|
'''''Tristan und Isolde''''' is an [[opera]] in three acts by [[Richard Wagner]]. It was composed between [[1857]] and [[1859]], and received its first production in [[Munich]] on [[June 10]], [[1865]].
{{otheruses2 |Winnipeg}}
== Sources ==
{{Canadian City|
Reference Name=City of {{PAGENAME}}|
Header Format=Custom Flag and Coat of Arms|
Flag Image=Winnipegflag.jpg| Coat Image=Winnipegcoa.gif|
Motto=Unum Cum Virtute Multorum <br><small>(One With the Strength of Many)</small>|
Location Image Type=Custom| Location Image=Winnipegmanitoba.PNG|
Latitude Longitude=|
CCMapSource=coor br|d1=49|m1=53|d2=97|m2=09|EP=(619,544)_scale:200000|
Elevation=238|
Time zone=CST|
Postal Code=|
Population description= - City (2001)<br> - Metro (2004 est)<br>| - Cdn. Mun. Rank:|
Population=619,544<br>702,400<br> [[List of the 100 largest cities in Canada|Ranked 6th]]|
Population Density=1331.9|
Area=465.16|
City Mayor=[[Sam Katz]]|
Governing Body=[[Winnipeg City Council]]
<tr><td align=center colspan=2> [[Canadian House of Commons|MP]]s</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>[[Reg Alcock]], [[Bill Blaikie]], [[Steven Fletcher]], [[Pat Martin]], [[Anita Neville]], [[Raymond Simard]], [[Joy Smith]], [[Judy Wasylycia-Leis]]</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center colspan=2> [[Legislative Assembly of Manitoba|MLA]]s</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2> [[Cris Aglugub]], [[Nancy Allan]], [[Rob Altemeyer]], [[Marilyn Brick]], [[David Walter Chomiak]], [[Gary Doer]], [[Myrna Driedger]], [[Jon Gerrard]], [[George Hickes (politician)|George Hickes]], [[Kerri Irvin-Ross]], [[Bidhu Jha]], [[Bonnie Korzeniowski]], [[Kevin Lamoureux]], [[John Loewen]], [[Gord Mackintosh]], [[Jim Maloway]], [[Doug Martindale]], [[Diane McGifford]], [[Christine Melnick]], [[Bonnie Mitchelson]], [[Stuart Murray]], [[Theresa Oswald]], [[Daryl Gary Reid]], [[Jack Reimer]], [[Jim Rondeau]], [[Tim Sale (politician)|Tim Sale]], [[Conrad Santos]], [[Harry Schellenberg]], [[Gregory F. Selinger]], [[Heather Stefanson]], [[Andy Swan]]</td></tr>|
website=[[Image:Cit-4c.jpg|200px|Winnipeg, Manitoba Logo]]</tr></td><tr><td align=center colspan=2>[http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=49.883333,-97.15&spn=0.2,0.2&t=k&hl=en Satellite view of the city]</td></tr><tr><td align=center colspan=2>[http://www.winnipeg.ca/interhom/ City of Winnipeg]|
Census Year=2001|
Extra references=|
}}
'''Winnipeg''' ({{coor dm |49|53|N|97|09|W|type:city(620000)_scale:300000_region:CA-MB}}, [[Central Standard Time|CST]]) is a [[List of cities in Canada|Canadian city]] and the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|provincial]] capital of the province of [[Manitoba]]. Located in Western Canada, Winnipeg plays a prominent role in transportation, finance, manufacturing, agriculture and education. It is known as the Gateway to the West.
In the principal parts of this opera Wagner followed the romance of [[Gottfried von Strassburg]], which in turn is based on the story of [[Tristan]] and [[Isolde]] from [[King Arthur|Arthur]]ian legend.
The city is located near the geographic centre of North America. It lies in a flood plain at the confluence of the [[Red River of the North|Red]] and [[Assiniboine River|Assiniboine]] rivers and started around the point now commonly known as [[The Forks]]. It is protected from flooding by the [[Red River Floodway]]. Winnipeg is the province's largest city with a population of 619,544 people (2001 Canadian Census). The [[Winnipeg Metropolitan Area]] (which includes Winnipeg and the surrounding municipalities including [[Selkirk, Manitoba|Selkirk]], East and West St.Paul, Headingley, Cartier, MacDonald, and Springfield) has a population of 702,400 (Statistics Canada 2004 estimate). The climate in Winnipeg is very extreme; overall, it is one of the coldest large cities in the world, with temperatures averaging below freezing from mid-[[November]] through much of [[March]] (and most nights below −18 °[[Celsius|C]] (0 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]) in mid-[[winter]]), although from [[May]] to [[September]] temperatures often reach 30 °C (86 °F) and sometimes exceed 35 °C (95 °F). The city receives more precipitation in the forms of both rain and snow than other Prairie cities, but the weather is characterized year-round by an abundance of sunshine.
== Critical reception ==
==History==
Many Wagnerian critics of the time claimed that the musical portion of the opera attained the highest summit of all music; on the other hand, an equally influential group of critics, centered around [[Eduard Hanslick]], condemned the work as being incomprehensible.
In [[1738]], the [[Sieur de la Vérendrye]] built the first post on the site, [[Fort Rouge]], but it was later abandoned. Other posts were built in the Red River region, which was fiercely contested by the [[North West Company]] and the [[Hudsons Bay Company|Hudson's Bay Company]]. [[Fort Gibraltar]], a post of the North West Company on the site of present-day Winnipeg, was renamed [[Fort Garry]] in [[1822]] and became the leading post in the region. In [[1835]], Fort Garry was rebuilt after the devastating flood of [[1826]] and although it played a small role in the actual trading of furs, it housed the residence of the Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company for many years. In [[1869]]-[[1870]], Winnipeg was the site of the [[Red River Rebellion]], a conflict between the local [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] people led by [[Louis Riel]] and newcomers from eastern Canada. This rebellion led directly to the entry of Manitoba into Confederation as Canada's fifth province in 1870. On [[November 8]], [[1873]], Winnipeg was incorporated as a city. In [[1876]] the post office officially adopted the name "Winnipeg", three years after the city's incorporation.
== Significance in the development of classical music ==
The name ''Winnipeg'' is a transcription of the western [[Cree]] word ''wīnipēk'' (''ᐑᓂᐯᐠ''), meaning "muddy waters" from ''wīni'' (''ᐑᓂ'') - dirty, or soiled - and ''nipiy'' (''ᓂᐱᐩ'') - water. It is the Cree name of [[Lake Winnipeg]], some sixty kilometres to the north (about forty miles).
The very first chord in the piece is the so-called ''[[Tristan chord]]'', often taken to be of great significance in the move away from traditional [[tonality|tonal]] [[harmony]]:
Winnipeg experienced an economic boom during the [[1890s]] through [[1920s]]. The population rose from about 25,000 in 1891 to more than 200,000 by 1921. The Manitoba [http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/homepage.html Provincial Legislature Building] reflects the optimism of these boom years. Built of [[Tyndall Stone]] in [[1920]], it is topped by the "[[Golden Boy (Manitoba)|Golden Boy]]", a 5.25 metres tall (17.2 feet) from his toes to the tip of his torch, sculpture sheathed in 23.5 [[carat (purity)|karat]] (98%) [[gold]]. The Golden Boy carries a sheaf of golden grain in his left arm, while his right hand holds high a torch. The Golden Boy's torch was illuminated in December 31, 1966, as part of Manitoba's Centennial Celebration. The lamp was removed in 2002 in the course of a refurbishment of the famous statue, when it was discovered the cable supplying power to the lamp also contributed to the erosion of its internal frame. The statue is now lit at night by floodlights.
