|
'''''Tristan und Isolde''''' is an [[opera]] in three acts by [[Richard Wagner]]. It was composed between [[1857]] and [[1859]], and received its first production in [[Munich]] on [[June 10]], [[1865]].
[[Image:Bagpipe performer.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A bagpipe performer in [[Amsterdam]].]]
== Sources ==
'''Bagpipes''' are a class of [[musical instrument]], [[aerophone]]s using enclosed [[reed (music)|reed]]s. The term is equally correct in the singular or plural, although pipers most commonly talk of "pipes" and "the bagpipe".
In the principal parts of this opera Wagner followed the romance of [[Gottfried von Strassburg]], which in turn is based on the story of [[Tristan]] and [[Isolde]] from [[King Arthur|Arthur]]ian legend.
==Overview==
[[Image:Annotated bagpipes.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A set of Scottish Great Highland bagpipes.<br>
1) Chanter<br>
2) Bag<br>
3) Stock<br>
4) Blowstick or blowpipe<br>
5) Tenor drones<br>
6) Bass drone<br>
7) Tuning Slide<br>
8) Cords]]
== Critical reception ==
A bagpipe consists of an airtight bag, which can supply a continuous stream of air. Air is supplied either by a blowpipe or a set of bellows; the inlet to the bag normally has a one-way [[valve]] which prevents air from returning via the supply. Every bagpipe has a [[chanter]], upon which the [[melody]] is played, and most have at least one drone [[harmony]], although there are relatively many important exceptions to this rule. All these pipes are attached to the bag by a stock, a small, usually wooden, cylinder which is tied into the bag and which the pipe itself plugs into. The bag usually consists of leather, but in more recent times many other materials, such as [[rubber]] and [[Gore-Tex]] have become popular amongst many pipers, particularly Highland pipers. In the [[Middle East]], and the [[Balkans]], a whole goatskin is used, cured with salt and alum.
Many Wagnerian critics of the time claimed that the musical portion of the opera attained the highest summit of all music; on the other hand, an equally influential group of critics, centered around [[Eduard Hanslick]], condemned the work as being incomprehensible.
The melody pipe, or chanter, can have a single or double [[reed (music)|reed]] and a cylindrical or conical bore. The drone(s) usually have single tongue reeds but there are a number of important exceptions, including the [[Italy|Italian]] Zampogna, the [[France|French]] Musette du Cour, and several varieties of [[Scotland|Scottish]] Small Pipes which all have double reeds (in conical bores for the Zampogna, and cylindrical bores for the Musette and Scottish Small Pipes). In general, chanters with a cylindrical bore will produce a very mellow [[clarinet]]-like sound, while chanters with a conical bore will produce a louder and brighter [[shawm]]-like sound.
== Significance in the development of classical music ==
'''Skirl''' (Gaelic for scream) is a term used by pipers to describe an unintended shrill sound made by the chanter, and is usually produced when the chanter reed is too easy and thus the chanter is overblown. Sometimes the term is also somewhat mistakenly used to describe the general sound produced by a bagpipe.
The very first chord in the piece is the so-called ''[[Tristan chord]]'', often taken to be of great significance in the move away from traditional [[tonality|tonal]] [[harmony]]:
==History==
The history of the bagpipe is very unclear, however, it seems likely they were first invented in pre-Christian times. The Roman Emperor [[Nero]] is thought to have been a player, reportedly saying he would do penance, for not winning a poetry contest, by playing in public on the ''tibia utricularis'' (the Latin name for bagpipe). There are [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] depictions of pipers, and the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] legions are thought to have marched to bagpipes. The idea of taking a whole or "case" skinned bag and combining it with a chanter and a blowpipe(inflation device) seems to have originated with various ethnic groups in the Roman Empire. Although the [[Aramaic]] word sum·pon·yah´, appearing in Daniel 3:5, 10, 15, has been translated "dulcimer" (a stringed instrument) (KJ, Kx) and "symphony" (Dy, Yg), modern Bible translations generally render the expression as "bagpipe." Koehler and Baumgartner’s Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti Libros gives the meaning "bagpipe" (Leiden 1958, p. 1103).
[[Image:Wagner Tristan opening.png]]
When they were first introduced to the [[British Isles]] is debatable, though Ireland has references going back to the [[Middle Ages]]. An explosion of popularity seems to have occurred from around the year 1000; the tune used by [[Robert Burns]] for "[[Scots Wha Hae]]", "Hey Tutti Taiti", is traditionally said to have been the tune played as [[Robert the Bruce]]'s troops marched to [[Bannockburn]] in [[1314]].
'''Sound samples'''
Many of the secondary sources from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are misleading or verging on fantasy (organist Grattan Flood, and his "The Story of the Bagpipe", published in1911), are particularly bad in this respect, but continue to be quoted and referenced to the present day. For example, an oft-repeated claim is that the [[Great Highland Bagpipe]] was banned after the [[Jacobite Rising|'45 Rising]]. This claim is untrue; there is no mention of the bagpipe in the [[Act of Proscription]], and the entire myth seems to stem from the [[1822]] letterpress of Donald MacDonald's ''A Collection of the Ancient Martial Music of Caledonia, called Piobaireachd'', written by an unknown Romantic.<!--how is he "unknown" if his name is Donald MacDonald?...is this a pseudonym? please clarify-->
* [[Image:Audiobutton.png]] [[Media:Wagner Tristan opening.midi|Sound sample of these bars]] ([[MIDI]] file)
* [[Image:Audiobutton.png]] [[Media:Tristan und Isolde beginning clip.ogg|Recording of these bars]] ([[Ogg Vorbis]] file)
== Characters ==
In the modern era the use of bagpipes has become a common tradition for military funerals and memorials in the [[anglophone]] world, and they are often used at the funerals of high-ranking civilian public officials as well. Weddings, dances, and parties, are also venues for piping, in fact any social event, that can be given a lift by the addition of this unique instrumental music.
