out of the Colonial Service for political reasons that were disguised as clinical reasons."
Taking the Goddess variant first, and it seems the commonest to the point where thealogy is typically assumed to be purely Goddess based, a linguistic derivation from the Greek "thea"
===Repatriate years===
(goddess). Goddess systematics inevitably face the question of "god in a skirt" or not, a subtly [[sexism|sexist]] tag that nonetheless carries a genuine issue. This can be viewed as sexist because "in a skirt" defines a subject norm as altered, trivialised, and definitely derivative, much as some have considered the female to have been historically defined in relation to the male. Thealogy specifically aims to counter what its proponents perceive as the massive [[dualism|dualistic]] sexism in the field of religion, by asserting a female [[worldview]] that is not merely reformist or derivative, so its proponents would see this quip as especially destructive.
=== Broad interpretation of thealogy (Caron) ===
He was repatriated and spent some time in a London hospital (see ''The Doctor Is Sick''). There he underwent cerebral tests which, as far as can be made out, proved negative.
Caron's definition "Reflection on the divine in feminine and feminist terms" holds a caution for feminist theologians and thealogians alike that the female sacred extends beyond the feminist agenda. Often theology or feminist thealogy writes as if the Goddess is a feminist discovery. The "womenspirit" Goddess is a highly selected deity who for thealogians such as Christ has nothing to do with goddess practices such as violent sacrifice, or validating a male conqueror. However, this can be seen to be as inauthentic as the habit of some Christians of disowning the [[Inquisition]] as "not done by real Christians" (see the "[[no true Scotsman]]" [[logical fallacy]]).
On his discharge, benefitting from a sum of money Lynn had inherited from her father together with their savings built up over six years in the East, he found he had the financial independence to become a full-time writer.
Nor is it a matter only of past history: many members of a huge international organisation like the [[Fellowship of Isis]] would not identify as feminist, nor would a great many [[Pagan]]s. Outside the goddessing of western [[New religious movement|NRMs]] thealogy can recognise and give due respect to the world millions in village and tribal religions who look to goddesses in ways that may or may
The couple lived successively in an apartment in the town of [[Hove]], near Brighton, on the Sussex coast (see the Enderby tetralogy); in a semi-detached house called "Applegarth" in the inland Sussex village of [[Etchingham]], just down the road from the residence in [[Burwash]] once occupied by [[Rudyard Kipling]]; and in a terraced town house in [[Chiswick]], a western inner suburb of London, conveniently located for the White City BBC television studios of which he was a frequent guest in this period.
not be feminist, and Caron's definition allows thealogy to be this widely inclusive.
This broader view accords well with the kind of fluid systematics profiled by [[Cynthia Eller]] when she reports her respondent [[Margaret Keane]] as saying:
A cruise holiday Burgess and his wife took to Russia, calling at [[St Petersburg]] (then Leningrad), resulted in ''Honey For the Bears'' and inspired some of the invented slang for ''A Clockwork Orange''.
:''I don't make those kind of distinctions that you hear about, they don't make any sense to me. You can say it's the Great Goddess, and that's the one Goddess, but she's also all of the many goddesses, and that's true. And she's everywhere. She's immanent in everything, in the sparkle of the sun on the sea, and even in an animistic concept. I think certain objects can embody that force and power. So I worship the Great Goddess, and I'm polytheistic and pantheistic and monotheistic too. And I also have a feeling for nature spirits...''
===Exile===
::(1993 :132-133)
This broader view has most recently been labelled by [[Michael York]] as "polymorphic thealogy." He also raises the issue of whether thealogy venerates one Goddess or many, which some thealogicians consider a non-question since it arises from a monotheist worldview that they do not hold.
By the end of the 1960s Burgess was once again living outside England, as a tax exile. It was in grander accommodation this time; indeed, at his death he was a multi-millionaire and left a Europe-wide property portfolio of multiple houses and apartments, numbering in the double figures.
However Caron's definition falls short of explicitly allowing for male positions in thealogy.
He lived in a house he had bought at [[Lija]], [[Malta]], for a time, but problems with the state censor prompted a move to [[Rome]]. He maintained a flat in the Italian capital and a country house in [[Bracciano]], and a property in Montalbuccio. There was a villa in Provence, in Callian of the Var, France, and an apartment just off Baker Street, London, England, very near the presumed home of [[Sherlock Holmes]] in the [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] stories.
=== A challenge to androcentrism ===
Burgess lived for two years in the United States, working as a visiting professor at [[Princeton University]] (1970) and as a "distinguished professor" at the [[City College of New York]] (1972), and teaching creative writing at [[Columbia University]]. Enjoying greater appreciation as a writer in the United States than in his country of origin, he had also been writer-in-residence at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] (1969) and at the [[State University of New York at Buffalo]] (1976). He lectured on the novel at the [[University of Iowa]] in 1975.
The third interpretation of thealogy as an assertion of female sacred worldviews is clearly political. The notes above touch on how this usage aims to counter the deeply established dualistic relegation of female as derivative, making the male the norm: as [[Mary Daly]] put it "If God is male, then the male is God."
Eventually he settled in [[Monaco]], where he was active in the local community, becoming a co-founder in 1984 of the Princess Grace Irish Library, a center for Irish cultural studies (http://www3.monaco.mc/pglib/) He spent much time also at one of his houses, a chalet, in [[Lugano]], [[Switzerland]].
Thealogy has been criticised as [[essentialism|essentialist]] by [[queer theory|queer theorists]] and others.
After Lynne's death in 1968 at the age of forty-seven of [[liver cirrhosis]] (see ''Beard's Roman Women''), he had remarried, to Liliana Macellari, an Italian translator, adopting the latter's son from a previous relationship. An attempt to kidnap the boy, called Paolo-Andrea, in Rome is believed to have been one of the factors deciding the family's move to Monaco.
To a thealogian it is important to explore the female worldview (not only but notably of the sacred) and not be compelled to take off female spectacles when looking at themes beyond female [[psychobiology]]. A speaker may choose to adopt a kind of gender neutral stance insofar as she can, or she may try to empathise with a male worldview, and a male speaker vice versa.
===Death===
== Linguistic twiddling ==
A lifelong heavy smoker, Burgess returned to Twickenham, an outer suburb of London, England, where he owned a house, to die of [[lung cancer]] on [[22 November]] [[1993]]. He was 76. His actual death occurred at the Hospital of St John and St Elizabeth in the St John's Wood neighbourhood of London. He is thought to have composed the novel ''Byrne'' on his deathbed.