[[Image:Wagner Tristan opening.png]]
The current city of Winnipeg was created by the [[Unicity Act of 1971]]. The municipalities of [[St. James-Assiniboia]], [[St. Boniface, Manitoba|St. Boniface]], [[Transcona, Manitoba|Transcona]], [[St. Vital]], [[West Kildonan]], [[East Kildonan]], [[Tuxedo, Manitoba|Tuxedo]], [[Old Kildonan]], [[North Kildonan]], [[Fort Garry]], and [[Charleswood]] were amalgamated with the Old City of Winnipeg. Small portions of the city have since seceded, but the vast majority of the populated area of the city remains within one single municipality. In order to prevent urban sprawl, the city restricted development to inside an [[urban limit line]] and in most cases left several kilometres of open space between the municipal boundary and [[suburb]]an developments. Surrounding municipalities have a combined population of fewer than 100,000.
'''Sound samples'''
== Geography and Climate ==
* [[Image:Audiobutton.png]] [[Media:Wagner Tristan opening.midi|Sound sample of these bars]] ([[MIDI]] file)
Winnipeg lies at the bottom of the valley of the [[Red River of the North|Red River]] and has an extremely flat [[topography]]. There are no substantial hills in the city or in its vicinity. Downtown Winnipeg is centred at the intersection of Portage Avenue and Main Street about one kilometre (0.6 mile) from The Forks of the Red and [[Assiniboine River]]s. From this intersection, known as the windiest in Canada, all roads radiate outwards. The city uses the grid system for streets although there are several different grids in place which correspond to old Red River Lots and the meandering courses of the rivers. This creates some very irregular intersections. As a result many visitors find it difficult to get around in Winnipeg. There is no absolute numbering system in place but usually street addresses become higher the farther one moves away from either river. For example west of the Red River street addresses will increase as one heads west, but east of the river they will increase as one heads east. In general avenues run east and west and streets north and south. Unlike many cities in North America, all streets are named, not numbered. Of interest, many of the main thoroughfares in Winnipeg are extremely wide due to the spring soil conditions and the historical use of the [[Red River Cart]] which created wide ruts in the (then) muddy roads. Portage Avenue has four lanes of traffic in each direction plus a central boulevard for much of its run through Winnipeg.
* [[Image:Audiobutton.png]] [[Media:Tristan und Isolde beginning clip.ogg|Recording of these bars]] ([[Ogg Vorbis]] file)
== Characters ==
[[Downtown Winnipeg]] is the financial heart of the city, and covers an area of about one square mile (2.5 km²) which is quite large for a city this size. Although downtown Winnipeg once housed what was for a time one of the world's most successful department stores, the [[Eaton's]] store on Portage Avenue, it is no longer the retail or commercial centre of the city. The Eaton's store was torn down and replaced by an arena, the [[MTS Centre]] in November, 2004. Surrounding the downtown area are various residential neighbourhoods. Urban development spreads in all directions from downtown but is greatest to the south and west, and has tended to follow (and has been determined by) the course of the two major rivers. The urbanized area in Winnipeg is about 25 km (15 mi) from east to west and 20 km (12 mi) from north to south, although there is still much land available for development within the City Limits. Areas include Downtown/Exchange District, The Forks, Fort Rouge/Crescentwood, River Heights, Tuxedo, Charleswood, St. James/Assiniboia, The West End, Weston, Wolseley, The North End, Elmwood, East, West, and North Kildonan, St Boniface, St Vital, Fort Garry, St Norbert, and Transcona. Winnipeg is known for its urban forest particularly its beautiful [[American Elm|elm]] trees. The two major parks in the city, Assiniboine Park and Kildonan Park, are both located in the suburbs. The major commercial areas are Polo Park (West End and St. James) Kildonan Crossing (Transcona), South St. Vital, and Garden City (West Kildonan). The main cultural and nightlife areas are the Exchange District, The Forks, Osborne Village and Corydon Avenue (both in Fort Rouge), Sargent and Ellice Avenues (West End) and Old St. Boniface.
*Tristan ([[Tenor]])
Because of its extremely flat topography and substantial snowfall, Winnipeg is subject to severe flooding. The Red River reached its greatest flood height in [[1826]], and this event still remains the highest flood stage of the last two hundred years. Another large flood occurred in [[1950]], which caused millions of dollars in damages and thousands of evacuations. This flood prompted [[Duff Roblin]]'s government to build the [[Red River Floodway]] (sometimes colloquially refered to as Duff's Ditch), a 49 kilometre (30 mile) long diversion channel that protects the city of Winnipeg from flooding. Other related water diversion projects farther away from Winnipeg include the [[Portage Diversion]] (also known as the [[Assiniboine River Floodway]]) and the [[Shellmouth Dam]]. The flood-control system prevented flooding in [[1974]] and [[1979]] when water levels neared record levels. However, in the [[Red River Flood, 1997|1997 flood]], flooding threatened the city's relatively unprotected southwest corner. Flood control [[dyke (construction)|dikes]] were reinforced and raised using [[sandbag]]s and the threat was averted. Winnipeg suffered very limited damage compared to cities without flood control structures, such as [[Grand Forks, North Dakota]], USA.
*Isolde ([[Soprano]])
*King Marke ([[Bass (musical term)|Bass]])
*Kurwenal ([[Baritone]])
*Brangaene ([[Mezzo-soprano]])
*Melot (Tenor)
*A shepherd (Tenor)
*Helmsman (Bass)
*Voice of a young sailor (Tenor)
*Male and Female Chorus
== Story ==
The generally flat terrain and the poor drainage of the [[Red River Valley]]'s clay-based soil result in generally poor drainage in the city, which leads in wet years to a seasonal explosion of insects, especially [[mosquito]]s. Winnipeg has gained a reputation as the mosquito capital of North America, resulting in the limitation of much outdoor activity during the hot and humid summer months. The fear of [[West Nile Virus]] has further exacerbated the problem. In the summer of [[2005]], mosquito trap counts in some parts of the city went into the thousands, causing immediate city-wide fogging with the chemical [[malathion]]. The use of chemicals to combat Winnipeg's insect problem is an extremely controversial issue in the city as many feel that the use of chemicals, and particularly malathion, is unnecessarily dangerous to human and animal health.
{{spoiler}}
Winnipeg lies in an unprotected arctic trough which channels cold arctic air south, directly across the [[Canadian Shield]] and [[Canadian Prairie]]. This results in bone-chilling temperatures as early as the end of [[October]] and bitter cold and winds during [[December]], [[January]] and [[February]], and cold weather and snow often extending into [[April]]. The extremity of its climate in the winter months has caused the (somewhat derisive) nickname of "Winterpeg". Summers are typically warm with average temperatures above 25 °C (77 °F) and much sunshine is received throughout the year. Spring and fall tend to be rather contracted seasons, each averaging little over six weeks. Average maximum temperatures for each month are as follows (source Environment Canada): January −13 °C (9 °F), February −9 °C (16 °F), March −1 °C (30 °F), April 10 °C (50 °F), May 19 °C (67 °F), June 23 °C (74 °F), July 26 °C (79 °F), August 25 °C (77 °F), September 19 °C (67 °F), October 11 °C (52 °F), November 0 °C (32 °F), December −10 °C (14 °F). The city receives an annual average of about 510 mm (20 inches) of precipitation including 115 cm (45 inches) of snow. There is generally snow cover from mid-November to the end of March, though this varies depending on the year—heavy snowfalls in late October and in April are not uncommon. Winnipeg is virtually assured of having a [[White Christmas]] as there is only one [[December 25]] on record in the last century where there was no snow on the ground.