*Tristan ([[Tenor]])
In English-speaking regions, a bagpipe player is known as a "bagpiper" or "piper," and the [[Family name|surname]] Piper derives from the latter term. Other European surnames, such as Pfeiffer (German), Gaitero (Spanish), Gajdar (Czech), Dudar (Hungarian), and Tsambounieris (Greek), may also signify that an ancestor was a player of the pipes.
*Isolde ([[Soprano]])
*King Marke ([[Bass (musical term)|Bass]])
*Kurwenal ([[Baritone]])
*Brangaene ([[Mezzo-soprano]])
*Melot (Tenor)
*A shepherd (Tenor)
*Helmsman (Bass)
*Voice of a young sailor (Tenor)
*Male and Female Chorus
==Types Story ==
There are many kinds of bagpipes; the following is an overview of some of the most common:
{{spoiler}}
===The great highland bagpipe===
[[image:Photo_irish_bagpipes.jpg|frame|right|Photograph of an Irish bagpiper playing the GHBs at the St. Patrick's Day Parade in Wilmington, Delaware. 2004.]]
Probably the most well known are the [[Great Highland Bagpipe]]s (commonly abbreviated GHBs), which were developed in [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]]. The picture at right shows a set of Great Highland Bagpipes.
===Act I===
A modern set has a bag, a chanter, a blowpipe, two tenor drones, and one bass drone. The scale on the chanter is approximately in [[Mixolydian_mode|mixolydian]] with a range from one degree lower than the tonic to one octave above it (in piper's parlance: Low G (natural), Low A, B, C (sharp), D, E, F (sharp), High G (natural), and High A). The two tenor drones are an [[octave]] below the [[keynote]] (Low A) of the chanter) and the bass drone two octaves below. This "A" of the GHB is actually slightly, slightly sharper than B-flat, around 480 Hz, and within the realm of competitve pipe bands, seems to get sharper each year.
In the 1990s, there were a few new developments, namely, reliable synthetic drone reeds, and synthetic bags that deal with moisture arguably better than hide or older synthetic bags.
Isolde and her handmaid, Brangaene are quartered aboard Tristan’s ship, being transported to King Marke’s lands in Cornwall where Isolde is to be married to the King. The opera opens with the voice of a young sailor singing of a “wild Irish maid”, which Isolde takes to be a mocking reference to herself. In a furious outburst she wishes the seas to rise up and sink the ship, killing all on board. Her scorn and rage are directed particularly at Tristan, the knight who is taking her to Marke. She sends Brangaene to command Tristan to appear before her, but Tristan refuses Brangaene's request, saying that his place is at the helm. His henchman, Kurwenal, answers more brusqely, saying that Isolde is in no position to command Tristan, and reminding Brangaene that Isolde’s previous husband, Morold was killed by Tristan.
====Regional usage====
The GHB is widely used by both soloists and [[pipe band]]s (civilian and military), and is now played in countries around the world, particularly those with large [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[Irish diaspora|Irish]] emigrant populations, namely [[Canada]], [[United States of America]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and [[South Africa]]. It has also been adopted by many countries "touched on" by the British Empire, such as [[India]] (where it replaced the local bagpipes, "Moshak" and "Shruti"), [[Pakistan]] (with an extensive GHB manufacture), the Gurkas of [[Nepal]] (famous for their soldiers), Arabic countries, and [[Uganda]] (where [[Idi Amin]] forbade the export of [[African Blackwood]], so as to encourage local bagpipe construction, during the 1970s).
Brangaene returns to Isolde to relate these events, and Isolde sadly tells her of how, following the death of Morold, a stranger called Tantris had been brought to her, found mortally wounded in a boat, and that she had used her healing powers to restore him to health. However she discovered that Tantris was actually Tristan, the murderer of her husband, and had tried to kill him with his sword as he lay helpless before her. However Tristan had looked not at the sword that would kill him, but into her eyes, and this had pierced her heart. Tristan had been allowed to leave, but had returned with the intention of marrying Isolde to his uncle, King Marke. Isolde, in her fury at Tristan’s betrayal, insists that he drink atonement to her, and from her medicine-chest produces the vial which will make this drink. Brangaene is shocked to see that it is a lethal poison.
The GHB was also adopted in [[Thailand]]; around [[1921]], [[Vajiravudh|King Rama VI]] ordered a set to accompany the marching exercises of the Sua Pa, or Wild Tiger Corps (a royal guard unit which had previously practiced to the sounds of an oboe called ''pi chawa''). Although the bagpipes arrived from the British Isles with a user's manual, no one was able to figure out how to play them, so the bassoon player Khun Saman Siang-prajak went to the British Embassy and learned how to play the instrument with the British soldiers, until he was satisfied. He then returned to teach the Thai pipe band, until they could perform properly. The band, which plays Thai as well as Scottish tunes, still practices at Vachiravuth High School in Bangkok, which is named for Rama VI.{{ref|autonumber}}
At this point Kurwenal appears in the women’s quarters saying that Tristan has agreed after all to see Isolde. When he arrives, Isolde tells him that she now knows that he was Tantris, and that he owes her his life. Tristan agrees to drink the potion, now prepared by Brangaene, even though he knows it may kill him. As he drinks, Isolde tears the remainder of the potion from him and drinks it herself. At this moment, each believing that their life is about to end, they declare their love for each other. Their rapture is interrupted by Kurwenal, who announces the imminent arrival on board of King Marke. Isolde asks Brangaene which potion she prepared and is told that it was no poison, but a love-potion. Outside, the sailors hail the arrival of King Marke.
[[Pollig Monjarret]] introduced the GHB to [[Brittany]] during the [[Celtic revival]] of the 1920s Breton folk music scene, inventing the [[bagad]], a pipe band incorporating the GHB, the Scottish pipe band drum section, the bombarde and recently, almost any added grouping of wind instruments, e.g. saxophones, brass instruments, such as the trumpet and trombone, etc. Well known bagads include Bagad Brieg, Bagad Kemper, and Bagad Cap Caval. In Brittany, the GHB is known as the [[Biniou Brahz]], meaning Great Biniou, in contrast to the [[biniou koz]], the small traditional Breton bagpipe.
