Rape and List of films considered the worst: Difference between pages

Revision as of 06:17, 4 November 2005

Revision as of 18:52, 22 November 2005

Line 1:

{{Dynamic list}}

:''For other uses of the word rape (for example, the plant called [[rapeseed]]), see [[Rape (disambiguation)]].''

The following is a partial '''list of movies considered among the worst ever made'''

{{Template:CrimLaw}}

==What makes a film "worst ever"?==

'''Rape''' is a [[crime]] where the victim is forced into [[sexual activity]], in particular [[sexual penetration]], against his or her will. The word originates from the [[Latin]] ''rapere'': to seize or take by force. The Latin term for the act of rape itself is ''raptus.''

{{TOCright}}

[[Image:Plan9FromOuterSpace-DVDCover.jpg|right|thumb|''Plan 9 From Outer Space'': Considered "so bad it's good" and is widely regarded as the first contender for "Worst Movie Ever Made"]]

Although taste and judgment are subjective, the [[Film|movie]]s listed have achieved a notable level of infamy, through critical and popular consensus. The films listed have been either cited by a combination of reputable sources as either the worst movie of the year, or been on such a source's list of worst movies. Examples of such sources include the [[Golden Raspberry Awards]] ("Razzies") and [[Roger Ebert's most hated films|Roger Ebert's list]].

"Considered the worst ever" must be taken with a grain of salt. In all fairness, some of the movies listed here may be mediocre rather than utterly wretched (cf. ''[[hyperbole]]''). There are also productions in existence which did not receive major distribution (if any), therefore were not ''expected'' to be successful, and in turn have been excluded from this list.

Originally, the word ''rape'' was akin to ''rapine'', ''[[rapture]]'', ''[[raptor]]'', and ''rapacious'', and referred to the more general violations, such as [[looting]], destruction, and capture of citizens that are inflicted upon a town or country during [[war]], eg. the [[Rape of Nanking]]. Today, some dictionaries still define ''rape'' to include any serious and destructive [[assault (crime)|assault]] against a person or community. This article, however, focuses primarily on [[sexual assault]].

An interesting psychological question is why filmgoers often delight in mocking bad movies (cf. ''[[Schadenfreude]]''). After all, we do not laugh at poor paintings (though people do sometimes mock the taste of "the art world" as represented by museums and galleries, and see also the [[Museum of Bad Art]]) — rather we see them as a necessary by-product of good paintings. One difference may be our resentment at being manipulated by studios, which leads us to take perverse pleasure when one of them goes through $175 million on a film like ''[[#W|Wild Wild West]]''.

==History==

The concept of rape, both as an [[abduction]] and in the sexual sense, makes its first appearance in early [[religion|religious]] texts. In [[Greek mythology]], for example, the rape of women, as exemplified by the rape of [[Europa (mythology) | Europa]], and male rape, found in the myth of [[Laius]] and [[Chrysippus (mythology)|Chrysippus]], were mentioned. Different values were ascribed to the two actions. The rape of [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]] by [[Zeus]] is represented as an abduction followed by consensual lovemaking, similar perhaps to the rape of [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]] by Zeus, and went unpunished. The rape of Chrysippus by Laius, however, is represented in darker terms, and was known in [[Classical antiquity|antiquity]] as "the crime of Laius", a term which came to be applied to all male rape. It was seen as an example of [[hubris]] in the original sense of the word, i.e. violent [[outrage]], and its punishment was so severe that it destroyed not only Laius himself, but also his son, [[Oedipus]].

;The Internet age: The 1998 advent of [[Rotten Tomatoes]], a website which aggregates reviewers' scores, has greatly assisted the process of selecting infamous films. This is not to say that this is the sole factor in making a movie a "worst ever". Other Internet sources, while helpful, cannot substitute for genuine information that proves a movie "worst" or not.

In antiquity and until the late [[Middle Ages]], rape was seen in most [[culture]]s less as a crime against a particular girl or woman than against the male figure she "belonged" to. Thus, the penalty for rape was often a fine, payable to the father or the husband whose "goods" were "damaged." That position was later replaced in many cultures by the view that the woman, as well as her lord, should share the fine equally.

;Bombs away: The movies listed here are not simply [[List of films generating losses|box office bomb]]s, although many of them are; rather, they are films which spectacularly failed to meet critical and commercial standards set by advance publicity, or the weight of expectations. Although a movie usually achieves infamy by being very poorly written, directed, or acted, it can become notable for other factors, such as an excessive amount of [[hype]], or a backlash against overexposed [[celebrity|celebrities]]. Examples of this are ''[[#B|Battlefield Earth]]'' and the [[Ben Affleck]]/[[Jennifer Lopez]] vehicle ''[[#G|Gigli]]''.

Rape, in the course of [[war|warfare]], also dates back to antiquity, ancient enough to have been mentioned in the [[Bible]], which mentions the abduction of women as war trophies.

;"So bad it's good": Fans of low-budget [[cult film]]s often use the phrase "'''so bad it's good'''" to describe dramatic movies that are so poorly made they actually become an entertaining comedy of errors, the most famous examples being [[Ed Wood, Jr.|Ed Wood]]'s 1959 ''[[Plan 9 from Outer Space]]'' and [[Phil Tucker]]'s 1953 ''[[Robot Monster]]''. Unlike more mundane bad films, these films actually develop an ardent fan following who love them ''because'' of their poor quality.

The [[Greece|Greek]], [[Persian Empire|Persian]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] troops would routinely rape women and boys in the conquered towns. The same behaviour was observed as late as the [[1990s]], when the [[Serbia]]n troops, targeting [[Bosnia]] and [[Kosovo]], conducted a calculated campaign of raping women and boys in the areas they controlled.

:These cult favorites are the result of filmmakers who cannot perceive their own incompetence, or whose creative vision outstrips their technical or financial resources. The most popular examples are the movies of Ed Wood or [[Coleman Francis]], or any of the myriad obscure films featured on the television spoof show ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]''.

Rape, as an [[adjunct]] to warfare, was prohibited by the [[military]] [[codex|codices]] of [[Richard II]] and [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] ([[1385]] and [[1419]] respectively). These laws formed the basis for convicting and executing rapists during the [[Hundred Years War]] ([[1337]]-[[1453]]).

==The list==

==Non-sexual usage of term==

===A===

In its original sense, dating back to antiquity, "to rape a person" meant to capture the person for the purpose of [[slavery|enslavement]], and was common in ancient warfare. In this context, the willingness of the victim is irrelevant to the categorization of the act as "rape". The "Rape of the [[Sabine | Sabine Women]]" was a "rape" in this context. In [[Alexander Pope]]'s ''[[The Rape of the Lock]]'', the word "rape" is used [[hyperbole| hyperbolically]] in a similar context, exaggerating a trivial violation against a person.

;''[[The Adventures of Pluto Nash]]'' ([[2002]]): This infamous [[Eddie Murphy]] film had its origins back in the mid 1980s. The script went through numerous revisions and upon completion of filming, the film sat on the shelf for two years, finally released in August 2002. The movie, which cost $110 million to make and market, made somewhere in the range of $2.9 million. The majority of critics lambasted the awful acting, terrible dialogue, and lack of humor. It was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Picture. [http://razzies.com/asp/content/XcNewsPlus.asp?cmd=view&articleid=110] Murphy himself seemed to sense how bad ''Pluto Nash'' actually was, for he did nothing to promote the film upon its release. In addition, it has a 6% rating at Rotten Tomatoes. [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/adventures_of_pluto_nash/]

;''[[Alone in the Dark (2005 film)|Alone in the Dark]]'' ([[2005]]): When this movie — based on a series of video games developed by [[Interplay Entertainment|Interplay]] and produced by [[Atari]] — was released in January 2005, critics panned it for a variety of reasons. Some of them include, but are not limited to: a horrible script, production values that "could have been a low-budget school project", overuse of slow-motion and quick cut scenes to optimize the gory content, and acting that some say leaves that audience thinking that this was performed by amateurs (critics especially panned the performance of [[Tara Reid]]). One review [http://www.eonline.com/Reviews/Facts/Movies/Reviews/0,1052,88718,00.html] said the movie was "so poorly built, so horribly acted and so sloppily stitched together that it's not even at the straight-to-DVD level." This movie received 1% on the Rotten Tomatoes Tomatometer [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/alone_in_the_dark/] and is a staple on the [[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]] Bottom 100. Some critics are predicting that this movie (along with director [[Uwe Boll]]) will win the Razzie for "Worst Movie of 2005." This movie has made critics dub Boll as "this generation's [[Ed Wood, Jr.|Ed Wood]]." Critic Rob Vaux states that this movie is so bad, that "the other practitioners of cinematic drivel can rest a little easier now; they can walk in the daylight with their heads held high, a smile on their lips and a song in their hearts. It's okay, they'll tell themselves. I didn't make ''Alone in the Dark''." [http://www.flipsidemovies.com/aloneinthedark.html]

Though the sexual connotation is today dominant, the word "rape" is still sometimes used in a non-sexual context. For example, environmental destruction is sometimes described as "raping the earth", and the [[Rape of Nanking]] describes a violation both against a town, as well as the people. In "the rape of the [[Silmarils]]" in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s "[[The Silmarillion]]", the word "rape" is used with its old meaning of "seizing and taking away".