Many scholars find the term "thealogy" exasperating, a linguistic twiddling, including some feminist theologians. But the position of women operating within the male worldview of theology, as in most of [[feminist theology]], is more marginal than in the general run of professional occupations these days. The rigidly entrenched sexism in the contemporary academy perceived by some thealogs recalls situations of general Women's Liberation in 1972, rather than society 30 years later (see recent research studies Ofsted UK).
It is believed he would have liked his ashes to be kept in Moston Cemetery, Manchester, England, but in the event they went to the cemetery in Monte Carlo.
==See also==
The epitaph on Burgess's marble memorial stone, behind which the vessel with his remains is kept, reads "Abba Abba", which encapsulates six things in one: (1) the Hebrew for "Father, father", that is, an invocation to God as Father (''[[Mark]]'' 14:36 etc.); (2) Burgess's initials forwards and backwards; (3) the pop group [[Abba]], which achieved world fame in the 1970s when Burgess was himself at the height of his powers; (4) part of the rhyme scheme for the [[Petrarchan sonnet]]; (5) the last words [[Jesus]] uttered, in Aramaic, from the Cross; and (6) the Burgess novel about the death of Keats [[Abba Abba]].
*[[God and gender]]
*[[feminist theology]]
*[[goddess]]
*[[goddess worship]]
==References==
Sadly, Burgess's stepson Paolo-Andrea survived him by less than a decade.
* Isaac Bonewits "The Second Epistle of Isaac" in "the Druid Chronicles (Evolved)" Berkeley Drunemeton Press, 1974.
*Isaac Bonewits "Real Magic" Creative Arts Book Co., 1979
*Charlotte Caron "To Make and Make Again: Feminist Ritual Thealogy" NY Crossroad 1993
*Carol Christ "Rebirth of the Goddess:Finding meaning in feminist spirituality" Routledge 1997
*Cynthia Eller "Living in the Lap of the Goddess: The Feminist Spirituality Movement in America" Crossroad 1993
*Naomi Goldenberg "The Changing of the Gods" 1979
*Ursula King "Women and Spirituality" Macmillan 1989
*Melissa Raphael "Thealogy & Embodiment" 1997 Sheffield Academic Press
*Melissa Raphael "Introducing Thealogy: Discourse on the Goddess" 1999 Sheffield Academic Press
*Letty M. Russell & J Shannon Clarkson "Dictionary of Feminist Theologies" Mowbray 1996.
*Starr* Saffa "Tahirih Thealogy: Female Christ Spirit of the Age" OzForUs Publishing 2004; Zeus-publications 2005.
*Valerie Saiving "Androcentrism in Religious Studies" in Journal of Religion 56:1976:177-97
[[Category:Theology]]
==Achievement==
===Novels===
With the Malayan trilogy (''Time For A Tiger'', ''The Enemy in the Blanket'' and ''Beds in the East''), his first published venture into the art of fiction, Burgess staked a claim to have written the definitive Malayan novel (i.e. novel of expatriate experience of Malaya) to set alongside [[George Orwell]]'s Burma (''[[Burmese Days]]''), [[E.M. Forster]]'s India (''[[A Passage to India]]'') and [[Graham Greene]]'s Viet Nam (''[[The Quiet American]]''), and continuing in the tradition established by [[Rudyard Kipling]] for India and, for Southeast Asia in general, [[Joseph Conrad]] and [[W. Somerset Maugham]].
Unlike Conrad, Maugham and Greene, who made no effort to learn local languages, but like Orwell (who had a good command of [[Urdu]] and [[Burmese language|Burmese]], necessary for his work as a police officer) and Kipling (who spoke [[Hindi]], having learnt it as a child), Burgess had excellent spoken and written [[Malay language|Malay]], and this is reflected in the verisimilitude and interest in indigenous concerns that marks the trilogy.
His repatriate years (c. 1960-69) produced not just the [[(Anthony Burgess's) Enderby|Enderby]] cycle but the neglected ''The Right to an Answer'', which touches on the theme of death and dying, and ''One Hand Clapping'' (to which the director [[Francis Coppola]] has recently acquired the film rights), partly a satire on the vacuity of popular culture. This era also witnessed the publication of ''[[The Worm and the Ring]]'', which was withdrawn from circulation under the threat of libel action from one of Burgess' former co-workers.
A product of these highly fertile years was his best-known work (or most notorious, after [[Stanley Kubrick]] made a [[A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)|controversial film adaptation]]), the novel ''[[A Clockwork Orange]]'' ([[1962]]). Inspired initially by an incident during [[World War II]] in which his wife Lynne was allegedly robbed and assaulted in London during the blackout by US army deserters (an event that may have contributed to a miscarriage she suffered), the book was an examination of free will and morality. The young [[anti-hero]], Alex, captured after a career of violence and mayhem, is given aversion conditioning to stop his violence. It makes him defenceless against other people and unable to enjoy the music (especially Beethoven, and more especially the Ninth Symphony) that, besides violence, had been an intense pleasure for him.
By the 1970s Burgess's output had become highly experimental, and some critics see a falling-off in quality in this period. ''MF'' (1971) showed the influence of [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] and the structuralists. ''Beard's Roman Women'' is considered by many to be his worst novel (plea of mitigation: it was written entirely while on the road in his Bedford Dormobile campervan). But ''Napoleon Symphony'', though flawed, contains among many other things a superb portrait of an Arab society under occupation by a western power (Egypt by France).
There was a triumphant return to form in the 1980s, when religious themes began to weigh heavy (see ''The Kingdom of the Wicked'' and ''Man of Nazareth'' as well as ''Earthly Powers'').
Though Burgess lapsed from [[Catholicism]] early in his youth, the influence of the Catholic "training" and worldview remained strong in his work all his life – notably in the discussion of free will in ''A Clockwork Orange'' and in the apocalyptic vision of devastating changes in the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] due to what can be understood as [[Satan|Satanic]] influence in ''[[Earthly Powers]]'' ([[1980]]), which was written in the first instance as a parody of the blockbuster novel.
He won few honours in his own country - his masterpiece ''Earthly Powers'', for example, famously failed to win the English "Booker" prize for fiction, although he took honorary degrees from St Andrews, Birmingham and Manchester universities and was a Fellow of England's Royal Society of Literature. He did better on the European continent, where he garnered the "Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres" distinction of France and became a Monagesque "Commandeur de Merite Culturel".
===Criticism===
Burgess began his career as a critic with a well regarded text for newcomers to the subject, ''English Literature, A Survey for Students'', which is still used in many schools today. He followed this with ''The Novel Today'' and ''The Novel Now: A Student's Guide to Contemporary Fiction''.
Then came the Joyce studies ''Here Comes Everybody: An Introduction to James Joyce for the Ordinary Reader'' (also published as ''Re Joyce''), ''Joysprick: An Introduction to the Language of James Joyce'', and ''A Shorter Finnegan's Wake''.
