Johannes Gutenberg and Willa Ford: Difference between pages

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'''Willa Ford''' (born '''Amanda Lee Williford''' on [[January 22]], [[1981]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[pop singer]].

[[image:Gutenberg.jpg|right]]

[[Image:Willaford.jpeg|right|thumbnail|Willa Ford]]

'''Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg''' (born. circa [[1398]] – presumed to have died [[February 3]], [[1468]] [[Mainz]]) was a [[Holy Roman Empire|German]] metal-worker and [[inventor]] who achieved fame for his contributions to the technology of [[printing]] during the [[1440s]], including a [[type metal]] alloy and oil-based inks, a mould for casting type accurately, and a new kind of [[printing press]] based on presses used in wine-making. Tradition credits him with inventing [[printing press|movable type]] in [[Europe]] -- an improvement on the block printing already in use there. By combining these elements into a production system, he allowed for the rapid printing of written materials, and an information explosion in [[Renaissance]] Europe.

==Biography==

Gutenberg was born in the German city of [[Mainz]], as the son of a merchant named Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden, who adopted the surname "''zum Gutenberg''" after the name of the neighborhood where the family had moved.

Willa was born and raised in [[Ruskin, Florida]]. She began pursuing her dream of becoming a singer at the age of 8, when she started singing with the ''Tampa Bay Children's Choir''. By the time she reached age 11, she had moved on from the children’s choir to the Tampa-based children’s performing arts troupe, ''Entertainment Revue''. This group consisted of 20 girls ages 5-16. The tour the area and sang at such places as, [[Walt Disney World]] and Busch Gardens. Willa worked hard in the group and moved her way up from a chorus member to the role of featured soloist. When Willa was 15, she left the troupe and landed spot with a local foursome ''FLA''. She didn’t stay long with the group before deciding to head out to Los Angeles.

In 1999 Willa while performing under the stage name '''Mandah''', she was signed to [[MCA]]. While with MCA she released a song on the double-platinum soundtrack ‘''Pokémon The First Movie’'' called ‘''Lullaby''’. She also landed a spot as an opening act for the [[Backstreet Boys]]. Which managed to attract a lot of attention, for her performances as well as her relationship with one of its members. Soon Willa’s label changed her stage name from Mandah, to avoid confusion with another female singer, to Willa Ford and tried to promote a beautiful singer with a good-girl image. After some negative publicity that tainted their clean-cut image for Willa, MCA decided to drop her, letting her move on to a label that would embrace her bad-girl image.

==Printing==

Block printing, whereby individual sheets of paper were pressed into wooden blocks with the text and illustrations carved in, was in use in Europe and East Asia long before Gutenberg. The Koreans and Chinese knew about movable metal types at the time, but arising from the complexity of the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] [[Chinese character|writing system]], printed material was not as abundant as that of Renaissance Europe.

It wasn’t long before [[Lava/Atlantic]] would give Willa a deal and put her in to studio with a diverse variety of writers and producers. Although she had many talented writers working with her, Willa was determined to write most of the lyrics herself, which was unlike other teen singers at the time. She would use her life for material or make up a character that she would want to be.

It is not clear whether Gutenberg knew of these existing techniques or invented them independently, though the former is considered unlikely because of the substantial differences in technique. Some also claim the Dutchman [[Laurens Janszoon Coster|Laurens Coster]] as the first European to invent movable type.

On July 17, 2001 Willa released her debut album ‘''Willa Was Here''’. The album contained the single (with a hyper link to the sexy video), ‘''I Wanna Be Bad''’. The album used smooth pop/R&B grooves, hot dance beats and vocoders. Although Willa has the beauty and talent mixed in with a hit single, her album only reached #56 on the [[Billboard Charts]].

Gutenberg certainly introduced efficient methods into book production, leading to a boom in the production of texts in Europe -- in large part, owing to the popularity of the [[Gutenberg Bible]]s, the first mass-produced work, starting on [[February 23]] [[1455]].

While promoting her album, Willa did a Mall tour for ''Nautica Kids'', served as the spokesperson for ''Pantene Pro-V’s ‘Pro-Voice’'' campaign, and appeared on the in-concert cable special, ''Teensation''. Also [[MTV]] got Willa to host their reality series ‘''I Bet You Will''’. MTV was impressed by Willa’s hosting they got her to also host their Spring Break series, which included ‘''The Morning After''’. Willa’s song ‘''I Wanna Be Bad''’ became the theme song for ''Six-Flags'' theme parks and was also use by ''7-UP'' for one of their campaigns. Willa also became a model for ''Bongo'' Ads. In 2002 Willa co-wrote and sang a duet with [[Koreans|Korean]] Pop star [[Park Ji Yoon]] intitled ‘''Nastified''’, which was on Park's 5th album ''Man''.