===Act I===
[[Image:Winnipeg1907.jpg|thumb|center|560px|<div align="center" style="border:none;">Winnipeg panorama, from [[1907]]</div>]]
Isolde and her handmaid, Brangaene are quartered aboard Tristan’s ship, being transported to King Marke’s lands in Cornwall where Isolde is to be married to the King. The opera opens with the voice of a young sailor singing of a “wild Irish maid”, which Isolde takes to be a mocking reference to herself. In a furious outburst she wishes the seas to rise up and sink the ship, killing all on board. Her scorn and rage are directed particularly at Tristan, the knight who is taking her to Marke. She sends Brangaene to command Tristan to appear before her, but Tristan refuses Brangaene's request, saying that his place is at the helm. His henchman, Kurwenal, answers more brusqely, saying that Isolde is in no position to command Tristan, and reminding Brangaene that Isolde’s previous husband, Morold was killed by Tristan.
== Demographics ==
[[Image:Skyline_Winnipeg.jpg|thumb|Winnipeg skyline]]
Brangaene returns to Isolde to relate these events, and Isolde sadly tells her of how, following the death of Morold, a stranger called Tantris had been brought to her, found mortally wounded in a boat, and that she had used her healing powers to restore him to health. However she discovered that Tantris was actually Tristan, the murderer of her husband, and had tried to kill him with his sword as he lay helpless before her. However Tristan had looked not at the sword that would kill him, but into her eyes, and this had pierced her heart. Tristan had been allowed to leave, but had returned with the intention of marrying Isolde to his uncle, King Marke. Isolde, in her fury at Tristan’s betrayal, insists that he drink atonement to her, and from her medicine-chest produces the vial which will make this drink. Brangaene is shocked to see that it is a lethal poison.
The City of Winnipeg is home to 619,544 people (2001), about 55% of the total population of Manitoba. Winnipeg's population grew by only 1,067 residents from 1996 to 2001. Winnipeg's total annual growth rate has been 0.5% since 1971, with the majority of growth coming from immigration from Asia and Africa and in-migration from the surrounding rural areas, aboriginal [[reservation]]s, and native communities.
At this point Kurwenal appears in the women’s quarters saying that Tristan has agreed after all to see Isolde. When he arrives, Isolde tells him that she now knows that he was Tantris, and that he owes her his life. Tristan agrees to drink the potion, now prepared by Brangaene, even though he knows it may kill him. As he drinks, Isolde tears the remainder of the potion from him and drinks it herself. At this moment, each believing that their life is about to end, they declare their love for each other. Their rapture is interrupted by Kurwenal, who announces the imminent arrival on board of King Marke. Isolde asks Brangaene which potion she prepared and is told that it was no poison, but a love-potion. Outside, the sailors hail the arrival of King Marke.
[[Edmonton, Alberta|Edmonton]] and [[Calgary]], however, formerly smaller cousins, have grown 3.0% and 4.5% per year, over the same period, so that each now has a metropolitan population of over 1.0 million. Winnipeg was once Canada's third-largest city (until the 1930s), but, beginning in the [[1970s]], as the economy evolved away from rural farm-based industry, Winnipeg stalled in growth and dropped to eighth by 2004.
===Act II===
Around 19% of the population is under 14, and 13.7% are over 65.
A nocturnal hunting party leaves King Marke’s castle empty except for Isolde and Brangaene, who stand beside a burning brazier. Isolde several times believes that the hunting horns are far enough away to allow her to extinguish the flames, giving the signal for Tristan to join her. Brangaene warns Isolde that one of King Marke’s knights, Melot, has seen the looks exchanged between Tristan and Isolde, and suspects their passion. Isolde, however, believes Melot to be Tristan’s most loyal friend, and in a frenzy of desire extinguishes the flames. Brangaene retires to the ramparts to keep watch as Tristan arrives.
=== Visible minorities ===
The lovers, alone at last and freed from the constraints of courtly life, declare their passion for each other. Tristan decries the realm of daylight which is false, unreal, and keeps them apart. It is only in night that they can truly be together, and only in the long night of death that they can be eternally united. Brangaene is heard several times throughout their long tryst calling a warning that the night is ending, but the lovers ignore her. Finally the day breaks in on the lovers, Melot leads Marke and his men to find Tristan and Isolde in each others arms. Marke is heart-broken, not only because of his betrayal by his adopted son, Tristan, but because he, too, has come to love Isolde.
Statistics Canada asks census respondents whether they are aboriginal and whether they belong to a visible minority ("non-caucasian in race or non-white in colour").[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/Metadata/vis_min_pop.cfm?A=&DataType=1&TypeNameE=City%20%2D%20Cit%E9&ID=8144&CSDNAME=Winnipeg&D=1&LANG=E&Province=46&PlaceName=Winnipeg&SGC=4611040&SCRIPT1=/english/profil01/Details/details1pop2.cfm&PSGC=46&CMA=&CSDType=C&ThisPageNo=Population%20%2D%20Page%203&ThisPage=1pop2&Prov=Manitoba&SEARCH=BEGINS] Published figures for 2001:
Tristan now asks Isolde if she will follow him again into the realm of night, and she agrees. Melot and Tristan fight, but at the crucial moment, Tristan throws his sword aside and is mortally wounded by Melot.
* Aboriginal: 8.6%
* Filipino: 4.9%
* South Asian: 2.0%
* Black: 1.8%
* Chinese: 1.8%
* Southeast Asian: 0.8%
* Latin American: 0.7%
* Japanese: 0.3%
* Korean: 0.2%
* West Asian: 0.1%
* Other minority or multiple minories: 0.6%.
* All others: 86.6% [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/Metadata/vismin_other.cfm?A=&DataType=1&TypeNameE=City%20%2D%20Cit%E9&ID=8144&CSDNAME=Winnipeg&D=1&LANG=E&Province=46&PlaceName=Winnipeg&SGC=4611040&SCRIPT1=/english/profil01/Details/details1pop2.cfm&PSGC=46&CMA=&CSDType=C&ThisPageNo=Population%20%2D%20Page%203&ThisPage=1pop2&Prov=Manitoba&SEARCH=BEGINS]
===Act Religious affiliation III===
*[[Protestant]]: 35.1%
*[[Roman Catholic]]: 32.6%
*[[Christian Orthodox]]: 1.7%
*Other Christian: 3.6%
*[[Jewish]]: 2.1%
*No religion: 21.4%
Kurwenal has brought Tristan home to his castle at Kareol in Brittany. A shepherd pipes a mournful tune and asks if Tristan is awake. Kurwenal says that only Isolde’s arrival can save Tristan. The shepherd says he will keep watch and pipe a happy tune to mark the arrival of any ship. Tristan now wakes and mourns that he is again in the false realm of daylight, once more driven by unceasing unquenchable yearning, until Kurwenal tells him that Isolde is coming. Tristan is overjoyed and asks if her ship is in sight, but only the shepherd’s sorrowful tune is heard.
Religious affiliations with less than 1% are not listed here.
Tristan relapses and recalls that the shepherd’s tune is the one he heard when his father and then his mother died. Once again he rails against his desires and against the fateful love-potion until he collapses in delirium. At this point the shepherd is heard piping the arrival of Isolde’s ship, and as Kurwenal rushes to meet her, Tristan in his excitement tears the bandages from his wounds. As Isolde arrives at his side, Tristan dies with her name on his lips.