===Act II===
In [[Ireland]], a presumably related instrument is seen in a woodcut by Derrick (an Elizabethan Englishman), in his book, entitled, "Derrick's Image of Ireland", circa 1580, showing a piper leading a group of soldiers and playing a two drone instrument with a long chanter. This instrument apparently died out in Ireland during the [[1700]]s. In the late [[1800]]s a number of Irish pipers attempted a romantic revival with the Brian Boru pipe (see below). Another version of a revived "Irish" bagpipe, was essentially a GHB with a bass drone, and a single tenor. This was often termed the [[Irish Warpipes]]. This configuration, with two drones (either a bass and tenor, or two tenors), has some historical basis, having been depicted in paintings, and other art, in Scotland in the [[1700]]s. In all, the two-drone pipe is now a rarity in Ireland, having been replaced by the GHB.
A nocturnal hunting party leaves King Marke’s castle empty except for Isolde and Brangaene, who stand beside a burning brazier. Isolde several times believes that the hunting horns are far enough away to allow her to extinguish the flames, giving the signal for Tristan to join her. Brangaene warns Isolde that one of King Marke’s knights, Melot, has seen the looks exchanged between Tristan and Isolde, and suspects their passion. Isolde, however, believes Melot to be Tristan’s most loyal friend, and in a frenzy of desire extinguishes the flames. Brangaene retires to the ramparts to keep watch as Tristan arrives.
====Music====
As with most other types of bagpipe, the fact that the air flow is continuous means that two notes cannot be separated by simply stopping blowing or tonguing or the like. The gracenote is therefore used for this purpose. A number of more complicated ornaments using a series of grace notes are also used, such as doublings, taorluaths, throws, grips and birls. These are used for emphasis on, say, the first beat of a bar, or just as a more musical way to get from one note to the next. These gracenotes are performed rapidly, by quick finger movements, giving an effect similar to [[tongueing]] or articulation on modern wind instruments.
The lovers, alone at last and freed from the constraints of courtly life, declare their passion for each other. Tristan decries the realm of daylight which is false, unreal, and keeps them apart. It is only in night that they can truly be together, and only in the long night of death that they can be eternally united. Brangaene is heard several times throughout their long tryst calling a warning that the night is ending, but the lovers ignore her. Finally the day breaks in on the lovers, Melot leads Marke and his men to find Tristan and Isolde in each others arms. Marke is heart-broken, not only because of his betrayal by his adopted son, Tristan, but because he, too, has come to love Isolde.
Beginning in the late Middle Ages we have the first evidence of [[piobaireachd]] (also written [[pibroch]]). This form of music is often called the "big music" of the GHB (in [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]] '''Ceòl Mòr'''), and has something of a scholarly circle devoted to it. It consists of a slow '''ground''' movement (Gaelic '''urlár''') which is a simple theme, then a series of somewhat minimalist variations on this theme, and ends with a return to the ground. The other music for the GHB, sometimes called "light music" (Gaelic '''Ceòl Beag'''), includes marches (2/4, 4/4, 6/8, 3/4, etc), dance tunes (particularly strathspeys, reels, hornpipes, and jigs), slow airs, and more. It dates largely from the last two centuries, being either Scottish or Irish folk music played on the pipes, tunes written by pipers in the [[British Army]] during this time, or, increasingly, tunes composed by pipers in civilian pipe bands.
Tristan now asks Isolde if she will follow him again into the realm of night, and she agrees. Melot and Tristan fight, but at the crucial moment, Tristan throws his sword aside and is mortally wounded by Melot.
====Related instruments====
A smaller, quieter instrument, the [[practice chanter]], with a smaller reed than the GHB chanter reed, and lacking a bag or drones, is suitable for practice in settings where a great volume of sound would be inappropriate or unappreciated by your neighbors or family members. Another practice instrument, called a goose, has a bag, with the practice chanter, but lacks drones, and allows a student to practice "winding" the pipe with the proper mix of breath and bag pressure.
===TheAct Irish uilleann bagpipeIII===
Kurwenal has brought Tristan home to his castle at Kareol in Brittany. A shepherd pipes a mournful tune and asks if Tristan is awake. Kurwenal says that only Isolde’s arrival can save Tristan. The shepherd says he will keep watch and pipe a happy tune to mark the arrival of any ship. Tristan now wakes and mourns that he is again in the false realm of daylight, once more driven by unceasing unquenchable yearning, until Kurwenal tells him that Isolde is coming. Tristan is overjoyed and asks if her ship is in sight, but only the shepherd’s sorrowful tune is heard.
The next most common type is the [[Ireland|Irish]] or ''[[Uilleann]]'' (pronounced "illin," [[Irish language|Irish]] for ''elbow'') bagpipe; this vies with the [[Northumbrian smallpipe]] for the title of most developed bagpipe in existence. This Irish bellows-blown pipe plays a two octave [[diatonic]] scale in D major and a cross-fingered C natural is used to play a huge number of G major tunes (indeed, tunes in G major probably outnumber those in D in the Irish traditional music canon) Also tunes in E minor, A minor, B minor, and D mixolydian. The second octave is produced by [[overblowing]], and extra keys and/or [[cross-fingering]] can be used to produce other tones than those in a diatonic D major scale. The most commonly added keys on "D" sets give the notes: C natural, B-flat, G-sharp, and F natural. Although the chanter does not have a completely closed end, like the Northumbrian smallpipes, the player can press the end of the chanter against a leather pad on his/her knee while closing all fingerholes, producing complete silence. This is used to play short staccato passages. The leather pad (piper's appron) is sometimes replaced by an air-tight popping valve at the distal end of the chanter, which makes it easier to close the pipe completely against the knee, although the chanter does sit higher on the knee. The Uilleann pipes also have three drones (although there are a few examples of sets with four drones, these are non-standard), set in a common stock, all tuned to three different octaves of D, and up to three (or in rare cases four and five) regulators which are effectively a kind of plugged chanter with keys, designed to be played by the wrist. Accomplished players can use these to provide a limited but powerfully impressive chordal [[accompaniment]], while playing the chanter at the same time, and with/with out the drones, which have their own on/off switch. Often Uilleann pipes are found without any drones or regulators; these sets are called somewhat misleadingly "practice sets". In fact, many pipers use these sets for their entire piping careers. Another common choice is to have only the drones, without regulators. This is known as a half-set. A final occasional variant, the three-quarter set, omits the bass regulator. A "full set" is a chanter, 3 drones (tenor,baritone,and bass)3 regulators (treble, baritone, and "G"bass) The Irish bagpipes can be in different keys: E flat, D, C, B, and B flat. The lower pitch sets (C, B, and B flat) are very quiet, due to their very narrow bores.