;''[[An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn]]'' ([[1997]]) <!-- See footnote -->: Worst Picture of the [[1998 Golden Raspberry Awards]]. [http://www.razzies.com/asp/content/XcNewsPlus.asp?cmd=view&articleid=38] It tells the story of a director who wants to credit [[Alan Smithee]] (the [[Directors Guild of America]]'s official [[pseudonym]] for directors who feel their work has been mutilated by studios) as director of his latest film but cannot as his name really ''is'' Alan Smithee. In one of Hollywood's great ironies, the director of this movie, [[Arthur Hiller]], protested the handling of the film by the studio by refusing to accept credit for the movie, resulting in the Alan Smithee credit being used. It has a 0% freshness rating at Rotten Tomatoes. [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/burn_hollywood_burn/]

Sometimes, the word ''rape'' is used to [[dysphemism|dysphemistically]] describe forms of non-sexual unwelcome conduct. It is argued by some that this usage is demeaning or disempowering to the victims and survivors of real sexual rape, because it ends up by weakening the force and horror of the word. Such [[metaphor]]ical and hyperbolic usages are common with other words, for example "''It was absolute [[torture]]''" to mean ordinary [[embarrassment]]; or "I'm starving" to mean "I'm feeling hungry". Victims and survivors of rape, and their allies, may find this type of usage, [[pejorative]] and deeply offensive, since it normalizes the term "rape" to cover mundane events. Examples include:

<!-- Previewed in 1997 at the Mill Valley Film Festival, but only widely released in 1998; thus, IMDB lists 1997, while we use 1998. -->

===B===

;''[[Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever]]'' ([[2002]]): This action movie, starring [[Lucy Liu]] and [[Antonio Banderas]], was universally panned by critics, earning a rare 0% rating (with 98 reviews) on Rotten Tomatoes. [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ballistic_ecks_vs_sever/] Critics variously described the film as "A picture for idiots", "Boring to an amazing degree", "A fine achievement in stupidity and dullness", "It's dreadful", "Gives new meaning to the word ''incoherent''", and "The film is bad on just about every level". An early script, significantly different from the final iteration, was used for the [[Game Boy Advance|GBA]] video game ''Ecks vs. Sever'' - despite many rumors, the movie was '''not''' based on the game, although the game was released first (due to delay in the release of the movie).

;''[[Battlefield Earth]]'' ([[2000]]): Based on [[L. Ron Hubbard]]'s book of the same name, starring [[John Travolta]]. Hugely hyped by the [[Church of Scientology]], it had the third worst 3,000-theater-plus opening weekend up to that time. More than one reviewer left their review as simply "Travolting." Several describe the pain experienced while watching ([http://www.lermanet.com/reference/BatEarthfaq.htm]). It has a 4% Rotten Tomatoes rating (listing 4 positive reviews out of 96). [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/battlefield_earth/] The film won seven Golden Raspberry Awards, including Worst Picture. In 2005, an eighth Razzie (for Worst "Drama" of Our First 25 Years) was awarded to the film [http://www.razzies.com/asp/directory/25thWinners.htm].

* In [[internet culture]], using the word "raped" to refer to:

** having one's online writings voted/moderated downwards by a large number of people;

** defeating someone in an online game, without being seen, until the action against them is taken;

* ''"they raped his name in the media"'';

* ''"I got anally raped by that class"'';

* ''"The wood had been raped of its peace"'' (said of a disturbance caused by a [[fox]]-hunt in a forest);

* ''"The rape of England"'' (A newspaper article [[headline]] with a [[pun]], referring to the [[rapeseed]] plant self-seeding on waste ground and [[motorway]] verges).

;''[[Blood Sucking Freaks]]'' ([[1976]]): A controversial and violent comedy movie; the group Women Against Pornography convinced the [[MPAA]] to refuse to rate the film. It was later cut to receive an R-rating but distributor [[Troma Entertainment]](famed for countless other intentionally bad comedies) decided to slip the original unrated cut to theaters as if it was the R-rated version. When the MPAA discovered this they sued for misuse of their rated R trademark. In the movie, the main character, Master Sardu (played by Seamus O'Brien) runs a [[macabre]] theatre and specializes in [[Sadism and masochism|S&M]] and killing people on stage, while pretending it's only a trick that is part of the show. Containing a mix of naked women, midgets, excessive torture, and women eating ears, it appeared in the 2004 DVD documentary, ''The 50 Worst Movies Ever Made''.

However, these usages are not, in fact, always examples of a hyperbole. The last two examples are continuations of the original meaning of "violating" in a general sense.

;''[[Boxing Helena]]'' ([[1993]]): Directed by [[David Lynch]]'s daughter, [[Jennifer Chambers Lynch]], Boxing Helena is a tale of unrequited love gone mad. When a doctor's object of affection leaves his house angrily and is hit by a truck, he operates (at his house) to save her life and amputates her legs in the process. When his wooing still fails to win over his captive, he then amputates her arms to better control her. [[Sherilyn Fenn]] appears in the title role, a role that [[Kim Basinger]] originally agreed to play. When Basinger displayed sound judgement and pulled out at the last minute, she was sued for over $8 million by the studio, [[MGM/UA]]. Basinger eventually won on appeal. The movie is listed as one of the worst 100 films of the 20th century at [http://www.thestinkers.com/100stinkers.html TheStinkers.com]. Scott Weinberg of [http://efilmcritic.com/review.php?movie=5376&reviewer=128 eFilmCritic.com] comments that "In the pantheon of bad movies, you will always have your superstars...your Batman and Robins and your Battlefield Earths. You can harp all you want about the mind-numbing depravity and stupidity of those movies (or hundreds of others) but very few will ever come close to what Boxing Helena has to offer.", and "...truly awful dramatic movies like Boxing Helena are like having your toenails pulled out while reading tax forms." The movie won Jennifer Chambers Lynch the 1993 Razzie for Worst Director.

==Law==

===Common law===

In the [[common law]] of the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]], "rape" traditionally describes a man who forces a woman to have [[sexual intercourse]] with him. Until the late [[20th Century]], forced sex by a husband against his wife was not considered "rape", since a woman (for certain purposes) was not considered a separate [[legal person]] with the right of refusal, or sometimes were deemed to have given advanced implicit consent to a life-long sexual relationship. However, modern [[criminal law]] in most Western countries have now [[legislation|legislated]] against this exception. They now include [[spousal rape]] ([[vagina]]l intercourse), and acts of sexual violence, such as forced [[anal intercourse]] which were traditionally barred under [[sodomy law]]s, in their definitions of "rape". <!-- Under Scots law, only a female can be raped. --> The term "rape" is sometimes considered "loaded", and many [[jurisdiction]]s recognize, in its stead, broader categories of [[sexual assault]] or sexual [[battery (crime)|battery]].

===English lawC===

[[Image:Catwoman poster.jpg|thumb|140px|right|''Catwoman'' is one of the most critically panned movies of 2004]]

Under the [[Sexual Offences Act 2003]], which came into force in [[April 2004]], rape in [[England and Wales]] was redefined from non-consensual vaginal or anal intercourse, and is now defined as non-consensual [[penis|penile]] penetration of the vagina, [[anus]] or [[mouth]] of another person. The changes also made rape punishable with a maximum sentence of [[life imprisonment]].

;''[[Catwoman (film)|Catwoman]]'' ([[2004]]): Ostensibly based on the DC Comics character and starring [[Halle Berry]] in a film that resembles next to nothing of its source material. Fans of the comic refused to call it by its given name, and instead dubbed it "CINO" (Catwoman In Name Only) . It has a 9% rating at Rotten Tomatoes [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/catwoman/], and was declared "arguably the worst superhero film ever made" by the ''[[Orlando Sentinel]]''. The ''[[Florida Times-Union]]'' put it more bluntly: "Me-ouch!" Winner of 4 Razzies for Worst Picture, Worst Actress, Worst Director ([[Pitof]]), and Worst Screenplay. [http://www.razzies.com/asp/directory/25thWinners.htm] In a rare move, Berry received her Razzie in person, and in her acceptance speech said, "First of all, I want to thank Warner Brothers. Thank you for putting me in a piece of shit, god-awful movie..." Her statement was received with great applause and laughter. [http://www.razzies.com/asp/directory/XcDirRedirect.asp?ID=1079&url=http%3A%2F%2F66%2E102%2E142%2E54%2Fraznet%2FHB%5F03%2Ewmv]

;''[[Christmas with the Kranks]]'' ([[2004]]): This holiday movie was based on the [[John Grisham]] book, ''[[Skipping Christmas]]''. [[Tim Allen]] and [[Jamie Lee Curtis]] starred as the title characters, Luther and Nora Krank, who decide to skip Christmas in favor of a Caribbean cruise, much to the chagrin of the neighbors who all usually decorate lavishly. Although it was a commercial success, this movie was a critical flop. At Rotten Tomatoes, it only garnered a 4% rating. [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/christmas_with_the_kranks/]. It made [[Roger Ebert]]'s list of the worst movies of the year, landing at number two, after he gave it only one star in his review and referred to it as "a holiday movie of stunning awfulness." [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20041123/REVIEWS/41116002/1023]

Although a woman who forces a man to have sex cannot be [[prosecution|prosecuted]] for rape under English law, if she assists a man to commite a rape she can be prosecuted for the crime (see for example the conviction of Claire Marsh in 2001). A woman can also be prosecuted for causing a man to engage in sexual activity without his consent, a crime which also carries a maximum life sentence if it involves penetration of the mouth, anus or vagina. The [[statute]] also includes a new sexual crime, called "assault by penetration", which also has the same punishment as rape, and is committed when someone sexually penetrates the anus or vagina with a part of his or her body, or with an object, without that person's consent.