=== Languages Spoken ===
Isolde collapses beside him as the appearance of another ship is announced. Kurwenal sees Melot, Marke and Brangaene arrive and furiously attacks Melot to avenge Tristan. In the fight both Melot and Kurwenal are killed. Marke and Brangaene finally reach Isolde and Marke, grieving over the body of his “truest friend” explains that he has learnt of the love-potion from Brangaene and had come, not to part the lovers, but to unite them. Isolde appears to wake but, in a final aria describing her vision of Tristan risen again (the “Liebestod”), dies of grief.
The most common languages spoken by Winnipegers are: [[English language |English]] (99.0%), [[French language |French]] (11.1%), [[German language |German]] (4.1%), [[Tagalog language |Tagalog]] (3.8%), [[Ukrainian language |Ukrainian]] (3.1%), [[Spanish language |Spanish]] (1.7%), [[Chinese language |Chinese]] (1.7%), [[Polish language |Polish]] (1.7%), [[Portuguese language |Portuguese]] (1.3%), [[Italian language |Italian]] (1.1%), [[Punjabi language |Punjabi]] (1.0%), [[Vietnamese language |Vietnamese]] (0.6%), [[Ojibwe language |Ojibway]] (0.6%), [[Hindi]] (0.5%), [[Russian language |Russian]] (0.5%), [[Cree language|Cree]] (0.5%), [[Dutch language |Dutch]] (0.4%), [[Sign language |Non verbal languages]] (0.3%), [[Arabic language |Arabic]] (0.3%), [[Croatian language |Croatian]] (0.3%), [[Greek language |Greek]] (0.3%), [[Hungarian language |Hungarian]] (0.3%), [[Japanese language |Japanese]] (0.2%), [[Creole language |Creoles]] (0.1%), [[Danish language |Danish]] (0.1%), [[Gaelic language]]s (0.0%), [[Inuktitut language |Inuktitut]] (0.0%), [[Mi'kmaq |Micmac]] (0.0%). Source: Statistics Canada, see external link.
== Influence of Schopenhauer on ''Tristan und Isolde'' ==
=== External links ===
* [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/Details/details1.cfm?SEARCH=BEGINS&ID=8144&PSGC=46&SGC=4611040&DataType=1&LANG=E&Province=46&PlaceName=Winnipeg&CMA=&CSDNAME=Winnipeg&A=&TypeNameE=City%20%2D%20Cit%e9&Prov= Winnipeg 2001 census data] at Statistics Canada
* [http://www.winnipeg.ca/Census/2001/City%20of%20Winnipeg/City%20of%20Winnipeg/City%20of%20Winnipeg.pdf Winnipeg 2001 census summary] at the City of Winnipeg (PDF file)
Wagner was introduced to the work of the philosopher [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] by his friend [[Georg Herwegh]] in late 1854. The composer was immediately struck by the philosophical ideas to be found in “Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung” ([[The World as Will and Idea]]), and it is clear that the composer and the philosopher had a very similar world-view. By the end of that year, he had sketched out all three acts of an opera on the theme of Tristan and Isolde, although it was not until 1857 that he began working full-time on the opera, putting aside the composition of [[Der Ring des Nibelungen]] to do so.
==Workforce and industry==
Wagner said in a letter to [[Liszt]] (December 1854): “Never in my life having enjoyed the true happiness of love I shall erect a memorial to this loveliest of all dreams in which, from the first to the last, love shall, for once, find utter repletion. I have devised in my mind a ''Tristan und Isolde'', the simplest, yet most full-blooded musical conception imaginable, and with the ‘black flag’ that waves at the end I shall cover myself over – to die.”
Approximately 375,000 people are employed in Winnipeg and the surrounding area. Winnipeg's largest employers are either government or government-funded institutions: The Province of Manitoba, The City of Winnipeg, The [[University of Manitoba]], The Health Sciences Centre, The Casinos of Winnipeg, and [[Manitoba Hydro]]. There are several large private sector employers, as well: [[Manitoba Telecom Services]], Palliser Furniture, [[The Great-West Life Assurance Company| Great-West Life Assurance]], [[Motor Coach Industries|Motor Coach Industries]], [[Convergys]], [[Faneuil]], [[New Flyer]] Industries, [[Boeing]] Aerospace, [[Bristol Aerospace]], and Investors Group. Approximately 54,000 people or 14% of the work force are employed in the public sector.
By 1857 Wagner was living as the guest of the wealthy silk merchant [[Otto von Wesendonck]], and during the composition of ''Tristan und Isolde'' was involved with Wesendonck’s wife, Mathilde, although it remains uncertain as to whether or not this relationship was platonic.
Nevertheless, the twin influences of Schopenhauer and Mathilde inspired Wagner during the composition of ''Tristan und Isolde''. Schopenhauer’s influence is felt most directly in the second and third acts. The first act is relatively straightforward, consisting mostly of an exposition of how Tristan and Isolde come to be in their current state. However the second act, where the lovers meet, and the third act, in which Tristan longs for release from the passions that torment him, have often proved puzzling to opera-goers unfamiliar with Schopenhauer’s work.
Winnipeg is the site of [http://www.airforce.forces.ca/organization2_e.asp 1 Canadian Air Division (1CAD)], the headquarters of the [[Canadian Forces]] "Air Command" (Canada's Air Force). This is also the command structure responsible for strategic coordination and control of [[North American Aerospace Defense Command|NORAD]] operations over Canada (tactical control is in [[North Bay, Ontario]], in a bunker similar to [[Cheyenne Mountain]] in the United States).
Wagner uses the metaphor of day and night in the second act to designate the realms inhabited by Tristan and Isolde. The world of Day is one where the lovers must deny their love and pretend they do not care for each other, where they are bound by the dictates of King Marke’s court: it is a realm of falsehood and unreality. Tristan declares in Act 2 that under the dictates of the realm of Day he was forced to remove Isolde from Ireland and to marry her to his Uncle Marke. The realm of Night, in contrast, is the representation of intrinsic reality, where the lovers can be together, where their desires reach fulfillment: it is the realm of oneness, truth and reality. Wagner here equates the realm of Day with Schopenhauer’s concept of [[Phenomenon]], and the realm of Night with Schopenhauer’s concept of [[Noumenon]]. This is not explicitly stated in the libretto, however Tristan’s comments on Day and Night in Act 2 and 3 make it very clear that this is Wagner’s intention.
In Schopenhauer’s philosophy, the world as we experience it is a representation of an unknowable reality. Our representation of the world (which is false) is [[Phenomenon]], while the unknowable reality is [[Noumenon]]: these concepts are developments of ideas originally posited by [[Kant]]. Importantly for Tristan and Isolde, Schopenhauer’s concept of Noumenon is one where all things are indivisible and one: and it is this very idea of one-ness that Tristan yearns for in Acts 2 and 3 of Tristan und Isolde. Tristan is also aware that this realm of Night, or Noumenon can only be shared by the lovers in its fullest sense when they die. The realm of Night therefore also becomes the realm of death: the only world in which Tristan and Isolde can be united forever, and it is this realm that Tristan speaks of at the end of Act two (“Dem Land das Tristan meint, der Sonne Lich nicht Scheint”).
Winnipeg is also home to the [[National Microbiology Laboratory]], Canada's front line in its response to [[SARS]] and one of only 15 [[Biosafety level]] 4 microbiology laboratories in the world.