Tristan relapses and recalls that the shepherd’s tune is the one he heard when his father and then his mother died. Once again he rails against his desires and against the fateful love-potion until he collapses in delirium. At this point the shepherd is heard piping the arrival of Isolde’s ship, and as Kurwenal rushes to meet her, Tristan in his excitement tears the bandages from his wounds. As Isolde arrives at his side, Tristan dies with her name on his lips.
===The Northumbrian smallpipe===
The Northumbrian smallpipe is a bellows-blown pipe which, as noted above, shares the unusual characteristic with the Uilleann pipes of being able to stop the sound of the chanter. This is done by giving the chanter a completely closed end. This combined with the unusually tight fingering (each note is played by lifting only one finger) means that much [[Northumberland|Northumbrian]] piping tends to be very [[staccato]] in style. The chanter has a number of keys, most commonly seven, but chanters with a two octave range can be made which require seventeen keys, all played with either the right hand thumb and left hand pinkie. There is no [[overblowing]] to get this two octave range, due to the cylindrical bore, the keys are integral, along with the length of the chanter, to obtain the two octaves. The original (18th century) short keyless chanters only had the range of one octave. In practice, few players find they require anything more complex than the seven key chanter.
Traditionally, the chanter is pitched in what Northumbrian pipers refer to as F+, a pitch approximately twenty [[cents]] sharp of F natural. The music, however, is always written in G. Nowadays, chanters are available anywhere from D to G, G and true F natural being the most popular for playing ensemble. There are usually four drones on the Northumbrian pipes, which can be tuned to several different combinations of pitch for playing in different keys.
Isolde collapses beside him as the appearance of another ship is announced. Kurwenal sees Melot, Marke and Brangaene arrive and furiously attacks Melot to avenge Tristan. In the fight both Melot and Kurwenal are killed. Marke and Brangaene finally reach Isolde and Marke, grieving over the body of his “truest friend” explains that he has learnt of the love-potion from Brangaene and had come, not to part the lovers, but to unite them. Isolde appears to wake but, in a final aria describing her vision of Tristan risen again (the “Liebestod”), dies of grief.
===The Scottish smallpipe===
The [[Scottish smallpipe]] is a bellows-blown bagpipe developed from the Northumbrian smallpipe by Colin Ross (1970s), to be playable according to the Great Highland Bagpipe fingering system. Historical antecedents do exist, but modern designs are not based on these and there is no unbroken line of traditional playing. Most modern players use any comfortable open fingering or are trained GHB players. It has a cylindrical bore chanter, most commonly pitched in A, although any key is feasible; D, C, and B flat are the next most common keys. They are most commonly unkeyed, but occasionally G sharp, F natural, and C natural keys are added. It is possible to add enough keys to produce a two-octave chromatic scale, but this is rarely done. The present writer cannot think of any prominent piper using such a set, and the most keys witnessed on a chanter is 6, giving an range of low G to high C in G major on an A chanter. The drones are set in a common stock and are tuned an octave below the tonic, either the fifth or an octave below the fifth (a few players choose to tune this to the fourth instead), and two octaves below the tonic. It is perhaps the youngest bagpipe with any popularity, having only existed since its invention in the early 1980s. It is however extremely popular, particularly with [[Highlands of Scotland|Highland]] pipers, many of whom keep it or a [[Border pipe]] as a second instrument. Mouth-blown versions are available, but it is difficult to produce quality tone from these instruments due to the reed's delicate construction.
== Influence of Schopenhauer on ''Tristan und Isolde'' ==
===The biniou===
The ''[[Biniou]]'' , or Biniou Koz (old style bagpipe) is a mouth blown bagpipe from [[Brittany]], a [[Celt]]ic region of [[France]]. It has a one octave scale with the flat lead tone below, and one note over the octave with a cross fingering. The Biniou is very high pitched--an octave higher than the Scots Great Highland Bagpipe. It has a single drone two octaves below the tonic. Traditionally it is played as a duet with the [[bombarde]], a [[shawm]] which sounds an octave below the biniou chanter, for [[Brittany|Breton]] folk dancing. It is the most famous bagpipe of France, but not the most played due to the revival of other French bagpipes in other regions, including [[Bourbonais]], [[Limousin]], [[Auvergne]], and others.
Wagner was introduced to the work of the philosopher [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] by his friend [[Georg Herwegh]] in late 1854. The composer was immediately struck by the philosophical ideas to be found in “Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung” ([[The World as Will and Idea]]), and it is clear that the composer and the philosopher had a very similar world-view. By the end of that year, he had sketched out all three acts of an opera on the theme of Tristan and Isolde, although it was not until 1857 that he began working full-time on the opera, putting aside the composition of [[Der Ring des Nibelungen]] to do so.