;''[[The Conqueror]]'' ([[1956]]): [[Howard Hughes]] funded box-office disaster featuring [[John Wayne]] as [[Genghis Khan]] and redheaded [[Susan Hayward]] as a [[Tatar]] princess. The movie was filmed in [[Utah]] downwind from an atomic testing range in Nevada and is often blamed for the [[cancer]] deaths of many of the cast and crew, including both Hayward and Wayne (albeit according to an [[A&E]] Biography episode, Wayne typically smoked 3 packs of cigarettes a day). Appears in Michael Sauter's book ''The Worst Movies of All Time'' and made the ten-worst list in ''[[Book of Lists|The Book of Lists]]''. Hughes thought the movie was so bad, that he bought up every copy of the movie (which cost him about $12 million) and refused to distribute the film until 1974, when Paramount reached a deal with him. This would be the last film that Hughes would produce.

===United States Uniform Crime Reports===

In the United States, the ''[[Uniform Crime Reports]]'' use the term, "forcible rape", only to describe rapes perpetrated by men against women. The respective [[U.S. States|States]], however, often independently expand the definition. Male-on-male rapes are usually recognized as such, as are female-perpetrated rapes.

;''[[Crossroads (2002 film)|Crossroads]]'' ([[2002]]): First and only movie (so far) starring [[Britney Spears]]; this movie finds her along with [[Taryn Manning]] and [[Zoe Saldana]] on a road trip completely bereft of cinematic value. Stephen Holden of the ''[[New York Times]]'' hit low: "Watching Ms. Spears sing, dance and act can leave you wondering what is meant nowadays by the concept of talent..." Garnered just a 27/100 at [[Metacritic]]; received an even worse 14% at Rotten Tomatoes. [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/crossroads/] It was nominated for ''seven'' Razzies, "won" two (Spears for Worst Actress, plus the song "I’m Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" as Worst Original Song).

==Types of rape==

===Violent rapeF===

;''[[Freddy Got Fingered]]'' ([[2001]]): Of this [[Tom Green]] comedy vehicle, which he gave zero out of four stars, [[Roger Ebert]] wrote:<blockquote>"This movie doesn't scrape the bottom of the barrel. This movie isn't the bottom of the barrel. This movie isn't below the bottom of the barrel. This movie doesn't deserve to be mentioned in the same sentence with barrels... The day may come when ''Freddy Got Fingered'' is seen as a milestone of neo-[[surrealism]]. The day may never come when it is seen as funny." [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20010420/REVIEWS/104200304/1023]</blockquote> Tom Green was awarded five [[Razzies]], including Worst Picture, for this film [http://razzies.com/asp/content/XcNewsPlus.asp?cmd=view&articleid=66]; he accepted the awards in person, and used his acceptance speech to scorn the audience.

"Violent rape" is when violence beyond the rape itself is a part of the assault. This may include physical force or threat of harm, including death threat or threat against a family member. People who commit violent rapes include both strangers and people whom the victim already knows. Proportionally more violent rapes are likely to be reported. (Bachman and Saltzman, [[1995]]).

;''[[From Justin to Kelly]]'' ([[2003]]): ''[[American Idol]]'' finalists [[Kelly Clarkson]] and [[Justin Guarini]] star in this movie musical that stayed in theaters only 2 weeks, and was out in stores 6 weeks thereafter. It is widely believed that the film was rushed into production to capitalize on the popularity of the TV series ''American Idol''. Rotten Tomatoes lists the film as getting only 5 positive reviews out of 57 listed [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/from_justin_to_kelly/]; it also "topped" [[IMDb]]'s bottom 100 movies, with a rating of 1.5 out of a possible 10. The film was awarded a special Razzie (for Worst "Musical" of Our First 25 Years) in 2005. [http://www.razzies.com/asp/directory/25thWinners.htm]

===Statutory rape===

<blockquote>"...for the panting masses of ''American Idol'' fans who imagine winning and going to live happily ever after in Lotusland, the message couldn't be clearer. You, too, might one day end up starring in the motion picture equivalent of Cheez Whiz." (Stephen Holden of [[The New York Times]][http://movies2.nytimes.com/mem/movies/review.html?title1=From%20Justin%20to%20Kelly%20%28Movie%29&title2=From%20Justin%20to%20Kelly%20%28Movie%29&reviewer=Stephen%20Holden&v_id=281019&partner=Rotten%20Tomatoes])</blockquote>

''Main article at: [[Statutory rape]]''

===G===

National and/or regional [[governments]], citing an interest in protecting 'young people' (variously defined but sometimes synonymous with [[minor]]s), treat any sexual contact with such people as an offence (not always categorised as "rape"), even if he or she agrees to the sexual activity. The offence is often based on a presumption that people under a certain age are unable to give informed consent. The age at which individuals are considered competent to give consent is called the [[age of consent]]. The age set by each state varies in accordance with local standards, and range from 12 to 21. Sex which violates age-of-consent law, but is neither violent nor physically coerced, is sometimes described as "[[statutory rape]]", the name of a legally-recognized category in the United States.

[[Image:Gigli (poster).jpg|right|thumb|140px|''Gigli'' flopped not only because of bad filmmaking, but also the over-hyping of its stars (at the time an off-screen couple.)]]

;''[[Gigli (film)|Gigli]]'' ([[2003 in film|2003]]): A movie featuring [[Jennifer Lopez]] and [[Ben Affleck]] that was immediately declared the worst movie of 2003. Originally a very dark comedy with no romantic subplot, the producers demanded script rewrites throughout filming. Reviewers dubbed the film "The ultimate turkey of all time", referring to Lopez's character's sex talk to Affleck's character inviting him to commit an act of oral sex: "It's turkey time." "What?" "Gobble, gobble." This film is also said to have been a factor in the break-up of the engagement between its two stars. Winner of 7 Razzies (including 2005's Worst "Comedy" of Our First 25 Years [http://www.razzies.com/asp/directory/25thWinners.htm]). In fact, a radio show in [[Tampa]] sued [[Columbia Pictures]] in small-claims court for their money back plus extra damages, claiming that they went to the film to be entertained and they were not. The radio show won.

;''[[Glen or Glenda]]'' ([[1953]]): A semi-autobiographical quasi-documentary from the notorious [[Ed Wood, Jr.|Ed Wood]] about [[transvestism]], this film also stars Wood as Glen, a man who enjoys wearing women's clothing. After a nightmarish dream sequence (particularly poorly received), Glen undergoes psychotherapy to help cure his affliction. [[Bela Lugosi]] appears as he did in several other Wood films during the twilight of his career. Many of Wood's fans &mdash; and also [[Leonard Maltin]], who actually thought it was the worst movie ever made &mdash; insist that this was worse than even ''[[Plan 9 from Outer Space]]''. It was also included in the 2004 DVD Documentary, ''The 50 Worst Movies Ever Made''.

===Acquaintance ("date") rape===

The term, "acquaintance rape" (or "date rape") refers to rape or non-consensual sexual activity between people who are already acquainted, or who know each other socially &mdash; friends, acquaintances, people on a date, or even people in an existing [[romantic relationship]] &mdash; where it is alleged that consent for sexual activity was not given, or was given under [[duress]]. In most jurisdictions, there is no legal distinction between rape committed by a stranger, or by an acquaintance, friend or lover.

;''[[Glitter (film)|Glitter]]'' ([[2001]]): Semi-autobiographical movie about [[Mariah Carey]]. Critics universally panned it for being a vanity film that seemed like it was intended only to enhance Carey's singing career, and audiences stayed away in droves. Carey had pushed for the project as early as 1997, but its 2001 release, coupled with the monumental flop that was Carey's next album (her first since signing a $100 million recording contract), not only severely damaged Carey's career, but to drive her to a physical breakdown. One reviewer said "Only Mariah Carey could mess up a film about Mariah Carey." The film itself was so bad that it spawned its own slang term: "pulling a Glitter", meaning "to perform horribly". Rotten Tomatoes gave it a 7% rating [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/glitter], while it garnered five nominations [http://www.razzies.com/asp/content/XcNewsPlus.asp?cmd=view&articleid=65] (and one "win" for Carey as Worst Actress [http://razzies.com/asp/content/XcNewsPlus.asp?cmd=view&articleid=66]) at the [[2001 Golden Raspberry Awards]].

There is often more difficulty in securing conviction against an assailant who is known by the victim at the time. This is due to the "grey" nature of the situation. In what is [[colloquial]]ly described as a "grey rape" case, the victim is unable to demonstrate non-consent although he or she expresses displeasure at the encounter. The expression, "grey rape", refers to the absence of information &mdash; there is nothing "grey" in the act itself: if the act was non-consensual at the time it occurred, then it is considered rape, even if not actionably so. Contributing factors to "grey" rape include poor communication by either party, misleading or (deliberately) misreading body language, or the feeling by one party of being unsure or unable to express what one wishes (which may be due to many reasons). The [[standard of proof]] required for non-consensual sexual activity is often harder to meet (or easier to deny) than when two strangers meet, or where there has been violence.

===H===

In general, some evidence suggests that [[rapist]]s are far more likely to know their victims than not [http://www.aaets.org/arts/art13.htm]. Other reports suggest that it can work both ways. Not only is acquaintance rape more common than previously thought, but situations of this kind can more often give rise to false [[allegation]]s than had been expected (see [[#Overreporting_and_false_reporting|False reporting]]).