Tristan rages against the daylight in Act 3 and frequently cries out for release from his desires (Sehnen): it is also part of Schopenhauer’s philosophy that man is driven by continued, unachievable desires, and that the gulf between our desires and the possibility of achieving them leads to misery. The only way for man to achieve inner peace is to renounce his desires: a theme that Wagner explores fully in his last opera, [[Parsifal]].
==Transportation==
[[Image:winnipeg.jpg|thumb|300px|Winnipeg from space.]]
Winnipeg has had a public transit system since the [[1880s]], starting with horse-drawn streetcars. It had electric streetcars from 1891 until 1955, and electric trolley buses from 1938 until 1970. [[Winnipeg Transit]] now operates entirely with diesel buses. For decades, the city has explored the idea of a rapid transit link, either bus or rail, from downtown to the [[University of Manitoba]]'s suburban campus. The most recent proposal calls for several enhanced bus routes, which would extend across the city. These routes would use bus-only lanes for most of their length, with separate [[busway|busways]] being built around congested sections. In 2004 Winnipeg Mayor [[Sam Katz]] effectively shelved these plans and the rail-based option is now seen as more viable (and more desirable). Winnipeg is home to large transit bus manufacturers, including [[New Flyer Industries]] and [[Motor Coach Industries]]. New Flyer Industries supplies transit buses for many major North American cities including [[New York City]] and [[Vancouver]].
== Recordings of Tristan und Isolde ==
Winnipeg is unique among North American cities its size in that it does not have [[freeway]]s within the urban area. Beginning in [[1958]], the primarily suburban Metropolitan council proposed a system of freeways, including one that would have bisected the downtown area. The plan culminated in the monumental ''Winnipeg area transportation study'' of [[1968]]. The extensive freeway plan faced stiff community opposition and was deemed over-ambitious. It was not implemented as a concerted undertaking, but construction of major traffic corridors follows the study to this day, including [[expressway]]s such as [[List of Winnipeg City Routes|Winnipeg City Route]] [[Winnipeg City Route 165|165/Bishop Grandin Blvd.]], although most are in the form of urban [[arterial road]]s, and no freeways are likely to be constructed within the urban area anytime soon. However, one freeway was built in the [[1960s]], and that [[freeway]] is called the '''Disraeli Freeway''', which is part of [[Winnipeg City Route 42]]. A modern four-lane highway (the [[Perimeter Highway (Winnipeg)|Perimeter Highway]], which is mostly an [[expressway]] around the city with [[interchange]]s and at-grade [[intersection]]s) bypasses the city entirely, allowing travellers on the [[Trans-Canada Highway]] to avoid the city and continue east or west uninterrupted.
Tristan und Isolde has always been acknowledged as one of the greatest operas, and has a long recorded history. In the years before the [[Second World War]], [[Kirsten Flagstad]] and [[Lauritz Melchior]] were considered to be the prime interpreters of the lead roles, and mono recordings exist of a number of live performances with this pair directed by conductors such as [[Thomas Beecham]], [[Fritz Reiner]], [[Artur Bodanzky]] and [[Erich Leinsdorf]] . Flagstad recorded the part for EMI near the end of her career under [[Wilhelm Furtwangler]], producing a set which is considered a classic recording. Following the war the performances at [[Bayreuth Festival|Bayreuth]] with [[Martha Modl]] and [[Ramon Vinay]] under [[Herbert von Karajan]] (1952) were highly regarded, and these performances are now available as a live recording. In the 1960s the soprano [[Birgit Nilsson]] was considered the major Isolde interpreter, and she was often partnered by the Tristan of [[Wolfgang Windgassen]]. Their performances at Bayreuth in 1966 were captured by Deutsche Grammophon, although some collectors prefer the pairing of Nilsson with the Canadian tenor [[Jon Vickers]], available in “unofficial” recordings from performances in Vienna or Orange. Karajan did not record the opera commercially until 1971, and his set is still controversial for the use of a lighter soprano voice as Isolde, paired with an extremely intense Vickers, and for the unusual balance between orchestra and singers favoured at that time by Karajan. By the 1980s recorded sets by conductors such as [[Carlos Kleiber]], [[Reginald Goodall]] and [[Leonard Bernstein]] were mostly considered to be important for the interpretation of the conductor, rather than that of the lead performers. The set by Kleiber is notable since Isolde is sung by [[Margaret Price]], who never sang the role on stage.
[[List of Manitoba provincial highways|Provincial highways]] used to enter Winnipeg, but that has been replaced with the [[List of Winnipeg City Routes|City Route System]]. At present, only two provincial highways enter the Winnipeg area, although provincial highway signs are still posted on [[Winnipeg City Route 42|Pembina Hwy]] inside the perimeter, on which part of it outside the Perimeter (part of it still in [[Winnipeg]]) gains a provincial highway status.
Those two highways are:
*[[Manitoba Provincial Highway 1|Highway 1]] and
*[[Manitoba Provincial Highway 59|Highway 59]]
There are many recordings of the opera, some of the most popular being listed below:
The most important highways entering the city are [[Manitoba Provincial Highway 1|Highway 1]] (the Trans-Canada Highway) which runs east-west across Canada, the [[Perimeter Highway (Winnipeg)|Perimeter Highway]], a highway that bypasses the city, and [[Manitoba Provincial Highway 75|Highway 75]], which is a northern extension of [[Interstate 29]]. Other primary highways that reach the Perimeter or the [[Winnipeg]] border are:
* [[Manitoba Provincial Highway 2|Highway 2]] (meets with Highway 3 at the southwest Perimeter)
* [[Manitoba Provincial Highway 3|Highway 3]]
* [[Manitoba Provincial Highway 6|Highway 6]] (main highway to [[northern Manitoba]])
* [[Manitoba Provincial Highway 7|Highway 7]]
* [[Manitoba Provincial Highway 8|Highway 8]]
* [[Manitoba Provincial Highway 9|Highway 9]]
* [[Manitoba Provincial Highway 15|Highway 15]] and
* [[Manitoba Provincial Highway 59|Highway 59]] (a northern extension of [[U.S. Highway 59|US 59]])
* [[Karl Elmendorff]] conducting the Bayreuther Festspiele Orchester with Gunnar Graarud as Tristan and Nanny Larsen-Todsen as Isolde, 1928 (Columbia Records, mono, rereleased in 2003 on CD by Naxos)
Reference: Winnipeg Streets and Transit Division, ''Winnipeg area transportation study,'' 1968. The Council of the Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
* Thomas Beecham/Fritz Reiner conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra with Kirsten Flagstad and Lauritz Melchior, 1936 – 1937 (EMI, mono)
Winnipeg is currently served by [[Winnipeg International Airport]]. The city is slated to receive a new airport terminal in early [[2008]] that will replace the existing terminal which was constructed in the early [[1960s]].
* Wilhelm Furtwangler conducting the Philharmonia Orchestra with Kirsten Flagstad and Ludwig Suthaus, 1953 (EMI, mono)
=== External link ===
* Karl Bohm conducting the Bayreuth Festival Orchestra with Birgit Nilsson and Wolfgang Windgassen, 1966 (Deutsche Grammophon, stereo)
*[http://www.winnipegtransit.com/ Winnipeg Transit Homepage]
* Herbert von Karajan conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra with Helga Dernesch and Jon Vickers, 1972 (EMI, stereo)
== Crime ==
* Carlos Kleiber conducting the Dresden Staatskapelle with Margaret Price and Rene Kollo, 1982 (Deutsche Grammophon, stereo)
In 2002, Winnipeg had the fourth highest overall crime rate in Canada with 10,879 [[Criminal Code of Canada]] offences per 100,000 population. Only [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]], [[Saskatoon]], and [[Vancouver]] had higher crime rates. The crime rate was 50% higher than that of [[Calgary]] and more than double the rate for [[Toronto]].