===French and Occitan bagpipes===
Wagner said in a letter to [[Liszt]] (December 1854): “Never in my life having enjoyed the true happiness of love I shall erect a memorial to this loveliest of all dreams in which, from the first to the last, love shall, for once, find utter repletion. I have devised in my mind a ''Tristan und Isolde'', the simplest, yet most full-blooded musical conception imaginable, and with the ‘black flag’ that waves at the end I shall cover myself over – to die.”
The Center-France bagpipes (called in French ''cornemuse du centre'' or ''musette du centre'') are of many different types, some mouth blown, some bellows blown; some names for these instruments include ''chevrette'' (which means "little goat," referring to the use of a goatskin for its bag), ''chabrette'', ''chabretta'', ''chabreta'', ''cabreta'', ''bodega'', and ''boha''. It can be found in the [[Bourbonnais]], [[Nivernais]], and [[Morvan]] regions of [[France]].
By 1857 Wagner was living as the guest of the wealthy silk merchant [[Otto von Wesendonck]], and during the composition of ''Tristan und Isolde'' was involved with Wesendonck’s wife, Mathilde, although it remains uncertain as to whether or not this relationship was platonic.
Nevertheless, the twin influences of Schopenhauer and Mathilde inspired Wagner during the composition of ''Tristan und Isolde''. Schopenhauer’s influence is felt most directly in the second and third acts. The first act is relatively straightforward, consisting mostly of an exposition of how Tristan and Isolde come to be in their current state. However the second act, where the lovers meet, and the third act, in which Tristan longs for release from the passions that torment him, have often proved puzzling to opera-goers unfamiliar with Schopenhauer’s work.
In the northern regions of [[Occitania]]:[[Auvergne]], we find the (generally) bellows blown ''cabreta'', and in [[Music of Limousin|Limousin]] the mouth blown ''chabreta''. The Occitan names also refer to the goat. In the Occitan region of Languedoc, and especially in the ''Montanha negre'' (Black Mountain) area, the ''bodega'' is played. This is a very large mouth blown pipe made from the skin of an entire goat. In [[Gascony]], a small mouth blown bagpipe called ''boha'' (from ''bohar'' meaning "to blow") is used.
Wagner uses the metaphor of day and night in the second act to designate the realms inhabited by Tristan and Isolde. The world of Day is one where the lovers must deny their love and pretend they do not care for each other, where they are bound by the dictates of King Marke’s court: it is a realm of falsehood and unreality. Tristan declares in Act 2 that under the dictates of the realm of Day he was forced to remove Isolde from Ireland and to marry her to his Uncle Marke. The realm of Night, in contrast, is the representation of intrinsic reality, where the lovers can be together, where their desires reach fulfillment: it is the realm of oneness, truth and reality. Wagner here equates the realm of Day with Schopenhauer’s concept of [[Phenomenon]], and the realm of Night with Schopenhauer’s concept of [[Noumenon]]. This is not explicitly stated in the libretto, however Tristan’s comments on Day and Night in Act 2 and 3 make it very clear that this is Wagner’s intention.
In Schopenhauer’s philosophy, the world as we experience it is a representation of an unknowable reality. Our representation of the world (which is false) is [[Phenomenon]], while the unknowable reality is [[Noumenon]]: these concepts are developments of ideas originally posited by [[Kant]]. Importantly for Tristan and Isolde, Schopenhauer’s concept of Noumenon is one where all things are indivisible and one: and it is this very idea of one-ness that Tristan yearns for in Acts 2 and 3 of Tristan und Isolde. Tristan is also aware that this realm of Night, or Noumenon can only be shared by the lovers in its fullest sense when they die. The realm of Night therefore also becomes the realm of death: the only world in which Tristan and Isolde can be united forever, and it is this realm that Tristan speaks of at the end of Act two (“Dem Land das Tristan meint, der Sonne Lich nicht Scheint”).
There are a number of piping schools. One of the most important is the Conservatoire Occitan, located in the city of Toulouse ([[Occitania]]) but there are also important schools in Limoges, Aurillac, Belin, Mazamet, and other towns. Although Central French pipes are generally used to play traditional music, some Occitan pop groups use them as well. Such groups include La Talvera, Familha Artus, and Tenareze.
Tristan rages against the daylight in Act 3 and frequently cries out for release from his desires (Sehnen): it is also part of Schopenhauer’s philosophy that man is driven by continued, unachievable desires, and that the gulf between our desires and the possibility of achieving them leads to misery. The only way for man to achieve inner peace is to renounce his desires: a theme that Wagner explores fully in his last opera, [[Parsifal]].
===The border pipe===
The [[Border pipe]] is a close cousin of the Highland bagpipe, and is commonly confused with the [[Scottish smallpipe]], although it is a quite different and much older instrument. With one conical chanter and three drones in a common stock, tuned as per Highland pipes or Scottish smallpipes, this bagpipe combines the Highland pipe tone with the more manageable key of A=440. Because of smaller internal diameter bores, in contrast to the GHB, the pipe has a lower volume. This makes it suitable for playing in folk bands and at informal folk [[pub session|sessions]]. Other names for this pipe are Scots lowland pipes, the Cauld (cold) Wind Pipes (due to the fact that air is provided by a bellows rather than the player's lungs), the Oxter (underarm) pipes, and the Northumbrian Half-Long pipes, which has a bass/baritone/tenor drone configuration. The term "Border Pipes", can be any bagpipes, played on the Scottish/English border. Thus you have to include the "Pastoral or New Bagpipe" (this is the name given to the ancestor of the Irish Pipes) from the title of the tutor (or instruction book) by J. Geoghan, published in London,1745. These pipes were manufactured on both sides of the border of Scotland and England.
== Recordings of Tristan und Isolde ==
===The gaita===
''[[Gaita]]'' is the [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] name for the bagpipe used in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Asturias]] and northern region of [[Portugal]]. It has a conical chanter with a partial second octave, obtained by [[overblowing]]. Pipe bands and folk groups playing these instruments have become popular in recent years.