Gutenberg was a poor businessman, and made little money from his printing system.

In 2003 Willa came back with a hot dance song that forever immortalized a sorority chant, ‘''A Toast To Men''’, which featured a special guest rapper [[Lady May]]. The single was from her unreleased sophomore album ‘''Sexysexobsessive''’. The single did well, but cause of some legalities at her label her album wasn’t released. This also caused Willa to leave the label and go in search for a new one.

Gutenberg began experimenting with metal typography after he had moved from his native town of Mainz to [[Strasbourg|Strassburg]] (then in Germany, now [[Strasbourg]], [[France]]) around [[1430]]. Knowing that wood-block type involved a great deal of time and expense to reproduce, because it had to be hand carved, Gutenberg concluded that metal type could be reproduced much more quickly once a single mould had been fashioned. His initial efforts enabled him to mass-produce [[indulgence|indulgences]] -- printed slips of paper sold by the [[Catholic Church]] to remit temporal punishments in [[purgatory]] for sins committed in this life, for those wealthy enough to afford indulgences. This, in part, led to [[Martin Luther|Martin Luther's]] critical response to indulgences.

While fans wait for a her sophomore release, Willa has made some appearances. In 2005 Willa was chosen from many candidates to host the fighting competition reality show ‘''The Ultimate Fighter''’. After the show’s finale Willa got a shot at being the summers guest doll, for the Vegas ''Pussy Cat Dolls'' show. As well as being one of the celebrity quarterbacks in the upcoming ''2006 Lingerie Bowl III''. Which will air during the ''Super Bowl'' halftime.

==The Bible==

In [[1455]], Gutenberg demonstrated the power of the printing press by selling copies of a two-volume [[Bible]] (''Biblia Sacra'') for 300 florins each. This was the equivalent of approximately three years' wages for an average clerk, but it was significantly cheaper than a handwritten Bible that could take a single monk 20 years to transcribe.

==Discography==

The one copy of the ''Biblia Sacra'' dated 1455 went to Paris, and was dated by the binder.

==Debt=Albums===

[[Johann Fust]] extended Gutenberg money to allow him to carry out his work. The money Gutenberg earned at the fair was not enough to repay Fust for his investments. Fust sued, and the court's ruling not only effectively bankrupted Gutenberg, but it awarded control of the type used in his Bible, plus much of the printing equipment, to Fust. So, while Gutenberg ran a print shop until shortly before his death in Mainz in 1468, Fust became the first printer to publish a book with his name on it.

*2001: Willa Was Here

Gutenberg was subsidized by the Archbishop of Mainz until his death. Gutenberg was also known to spend what little money he had on alcohol, so the Archbishop arranged for him to be paid in food and lodging, instead of coin.

===Singles===

==Gutenberg Bibles==

[[Image:Gbible.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''Gutenberg Bible'', [[Library of Congress]], [[Washington D.C.]]]]

The [[Gutenberg Bible]]s surviving today are sometimes called the oldest surviving books printed with movable type -- although actually, the oldest such surviving book was published in [[Korea]] in [[1377]]. However, it is still notable, in that the print technology that produced the Gutenberg Bible marks the beginning of a cultural revolution unlike any that followed the development of print culture in Asia. [[As of 2003]], the [[Gutenberg Bible]] census includes 11 complete copies on [[vellum parchment|vellum]], 1 copy of the [[New Testament]] only on vellum, 48 substantially complete integral copies on [[paper]], with another divided copy on paper, and an illuminated page (the Bagford fragment).

*2001: I Wanna Be Bad (feat. Royce Da 5'9)

The Gutenberg Bible lacks many print features that modern readers are accustomed to, such as pagination, word spacing, indentations, and paragraph breaks.

*2001: Did Ya Understand That

*2001: Santa Baby (Gimme, Gimme, Gimme)

*2003: A Toast To Men (feat. Lady May)

===Soundtracks/Others===

==Other printed works==

The Bible was not Gutenberg's first printed work, for he produced approximately two dozen editions of ''Ars Minor'', a portion of [[Aelius Donatus]]'s schoolbook on Latin grammar. The first edition is believed to have been printed between [[1451]] and [[1452]].

*1999: Pokémon: The First Movie [Soundtrack]

==Legacy==

*2001: Pantene Pro Voice Vol 1

Although Gutenberg was financially unsuccessful in his lifetime, his invention spread quickly, and news and books began to travel across Europe much faster than before. It fed the growing [[Renaissance]], and since it greatly facilitated scientific publishing, it was a major catalyst for the later [[scientific revolution]]. Literacy also increased dramatically as a result. Gutenberg's inventions are sometimes considered the turning point from the [[Middle Ages|Mediaeval Era]] to the [[Early Modern Period]].