Winnipeg crime is associated with the distribution of factors related to the population and land-uses of the city. In particular, crime in Winnipeg in 2001 was concentrated in the city centre, representing a relatively small proportion of the total geographic area of the city. High-crime neighbourhoods were characterized by reduced access to socio-economic resources, decreased residential stability, increased population density and land-use patterns that may increase opportunity for crime. The level of socio-economic disadvantage of the residential population in a neighbourhood was most strongly associated with the highest neighbourhood rates of both violent and property crime.
=== Video ===
(source: [http://www.statcan.ca:80/english/research/85-561-MIE/85-561-MIE2004004.htm Neighbourhood Characteristics and the Distribution of Crime in Winnipeg])
* ''Tristan und Isolde'' [[Conductor]]: Karl Bohm. ORTF orchestra. Soloists: Brigitte Nilsson, Jon Vickers; 1973, at the Theatre Antique, Orange, France. Despite some technical problems and limited commercial distribution, it is still the finest video recording for its powerful performance (as of 2005-11-21).
* ''Tristan und Isolde'' [[Conductor]]: [[Daniel Barenboim]], Orchester der Bayreuther Festspiele, Staged and Directed by: [[Jean-Pierre Ponnelle]], Soloists: René Kollo, Johanna Meier, Matti Salminen, Hermann Becht, Hanna Schwarz, Unitel 1983, [[Laserdisc]] Philips 070-509-1
==Politics==
==External links==
Starting in 1900, in both provincial and federal elections, central Winnipeg elected politicians from the [[Labour Party]]. Winnipeg was the site of a [[Winnipeg General Strike of 1919|general strike]] from May 15 to June 28, 1919. This strike saw violent protests, including several deaths at the hands of the [[Royal North-West Mounted Police]], and the arrest of many of Winnipeg's future politicians. Though it was not chartered until 1932, the [[Cooperative Commonwealth Federation]] was born not only out of the depression but also out of the labour unrest of 1919. Its successor, the [[New Democratic Party]], has enjoyed much support in Winnipeg since the early 1960s. Winnipeg's longest-serving [[Member of Parliament|MP]]s include [[J.S. Woodsworth]] (21 years), [[Stanley Knowles]] (38 years), [[David Orlikow]] (25 years), [[Bill Blaikie]] (25 years and still in office [[as of 2005]]), and [[Lloyd Axworthy]] (21 years).
*[http://www.tip.net.au/~jgbrown/Tristan/discography/ Discography of ''Tristan und Isolde]
*[http://www.scarp.plus.com/TristanundIsolde.html ''Tristan und Isolde'' libretto] from the Wagner Libretto Page
* [http://www.richard-wagner-postkarten.de/postkarten/tri.php Richard Wagner - Tristan und Isolde]. A gallery of historic postcards with motives from Richard Wagner's operas.
[[Category:Operas by Richard Wagner]]
Winnipeg is represented in the Canadian House of Commons by eight Members of Parliament. [[As of 2005]], three are from the [[Liberal Party of Canada]], three from the [[New Democratic Party]], and two from the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] .
[[Category:German-language operas]]
[[Category:Romantic tragedy]]
On [[June 22]], [[2004]], businessman [[Sam Katz]] was elected mayor of Winnipeg, receiving 42.51% of the vote.
[[Category:Arthurian legend]]
[[Category:Operas]]
Aside from being the provincial capital of Manitoba, Winnipeg has served as the capital for two other Canadian territories: the [[District of Keewatin]] from 1876 to 1905 and [[Northwest Territories]] from 1870 to 1876.
[[da:Tristan og Isolde]]
===See also===
[[de:Tristan und Isolde]]
[[List of mayors of Winnipeg, Manitoba]]
[[es:Tristán e Isolda]]
[[fr:Tristan et Isolde]]
==Sports==
[[ja:トリスタンとイゾルデ (楽劇)]]
Winnipeg is and has historically been home to numerous professional sports franchises, some of which survive today. The [[Winnipeg Jets]] were one of the original teams of the [[World Hockey Association]] and won three league titles. The Jets entered the [[National Hockey League]] in 1979 and played in Winnipeg until 1996. The Jets featured such Hall of Famers as WHA coach [[Rudy Pilous]] and players [[Bobby Hull]], [[Dale Hawerchuk]], and (briefly) [[Serge Savard]], as well as potential Hall of Famers [[Teemu Selanne]], [[Phil Housley]], and [[Keith Tkachuk]]. In 1996, the team was sold to an ownership group based in [[Phoenix, Arizona]], and it was moved there to become the [[Phoenix Coyotes]]. There is considerable optimism that the city may once again host an NHL franchise. Support for the Moose has been good, but the city will most likely never consider itself a minor league town for hockey, and therefore will clamor for another NHL franchise for years to come.
[[pl:Tristan i Izolda (opera)]]
Since 1996, Winnipeg has been home to the minor-league [[Manitoba Moose]], currently a member of the [[American Hockey League]]. The Moose are the farm team to the NHL's [[Vancouver Canucks]]. Winnipeg has produced Hall of Fame hockey players [[Andy Bathgate]], [[Bill Mosienko]], [[Art Coulter]], [[Ching Johnson]], [[Frank Fredrickson]], [[Jack Ruttan]], [[Kenny Reardon]], [[Fred Maxwell]], and [[Terry Sawchuk]].
Winnipeg also has a team in the [[Canadian Football League]], the [[Winnipeg Blue Bombers|Blue Bombers]], who have won 10 [[Grey Cup]]s, the league's championship trophy. Winnipeg has a long history of minor-league baseball, including the [[Winnipeg Maroons]] of the [[Northern League]], which existed from 1902-1942; the Class A [[Winnipeg Goldeyes]], an affiliate of the [[St. Louis Cardinals]], from 1953-1964; the AAA Whips, the [[Montreal Expos]] farm team in 1970-1971; and, since 1994, the Goldeyes, a franchise in the independent Class AA-quality Northern League. Winnipeg hosted the 1967 and 1999 [[Pan American Games]]. In addition, the [[University of Winnipeg]]'s women's basketball team won 88 consecutive games during the 1990s, tying a college sports record. Winnipeg is also home to many of the world's best [[curling]] teams and hosted the 2003 World Championships.
Other notable sports figures include [[Summer Olympics|Olympic]] [[Taekwondo]] athlete and bronze-medalist [[Dominique Bosshart]], [[Toronto Blue Jays]] third-baseman [[Corey Koskie]], Canadian Olympic Women's Hockey Gold Medalist [[Jennifer Botterill]],[[Philadelphia 76ers]] [[Center (basketball)|center]] [[Todd MacCulloch]], and [[WWE]] Superstar [[Chris Jericho]].