Tristan und Isolde has always been acknowledged as one of the greatest operas, and has a long recorded history. In the years before the [[Second World War]], [[Kirsten Flagstad]] and [[Lauritz Melchior]] were considered to be the prime interpreters of the lead roles, and mono recordings exist of a number of live performances with this pair directed by conductors such as [[Thomas Beecham]], [[Fritz Reiner]], [[Artur Bodanzky]] and [[Erich Leinsdorf]] . Flagstad recorded the part for EMI near the end of her career under [[Wilhelm Furtwangler]], producing a set which is considered a classic recording. Following the war the performances at [[Bayreuth Festival|Bayreuth]] with [[Martha Modl]] and [[Ramon Vinay]] under [[Herbert von Karajan]] (1952) were highly regarded, and these performances are now available as a live recording. In the 1960s the soprano [[Birgit Nilsson]] was considered the major Isolde interpreter, and she was often partnered by the Tristan of [[Wolfgang Windgassen]]. Their performances at Bayreuth in 1966 were captured by Deutsche Grammophon, although some collectors prefer the pairing of Nilsson with the Canadian tenor [[Jon Vickers]], available in “unofficial” recordings from performances in Vienna or Orange. Karajan did not record the opera commercially until 1971, and his set is still controversial for the use of a lighter soprano voice as Isolde, paired with an extremely intense Vickers, and for the unusual balance between orchestra and singers favoured at that time by Karajan. By the 1980s recorded sets by conductors such as [[Carlos Kleiber]], [[Reginald Goodall]] and [[Leonard Bernstein]] were mostly considered to be important for the interpretation of the conductor, rather than that of the lead performers. The set by Kleiber is notable since Isolde is sung by [[Margaret Price]], who never sang the role on stage.
Gaitas can be found in the keys of G, A, B-flat, B, C, C sharp (Do brillante), and D, with some groups using a combination of keys. For example: there may be several sets in C and a set in G acting as a bass, or A and D together and so on for a bagpipe "choir" (different ranges played together).
For many years the playing of close harmony (thirds and sixths) with two gaitas of the same key was/is the normal style, and this influenced the French pipers, starting in the 1970s, who began the bagpipe "ensemble des cornemuses", or bagpipe choirs. (Bulgaria also had similar choirs starting in the 1950s, with gaidas in different keys.)
There are many recordings of the opera, some of the most popular being listed below:
Gaitas have various drone arrangements. All will have a bass drone, called ''roncon'' (literally "snorer"), which sits horizontally over the player's shoulder. Some will also have a tenor drone, pitched an octave higher than the bass, and a few have a "screamer" (called ''ronquito'' or ''roncón''). This last is in unison with the fifth of the chanter scale, and has a plug to close it off, if it becomes too irritating!
* [[Karl Elmendorff]] conducting the Bayreuther Festspiele Orchester with Gunnar Graarud as Tristan and Nanny Larsen-Todsen as Isolde, 1928 (Columbia Records, mono, rereleased in 2003 on CD by Naxos)
The gaita's name is presumed to derive from a [[Gothic language|Gothic]] root meaning goat (''gait'' or ''gata''), as the bag is a whole, case-skinned goat hide; Gothic was spoken in Spain as late as the eighth century. It is also possible, however, that the name originates with the ''ghaita'' (also spelled ''rhaita'' in [[Morocco]] and ''algaita'' in [[Niger]]) a North African oboe similar to the [[zurna]] whose name derives from an Arabic word meaning "farm," and that the Gothic connection is an example of [[folk etymology]].
* Thomas Beecham/Fritz Reiner conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra with Kirsten Flagstad and Lauritz Melchior, 1936 – 1937 (EMI, mono)
===The Brian Boru bagpipe===
The '''Brian Boru''' bagpipe was invented in 1910 by Henry Starck, an instrument maker (who also made regular GHBs), in London, in consultation with some Irish pipers. The name was chosen in honour of the Irish king [[Brian_Boru]], though this bagpipe is not a recreation of any pipes that were played at the time of his reign. The Brian Boru pipe is related to the Great Highland Bagpipe, but with a chanter that adds four to ten keys, to extend both the upper and lower ends of the scale, and optionally adds chromatic notes. His original pipes changed the drone configuration to a single tenor drone pitched one octave below the chanter, a baritone drone pitched one fifth below the tenor drone, and a bass drone pitched two octaves below the chanter, following the drone set-up of the Northumbrian Half-long pipes. Some later designs of these pipes reverted back to the Great Highland Bagpipe configuration of two tenor drones and one bass drone. The Brian Boru bagpipe was played for a number of years by the pipe band in the [[Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers]], as well as a number of civilian pipe bands. It is still played in Ireland but has lost most of its former popularity. Bagpipe makers in [[Pakistan]] still make the chanters.
* Wilhelm Furtwangler conducting the Philharmonia Orchestra with Kirsten Flagstad and Ludwig Suthaus, 1953 (EMI, mono)
===Categories===
Regardless of origin of the instrument, bagpipes can be classified into several broad categories.
* Karl Bohm conducting the Bayreuth Festival Orchestra with Birgit Nilsson and Wolfgang Windgassen, 1966 (Deutsche Grammophon, stereo)
*Is the instrument mouth blown or bellows driven?
*Does the chanter have a conical or cylindrical bore?
*Are the chanter reeds single or double?
* Herbert von Karajan conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra with Helga Dernesch and Jon Vickers, 1972 (EMI, stereo)
===Other types===
[[Image:Traditional Swedish bagpipes.jpg|thumb|Traditional Swedish bagpipes, [[säckpipa]], made by Leif Eriksson]]
* Carlos Kleiber conducting the Dresden Staatskapelle with Margaret Price and Rene Kollo, 1982 (Deutsche Grammophon, stereo)
[[Image:Touloum.JPG|right|300px|thumb|Pontic bagpipe/dankiyo/tulum consist of :1 . Post - Skin (bag) : Animal Skin, 2 . Fisaktir - blowpipe : Wood or Bone, 3 . Avlos - flute : Wood & Reeds, 4 . Kalame - Reeds: Reeds ]]
There are literally hundreds of types of bagpipe; what follows is not by any means an exhaustive list.