His Encyclopedia Britannica entry ''The Novel, the'' for 1970 is regarded as a classic of the genre.
Burgess has written full-length critical studies of William Shakespeare, Ernest Hemingway and D.H. Lawrence. His ''[[Ninety-nine Novels]]: The Best in English Since 1939'' remains an invaluable guide, while ''Obscenity and the Arts'' explores issues of pornography.
===Linguistics===
Burgess was polyglot, with a command of [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Welsh language|Welsh]] in addition to his native [[English language|English]], as well as some [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Swedish (language)|Swedish]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].
"Burgess's linguistic training," write Raymond Chapman and Tom McArthur in ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'', "is shown in dialogue enriched by distinctive pronounciations and the niceties of register."
His interest in linguistics was reflected in the Anglo-Russian invented teen [[slang]] of ''A Clockwork Orange'' (called [[Nadsat]]) and in the film ''[[Quest for Fire]]'' ([[1981]]), for which he [[Constructed language|invented]] a prehistoric language for the characters to speak.
The hero of ''The Doctor is Sick'', Dr. Edwin Spindrift, is a lecturer in linguistics. He escapes from a hospital ward which is peopled, as the critic Saul Maloff put it in a review, with "brain cases who happily exemplify varieties of English speech".
Burgess, who had lectured on phonetics at the University of Birmingham in the late 1940s, investigates the field of linguistics in ''Language Made Plain'' and ''A Mouthful of Air''.
===Journalism===
Burgess produced journalism in American, Italian, French and British newspapers and magazines regularly – even compulsively – and in prodigious quantities. Martin Amis wrote in the London newspaper the ''Observer'' in 1987: "...on top of writing regularly for every known newspaper and magazine, Anthony Burgess writes regularly for every unknown one, too. Pick up a Hungarian quarterly or a Portuguese tabloid – and there is a Burgess, discoursing on goulash or test-driving the new Fiat 500."
"He was our star reviewer, always eager to take on something new, punctilious with deadlines, length and copy," wrote Burgess's literary editor at the London ''Observer'' newspaper, Michael Ratcliffe.
Selections of Burgess's journalism are to be found in ''Urgent Copy'', ''Homage to QWERT YUIOP'' and ''One Man's Chorus''.
===Screenwriting===
Burgess wrote the screenplays for ''[[Moses the Lawgiver]]'' (Gianfranco De Bosio 1975, with Burt Lancaster, Anthony Quayle and Ingrid Thulin), ''[[Jesus of Nazareth]]'' (Franco Zeffirelli 1977, with Robert Powell, Olivia Hussey and Rod Steiger), and ''[[A.D.]]'' (Stuart Cooper 1985, with Ava Gardner, Anthony Andrews and James Mason).
Burgess devised the stone-age language for ''[[La Guerre du Feu]]'' (''[[Quest for Fire]]'') (Jean-Jacques Annaud 1981, with Everett McGill, Ron Perlman and Nicholas Kadi).
He penned many unpublished scripts, including one about Shakespeare which was to be called ''Will!'' or ''The Bawdy Bard''. It was based on his novel ''Nothing Like The Sun''.
===Symphonies===
As Burgess put it, in the way that others might enjoy yachting or golf, "I write music." He composed regularly throughout his life.
His works are infrequently performed today, but several of his pieces were broadcast during his lifetime on [[BBC Radio]]. His Symphony (No. 3) in C was premiered by the [[University of Iowa]] orchestra in [[1975]]. Many of his unpublished compositions are listed in ''This Man and Music''.
''Sinfoni Melayu'', characterised by the Burgess biographer Roger Lewis as "Elgar with bongo-bong drums", was described by Burgess, its composer, as an attempt to "combine the musical elements of the country into a synthetic language which called on native drums and xylophones".
The structure of the novel ''Napoleon Symphony'' ([[1974]]) was modelled on [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s [[Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)|Eroica symphony]].
Burgess made plain his low regard for the popular music that has emerged since the mid-1960s, yet he has been called "the godfather of punk" as a result of the nihilist future world he created in ''A Clockwork Orange''.
When Burgess was heard on the British Broadcasting Corporation’s 'Desert Island Discs' radio programme in 1966, he made the following choice: Purcell, 'Rejoice in the Lord Alway'; Bach, Goldberg Variations No 13; Elgar, Symphony No.1 in A flat major; Wagner, Walter's Trial Song from ''Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg''; Debussy, Fêtes; Lambert, 'The Rio Grande'; Walton, Symphony No.1 in B flat; and Vaughan Williams, 'On Wenlock Edge'.
===Opera and Musicals===
Burgess produced a translation of Bizet's [[Carmen]] which was performed by the British company [[English National Opera]].
He created an [[operetta]] based on [[James Joyce]]'s ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' called ''[[Blooms of Dublin]]'' (composed in [[1982]] and performed on the BBC), and composed the music for the 1971 Minneapolis production of his ''[[Cyrano de Bergerac (play)|Cyrano de Bergerac]]'' translation, adapting the Rostand play for Broadway.
His editing and revision of the libretto for Weber's [[Oberon]] was performed by the Edinburgh-based opera company [[Scottish Opera]].
==Work methods==
"I start at the beginning, go to the end, then stop," Burgess once said.
He revealed in Martin Seymour-Smith's ''Novels and Novelists: A Guide to the World of Fiction'' (1980) that he would often prepare a synopsis with a name-list before beginning a project. But Seymour-Smith wrote: "[Burgess] believes overplanning is fatal to creativity and regards his unconscious mind and the act of writing itself as indispensable guides. He does not produce a draft of a whole novel which he then revises, but prefers to get one page finished before he goes on to the next, whichh involves a good deal of revision and correction."
His work routine from when he began writing until his death was to produce 1,000 words of fair copy per day, weekends included, 365 days a year. His favoured time for working was the afternoon, since "the unconscious mind has a habit of asserting itself in the afternoon".
==Trivia==
===Espionage===
*Anthony Burgess had a long-term peeve of being confused with members of the [[Cambridge Five]]. This is partly because one of the members was called [[Guy Burgess]], and another [[Anthony Blunt]]. Unfortunately, by the time they achieved notoriety, Anthony Burgess' pen-name was well established. He succeeded in extracting an apology from the Paris-based ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' in 1983 after the newspaper referred to him in a print as "The spy, Anthony Burgess". The London ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|Sunday Times]]'' newspaper perpetrated a similar error in 1999, referring to "the other British defectors, Anthony Burgess, [[Donald Duart Maclean|Donald Maclean]] and [[George Blake]]".