==Arts and culture==
[[Image:Esplanderiel.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This unique [[Side-spar cable-stayed bridge|side spar bridge]], the Esplanade Riel, is solely for pedestrian traffic, with a restaurant provided in the spar's base]]
Winnipeg is well known for its arts and culture. Among the popular cultural institutions in the city are: the [[Royal Winnipeg Ballet]], the [[Winnipeg Art Gallery]] (WAG), the [[Manitoba Opera]], the [[Manitoba Museum]] (formerly the Museum of Man and Nature), the [[Manitoba Theatre Centre]], the [[Prairie Theatre Exchange]], and the [[Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra]]. The city is home to several large festivals. The [[Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival]] is North America's second largest Fringe Festival, held every July. Other festivals include [[Folklorama]], the [[Winnipeg Jazz Festival]], the [[Winnipeg Folk Festival]], the [[Winnipeg Music Festival]], the [[Red River Exhibition]], and [[Le Festival du Voyageur]].
Winnipeg also has a thriving film community, producing local independent films, such as those by [[Guy Maddin]]. It has also supported a number of [[Hollywood]] productions, including [[Shall We Dance (2004 movie)|''Shall We Dance'']] (2004), ''[[Capote]]'' (2005), and ''[[The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford]]'' (2006). Several locally-produced and national television dramas have also been shot in Winnipeg.
Winnipeg has a community college, [[Red River College]]. Winnipeg's four universities are the [[University of Manitoba]] (undergraduate, graduate school, and medical school), [[College universitaire de Saint-Boniface]] affiliated with University of Manitoba, the [[University of Winnipeg]] (undergraduate and select graduate programs) and [[Canadian Mennonite University]] (private). Winnipeg is also home to several prestigious private schools, including [[St. John's-Ravenscourt School|St. John's Ravenscourt]], St. Mary's Academy, and Balmoral Hall.
Winnipeg is also known for its host of independent music acts. Among the most notable are [[Neil Young]], [[The Guess Who]], [[Chantal Kreviazuk]], [[Bif Naked]], [[The Weakerthans]], [[Propagandhi]], [[Projektor]], [[Venetian Snares]], [[Greg Macpherson]], [[Christine Fellows]], [[Fermented Reptile]], [[Mood Ruff]], [[burnthe8track]], and many more.
==Architecture==
[[Image:St Boniface Cathedral Winnipeg Manitoba.jpg|thumb|250px|St Boniface Cathedral, Winnipeg, Manitoba]]
The Exchange District Historical site is the original site of commerce in Winnipeg. After the railroads came to Winnipeg, this area was developed with many fine warehouses, offices and banks. Many of these buildings are still standing and are unrivalled in Canada.
On [[September 27]], [[1997]], the original core of the city of Winnipeg, the Exchange District, was declared a [[National Historic Site]] by the federal Minister of Canadian Heritage. The Historic Sites and Monuments board recommended that Winnipeg's Exchange District be designated an historic district of national significance because it illustrates the city's key role as a centre of grain and wholesale trade, finance and manufacturing in two historically important periods in western development: between 1880 and 1900 when Winnipeg became the gateway to Canada's West; and between 1900 and 1913, when the city's growth made it the region's metropolis.
Winnipeg’s famous North End has spawned a variety of talented writers, artists and entertainers ranging from Let’s Make A Deal’s Monty Hall to The Guess Who’s Burton Cummings. The commercial main street of this neighbourhood, Selkirk Avenue, first saw development in the 1870s and its importance grew with a wave of immigration from Eastern Europe. The old country flavour of the neighbourhood still exists with a variety of boutiques, bakeries and butcher shops. This vibrant area also boasts 49 painted murals, each depicting a different multicultural and historical scenes.
<!-- http://www.where.ca/winnipeg/guide_listing~listing_id~4047.htm -->
[http://canada.archiseek.com/manitoba/winnipeg/index.html Archiseek: Winnipeg]
==Local media==
===Daily newspapers===
*the ''[[Winnipeg Free Press]]''
*the ''[[Winnipeg Sun]]''
===Ethnic media===
*''[[The Jewish Post]]''
*''[[The Filipino Journal]]''
*''[[Ang Peryodiko]]''
*''[[The Philippine Times]]''
*''[[The Philippine Press]]''
*''[[La Liberté]]''
*''[[O Mundial: the Portuguese newspaper]]'' <!-- http://www.collectionscanada.ca/8/16/r16-205-e.html -->
===Weekly newspapers===
*''[[Uptown (newspaper)|Uptown]]'' - found at various downtown locations
===Magazines===
* [http://www.canadiandimension.mb.ca ''Canadian Dimension'']
* [http://www.winnipegwomen.net ''Winnipeg Women'']
* [http://www.winnipegmen.com ''Winnipeg Men'']
===Websites===
* [http://www.mywinnipeg.com ''My Winnipeg'']
* [http://www.winnipeg.indymedia.org ''Winnipeg Indymedia'']
* [http://www.winnipegmovies.com ''Winnipeg Movies'']
* [http://www.winnipeg.ca ''City of Winnipeg'']
* http://www.winnipeg-guide.com "Winnipeg Guide"
===Television stations===
*[[CBWFT]] ''([[Société Radio-Canada|SRC]], channel 3, cable 10)''
*[[CBWT]] ''([[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]], channel 6, cable 2)''
*[[CKY-TV|CKY]] ''([[CTV]], channel 7, cable 5)''
*[[CKND]] ''([[Global Television Network|Global]], channel 9, cable 12)''
*[[CHMI]] ''([[Citytv]], channel 13, cable 8)''
===Locally based national cable television channels===
*[[Aboriginal Peoples Television Network]] (APTN)
*[[Deja Vu (television station)|Deja Vu]] - classic television programming
*[[Lone Star ]] - [[Western (genre)|western]] programming
*[[Fox SportsWorld]] - sports
*[[MenTV]] - men's programming
*[[CoolTV]] - [[jazz music|Jazz]]
*[[Extreme Sports (television station)|Extreme Sports]] - sports programming
*[[Mystery (television station)|Mystery]] - crime and mystery drama
All of these stations are owned by Global, except for APTN.