*Cornemuse : French bagpipe featuring a bass drone and a tenor drone that emerges from a common stock with the chanter.
*[[Cornwall|Cornish]] pipes : extinct double chanter bagpipe, undergoing a revival.
*[[Dankiyo]]: An ancient word for bagpipe in Trebizond area in the text of [[Evliya Çelebi]] (17. century, [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Era)"''The Laz's of Trebizond invent bagpipe called dankiyo''..." '''Etymology''': < Ancient Greek To ankiyo, angion(άγγείον) "skin, bagpipe" Source: Öztürk, Özhan (2005). Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2 Cilt. Heyamola Yayıncılık. İstanbul. p. 300 ISBN 975-6121-00-9.
*Dudelsack : [[Germany|German]] bagpipe with two drones and one chanter
*Dudy (also known by the German name "Bock") : [[Czech Republic|Czech]] bellows-blown bagpipe with a long, crooked drone and chanter that curves up at the end.
*[[Gaida]] (also called ''kaba gaida'' in [[Bulgaria]]): very large [[Greece|Greek]] and Southern Balkan (i.e. [[Bulgaria]]n and [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]]) bagpipe with one drone and one chanter
*[[Lancashire]] Great-pipe : another extinct English bagpipe undergoing revival
*[[Magyar_Duda]] or [[Hungary|Hungarian]] ''duda'' (also known as ''tömlösíp'' and ''börduda'') has a doubled chanter with single reeds and a bass drone. It is typical of a large group of pipes played in the Carpathian Basin.
*[[Musette]] : French ancestor of the Northumbrian pipes, used in folk music as well as classical compositions in the 18th century French court. The shuttle design for the drones was recently revived and added to a mouth blown Scottish smallpipe.
*Pastoral bagpipe : Ancestor of the Irish bagpipe, played by the Scots and N.E. English as well!
*Sac de gemecs : Used in [[Catalonia]]. In the Balearic Islands, Mallorca, Minorca, (but not Ibiza), this same bagpipe is called a "Xeremie" and is played in a duet with a Flabiol (one handed) whistle and drum.
*[[Säckpipa]] : Also the [[Sweden|Swedish]] word for 'bagpipe' in general, this instrument was on the brink of extinction in the first half of the 20th century. It has a cylindrical bore and a single reed, as well as a single drone at the same pitch as the bottom note of the chanter.
*[http://www.tritonus.ch/Schweizer%20Sackpfeifen/sackpfeifen.htm Schweizer Sackpfeife] (Swiss bagpipe): In [[Switzerland]], the "Sackpfiffe" was a common instrument in the folkmusic from the middle-age to the early 18th century – documented by iconography and in written sources (one or two drones and one chanter with double reeds).
*Tsampouna (also tsambouna, tsabouna, etc.) : Greek bagpipe made from an entire goatskin.
*[[Tulum]] : skin bag; [[Turkey|Turkish]] bagpipe featuring two parallel chanters, (and no drone) usually played by the [[Laz]] and [[Hemşin]] people.
*Zampogna : "Symphony" An [[Italy|Italian]] bagpipe, with different scale arrangements for two chanters (for different regions of Italy), and two drones (which sound a fifth, in relation to the chanter keynote). The Zampogna is played with the Piffero ( a Shawm, or folk Oboe), the Piffero plays the melody and the Zampogna provides chord changes and "vamping" or rhythmic harmony figures as an accompaniment. The word "tzimpounas/tsimponas" still used for bagpipe in [[Pontic Greek]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ([[Trebizond]] region of northeast [[Anatolia]]; its [[Romanian language|Romanian]] counterpart is "cimpoi", which also means symphony or "many sounds played together".
=== Video ===
==Bagpipes in non-traditional forms of music==
* ''Tristan und Isolde'' [[Conductor]]: Karl Bohm. ORTF orchestra. Soloists: Brigitte Nilsson, Jon Vickers; 1973, at the Theatre Antique, Orange, France. Despite some technical problems and limited commercial distribution, it is still the finest video recording for its powerful performance (as of 2005-11-21).
* ''Tristan und Isolde'' [[Conductor]]: [[Daniel Barenboim]], Orchester der Bayreuther Festspiele, Staged and Directed by: [[Jean-Pierre Ponnelle]], Soloists: René Kollo, Johanna Meier, Matti Salminen, Hermann Becht, Hanna Schwarz, Unitel 1983, [[Laserdisc]] Philips 070-509-1
===Classical works featuring bagpipes===
*''Ur Og and Aji,'' for 4 bagpipes, bass clarinet & tabla by Canadian [[composer]] [[Michael O'Neill]].
*''An Orkney Wedding, With Sunrise'' (1984) by Sir Peter Maxwell Davies
*''Sinfonia Concertante for Six Solo Instruments and Orchestra'' by [[P.D.Q. Bach]] features bagpipes as one of the six instruments.
===Bagpipes in jazz===
* U.S. musician [[Rufus Harley]] (b. 1936) was the first jazz performer to use the Great Highland Bagpipes as his primary instrument.
===Bagpipes in rock===
*The heavy metal band [[AC/DC]] first gained renown for the marriage of bagpipes and rock and roll with their [[1975]] song "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)"; the bagpipes were played by band member Bon Scott, who in his youth had played bagpipes and drums in the Fremantle (Western Australia) Scots Pipe Band.
*Although not as well known, bagpipes were used a year earlier in rock by the [[Sensational Alex Harvey Band]], a Scottish group which featured the instrument in their [[1974]] single "Anthem."
*UK rock band [[Wizzard]] featured the bagpipes on their 1974 single "Are you ready to rock".
*[[Paul McCartney]]'s song "[[Mull of Kintyre]]" (1977) with the band Wings, made strong use of bagpipes for a characteristically Scottish sound.