*Burgess is believed by some, though this is highly conjectural, to have engaged in low-level espionage during his Gibraltar, Malaya and Brunei years and possibly later (see, for example, the London ''Mail on Sunday'', "The greatest story Anthony Burgess never told: his life as a secret agent" and many other media articles in this vein). It is speculated that he may have provided his superiors (the Colonial Office and perhaps the Kuala Lumpur-based British intelligence authorities, and later [[MI5]]) with information about any communist actions or sympathies, however trivial, among his colleagues and students and, after his return from the East, among the people he met and associated with. Since lives were at stake during the [[Malayan Emergency]], this would not have been an unusual or exceptionable activity – in fact it would have been regarded as irresponsible not to be vigilant during a very bloody war. The term used for an operative of this type and pay-grade was "ground observer".
*Military authorities who came across a copy of Joyce's ''Finnegan's Wake'' in Burgess's possession in 1941 thought it was some kind of code book.
*Burgess published a fictional work in the [[Ian Fleming]] genre which he entitled ''Tremor of Intent: An Eschatological Spy Novel'' (1966).
*Burgess prepared a screenplay for the James Bond feature ''The Spy Who Loved Me'', which [[Albert R. Broccoli]] produced in 1977. It was turned down. Burgess wrote: "My script...was rejected, but my oil tanker (a camouflaged floating palace for the chief villain) was retained."
===Food and drink===
*Burgess was a [[Lancastrian]], so it is no surprise that one of his favourite dishes, mentioned many times in his novels, autobiography and elsewhere, was [[Lancashire Hotpot]]. The journalist [[Auberon Waugh]] famously described Burgess's recipe for Lancashire Hotpot as "disgusting".
*Burgess was by most accounts a heavy consumer of alcoholic beverages, especially, during his Adderbury years, of [[cider]], and of [[gin]] in later life. However, he did not drink as heavily as his first wife Lynne, who lost her life to [[liver cirrhosis]]. Burgess is thought to have cut his alcohol consumption to some extent in later life, often substituting tea.
*In his middle years Burgess often drank [[beer]], and in Malaya the two brands he enjoyed were Tiger and Anchor beer, brewed in both Singapore and Kuala Lumpur. He reveals in his autobiography that he was hoping after his ''Time For A Tiger'' was published to receive a complimentary case of Tiger beer from the manufacturer. The brewery was slow to oblige, only supplying a case several decades later when Burgess had achieved worldwide fame. "Alas," Burgess wrote, "I had become wholly a gin man."
*For his morning cup of [[tea]], Burgess habitually suffused up to six tea-bags per small teapot. And when drinking tea from a mug at other times of the day, multiple tea-bags were also used.
===Smoking===
*Burgess smoked, by his own admission, up to 80 [[cigarettes]], panatelas, [[cigars]], cigarillos and/or [[cheroot]]s per day. His preferred brand of cigar was Schimmelpenninck.
*Burgess was an occasional smoker of [[opium]], which he described as "a fine drug", during both his Kota Bharu and Brunei years. But he was under no illusions as to the negative effects of the drug: "Later, abetted by an ailing liver, the bad visions would come," he wrote.
*Burgess evinced qualified approval towards the smoking of [[hemp]] or [[cannabis]], but with the proviso that it should be a means to an end rather than the end itself. Speaking of young people in a BBC ''Omnibus'' documentary in the 1960s, he said: "They smoke their ''[[marihuana]]'', which is an admirable thing in itself, but no end of anything..."
===Finances===
*Burgess made no secret of his determination throughout his career to thwart [[tax]] authorities worldwide, whom he described as "the fiscal tyrants".
*Burgess's preferred medium of payment for his work, he indicated, was "non-taxable cash", and he maintained one or more [[Swiss bank]] accounts.
*Burgess's house in [[Lija]], [[Malta]], was confiscated by the Maltese authorities over non-payment of taxes.
*Burgess was a currency smuggler. His house in Bracciano was, he wrote, paid for "by smuggling dollar royalty cheques into the peninsula and paying them into the bank account of an expatriate American sculptor living near Rome".
===Sex===
*Burgess claimed that ''[[Holofernes]]'' was in Elizabethan times used as a slang word for ''penis'' .
*Burgess enjoyed a miscellany of sexual partners during the course of his life, including Buginese, Japanese, Welsh, Malay, Algonquin, Chinese, Siamese, Italian and and Singhalese women. And he wrote in the first volume of his autobiography, ''Little Wilson and Big God'' (p. 386), that he had had sexual encounters "with Tamil women blacker than Africans, including a girl who could not have been older than twelve, but none with Bengalis and Punjabis".
*The comedian [[Benny Hill]] described Burgess as "the greatest living expert on sex".
*Burgess claimed to have discovered the secret of controlling climax and prolonging pleasure during sexual congress. It was, he wrote, "a matter of reciting [[Milton]] only – 'High on a throne of royal state...' (''Paradise Lost'', Book Two)."
*Burgess prepared a translation of the pornographic poetry of [[Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli]], but it was never published.
*In Burgess's novel ''Time For A Tiger'', the Malay state of Perak is named ''Lanchap'', which is the Malay word for ''masturbate''.
===Mischief===
*London's ''[[Daily Mail]]'' newspaper published in the 1960s a number of comically puritanical letters written by Burgess purporting to be from an Indian Muslim named "Mohammed Ali", who expressed for the benefit of ''Mail'' readers his utter disgust at the degradation of contemporary western morals.
*Burgess was sacked as literary critic for the English provincial newspaper the ''[[Yorkshire Post]]'' after he wrote a review of his own ''Inside Mr Enderby'' and it appeared in the newspaper. The novel had been published under the pseudonym Joseph Kell, and the newspaper's editor did not know that Kell was Burgess. Burgess protested, to no avail, that [[Walter Scott]] had also once reviewed one of his own novels. The offending review, which was not at all commendatory, read in part: "This is, in many ways, a dirty book. It is full of bowel-blasts and flatulent borborygms, emetic meals...and halitosis. It may well make some people sick....It turns sex, religion, the State into a series of laughing-stocks. The book itself is a laughing-stock."
===Pop-culture influence===
*Burgess's contempt for post-World War Two popular music was thinly veiled. Its proponents are merciliessly satirised in ''Enderby Outside'', which features a lamentable [[rock]] band called Yod Crewsy and the Fixers who composed "emetic little songs".
*Ironically in view of this, Burgess has been dubbed "the Godfather of [[Punk]]" because of the vivid nihilist world he created in the novel ''A Clockwork Orange''.
*[[The Rolling Stones]] manager [[Andrew Loog Oldham]] was a great admirer of Burgess's novel ''A Clockwork Orange''. And shortly after it came out in 1962, [[Mick Jagger]] indicated that he wished to take the role of Alex in a putative movie version. The other members of [[The Rolling Stones]] were to be his droogs.