*2001: Spyder Games [Soundtrack]

*2001: Totally Hits 2001

*2001: MTV: TRL Christams

*2002: Park Ji Yoon - Man

*2002: MTV-The Best Of Trl Pop

*2002: Undercover Brother [Soundtrack]

*2003: What A Girl Wants [Soundtrack]

*2003: Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star [Soundtrack]

*2004: Gay.com: Winter 2004 Hits

==Filmography==

The term ''[[incunabulum]]'' refers to any western printed [[book]] produced between the first work of Gutenberg and the end of the year 1500.

===Music Videos===

There are many statues of Gutenberg in Germany -- one of the more famous being a work by [[Bertel Thorvaldsen|Thorvaldsen]], in Mainz, home to the [[Gutenberg Museum]].

*2001 I Wanna Be Bad

The [[Gutenberg Galaxy]] and [[Project Gutenberg]] also commemorate Gutenberg's name.

*2001 Did Ya Understand That

*2001 Santa Baby (Gimme, Gimme, Gimme)

*2002 Uncle Kracker's: In A Little While -"Girlfriend"

*2003 A Toast To Men

==See also=TV===

*[[Printing]]

*[[Typography]]

*[[Incunabulum]]

*[[Francysk Skaryna]]

*[[William Caxton]]

*[[World Almanac's Ten Most Influential People of the Second Millennium]]

*2001 Pantene Pro-Voice Featuring Jewel - Herself

*2001 The Mind of the Married Man - Herself

*2002 Six Flags Commercial - Herself

*2002 Rasing Dad - Edie "Bully"

*2002 I Bet You Will - Herself

*2002 The Miss Teen USA Pageant - Co-host

*2003 Morning After - Herself

*2004 VH1's 100 Most Outrageous Celebrity Moments - Herself "commentator"

*2004 VH1's My Coolest Years: Bad Girls - Herself "featured"

*2005 VH1's 100 Greatest Kids Stars - Herself "commentator"

*2005 WB Morning Show - Herself "featured"

*2005 The Ultimate Fighter - Host

*2005 My Fair Brady: Episode 3 - Herself "model"

*2005 The Fabulous Life Of: Las Vegas - Herself "featured"

*2005 ESPN Hollywood: Lingerie Bowl - Herself "featured"

*2005 Last Call With Carson Daly: Lingerie Bowl Event - Herself "featured"

==External linksReferences==

===Biography===

* [http://www.gutenberg-museum.de?language=e English Homepage of the Gutenberg-Museum Mainz / Germany]

* [http://www.bl.uk/collections/treasures/diamond.html BL.uk] - 'Diamond Sutra' (world’s oldest surviving complete dated printed book, circa AD 868)

* [http://www.silk-road.com/artl/printing.shtml Silk-Road.com] - 'Printing' (historical overview of printing)

* [http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/gutenberg/project/ UTexas.edu] - 'The Digital Gutenberg Project' (the [[Gutenberg Bible]] in 1,300 digital images, every page of [[University of Texas]] copy)

* [http://histoireetgeographie.free.fr/index.php?2004/12/07/41-biographie-de-johannes-gutenberg-inventeur-de-limprimerie HistoireetGeographie.free.fr] - 'Biographie de Johannes Gutenberg, inventeur de l'Imprimerie' (a French biography of Gutenberg)

*http://www.mtv.com/bands/az/ford_willa/bio.jhtml

==Further reading==

*http://www.spiketv.com/shows/series/ultimatefighter/

* [[Michael H. Hart]], ''[[The 100]]'', Carol Publishing Group, July 1992, paperback, 576 pages, ISBN 0806513500

*http://www.lingeriebowl.com/

* Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, ''The Printing Press as an Agent of Change'', Cambridge University Press, September 1980, Paperback, 832 pages, ISBN 0521299551

*http://www.scopemag.com/2005/06/30/pussycats.html

===Albums===

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*http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-form/103-3054812-9291015

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===Singles===

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*http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-form/103-3054812-9291015

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===Soundtracks/Others===

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*http://us.yesasia.com/gb/PrdDept.aspx/pid-1001822521/aid-561/section-music/code-k/version-all

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===Music Videos===

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*http://www.mtv.com/bands/az/ford_willa/audvid.jhtml

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*http://www.mtv.com/bands/az/uncle_kracker/audvid.jhtml

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*http://www.vh1.com/artists/az/ford_willa/artist.jhtml

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*http://www.spiketv.com/shows/series/ultimatefighter/

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*http://www.lingeriebowl.com/

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