;''[[Howard the Duck]]'' ([[1986]]): One of the first (and biggest) [[box office]] bombs in cinema, starring [[Lea Thompson]]. The film was so bad, executive producer [[George Lucas]] disowned it shortly after its release. It was also among Siskel and Ebert's picks for "Worst Films of 1986". It also has a rating of 25% at Rotten Tomatoes. [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/howard_the_duck]

===Male rapeI===

;''[[Inchon (film)|Inchon]]'' ([[1981]]): Although the movie had a cast of prominent stars, including [[Laurence Olivier]], this war epic "won" four Razzies, which were Worst Picture, Worst Actor (Olivier), Worst Director ([[Terence Young]]), and Worst Screenplay. It was named Worst Movie of the Year by ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]''. This movie was also criticized for being financed and produced by the [[Unification Church]], and [[Sun Myung Moon]] was a "Special Advisor" to the film.

Although rape and sexual assault is almost entirely a crime against women, men can also be raped. According to the US [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]], for [[2003]] [http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cv03.htm], 9.9% of rape and sexual assault victims in the [[United States]], age 12 and older, are male; therefore, nearly 17 out of every 100,000 males are victims. According to the data for [[2004]] [http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cv04.htm], this number has fallen to 2.95%; therefore, slightly more than 5 out of every 100,000 males are victims. Many of these male victims are likely children and there may be many more male victims under age 12 (not included in BJS figures).

===J===

While statistics are non-existent regarding the gender of rapist compared to that of victim, male rape victims are commonly victimized by other men, although women can certainly commit an act of rape by non-consensually forcing a man to engage in a penetrative sexual act. There are cases of men being forced to penetrate others, in spite of the common belief that this is not possible, but males are more common victims of anal rape. Men are just as [[trauma|traumatized]] by rape and sexual assault as female victims.

;''[[Jaws: The Revenge]]'' ([[1987]]): The fourth and final film in the Jaws series, this story completely ignores the events of the more successful ''[[Jaws 3-D]]'', and instead uses a nonsensical plot involving [[witch doctor]]s and a possessed shark. At the end, the [[shark]] is heard to "roar" (which is not only scientifically impossible, but it also looks ridiculous). It was nominated for the coveted Worst Picture award in the [[1987 Golden Raspberry Awards]], and won an award for "Worst Special Effects." Has a 0% rating at Rotten Tomatoes. [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jaws_4_the_revenge]

===L===

Male rape victims, like female victims, do not want to be raped, nor does the [[physiology|physiological]] effect of [[erection]] or [[orgasm]] mean that the act was enjoyable for the victim. A capable assailant can force these physical responses in the majority of males, given the appropriate trauma during the assault. Also, male-on-male rape does not imply [[homosexuality]] of either party. Many studies regarding [[rapist]]s, much like [[pedophile]]s, reveal that [[gender]], [[age]], and [[sexual orientation]] of the victim is often not an important factor in the act of rape.

;''[[Leonard Part 6]]'' ([[1987]]): So bad that writer and star [[Bill Cosby]] appeared on various talk shows denouncing the movie and warning people against wasting their time or money on it. About ''Leonard'', Scott Weinberg at [http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/read.php?ID=15632 DVD Talk] said, "Movies this bad should be handled with Teflon gloves and a pair of tongs." Won three Razzies for Worst Picture, Worst Actor, and Worst Screenplay.

===M===

In many countries, male rape is legally classified under a different law or name. However, the nature of the incident, and its consequences, are similar. It is said that male rape is taken less seriously as a result of the [[stereotype|stereotypical]] views held about males in many societies, including modern Western society. Men's rights [[lobbyist]]s are pushing for tougher male rape laws, and have gained some success.

;''[[Manos: The Hands of Fate]]'' ([[1966]]): No-budget horror film made by an [[El Paso]] fertilizer salesman. The film gained cult popularity from being featured on the ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]'' [[television show]]. It was the #1 movie on the IMDb Bottom 100 for a long time since the list was first created. Film maker [[Quentin Tarantino]] owns a rare [[35 mm]] copy of the film, and has stated that it is his favorite "comedy." It also has a 10% rating at Rotten Tomatoes. [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/manos_the_hands_of_fate]

;''[[Monster A Go Go]]'' ([[1965]]): Another [[Herschell Gordon Lewis]]-directed film &ndash; a more mundane horror film than his ''[[Blood Feast]]'' and ''[[The Gore-Gore Girls]]''. The film was begun (as ''Terror at Halfday'') by [[Bill Rebane]], who would later go on to make ''[[The Giant Spider Invasion]]''; the film was left incomplete, then it was purchased by Lewis, who reportedly needed a second film to release on a double bill, and who shot some additional footage. Consists mostly of men sitting around drinking coffee and talking; the ending consisting of a long speech by the narrator informing us that "There was no monster". Allmovie.com calls the film a "surreal anti-masterpiece" [http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=1:33169]. At one time held the #1 spot on the IMDb Bottom 100. Also featured on ''Mystery Science Theater 3000''.

===Gang rape===

Gang-rape (also known as "pack rape" or "[[gang bang]]") occurs when a group of people participates in the rape of a single victim. It is far more damaging for the victim, and in some jurisdictions, is punished more severely than a rape by one person. "Gang bang" is also a [[slang term]] for consensual [[group sex]].

===P===

According to [[Roy Hazelwood]], a profiler of sexual crimes, gang rape "involves three or more offenders and you always have a leader and a reluctant participant. Those are extremely violent, and what you find is that they're playing for each other's approval. It gets into a pack mentality and can be horrendous."

;''[[Plan 9 from Outer Space]]'' ([[1956]]): Generally regarded as the first film even to get people thinking about what could be the worst movie ever. It was officially labelled the "Worst Film Ever" by the [[Golden Turkey Award]]s, as well as earning two [[Razzies]] (one for Worst Director Ever and one for Worst Movie Ever.) This [[Ed Wood, Jr.|Ed Wood]] classic is the last film appearance of [[Bela Lugosi]], who died four days after shooting began. Lugosi was replaced by Tom Mason, the chiropractor of Wood's wife at the time, who played his scenes holding the cape in front of his face. Due to difficulty in finding a willing distributor, the film was not released until [[1959]]. The film has played almost annually at the [[New Orleans Worst Film Festival]]. Also included in the 2004 DVD documentary, ''The 50 Worst Movies Ever Made.''

===R===

==Some aspects of rape==

;''[[Robot Monster]]'' ([[1953]]): An [[Ed Wood, Jr.|Ed Wood]]-style science fiction film featuring an actor dressed up in a gorilla suit with a diving helmet. The director attempted suicide shortly after its release. Appears in Michael Sauter's book ''The Worst Movies of All Time'' listed among "The Baddest of the B's". Also made it into ''[[The Book of Lists|The Book of List]]'s'' 10 worst movie list, ''[[The Fifty Worst Films of All Time]]'', and the 2004 DVD documentary, ''The 50 Worst Movies Ever Made''. Featured on ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]''.

===Drugging===

===S===

[[Hypnotic]] agents such as [[flunitrazepam]] ([[Rohypnol]]) and [[GHB]], colloquially referred to as "[[date rape drug]]s," have been used by rapists to render their victims unconscious before raping them. According to the [http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/ongoing/daterapep.html DEA], "Victims may not be aware that they ingested a drug at all. GHB and its [[analogue]]s are invisible when dissolved in water, and are odorless. They are somewhat [[salt]]ish in taste, but are indiscernible when dissolved in [[beverage]]s such as [[soda]]s, [[liquor]], or [[beer]]."

;''[[Santa Claus Conquers the Martians]]'' ([[1964]]): When Martian children only get to see [[Santa Claus]] on TV, their parents decide to abduct Santa. Famous in the "so bad it's good"-category. Has been featured on ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]'' and holds a spot in IMDb's worst 100. Also cited on a 10-worst list in ''[[The Book of Lists]]'', ''[[The Fifty Worst Films of All Time]]'', and the 2004 DVD documentary, ''The 50 Worst Movies Ever Made''. Features an early screen appearance by 1980s film icon [[Pia Zadora]]. The Canadian TV Channel "Space" airs this bomb every Christmas as a salute to bad sci-fi.

;''[[Showgirls]]'' ([[1995]]): A large amount of hype was put into the gratuitous amounts of sex and nudity that were in the film, but the results were critically derided. [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/showgirls/]. Won seven of the thirteen [[Golden Raspberry Awards|Razzie Award]]s it was nominated for. It is widely considered to have ruined the career of [[Elizabeth Berkley]], the movie's lead. Star [[Kyle MacLachlan]] walked out of the movie's premiere, during which he was heard exclaiming "I thought this was an art movie."

According to the [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]] [http://www.nida.nih.gov/infofax/RohypnolGHB.html], "Rohypnol can incapacitate victims and prevent them from resisting sexual assault. It can produce "[[anterograde amnesia]]," which means that individuals may not remember events they experienced while under the effects of the drug." The [[sedation|sedative]] effects of Rohypnol begin to appear approximately 15&#8211;20 minutes after the [[drug]] is ingested. The effects typically last from four to six hours after administration of the drug, but some cases have been reported in which the effects were experienced 12 or more hours after administration.