*The epitaph on Burgess's marble memorial stone at the cemetery in Monte Carlo includes a (possibly ironical) reference to the pop group [[Abba]], who enjoyed huge success at a time – the late 1970s – when Burgess, too, had achieved world fame.
There has been a great deal pop-world plagiarism from Burgess. To take just three examples more or less at random:
*The Sheffield electropop band [[Heaven 17]] paid Burgess the compliment of naming themselves after a band that appears in Burgess's 1962 novel ''A Clockwork Orange'' (though they dropped the "the").
*Another Sheffield group, [[Moloko]], took its name from Burgess's (Russian-derived) Nadsat word for a drug-spiked milk drink.
*The German punk rockers [[Die Toten Hosen]]'s album ''Ein kleines bisschen Horrorshow'' referred to the Nadsat term, and Poland's [[Myslovitz]] produced an album called ''Korova Milky Bar''.
===Early triumphs===
*Burgess's first published work was an essay on [[Torbay]] for the children's section of the London ''[[Daily Express]]'' newspaper in 1928.
*Burgess was placed 1,579th after taking England's Customs & Excise test in 1928.
*One of Burgess's professors at Manchester University was [[A.J.P. Taylor]]. Grading one of Burgess's term papers, the great historian wrote: 'Bright ideas insufficient to conceal lack of knowledge.'
===Polyglottal virtuosity===
*During his years in Malaya, and after he had mastered [[Jawi]], the Arabic script adapted for Malay, Burgess taught himself the [[Persian language]], after which he produced an authoritative translation of Eliot's ''[[The Waste Land]]'' into Persian. It was never published, in Tehran or elsewhere. He also worked on an anthology of the best of English literature translated into Malay, which also did not achieve publication.
*Anthony Burgess, known in Argentina as the British Borges, and [[Jorge Luis Borges]], known in Britain as the Argentine Burgess, each spoke both English and Spanish fluently. But when Burgess-Borges met, each decided it would be unequal and unfair to the other, and inappropriate, to plump for either of the two languages when conversing. So the polyglot pair forged a compromise, deciding to conduct their lengthy, wide-ranging philological and literary conversations in [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]].
===Health===
*Burgess suffered from Daltonism or [[color-blindness]].
*Burgess was afflicted by [[dyspepsia]], [[constipation]] and chronic [[flatulence]] during much of his life, a problem that is dwelt on to comic effect in the Enderby cycle of novels.
*Burgess had high blood pressure, which caused problems with his arteries.
===Names and namesakes===
*Anthony Burgess was known to many people in Italy, where he lived for several years, as Antonio Borghese.
*Burgess also published under the pen-names John Burgess Wilson and Joseph Kell.
*Burgess considered the composer [[Derek Bourgeois]] to be his alter ego.
*There is a 17th-century Anthony Burgess, also a writer. A pastor at a church in [[Sutton Coldfield]], central England, Anthony Burgess was the author of such works as ''The Doctrine of Original Sin'' and ''A Vindication of the Moral Law''. The modern Burgess had an ambivalent attitude towards conversion. He tended to contrast, in certain respects unfavourably or at least cynically, the camp of cradle Catholics, in which was included such writers as himself and [[James Joyce]], with that of converts such as [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]], [[Graham Greene]] and [[Evelyn Waugh]]. So it may be significant that his namesake Pastor Anthony Burgess's most important work is entitled ''Spiritual Refining: The Anatomy of True & False Conversion''. Still regarded as useful, it remains in print, and is published by International Outreach Incorporated.
*Anthony Burgess was arguably as prodigious a creator of neologisms as [[Gelett Burgess|Frank Gelett Burgess]] of ''blurb'' , ''bleesh'', ''bromide'' and ''gloogo'' fame.
===Memorial services===
*Burgess delivered the eulogy at the memorial service for [[Benny Hill]] in 1992.
*Eulogies at Burgess's memorial service at St Paul's church, Covent Garden, London in 1994 were delivered by the journalist [[Auberon Waugh]] and the novelist [[William Boyd (writer)|William Boyd]].
===General===
*Burgess was among a select group of celebrity owners of the classic [[Bedford Dormobile]] (a campervan or motorhome of the Bedford marque, manufactured in England by [[Vauxhall Motors]]). He and his second wife spent, in the early years of their marriage, long periods on the road across western Europe, especially in France and Sicily, his wife driving the Dormobile while he wrote at a desk behind.
*Burgess wrote a full-length textbook in 1947 called ''The Young Fiddler's Tunebook''. It was never published.
*One of Burgess's last speaking engagements was at England's Cheltenham Literature Festival in 1992. The subject of his address was 'translation', and Burgess quipped that he himself was 'shortly to be translated' (he died 13 months later).
*Burgess was pursued by English army MPs for desertion after overstaying his vacation away from Morpeth military base with his new bride Lynne in 1941.
*After he was repatriated from Borneo in 1959 with a suspected cerebral tumour, Burgess was treated by the neurologist [[Roger Bannister]], who in his days as an athlete had been the first man to run a mile in less than four minutes.
*For a brief period during his studies of the Malay language and culture during the late 1950s, Burgess seriously considered becoming a [[Muslim]]. Explaining the allure of [[Islam]] in a 1969 interview with the University of Alabama scholar Geoffrey Aggeler, Burgess remarked: "You believe in one God. You say your prayers five times a day. You have a tremendous amount of freedom, sexual freedom; you can have four wives. The wife herself has a commensurate freedom. She can achieve divorce in the same way a man can." And in the novel [[Nineteen Eighty-Five|1985]] (1978), Burgess imagines what Britain might be like if a virile, triumphant Islam won far-reaching influence in the country.
*Burgess appears as a fictional character in A.S. Byatt's novel ''Babel Tower'' (1996) and in [[Paul Theroux]]'s 'A. Burgess, Slightly Foxed: Fact and Fiction' (the ''[[New Yorker]]'' magazine, 1995).
*Burgess never learned how to drive a car.
*Burgess, along with [[Quentin Crisp]], took the photographs included in the 1992 Overlook Press edition of Mervyn Peake's ''[[Titus Alone]]''.