===Radio stations===
====[[FM radio|FM]]====
*[[CKSB]] 89.9 - ''[[Espace musique]]''
*[[CKXL]] 91.1 - [[Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface]] [[campus radio]]
*[[CITI]] 92.1 - ''92 Citi FM'', [[classic rock]]
*[[CKIC]] 92.9 - ''Kick FM'' [[modern rock]]
*[[CHIQ]] 94.3 - ''Q94 FM'' [[contemporary hit radio]]
*[[CHVN-FM|CHVN]] 95.1 - [[Christian music]]
*[[CKUW]] 95.9 - [[University of Winnipeg]] campus radio
*[[CJKR]] 97.5 - ''Power 97'' [[active rock]]
*[[CBW-FM|CBW]] 98.3 - [[CBC Radio Two]]
*[[CJZZ]] 99.1 - ''Cool FM'' [[jazz]]
*[[CFWM]] 99.9 - ''[[Bob FM]]'' [[hot adult contemporary]]
*[[CHNR]] 100.7 - [[oldies]]
*[[CJUM]] 101.5 - [[University of Manitoba]] campus radio
*[[CKY-FM|CKY]] 102.3 - ''Clear FM'' [[adult contemporary]]
*[[CKMM]] 103.1 - ''Hot 103'' contemporary hit radio
*[[CFQX]] 104.1 - ''QX 104.1'' country music
*[[Native_Communications_Inc|CICY]] 105.5 - ''[[Native_Communications_Inc|NCI]]'' - Aboriginal Public Radio
*[[CKVN]] 106.3 - tourist information
*[[CFEQ-FM|CFEQ]] 107.1 - ''Freq 107'' [[modern rock]]
*[[CJWV]] 107.9 - ''Flava 107.9'' [[hip-hop]]/[[urban music|urban]]
====[[AM radio|AM]]====
*[[CKY]] 580
*[[CJOB]] 680 - news/talk/sports
*[[CKJS]] 810 - ethnic
*[[CBW (AM)|CBW]] 990 - [[CBC Radio One]]
*[[CKSB]] 1050 - [[La Première Chaîne]]
*[[CFRW]] 1290 - [[oldies]]
== Famous Winnipegers ==
=== Born in Winnipeg ===
*[[Randy Bachman]], musician, ([[The Guess Who]]) & [[Bachman-Turner Overdrive]] (BTO)
*[[Ashleigh Banfield]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1044752/ TV actress], TV host
*[[Cordell Barker]], Oscar nominated animator [[The Cat Came Back]]
*[[Brenda Barrie]], novelist and poet
*[[Burton Cummings]], musician, ([[The Guess Who]])
*[[Len Cariou]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0137230/ actor]
*[[Bill Cody]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0168565/ actor]
*[[Richard Condie]], Oscar nominated animator [[The Big Snit]]
*[[Dionisio, Ma-Anne]], lead role of Kim in Miss Saigon in [[Toronto]] and in Sydney, Australia
*[[Deanna Durbin]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0002052/ actress]
*[[Marcel Dzama]], [http://www.richardhellergallery.com/dynamic/artist_bio.asp?ArtistID=3 artist]
*[[Brendan Fehr]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0270451/ actor], star of the television series [[Roswell (TV Series)|''Roswell'']]
*[[Ken Finkleman]], director, writer and actor
*[[Terry Fox]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1745181/ cancer activist] and national hero
*[[Aaron Funk]], musician
*[[Joanna Gleason]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0322306/ actress]
*[[Monty Hall]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0355937/ TV celebrity], television game show host
*[[Robert Hunter (journalist)|Bob Hunter]], co-founder of [[Greenpeace]]
*[[Doug Henning]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0377392/ magician]
*[[Terry Jacks]], singer
*[[Chantal Kreviazuk]], musician & [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0471092/ actress]
*[[Mimi Kuzyk]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0476906/ tv actress]
*[[Kyle McCulloch]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0567143/ actor], writer for [[South Park]]
*[[Todd MacCulloch]], basketball player
*[[Gisele MacKenzie]], singer
*[[Mary MacLane]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0533695/ writer]
*[[Guy Maddin]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0534665/ director]
*[[Joan Mitchell]], painter, first wife of [[Alan Greenspan]]
*[[Bob Nolan]], musician
*[[Anna Paquin]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001593/ actress]
*[[Fred Penner]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0672094/ children's entertainer], musician
*[[Frank Pickersgill]], [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] agent in [[World War II]] executed by the [[Nazis]]
*[[Douglas Rain]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0706937/ actor]
*[[Brad Roberts]], musician, [http://www.crashtestdummies.com/ Crash Test Dummies]
*[[Gabrielle Roy]], author
*[[Ray St. Germain]], musician
*[[John K. Samson]], singer-songwriter ([[The Weakerthans]])
*[[Terry Sawchuk]], [[NHL]] goalie
*[[Remy Shand]], musician
*[[Al Simmons (entertainer)|Al Simmons]], musician, children's entertainer
*[[Alexander Steen]], [[NHL]]
*[[David Steinberg]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0825731/ actor, comedian]
*[[William Stephenson|Sir William Stephenson (aka Intrepid)]], spy, man on whom the character of James Bond is based
*[[Nia Vardalos]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0889522/ actress and writer]
*[[Catherine Wreford]], [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1671908/ stage actress], wife of [[Jeff Goldblum]]
*[[Maiko Watson]], musician, founding member of girl-group Sugar Jones, wife of [[Remy Shand]]
=== Winnie-the-Pooh ===
*[[Winnie the Pooh|Winnipeg Bear]], the inspiration for Winnie-the-Pooh, was not actually born in Winnipeg. Instead, Winnipeg was purchased in [[White River, Ontario]], by an officer of the [[Fort Garry Horse]] cavalry regiment en route to his embarkation point for the front lines of World War I. He named the bear after the regiment's home town of Winnipeg. In 1924, on an excursion to the London Zoo with neighbour children, Christopher Robin Milne, son of author [[A. A. Milne]], was introduced to Winnie for the first time.
=== Raised but not born in Winnipeg ===
*[[Guy Gavriel Kay]], novelist and poet
*[[Tommy Douglas]], father of Medicare in Canada
*[[Chris Jericho]], professional wrestler
*[[Rowdy Roddy Piper]], professional wrestler
*[[A. E. van Vogt]], [[science fiction]] writer
*[[Dr. Robert (Bob) Brent Thirsk]], Canadian astronaut, [[STS 78]] shuttle mission
*[[Neil Young]], musician
*[[Bif Naked]], musician
*[[Tom Jackson (actor)|Tom Jackson]], actor and musician
*[[Lenny Breau]], jazz guitarist
=== Achieved fame while living in Winnipeg ===
*[[Izzy Asper]], media mogul and philanthropist
*[[Carol Shields]], Pulitzer-Prize-winning novelist
*[[Francis Hans Johnston]], painter, [[Group of Seven (artists)|Group of Seven]] member. 1888–1949, moved to Winnipeg in 1921 to accept the position of principal of the School of Art
=== Neighbouring communities ===
<center>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="100%">
<tr>
<td width="24%">
<p align="center"> </td>
<td width="44%">
<p align="center">^<br>
North<br>
[[Rosser, Manitoba|Rosser]] | [[West St. Paul, Manitoba|West St. Paul]] | [[East St. Paul, Manitoba|East St. Paul]] </td>
<td width="71%">
<p align="center"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="24%">
<p align="center">< West<br>
[[Headingley, Manitoba|Headingley]]</td>
<td width="44%">
<p align="center">WINNIPEG</td>
<td width="71%">
<p align="center">East ><br>
[[Springfield, Manitoba | Springfield]] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="24%">
<p align="center"> </td>
<td width="44%">
<p align="center"> [[MacDonald, Manitoba|MacDonald]] | [[Ritchot, Manitoba|Ritchot]]<br>
South<br>
v</td>
<td width="71%">
<p align="center"> </td>
</tr>
</table></center>
== See also ==
{{Commons|Winnipeg}}
* [[List of cities in Canada]]
* [[List of Winnipeg sister cities]]
* [[Winnipeg General Strike of 1919]]
* [[Manitoba Hydro]] for a brief history of electric power in Winnipeg
== External links ==
* [http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?Province=ALL&StationName=Winnipeg&SearchType=BeginsWith&LocateBy=Province&Proximity=25&ProximityFrom=City&StationNumber=&IDType=MSC&StnId=3698 Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000: Winnipeg] at Environment Canada
*[http://www.gov.mb.ca/goldenboy/index.html Golden Boy restoration project]
*[http://www.truwinnipeg.org/ Transit Riders' Union of Winnipeg]
{{Canada capitals}}
{{Manitoba}}
[[Category:Winnipeg| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Manitoba]]
[[Category:District of Keewatin]]
[[da:Winnipeg]]
[[de:Winnipeg]]
[[es:Winnipeg]]
[[fr:Winnipeg]]
[[it:Winnipeg]]
[[he:ויניפג]]
[[la:Winnipeg]]
[[nl:Winnipeg]]
[[nds:Winnipeg]]
[[ja:ウィニペグ]]
[[no:Winnipeg]]
[[pl:Winnipeg]]
[[pt:Winnipeg]]
[[sv:Winnipeg]]
[[zh:温尼伯]]
| 