;''[[Speed 2: Cruise Control]]'' ([[1997]]): Sequel to ''[[Speed (film)|Speed]]'', starring [[Sandra Bullock]], [[Jason Patric]], and [[Willem Dafoe]]. The film was both a [[film critic|critical]] and [[box office]] flop. Received a "BOMB" rating from [[Leonard Maltin]], and a 4% rating from [[Rotten Tomatoes]]. [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/speed_2_cruise_control/] In his ''Movie Guide'', [[Leonard Maltin|Maltin]] wonders, [[rhetorical question|rhetorically]], if any of the cast members actually read the script before signing their contracts. Was nominated for eight [[Golden Raspberry Awards|Razzie]]s, and won for Worst [[Remake]] or [[Sequel]].

These drugs are extremely dangerous, and may kill or render the victim [[comatose]]. It is imperative that any investigation into the suspected use of date rape drugs involve the immediate carrying out of a blood test, as waiting too long to test for the presence of drugs may cause [[false negative]]s.

;''[[Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot!]]'' ([[1992]]): A comedy starring [[Sylvester Stallone]] along with [[The Golden Girls]]' [[Estelle Getty]], about a cop whose mother meddles in his life. The film won 3 [[Razzies]]; one each for ''Stallone'' and ''Getty'', as well as for Worst Screenplay. It also has a 6% rating at Rotten Tomatoes. [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/stop_or_my_mom_will_shoot/]

However, trying to deduce whether date rape drugs have been used from the symptoms is an approach that can cause [[false positive]]s. In [[2003]], when the media were reporting a drink-[[spike|spiking]] [[epidemic]] in [[Perth, Western Australia]], 44 women had their blood tested because they believed they had been the victims of drink-spiking. The West Australian Chemistry Centre tested the blood samples and in these 44 cases, the only substance found in the victim's system was excessive alcohol. In large amounts, alcohol has the same effects as date rape drugs, and causes unconsciousness and [[memory loss]]. Police said that the blood-alcohol level of most of the subjects was significantly higher than what the women had themselves expected, based on their assessment of the amount of drinks consumed, and commented:

;:"''Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot'' is one of those movies so dimwitted, so utterly lacking in even the smallest morsel of redeeming value, that you stare at the screen in stunned disbelief." ([[Roger Ebert]])

;''[[SuperBabies: Baby Geniuses 2]]'' ([[2004]]): Although the original movie was not well received, this sequel inspired many critics to add it to their list of worst movies. As of ''November'' ''2005'', it is '#1' on the ''IMDb bottom 100''. Some reactions to the film:

:"While we can't dismiss all cases, the results suggest that a fair proportion of drink spiking is just an urban [[myth]] ... It seems that a proportion of young women are getting incredibly [[intoxication|intoxicated]], and using drink spiking as an excuse to explain behaviour they are not happy with." [http://www.thesundaymail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,6766753%255E1702,00.html]

;:"Unspeakably ghastly sequel to the merely ghastly original" (Joanne Kaufman, ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'')

;: "The most perversely unnecessary sequel in recent memory" (Nathan Rabin, ''[[The Onion]]'' A.V. Club)

;: "Spectacularly awful" (Lou Lumenick, ''[[New York Post]]'')

;: "May quite easily put an end to any discussion of what is the worst theatrical release of 2004" (Kevin Crust, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'').

;''[[Swept Away (2002 film)|Swept Away]]'' ([[2002]]): After [[Guy Ritchie]] won critical acclaim for his British gangster flicks ''[[Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels]]'' and ''[[Snatch (film)|Snatch.]]'', he made a mistake any director would not dare to do — cast [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] (his [[wife]]) as the female lead in a [[remake]] of 1974's ''[[Swept Away]]''. On top of all the bad press, the movie won five [[Razzie]]s: Worst Movie, Worst Director, Worst Actress (Madonna won, along with [[Britney Spears]] for ''[[Crossroads (2002 film)|Crossroads]]''), Worst Screen Couple ([[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] along with [[Adriano Giannini]]) and Worst Remake or Sequel. It also went [[direct-to-video]] in the UK, where Madonna has been residing. The movie received a 6% of freshness on Rotten Tomatoes [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1116774-swept_away/].

Testing kits that claim to detect GHB, [[Ketamine]] and [[benzodiazepine]]s such as Rohypnol in seconds are commercially available under names such as "The Drink Detective".

;: ""If there is one thing worse than a Guy Ritchie movie, it's a Guy Ritchie movie with Madonna in it." ([[Rex Reed]], ''[[The New York Observer]]'')

;: "No yacht was harmed during shooting. It's the movie that's the shipwreck." ([[Peter Travers]], ''[[Rolling Stone]]'')

===W===

===Custodial and prison rape===

[[Image:Wild Wild West DVD.gif|thumb|right|140px|''Wild Wild West'' is a prime example of a big-budget critical flop]]

''Main article at: [[Custodial rape]]''

;''[[Wild Wild West]]'' ([[1999]]): A critical failure, starring [[Will Smith]], [[Kevin Kline]], "Worst Supporting Actor" [[Golden Raspberry Awards|Razzie]] nominee [[Kenneth Branagh]], and [[Salma Hayek]]. The film was nominated for nine Razzies, and "won" five, including Worst Picture, Worst Director ([[Barry Sonnenfeld]]), Worst Screen Couple ([[Will Smith|Smith]] and [[Kevin Kline|Kline]]), Worst Screenplay, and Worst Original Song. In his review, [[Roger Ebert]] comments, "You know something has gone wrong when a story is about two heroes in the Old West, and the last shot is of a mechanical spider riding off into the sunset." [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19990630/REVIEWS/906300302/1023] The film received one and a half stars from [[Leonard Maltin]], and an officially "ROTTEN" 19% rating from Rotten Tomatoes. [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/wild_wild_west/]. [[Irony|Ironically]], the film did surprisingly well at the [[box office]].

===X===

Research carried out by Cindy Struckman-Johnson and David Struckman-Johnson of the [[University of South Dakota]] has found that 22% - 25% of male prisoners in the United States had been the victim of sexual assault, 10% of rape, and 6% of gang rape. Women prisoners are especially vulnerable to assault by guards and other staff members, and the incidence in the United States has been denounced by [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]].

;''[[Xanadu (film)|Xanadu]]'' ([[1980]]): A [[musical film|musical]] featuring [[Olivia Newton-John]], [[Michael Beck]], and [[Gene Kelly]] in his last starring role. Newton-John plays [[Terpsichore]], the [[muse]] of dancing, who appears on Earth as a roller-skating woman named Kira who falls in love with Beck. The three actors collaborate on opening a disco named "Xanadu". Appears in Michael Sauter's book ''The Worst Movies of All Time'', as well as the 2004 DVD documentary, ''The 50 Worst Movies Ever Made''. Kelly also said that he took the film because it was close to his home in Beverly Hills and he could be with his family. Years later, he admitted it was a terrible film, but loved working with Olivia Newton-John.

==See also==

===Rape and sexual torture===

*[[Talk:List of films that have been considered the worst ever/Removed films]] for a list of films removed from this article

In circumstances where [[torture]] is being employed as a means of military or governmental policy, the rape of both female and male [[detainee]]s is a common element of that [[torture]]. It is used often as a means to "soften" the detainees for interrogation or to intimidate them into compliance. In societies with strong social [[taboo]]s on sexuality, sexual torture is commonly used to destroy the credibility and influence of [[political dissident]]s. Rape under such circumstances often has even more profoundly negative [[psychology|psychological]] effects than under circumstances in which sexual assaults usually happen.

*''[[The Fifty Worst Films of All Time]]''

*[[Films that have been considered the greatest ever]]

*[[Golden Raspberry Awards]]

*[[List of commercial failures]]

*[[List of movies generating losses|List of movies generating losses (box office bombs)]]

*''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]''

*[[It's a Bad, Bad, Bad, Bad Movie]]

==External links==

See also [[humiliation]], [[Nanjing Massacre]].

* [http://us.imdb.com/bottom_100_films ''IMDb Bottom 100'']

* [http://www.rottentomatoes.com ''Rotten Tomatoes'']

* [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/ ''Roger Ebert'']

* [http://www.razzies.com ''Golden Raspberry Awards'']

[[Category:Lists of films|Worst ever]]

===Sex trafficking===

[[Category:Mystery Science Theater 3000]]

[[Trafficking]] is a term used to define the recruiting, harboring, obtaining, transportation of a person by use of force, [[fraud]], or [[coercion]] for the purpose of subjecting them to involuntary acts, the most common being forced commercial sexual exploitation (forced [[prostitution]]).

Human trafficking is not the same as people smuggling. A smuggler will facilitate illegal entry into a country for a fee, but on arrival at their destination, the smuggled person is free; the trafficking victim is enslaved. Victims do not agree to be trafficked &mdash; they are tricked, lured by false promises, or forced. Traffickers use coercive tactics including deception, fraud, intimidation, isolation, threat and use of physical force, debt bondage or even force-feeding with drugs of abuse to control their victims. Women are typically recruited with promises of good jobs in other countries or provinces, and, lacking better options at home, agree to migrate, not knowing they will be forced into prostitution.

Due to the illegal nature of trafficking, the exact extent is unknown. A US Government report published in 2003, estimates that 800,000&ndash;900,000 people worldwide are trafficked across borders each year.