===The Burgess tourist trail===
Burgessians are recommended to follow the trail in a 1960s-era [[Bedford Dormobile]]. The principal Burgess sites, travelling south to north, are as follows:
====Brunei====
*[[Bandar Seri Begawan]]: Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin College (workplace 1958-59)
====Malaysia====
*[[Kuala Kangsar]], [[Perak]]: Malay College (workplace 1954-55); King’s Pavilion (residence, 1954-55; now a girls' school)
*[[Kota Bharu]], [[Kelantan]]: Malay Teachers’ Training College (workplace 1955-57)
====Malta====
*[[Lija]]: residence 1968-70; house confiscated 1974
====Italy====
*[[Rome]]: 16A Piazza Santa Cecilia (residence from 1971)
*[[Bracciano]]: Piazza Padella (residence from 1970)
====Monaco====
*[[Monte Carlo]]: 44 Rue Grimaldi, Condamine district (residence from 1976); 9 rue Princess Marie-de-Lorraine, Princess Grace Irish Library (co-founder)
====France====
*[[Callian]], the Var, Provence: Rue des Muets (residence from 1976)
*[[Angers]]: 2, rue Alexandre Fleming (Anthony Burgess Center)
====Switzerland====
*[[Lugano]]: chalet residence from 1986
===='Bedford'====
*[[Bedford Dormobile|Dormobile]]: occasional residence from 1968 to early 1970s
====England====
*[[Hove]] and [[Brighton]], Sussex coast: apartments (residence 1959)
*[[Etchingham]], East Sussex: ‘Applegarth’ (semi-detached house), High Street, A265 road (residence 1959-64)
*[[London]]: 24, Glebe Street, [[Chiswick]] (terraced house, residence 1964-68); 60 Grove End Road, [[St John’s Wood]] (Hospital of St John and St Elizabeth; deathplace 1993); Twickenham (house; date of purchase unknown but believed to be 1980s)
*Oxfordshire: [[Banbury]], Banbury Grammar School (workplace 1950-54); [[Adderbury]], 44, Water Lane (labourer’s 2-bedroom cottage then named Little Gidding, residence 1950-54)
*[[Wolverhampton]]: Brinsford Lodge (Mid-West School of Education, 1946)
*[[Manchester]]: 91 Carisbrook Street, Harpurhey (birthplace 1917); Upper Monsall Street (St Edmund’s RC Elementary School 1923); Princess Road (Bishop Bilsborrow Memorial Elementary School 1924); 21 Princess Road, Moss Side (tobacconist’s shop and residence 1924); 261 Moss Lane East (off-licence and residence 1924; Burgess said half a century later that it was “turned into a shebeen before it was demolished”); 10 Tatton Grove, Withington (International Anthony Burgess Foundation); Oxford Road (Church of the Holy Name, attended by the young Burgess); Monsall Road (Isolation Hospital, where the young Burgess treated for scarlet fever 1928); Victoria Park, Rusholme ([[Xaverian College]], from 1928; “turned into a Muslim ghetto”, Burgess later said); Manchester University (from 1937)
*[[Warrington]]: Peninsula Barracks (Infantry Training Centre, 1943)
*[[Preston]]: Bamber Bridge (Emergency Teacher Training College, 1948)
*[[Morpeth]], Northumberland: Cheviot Hall (Burgess joined 189 Field Ambulance of the B Company, 1941)
====USA====
*[[Austin, Texas|Austin]]: 21st and Guadalupe, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center. Trove of Burgessiana, with papers dating from 1956 to 1997, the bulk being 1970s and 1980s
*[[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]]: writer-in-residence at [[University of North Carolina]] 1969
*[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]: visiting professor at [[Princeton University]] 1970-71
*[[New York City]]: apartment, West Avenue and Ninety-Third (from very early 1970s); workplaces: distinguished professor at [[City College of New York]] 1972; visiting professor at [[Columbia University]] 1972
*[[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]: writer-in-residence, [[State University of New York]] 1976
====Scotland====
*[[Eskbank]], near Edinburgh: Royal Army Medical Corps (joined 1940)
==Works==
''"That so many writers have been prepared to accept a kind of martyrdom is the best tribute that flesh can pay to the living spirit of man as expressed in his literature. One cannot doubt that the martyrdom will continue to be gladly embraced. To some of us, the wresting of beauty out of language is the only thing in the world that matters."'' -- Anthony Burgess
===Fiction===
* ''[[Time for a Tiger]]'' ([[1956]]) (Volume 1 of the Malayan trilogy, ''[[The Long Day Wanes]]'')
* ''[[The Enemy in the Blanket]]'' ([[1958]]) (Volume 2 of the trilogy)
* ''[[Beds in the East]]'' ([[1959]]) (Volume 3 of the trilogy)
* ''[[The Right to an Answer]]'' ([[1960]])
* ''[[The Doctor is Sick]]'' ([[1960]])
* ''[[The Worm and the Ring]]'' ([[1960]])
* ''[[Devil of a State]]'' ([[1961]])
* ''[[One Hand Clapping]]'' ([[1961]])
* ''[[A Clockwork Orange]]'' ([[1962]])
* ''[[The Wanting Seed]]'' ([[1962]])
* ''[[Honey for the Bears]]'' ([[1963]])
* ''[[Inside Mr. Enderby]]'' ([[1963]]) (Volume 1 of the [[(Anthony Burgess's) Enderby|Enderby]] cycle of novels)
* ''[[The Eve of St. Venus]]'' ([[1964]])
* ''[[(Anthony Burgess's) Nothing Like the Sun|Nothing like the Sun: A Story of Shakespeare's Love Life]]'' ([[1964]])
* ''[[A Vision of Battlements]]'' ([[1965]])
* ''[[Tremor of Intent: An Eschatological Spy Novel]]'' ([[1966]])
* ''[[Enderby Outside]]'' ([[1968]]) (Volume 2 of the [[(Anthony Burgess's) Enderby|Enderby]] cycle)
* ''[[A Shorter 'Finnegans Wake']]'' ([[1969]]) (editor)
* ''[[M/F]]'' ([[1971]])
* Sophocles' ''[[Oedipus the King]]'' ([[1972]]) (translation and adaptation)
* ''[[Napoleon Symphony]]'' ([[1974]])
* ''[[The Clockwork Testament, or Enderby's End]]'' ([[1974]]) (Volume 3 of the [[(Anthony Burgess's) Enderby|Enderby]] cycle)
* ''[[A Long Trip to Tea Time]]'' (for children) ([[1976]])
* ''[[Moses: A Narrative]]'' ([[1976]]) (long poem)
* ''[[Beard's Roman Women]]'' ([[1976]])
* ''[[Will and Testament: A Fragment of Biography]]'' ([[1977]])