*The Scottish-Canadian [[punk rock]] band [[Real McKenzies]] (formed 1992) has featured bagpipes on all their albums, played by various pipers. Their most recent piper, Matt MacNasty, has been playing with the group since their 2003 album ''Oot & Aboot'' and also played on their 2005 album ''10,000 Shots''.
*The [[nu-metal]] band [[KoЯn]] (formed 1993) often uses bagpipes in their songs (played by [[vocalist]] [[Jonathan Davis]]).
*[[Irish-American]] punk rock stalwarts [[Dropkick Murphys]] (formed 1995) also incorporate bagpipes into their sound.
*The [[Germany|German]] [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[In Extremo]] uses bagpipes.
===Bagpipes in other forms of music===
*Originally a hymn, "[[Amazing Grace]]" is often thought of as a bagpipe tune since it is particularly powerful on the pipes and is commonly heard at funerals when the pipes are present.
*The U.S. funk band [[Parliament (band)|Parliament]] used bagpipes on the track "Silent Boatman, from their [[1970]] debut ''Osmium''.
*Canadian-born Scottish musician [[Martyn Bennett]] (1971-2005) played Great Highland Bagpipe in combination with hip-hop and electronic dance music.
*Bagpipes (played by Rufus Harley) are featured on the title track of the 1995 album ''Do You Want More?!!!??!'' by the U.S. hip hop group [[The Roots]].
*[http://www.theshipbuilders.com/catalogue/breakfast_in_balquhidder.php Orchestra Macaroon - Breakfast In Balquhidder] -Scottish [[Latin America|Latin-American]] jazz folk-rock with the apposite "''Warning: This product may contain traces of bagpipes''".
*Part of [[Orbital (band)|Orbital]]'s single, "Style", includes a remix with (probably synthesized) bagpipes called "Big Pipe Style". The original was played with a [[Stylophone]].
*In the video game [[Dance Dance Revolution EXTREME]], the song '''bag''' is composed of synthesized bagpipe sounds.
==Bagpipe aphorisms==
*"He who pays the piper calls the tune." is a commonly used metaphor to describe general situations in which a person paying for goods or services has the most say over how those goods or services are to be rendered.
*"The piper will lead us to reason."/"The piper's calling you to join him" -- ([[Led Zeppelin]] - [[Stairway to Heaven]])
*"And all the people came up after him, and the people piped with pipes, and rejoiced with great joy, so that the earth rent with the sound of them." -- 1 Kings 1:40, The Bible(King James Version)
*"Piper at the Gates of Dawn" is an album by Pink Floyd
==Bagpipe humour==
Even among aficionados, it is recognized that bagpipes, bagpipers, and bagpipe music can all be legitimate sources of humour. A typical gentle-jab at the field is exemplified by the following jokes:
:''The music of the pipes is best appreciated when heard over a body of water.''
:''The width of the Atlantic Ocean is usually considered to be sufficient.''
and
:''Q. Why do bagpipers walk as they play?''
:''A. They're trying to get away from the noise.''
==Notes==
# {{note|autonumber}} Roongruang, Panya (1999). "Thai Classical Music and its Movement from Oral to Written Transmission, 1930-1942: Historical Context, Method, and Legacy of the Thai Music Manuscript Project." Ph.D. dissertation. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University, p. 146.
== See Also ==
*[[Great Highland Bagpipe]]
==External links==
*[http://www.tip.net.au/~jgbrown/Tristan/discography/ Discography of ''Tristan und Isolde]
* [http://www.bobdunsire.com/bagpipeweb Bagpipe Web Directory - Exhaustive link directory.]
* [http://www.hotpipesscarp.plus.com/mainTristanundIsolde.html The''Tristan Universeund ofIsolde'' Bagpipeslibretto] -from Lotsthe ofWagner differentLibretto examples of bagpipes.]Page
* [http://www.richard-wagner-postkarten.de/postkarten/tri.php Richard Wagner - Tristan und Isolde]. A gallery of historic postcards with motives from Richard Wagner's operas.
* [http://www.prydein.com/pipes/ Bagpipe iconography - Paintings and images of the pipes.]
* [http://www.rspba.org The Royal Scottish Pipe Band Association]
* [http://www.edintattoo.co.uk The Edinburgh Military Tattoo]
* [http://www.geocities.com/blackbeardian/LonePiper/fergusmain.html Uncle Fergus' Bagpipers' Paradise!]
* [http://www.bagpipejourney.com/ Andrew Lenz's Bagpipe Journey - Reference information.]
* [http://www.tritonus.ch/Schweizer%20Sackpfeifen/sackpfeifen.htm Swiss Bagpipe]
* [http://www.78thfrasers.net The 78th Fraser Highlanders Pipe Band (first non-Scottish pipe band to win the World Pipe Band Championships)]
* [http://www.mcnabbs.org/andrew/comments/pipemusic Introduction to Bagpipe Music (Great Highland Bagpipe)]
[[Category:Musical instruments]]
[[Category:Scottish music]]
[[Category:British cultural icons]]
[[Category:National Symbols of Scotland]]
{{Link FA|nl}}
[[Category:Operas by Richard Wagner]]
[[bg:Гайда]]
[[Category:German-language operas]]
[[de:Dudelsack]]
[[Category:Romantic tragedy]]
[[es:Gaita]]
[[Category:Arthurian legend]]
[[eo:Sakŝalmo]]
[[frCategory:CornemuseOperas]]
[[glda:GaitaTristan galegaog Isolde]]
[[hede:חמתTristan חליליםund Isolde]]
[[lbes:DudelsakTristán e Isolda]]
[[nlfr:DoedelzakTristan et Isolde]]
[[ja:バグパトリスタンとイプゾルデ (楽劇)]]
[[ptpl:GaitaTristan dei folesIzolda (opera)]]
[[sl:Dude]]
[[sr:Гајде]]
[[fi:Gaita]]
[[sv:Säckpipa]]
[[wa:Pupsak]]
| 