See also "[[Trafficking in human beings]]"

===Consent===

There is considerable debate as to what constitutes proper and complete [[Informed consent|consent]] in a sexual relationship. How explicit should consent be, how often should it be established, and what constitutes [[diminished capacity]] (usually due to drugs or alcohol) are all subjects of some disagreement. These debates take place both on [[morality|moral]] and [[ethic|ethical]] grounds, and as a legal issue, since rape can only be convicted as a crime with intent in many jurisdictions, and the erroneous belief of consent is a common defense.

===Victim blaming===

"[[Victim blaming]]" is holding the victim of a crime to be in whole or in part responsible for what has happened to them. In the context of rape, this concept refers to popular attitudes that certain victim behaviours (such as [[flirting]], or wearing sexually-provocative clothing) may encourage rape. In extreme cases, victims are said to have "asked for it", simply by not behaving demurely. In most Western countries, the defense of [[provocation]] is not accepted as a [[mitigation]] for rape.

It has been proposed that one cause of victim-blaming is the "[[just world hypothesis]]". People who believe that the world has to be fair, may find it hard or impossible to accept a situation in which a person is unfairly and badly hurt for no cause or reason. This leads to a sense that, somehow, the victim must have surely done 'something' to deserve their fate. A global survey of attitudes toward sexual violence by the [[Global Forum for Health Research]] [http://www.globalforumhealth.org/filesupld/vaw/attitudes.html] shows that victim-blaming concepts are at least partially accepted in many countries. In some countries, victim-blaming is more common, and women who have been raped are sometimes deemed to have behaved improperly. Often, these are countries where there is a significant social divide between the freedoms and status afforded to men and women.

A more mainstream view is that everybody has the theoretical right to feel safe at all times, but that the responsibility of preventing and minimising the risk of being in a dangerous situation is largely up to the individual. On this basis, the question is not whether the victim 'deserved' to be raped, because nobody "deserves" to be the victim of crime.

Under cases of alleged date rape, however, the situation is different. Because the question at hand is whether or not the incident was consensual, or whether the alleged victim encouraged the accused or gave implied consent, becomes the critical consideration. As such, arguments about the victim's conduct are an accepted element of an [[affirmative defense]].

In the United States, rape is unique in that it is the only crime in which there are statutory protections, designed in favor of the victim (known as "[[rape shield laws]]"). These were enacted in response to the common defense tactic of "putting the victim on trial". Typical rape shield laws prohibit cross-examination of the victim with respect to issues, such as his or her prior sexual history, or the manner in which he or she was dressed at the time of the rape. This however, can be construed as deliberately setting up the accused to wind up with a verdict of guilty since rape can be reported by anyone, and sometimes will be done as a means of 'getting back' at someone who did something the accuser did not like. Rape shield laws can often make it even more difficult for a defense to exist for an accused rapist since they deflect the ability to bring prior sexual history of the accuser into account, which might otherwise lead to the accused being declared innocent.

===Sexual fantasy===

Many people assume that people aroused by [[Rape fantasy|rape fantasies]] must be more likely than others to commit the actual act, or that victims with rape fantasies actually want to become victims of sexual assault. This does not correspond with observed scientific evidence, however; while rapists usually fantasize about rape, so do normal psychologically-healthy people.

In fact, an inability to use sexual fantasies for [[gratification]] is often regarded by law enforcement and other professionals as a more alarming warning sign than the presence of sexual fantasies of rape or sadism. Millions of normal people fantasize about rape, or ''being'' raped without wanting it to really happen.

==Effects of rape==

A proportion of violent sexual assaults end with the death or serious injury of the victim. Other consequences can include [[pregnancy]] or [[sexually transmitted disease]]s. Because of the sexual nature of rape crimes, the most common effect of rape on victims, however, is serious [[psychological trauma]]. This is especially true in societies with strong sexual customs and taboos. For example, a woman (and especially a [[virgin]]) who is raped may be deemed by society to be "damaged": she may suffer isolation, be prohibited to marry, be divorced if she was married, or even killed. She may also feel "dirty", as if the crime was her fault.

In the past, survivors of rape and sexual assault were often diagnosed with [[Rape Trauma Syndrome]] (RTS), then considered to be a psychological disorder. RTS is no longer considered a [[diagnosis]], but rather a set of normal psychological and physiological reactions that a victim is likely to experience. These include, but are not limited to, feelings of guilt and shame, tension, anger, eating disturbances, and sometimes [[Clinical depression|depression]]. The reactions are very similar to those that would be experienced by a survivor of any other traumatizing experience, and is often cited as one of the reasons why rape goes unreported.

The process to denounce and eventually convict an offender is often hindered by similar psychological effects. Victims frequently feel shame when describing what has happened (especially if the victim is male, or if a female victim must report the incident to a male law officer). Also, the intimate questions and [[medical examination]]s required for prosecution can make the victim uncomfortable. In societies that do not accord equal [[civil rights]] to women and men, this process is even more difficult for female victims.

===Medical emergency information===

:''Main articles: [[Medical emergency]] and [[Sexual assault]]

According to the [[American College of Emergency Physicians]] (ACEP) in the United States, rape is a [[medical emergency]] [http://www.acep.org/1,32848,0.html]. Medical and law enforcement professionals have strongly recommended that a victim [[call for help|calls for help]] and reports it. A victim who seeks immediate medical attention, will not only allow prompt treatment for possibly life-threatening injuries and diseases, but will also preserve evidence. Many recommend that victims should not bathe or clean themselves before the examination, not only to prevent the loss of physical evidence, but also to not delay medical attention.

Physical injuries such as [[gynecologic hemorrhage|gynecologic]], [[rectum|rectal]] or [[internal hemorrhage]] may have resulted. Additionally, emergency [[contraception]] and preventative treatment against [[sexually transmitted diseases]] may be required, in particular [[prophylactic]] treatments to prevent [[HIV infection]]. In many locations, [[emergency medical technician]]s, emergency room nurses and doctors are trained to help rape victims. Some [[emergency room]]s have [[rape kit]]s which are used to collect evidence.

[[AIDS]] [[prophylaxis]] is possible within 48 hours, but is not always deemed appropriate, given:

* the extremely small chance of transmission in many cases (0.1 - 0.3%, or between 1 in 333 and 1 in 1000);

* the lack of certainty of any effective results (it reduces, rather than removes the risk); and

* the often severe side effects of drugs required.

This would usually be a clinical decision based upon circumstances. [http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/Pubs/Network/v21_1/NW21-1HIVpostexpostretmnt.htm]

===RAINN===

Some groups also operate [[hotline]]s to offer advice and psychological [[first aid]].

In the United States, one of the most prominent hotlines for rape victims is operated by the organization, [[RAINN]] (The Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network). RAINN is the only [[toll-free]], completely confidential 24-hour hotline that provides this service in America. Their telephone number is 1-800-656-HOPE.

==Rape and punishment==

===Punishment of assailants===

Most societies consider rape to be a grave offense, and punish it accordingly. Punishment for rape in most countries today is imprisonment, but until the late 20th century, some states of the [[US]], for instance, could apply the [[death penalty]] in cases of aggravated rape, indicating the severity with which the crime was viewed (the death penalty is still in use in countries with a significant social divide between the freedoms and status afforded to men and women).[[Castration]] is sometimes a punishment for rape and, controversially, some U.S. jurisdictions allow shorter sentences for sex criminals who agree to voluntary "[[chemical castration]]."

In the [[Southern United States|Southern states]] of the U.S., the charge of rape was often used to justify [[vigilante]] groups ("[[lynch mob]]s") that would seize and kill men accused of rape, without [[due process]] or [[trial]]. Victims of [[lynch]]ing were typically, though not always, [[African American]]. (One historic case was the lynching of [[Leo Frank]], a [[Jewish]] American). Members of the lynch mobs were rarely prosecuted or punished for these mob killings.

In some such communities, any sexual interaction between an African-American male and a White ([[Caucasian]]) female was viewed as rape, which resulted in a large number of (presumably) innocent men, being unjustly murdered. This resulted from the fact that it was commonly believed that no White female would ever consent to sexual relations with a Black man, and thus any sexual interaction must have been non-consensual.

Prison sentences for rape are not uniformly long or severe. A study made by the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] of prison releases in [[1992]], involving about 80 percent of the prison population, found that the average sentence for convicted rapists was 9.8 years, while the actual time served was 5.4 years. This follows the typical pattern for violent crimes in the US, where those convicted typically serve no more than half of their sentence

[http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/ascii/psatsfv.txt]. Between [[2002]] and [[2003]], more than one in ten convicted rapists in [[Australia]] served a wholly suspended sentence, and the average total effective sentence for rape was seven years [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/15/1097784044926.html?from=storylhs].

===Punishment of victims===

While the practice is condemned as barbaric by many present-day societies, some societies punish the victims of rape as well as the perpetrators. According to such cultures, being raped dishonors the victim and, in many cases, the victim's family. Some incorrectly believe that in [[Middle East]]ern societies [[honor killing]]s may be sanctioned. However, in some cultures rape victims are sometimes killed to restore the family's name.

In the [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] [[drama]] ''[[Titus Andronicus]]'', Titus Andronicus kills his raped, maimed daughter in what he believes to be a [[mercy killing]].