* ''[[Abba Abba]]'' ([[1977]])
* ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Five|1985]]'' ([[1978]])
* ''[[Man of Nazareth: A Novel]]'' ([[1979]]) (based on his screenplay for ''[[Jesus of Nazareth (movie)]]'' )
* ''[[The Land Where The Ice Cream Grows]]'' (for children) ([[1979]])
* ''[[Earthly Powers]]'' ([[1980]])
* ''[[The End of the World News: An Entertainment]]'' ([[1982]])
* ''[[Enderby's Dark Lady, or No End of Enderby]]'' ([[1984]]) (Volume 4 of the [[(Anthony Burgess's) Enderby|Enderby]] cycle)
* ''[[The Kingdom of the Wicked]]'' ([[1985]])
* Rostand's ''[[Cyrano de Bergerac]]'' ([[1985]]) (translation and stage adaptation)
* ''[[Oberon Past and Present]]'' (with J.R. Planche) (1985)
* ''[[The Pianoplayers]]'' ([[1986]])
* ''[[Blooms of Dublin: A Musical Play Based On James Joyce's Ulysses]]'' ([[1986]])
* Bizet's ''[[Carmen]]'', libretto (1986) (translation)
* ''[[A Clockwork Orange: A Play With Music]]'' ([[1987]])
* ''[[Any Old Iron]]'' ([[1988]])
* ''[[The Devil's Mode and Other Stories]]'' ([[1989]]) (short stories)
* ''[[Mozart and the Wolf Gang]]'' ([[1991]])
* ''[[A Dead Man in Deptford]]'' ([[1993]])
* ''[[Byrne: A Novel]]'' (poem) ([[1995]])
* ''[[Revolutionary Sonnets and Other Poems]]'' ([[2002]])
===Non-fiction===
* ''[[English Literature: A Survey for Students]]'' ([[1958]])
* ''[[The Novel To-day]]'' ([[1963]])
* ''[[Language Made Plain]]'' ([[1964]])
* ''[[Here Comes Everybody: An Introduction to James Joyce for the Ordinary Reader]]'' ([[1965]]), also published as ''[[Re Joyce]]''
* ''[[The Coaching Days of England]]'' ([[1966]]) (editor)
* ''[[The Age of the Grand Tour]]'' ([[1966]]) (co-editor with Francis Haskell)
* ''[[The Novel Now: A Student's Guide to Contemporary Fiction]]'' ([[1967]])
* ''[[Urgent Copy: Literary Studies]]'' (journalism) ([[1968]])
* ''[[Novel, The (Encyclopedia Britannica essay)]]'' ([[1970]])
* ''[[(Anthony Burgess's) Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'' ([[1970]])
*'What is Pornography?' (essay) in ''[[Perspectives on Pornography]]'', ed. Douglas A. Hughes ([[1970]])
* ''[[Joysprick: An Introduction to the Language of James Joyce]]'' ([[1973]])
* ''[[Obscenity and the Arts]]'' ([[1973]])
* ''[[(Anthony Burgess's) New York|New York]]'' ([[1976]])
* ''[[A Christmas Recipe]]'' ([[1977]])
* ''[[Ernest Hemingway and his World]]'' ([[1978]]), also published as ''Ernest Hemingway''
* ''[[Scrissero in Inglese]]'' ([[1979]]) (English-language version, ''They Wrote in English'', published in [[1989]])
* ''[[This Man and Music]]'' ([[1982]])
* ''[[On Going To Bed]]'' ([[1982]])
* ''[[Ninety-nine Novels|Ninety-nine Novels: The Best in English since 1939 – A Personal Choice]]'' ([[1984]])
* ''[[Flame Into Being: The Life and Work of D.H. Lawrence]]'' ([[1985]])
* ''[[Homage to QWERT YUIOP: Selected Journalism 1978-1985]]'' ([[1986]]), also published as ''But Do Blondes Prefer Gentlemen?: Homage to Qwert Yuiop and Other Writings''
* ''[[Little Wilson and Big God, Being the First Part of the Confessions of Anthony Burgess]]'' (Autobiography, Part 1) ([[1986]])
* ''[[An Essay on Censorship]]'' (letter to Salman Rushdie in verse) ([[1989]])
* ''[[You've Had Your Time, Being the Second Part of the Confessions of Anthony Burgess]]'' (Autobiography, Part 2) ([[1990]])
* ''[[On Mozart: A Paean for Wolfgang, Being a Celestial Colloquy, an Opera Libretto, a Film Script, a Schizophrenic Dialogue, a Bewildered Rumination]]'' ([[1991]])
* ''[[A Mouthful of Air|A Mouthful of Air: Language and Languages, Especially English]]'' ([[1992]])
* ''[[(Anthony Burgess's Childhood|Childhood]]'' (Penguin 60s) ([[1996]])
* ''[[One Man's Chorus: The Uncollected Writings]]'' (journalism) ([[1998]])
* ''[[Spain: The Best Travel Writing from the New York Times]]'' ([[2001]]) (section)
* ''[[Return Trip to Tango]]'' (anthology of material published in ''Translation'' magazine) ([[2003]]) (section)
===Major musical compositions===
*Symphonic poem: 'Gibraltar' (1944)
*'Song of a Northern City', for piano and orchestra (1947)
*Partita for string orchestra (1951)
*'Ludus Multitonalis' for recorder consort (1951)
*Concertino for piano and percussion (1951)
*Symphonies: 1937; 1956 (''[[Sinfoni Melayu]]''); 1975 (No. 3 in C)
*Sinfonietta for jazz combo
*Concertos for piano and flute
*'Cantata for a Malay College' (1954)
*Passacaglia for orchestra (1961)
*Sonatas for piano (1946, 1951) and cello (1944)
*Three guitar quartets, No. 1 in homage to Ravel
===Prefaces, etc.===
*Introduction to [[Henry Howarth Bashford]]’s ''[[Augustus Carp, Esq.|Augustus Carp, Esquire, By Himself: Being the Autobiography of a Really Good Man]]'' (Heinemann 1966)
*Introduction to [[Wilkie Collins]]’s ''[[The Moonstone]]'' (Pan Books 1967)
*Introduction to [[Daniel Defoe]]’s ''[[A Journal of the Plague Year]]'' (Penguin 1967)
*Introduction to [[Hubert Selby Jr]]’s ''[[Last Exit to Brooklyn]]'' (Calder and Boyars 1968)
*Introduction to [[Mervyn Peake]]’s ''[[Titus Groan]]'' (Penguin 1968)
*Introduction to [[G.K. Chesterton]]’s ''Autobiography'' (Hutchinson 1969)
*Introduction to [[G.V. Desani]]’s ''[[All About H. Hatterr]]'' (Farrar, Straus and Giroux 1970)
*Introduction to [[John Collier]]’s ''The John Collier Reader'' (Knopf 1972)
*Introduction to ''D.H. Lawrence and Italy'' ([[D.H. Lawrence]]'s ''[[Twilight in Italy]]'', ''[[Sea and Sardinia]]'' and ''[[Etruscan Places]]'') (Viking Press 1972)
*Introduction to [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]’s ''[[The White Company]]'' (Murray 1975)
*Introduction to ''[[Maugham]]’s Malaysian Stories'' (Heinemann 1978)
*Introduction to ''The Best Short Stories of [[J.G. Ballard]]'' (Henry Holt & Co 1978)
*Preface to ''Modern Irish Short Stories'', edited by Ben Forkner (Viking Press 1980)