====Rape and cultural views====

Certain cultures, often [[patriarchal]], have historically promoted a system of [[honor]], dishonor and shame, which was applied with particularly strictness to females. A victim of rape would be considered to have lost her honorable reputation and place in society, a loss of honor which entailed [[shame]] on the woman's [[family]] group as well. In early [[ancient Rome]], [[ancient China]], and other cultures, a pressure has existed which has led women to commit suicide after becoming victims of rape. The iconic Roman instance is that of [[Lucretia]]. Likewise, suicide of female rape victims for reasons of shame is also historically documented in Chinese culture [http://www.theophoretos.hostmatrix.org/chinesepatriarchy.htm].

=== Rape as punishment ===

Though modern societies claim to recognize the practice as barbaric, some cultures use rape itself as a form of punishment. Usually, the victim of the rape is a female relative of the person targeted for retaliation. In [[June]] [[2002]], a [[Pakistan]]i woman named [[Mukhtaran Bibi]] was sentenced to be gang-raped by a vigilante mob after her brother was (falsely) accused of rape himself. The Pakistani government, along with local religious officials, condemned this action and sentenced the rapists to death. Many such events are reported in Pakistan and other countries.

In some [[dictator]]ships, rape is or was used as a method to retaliate against, or to intimidate their political enemies. There are numerous allegations that this took place under the former regime of [[Iraq]]i dictator, [[Saddam Hussein]].

There is suspicion that some rape incidents in prisons are permitted through timely guard absences (at showers, for instance). Motivations for this range from punishing troublesome prisoners to providing a [[deterrent]] to those considering a [[criminal act]], particularly among those who have little to lose from [[incarceration]] (e.g. homeless persons in winter).

==Rape and human rights==

Probably for much of human history, rape, violence, and war have often occured in connection with one another. In the [[twentieth century]], the use of rape as a "weapon of war" has been well documented and addressed by [[NGO]]s as well as the [[United Nations]], [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/49/a49r205.htm] and national governments. One particularly well known period in which this practice was known to have occured on a widespread basis is the Bosnian War (or Yugoslav Civil War), roundly condemned as a human rights atrocity in Western public opinion and media, as well as the United Nations and international bodies [http://www.hrw.org/wr2k/Wrd.htm], [http://www.csmonitor.com/atcsmonitor/specials/women/rights/rights042500.html]. Similar instances are also documented during the period leading up to the [[Kosovo War|Kosovo Crisis]].

==Rapists==

===Rapist profiles===

Dr. A. Nicholas Groth, author of ''Men Who Rape: The Psychology of the Offender'', described four types of deliberate rapists, based on their motivations and behavior patterns. [[Forensic scientist]]s, [[criminology|criminologists]], and [[law enforcement]] agencies often use these profiles to analyze rapists, and prevent future rapes.

Since rapes are predominantly perpetrated by men, a male perpetrator is assumed in these profiles:

*'''The power-assertive rapist''': This is argued to be the most common type of rapist, accounting for about 40 percent of all reported rapes. An [[alpha male]], he tends to value [[machismo]] and physical aggression, and often rapes victims that he meets in places like bars, where he may pose as, or be an authority figure. Power-assertive rapists rarely target specific people for rape and, while not intending to kill their victims, often traumatize and humiliate them.

*'''The power-reassurance rapist''': Responsible for about 27.5% of reported rapes, this type of rapist has been described by law enforcers as the "gentleman rapist". He is usually:

** of average intelligence;

** not physically aggressive;

** insecure about his [[masculinity]];

** socially-deficient; and

** unable to develop interpersonal or [[romantic relationship]]s.

Usually, he will select and [[stalking|stalk]] a victim before committing the crime. The victim is usually someone whom he knows, eg. a neighbor or work acquaintance. Power-reassurance rapists often force the victim to emulate [[foreplay]], and take "trophies" of the rape; they may even record the event in a personal [[journal]]. Power-reassurance rapists tend to be the least violent type of rapists, often [[fantasy|fantasizing]] about consensual sexual relationships with women, rather than violent conquests.

*'''Anger-retaliatory rapist''': Responsible for about 28% of rapes, this type of rapist is often a [[drug abuse|substance abuser]], with impulsive [[behavior]] and [[anger]]-related [[pathology|pathologies]]. He does not target specific victims, and often feels [[misogyny|animosity toward women]] in general. The anger-retaliatory rapist's attacks are usually spontaneous and brutal, and while he does not intend to kill the victim, he may beat her to death if she resists. This rapist usually has below-average intelligence, and is likely to leave more evidence than other types of rapists.

*'''The anger-excitation rapist''': This type of rapist, considered the most dangerous and elusive, accounts for about 4.5 percent of rapes. He exhibits [[antisocial personality disorder]], and being often perceived as charming and intelligent, makes him rather difficult to catch. The anger-excitation rapist may or may not choose his victims selectively. Often [[sadistic]], he will often [[murder]] his victim to prevent her from identifying him, or for his own self-gratification. [[Ted Bundy]] was an example of this type of rapist.

===Warning signs===

It is very difficult to predict who may or may not be a potential rapist because rapists have many [[personality type]]s, and use many different methods. However, certain behavioral characteristics have been observed in some rapists. These should be used cautiously as "warning signs", since non-rapists and other innocent people may also exhibit similar behaviours:

* Extreme emotional insensitivity and [[egotism]];

* Habitual degradation and verbal devaluation of others;

* Tries to tell others what they are feeling and thinking, as though it is his decision and not theirs. ''"She said no, but she meant yes"'';

* Consistently using [[intimidation]] in language, or threatening behavior to get his way. Uses words like "bitch" and "[[whore]]" to describe women;

* Excessive, chronic, or brooding anger;

* Becoming obsessed with the object of his romantic affections, long after his advances have been rejected;

* Extreme [[mood swing]]s;

* Violent outbursts; lack of [[impulse control]];

* Aggressive and violent;

* Cruel behavior, especially under the influence of [[alcohol]] or drugs.

It is often incorrectly assumed that rape fantasies are warning signs of a potential rapist; however, scientific research does not support this assumption. While rapists were almost invariably found to have rape fantasies, they were a very small minority compared to a far larger number of psychologically healthy and normal men who had rape fantasies but did not commit rape.

==Reporting==

===Underreporting===

According to the [[1999]] [[United States]] [[National Crime Victimization Survey]], only 39% of rapes and sexual assaults were reported to law enforcement officials. For male rape, less than 10% are believed to be reported. The most common reasons given by victims for not reporting rapes are the belief that it is a personal or private matter, and that they fear [[reprisal]] from the assailant. [http://www.vaw.umn.edu/documents/college/college.txt Fisher] found that:

: "... many women do not characterize their sexual victimizations as a crime for a number of reasons (such as embarrassment, not clearly understanding the legal definition of rape, or not wanting to define someone they know who victimized them as a 'rapist') or because they blame themselves for their sexual assault."

Rape-related [[advocacy group]]s have suggested several [[tactic]]s to encourage the reporting of sexual assaults, most of which aim at lessening the psychological trauma, often suffered by rape victims following their assault. Many police departments now assign female police officers to deal with rape cases. Advocacy groups also argue for the preservation of the victim's privacy during the [[legal process]]; it is standard practice among mainstream American [[news media]] not to divulge the names of alleged rape victims in news reports.

===Overreporting and false reporting===

A [[1997]] article in the [[Columbia Journalism Review]] dealing with the debate surrounding false reporting, noted that wildly different figures, from 2% to 85% of all rape reports, have been presented:

:"... one explanation for such a wide range in the [[statistics]] might simply be that they come from different studies of different populations... But there's also a strong political tilt to the debate. A low number would undercut a belief about rape as being as old as the story of Joseph and [[Potiphar]]'s wife: that some women, out of shame or vengeance ... claim that their consensual encounters or rebuffed advances were rapes. If the number is high, on the other hand, [[advocate]]s for women who have been raped worry it may also taint the credibility of the genuine victims of sexual assault." [http://archives.cjr.org/year/97/6/rape.asp]

In [[1994]], Dr. Eugene J. Kanin of [[Purdue University]] investigated the incidences, in one small [[metropolitan]] community, of false rape allegations made to the police between [[1978]] and [[1987]]. The falseness of the allegations was not decided by the police, or by Dr. Kanin; they were "... declared false only because the complainant admitted they are false." The number of false rape allegations in the studied period was 45; this was 41% of the 109 total complaints filed in this period. In Dr. Kanin's research, the complainants who made false allegations did so (by their own statements during recantation) for three major reasons:

*providing an [[alibi]];

* a means of gaining revenge; and/or

* a platform for seeking attention/sympathy.

Dr. Kanin's small study is widely reported and quoted. In her work, "The Legacy of the Prompt Complaint Requirement, Corroboration Requirement, and Cautionary Instructions on Campus Sexual Assault", Michelle J. Anderson of the [[Villanova University]] School of Law states: "As a scientific matter, the frequency of false rape complaints to police or other legal authorities remains unknown" [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=555884]. The [[FBI]]'s [[1996]] [[Uniform Crime Reports|Uniform Crime Report]] states that 8% of reports of forcible rape were determined to be unfounded upon investigation [http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/Cius_97/96CRIME/96crime2.pdf].

==[[Sociobiological analysis of rape]]==

:''Main article: [[Sociobiological theories of rape]]

Some animals appear to exhibit behaviors which resemble rape in humans, in particular combining sexual intercourse with violent assault, such as are observed in [[duck]]s, [[geese]], and certain species of [[dolphin]]s. It is difficult to determine to what extent the idea of rape can be extended to intercourse in animal species, as the defining attribute of rape in humans is the lack of [[informed consent]], which is difficult to determine in animals. However, it is clear that sometimes, the animal does not want it when it is sexually approached by another and penetrated, e.g. when it tries to run away.