*Introduction to [[Rex Warner]]’s ''[[The Aerodrome]]'' (Oxford University Press 1982)
*Afterword to ''The Heritage of British Literature'' (Thames and Hudson 1983)
*Introduction to [[Richard Aldington]]’s ''[[The Colonel’s Daughter]]'' (Hogarth Press 1986)
*Introduction to ''Venice: An Illustrated Anthology'', compiled by Michael Marquesee (Conran Octopus 1988)
*Preface to [[Ian Fleming]]'s ''[[Casino Royale]]'' (Coronet Books 1988)
*Preface to [[Ian Fleming]]'s ''[[Dr No]]'' (Coronet Books 1988)
*Preface to [[Ian Fleming]]'s ''[[Live and Let Die]]'' (Coronet Books 1988)
*Preface to [[Ian Fleming]]'s ''[[You Only Live Twice]]'' (Coronet Books 1988)
*Preface to David W. Barber's ''[[Bach, Beethoven and the Boys: Music History as It Ought to Be Taught]]'' (Sound And Vision Publishing 1988)
*Introduction to [[Oscar Wilde]]’s ''[[The Picture of Dorian Gray]]'' (Penguin Authentic Texts 1991)
*Introduction to [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' (Penguin Authentic Texts 1991)
*Introduction to [[James Joyce]]'s ''[[A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man]]'' (Vintage 1992)
*Introduction to [[James Joyce]]'s ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' (Vintage 1992)
*Introduction to [[James Joyce]]'s ''[[Finnegans Wake]]'' (Vintage 1992)
*Preface to ''The Book of Tea'' (Flammarion 1992)
*Introduction to Bob Cato and Greg Vitiello's [[Joyce Images]] (W.W. Norton 1994)
*Introduction to ''Candy Is Dandy: The Best of [[Ogden Nash]]'' (Carlton Books 1994)
*Foreword to collectors' edition of [[James Joyce]]'s ''[[A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man]]'' (Secker & Warburg 1994)
*Foreword to collectors' edition of [[James Joyce]]'s ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' (Secker & Warburg 1994)
*Preface to [[Gore Vidal]]'s ''[[Creation (book)|Creation]]'' (Vintage USA 2002 edition of 1981 novel)
==Further reading==
===Biographies===
*[[Roger Lewis]], a former Fellow of Wolfson College in the University of Oxford, England, has written an impressionistic and often penetrating biography. His ''[[Anthony Burgess: A Life|Anthony Burgess]]'', a strange but compelling blend of vilification and affectionate tribute, was published in 2002.
*[[Andrew Biswell]], who wrote his doctoral thesis on Burgess's fiction and journalism, has completed a biography, semi-authorised by Burgess's widow, entitled ''[[The Real Life of Anthony Burgess]]''. Biswell is a lecturer in the English department of Manchester Metropolitan University, which until 1992 was known as Manchester Polytechnic. Picador is due to publish the book, at least six years in the making and dubbed "Biswell's Life of Burgess", on 21st October, 2005.
*Michael Ratcliffe wrote the entry on Burgess for the ''New Dictionary of National Biography'' (2004).
===Selected critical studies===
*Richard Mathews, ''The Clockwork Universe of Anthony Burgess'' (Borgo Press, 1990)
*[[Martine Ghosh-Schellhorn]], ''Anthony Burgess: A Study in Character'' (Peter Lang AG, 1986)
*Geoffrey Aggeler, ''Anthony Burgess: The Artist as Novelist'' (Alabama, 1979)
*Samuel Coale, ''Anthony Burgess'' (New York, 1981)
*[[A.A. Devitis]], ''Anthony Burgess'' (New York, 1972)
*Jerome Gold, ''The Prisoner's Son: Homage to Anthony Burgess'' (Black Heron Press 1996)
*Robert K. Morris, ''The Consolations of Ambiguity: An Essay on the Novels of Anthony Burgess'' (Missouri, 1971)
*[[Carol M. Dix]], ''Anthony Burgess'' (British Council, 1971)
*Paul Phillips of Brown University, ''A Clockwork Counterpoint: The Music and Literature of Anthony Burgess'' (due for publication end 2005 by Manchester University Press).
===Memoirs===
A few of the memoirs and other books in which Burgess is discussed:
*Michael Mewshaw, 'Do I Owe You Something?', ''[[Granta]]'' No. 75 (2001)
*[[Gore Vidal]], ''United States: Essays 1952-1992'' (1993)
*[[Frederic Raphael]], ''Eyes Wide Open'' (1999)
*[[Kingsley Amis]], ''Memoirs'' (1991)
*[[D.J. Enright]], ''A Mania for Sentences'' (1983); ''Man Is An Onion'' (1972)
===Notable media profiles===
*'Playboy Interview: Anthony Burgess', ''[[Playboy]]'', September 1974
*[[Valerie Grove]], 'This Old Man Comes Ranting Home', London ''Times'', March 6 1992
*Jim Hicks, 'Eclectic Author Of His Own Five-Foot Shelf', ''Life'', October 25 1968
*[[Anthony Lewis]], 'I Love England, But I Will No Longer Live There', ''New York Times Magazine'', November 3 1968
*Richard Heller, 'Burgess The Betrayer', London ''Mail on Sunday'', April 11 1993
*[[Edward Pearce]], 'Let Us Now Honour a Wordsmith of Unearthly Powers', London ''Sunday Times'', July 31 1988
*Michael Barber, 'Getting Up English Noses: Burgess at Seventy', ''Books'', April 1987
*Chris Burkham, 'Lust for Language', ''The Face'', April 1984
*[[Anthony Clare]], 'Unearthly Powers', ''Listener'', July 28 1988
===Collections===
*Many of Burgess's literary and musical papers are archived at the [[International Anthony Burgess Foundation]] in Withington, Manchester, England.
*There are important items at the [[Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center]] at the [[University of Texas at Austin]].
*The Anthony Burgess Center of the University of Angers, southwest France, with which Burgess's widow Liliana is connected, is a starting point for Burgess scholars.
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*http://www.anthonyburgess.org/
*http://bu.univ-angers.fr/EXTRANET/AnthonyBURGESS/
*http://www.anthonyburgess.com/
*[http://wiredforbooks.org/anthonyburgess/ 1985 audio interview of Anthony Burgess, RealAudio]
*http://town.hall.org/radio/HarperAudio/070494_harp_ITH.html
*http://us.imdb.com/name/nm0121256/
*http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/research/fa/burgess.hp.html
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