Some [[sociobiology|sociobiologists]] argue that our ability to understand rape, and thereby prevent and treat it, is severely compromised because its basis in human [[evolution]] has been ignored. They argue that rape, as a [[reproduction|reproductive]] strategy, is encountered in many instances in the [[animal kingdom]], including among the [[great apes]], and presumably also among early humans. Some studies indicate that it is an attempt by the male of the species to increase his reproductive fitness when he is lacking in ability to persuade the female by non-violent means (Thornhill & Thornhill, [[1983]]). Such sociobiological theories, regarding rape as [[adaptation|adaptive]], are highly controversial, and are not accepted by all mainstream scientists.

[[Camile Paglia]] and some [[sociobiology| sociobiologists]] have argued that victim-blaming should not be totally dismissed in all cases, since some [[sociology|sociological]] models suggest that it may be [[genetic|genetically]]-inbuilt for a certain proportion of men and women to act in ways which would tend to raise the chances of rape occurring, and that this may be a biological feature of the species. This, however, is a very controversial view. A contrasting view, given by Lewis Thomas in his "Lives of a Cell: Notes of a [[biology]] watcher", claims that rape is not only not an evolutionary benefit to the rapist, but that it is strongly maladaptive, and therefore selected against.

==The role of control and loss of privacy in rape==

Rape has been regarded as "a crime of violence and control" since the [[1970s]]. According to psychological analysis literature, "control" is a key feature in most definitions of privacy:

* "Privacy is not the absence of other people from one's presence, but the control over the contact one has with them." (Pedersen, D. 1997).

* "Selective control of access to the self." (Margulis, 2003)

Control is important in providing:

* what we need for normal psychological functioning;

* stable interpersonal relationships; and

* personal development. (Pedersen, D. 1997)

Violation of privacy or "control", come in many forms, sexual assault, and the resulting psychological traumas, being one of the most explicit forms. Many sexual assault survivors suffer from eating disorders, such as [[anorexia nervosa]] and [[bulimia]], which also center around control issues. In some ways, therefore, it makes more sense to look at the issue of sexual assault as an invasion of privacy:

: "The more comfortable a person is with talking about invasion of privacy and in insisting that he or she has privacy that deserves respect, the clearer that person’s understanding of rape will be…" (Mclean, D. 1995)

Consequently, it is important to be aware of the approach of this subject of rape through the concept of privacy because of the historical background and the need to bypass certain [[stigma]]s.

==Quotes==

The [[Supreme Court of California]] had this to say on a case involving a woman who was raped by a police officer:

: "Along with other forms of sexual assault, it belongs to that class of indignities against the person that cannot ever be fully righted, and that diminishes all [[humanity]]."

:: ''[http://login.findlaw.com/scripts/callaw?dest=ca/cal3d/54/202.html Mary M. v. City of Los Angeles]'' 54 Cal.3d 202,222 (1991) [285 Cal.Rptr. 99; 814 P.2d 1341]

One [[Supreme Court of the United States]] opinion included:

: "We do not discount the seriousness of rape as a crime. It is highly reprehensible, both in a moral sense and in its almost total [[contempt]] for the personal integrity and [[autonomy]] of the female victim and for the latter's privilege of choosing those with whom intimate relationships are to be established. Short of [[homicide]], it is the "ultimate violation of self." It is also a violent crime because it normally involves force, or the threat of force or intimidation, to overcome the will and the capacity of the victim to resist. Rape is very often accompanied by physical injury to the female and can also inflict mental and psychological damage. Because it undermines the community's sense of security, there is public injury as well."

:: ''[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=433&page=584 Coker v. Georgia]'' 433 U.S. 584 at 597-598 (1977) [53 L.Ed.2d 982, 97 S.Ct. 2861] (plur. opn. of White, J.; conc. and dis. opn. of Powell, J.).)

Researcher Metzger wrote:

: "Rape is loss. Like death, it is best treated with a period of mourning and grief. We should develop social ceremonies for rape, [[ritual]]s, that, like [[funeral]]s and [[wake]]s, would allow the mourners to recover the spirits that the rapist, like death, steals. The social community is the appropriate center for the restoration of spirit, but the rape victim is usually shamed into silence or self-imposed isolation." (Metzger, D. (1976). "It is always the woman who is raped." American Journal of Psychiatry, 133 (4), 405-408)

==Related articles==

* [[Rape on college campuses]]

* [[Aggression]]

* [[Sexual harassment]]

* [[Sydney gang rapes]]

* [[trafficking in human beings]]

* [[rape culture]]

* [[rape pornography]]

* [[anti-rape female condom]]

* There is an ongoing problem with [[sexual assault in the U.S. military]] which has resulted in a series of scandals which have received extensive media coverage.

** [[Tailhook scandal]]

** [http://www.now.org/press/11-96/11-14-96.html Assaults on trainees at Aberdeen, MD, 1996]

** [[Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal]]

==Books and publications==

===Academic and reference books===

* [[Susan Brownmiller|Brownmiller, Susan]]: ''Against Our Will : Men, Women, and Rape'', Ballantine Books, 1975.

* Emilie Buchwald, Pamela Fletcher, Martha Roth (ed.), ''Transforming a Rape Culture'', Milkweed Editions, 2005.

* Smith, M. D. (2004). ''Encyclopedia of Rape.'' USA: Greenwood Press.

* Macdonals, John (1993). ''World Book Encyclopedia.'' United States of America: World Book Inc.

* Kahn, Ada. (1992). ''The A-Z of women's sexuality : a concise encyclopedia.'' Alameda, Calif.: Hunter House.

* Kanin, Eugene J. (1994). False Rape Allegations. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior.''

* Gowaty, P.A. and N. Buschhaus. (1997). Functions of aggressive and forced copulations in birds: female resistance and the CODE hypothesis. ''American Zoologist'' (in press).

*Sarah Projansky, ''Watching Rape: Film and Television in Postfeminist Culture'', New York University Press 2001

* Thornhill, Randy and Palmer, Craig T. ''A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion''. MIT Press, 2001.

* Roussel, D.E. and R. Bolen. (2000). ''The Epidemic of Rape and Child Sexual Abuse in the United States.'' Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

* Mclean, D. (1995). ''Privacy and its invasion.'' CT: Praeger.

* Margulis, Stephen T., (2003). Privacy as a social issue and behavioral concept. ''Journal of social issues'' 59(2):243-261

* Pedersen, DM (1997) Psychological functions of privacy. ''Journal Of Environmental Psychology'', 17:147-156

===Others===

* Gavin de Becker. ''The Gift of Fear.'' ISBN 0440226198, (recognising and handling dangerous people and situations)

* Doe, Jane. ''The Real Story of Jane Doe.'' Toronto: Random House, 2003.

* Ghiglieri, Michael P. (1999). ''The Dark Side of Man: Tracing the Origins of Violence.'' USA: Perseus Books.

== External links ==

* [http://www.who.int/svri Sexual Violence Research Initiative]

* [http://www.pandys.org Pandora's Aquarium - Message board for victims of sexual assault]

* [http://www.rainn.org RAINN - The leading resource in rape and incest information]

* [http://www.ibiblio.org/rcip/ Rape Crisis Information Pathfinder - Find journal articles, statistics and online resources on rape and sexual assault]

* [http://www.aardvarc.org/rape/about.shtml AARDVARC - An Abuse, Rape, and Domestic Violence Aid and Resource Collection]

* [http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/svfacts.htm Sexual Violence Facts from the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control]

* [http://www.ncpa.org/studies/s229/s229.html Probability statistics compiled by NCPA from US Department of Justice statistics.]

* [http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/20030042.htm#aofs British Sexual Offences Act 2003]

* [http://members.tripod.com/rape_pathfinder_help-ivil/rapecrisispathfinderonlineresources/id36.html Victim Blame: A Bibliography]

* [http://www.menweb.org/throop/falsereport/kanin.html False Rape Allegations by Dr. Eugene Kanin]

* [http://writ.news.findlaw.com/commentary/20030811_spilbor.html Findlaw article on false rape allegations]

* [http://www.ncwiseowl.org/ Groliers Online Encyclopedia- entry on rape]

* [http://www.sccadvasa.org/wissa.htm SCCADVASA - "What is Sexual Assault?"]

* [http://www.crisiscentersyr.org/mr_smith.html "The Legal Bias Against Rape Victims (The Rape of Mr. Smith)"] - excerpt from an April 1975 [[American Bar Association]] Journal article

*[http://de.geocities.com/history_guide/horb/index.html The History of Rape : A Bibliography]

* [http://www.alltheseyears.net/male.htm Male rape survivor information]

* [http://www.abc.net.au/centralvic/stories/s907377.htm Drink spiking - a reality or urban myth?]

[[Category:Sex crimes]]

[[Category:Torture]]

[[cs:Znásilnění]]

[[da:Voldtægt]]

[[de:Vergewaltigung]]

[[es:Violación]]

[[fr:Viol]]

[[he:&#1488;&#1493;&#1504;&#1505;]]

[[lt:Išprievartavimas]]

[[ms:Rogol]]

[[nl:Verkrachting]]

[[ja:&#24375;&#23014;]]

[[no:Voldtekt]]

[[pt:Estupro]]

[[sv:Våldtäkt]]

[[zh:&#24378;&#22904;]]