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This is a sub-template of {{tl|language}}: it is not meant to stand alone. It helps {{tl|language}} perform the repeated task of presenting multiple [[ISO 639-3]] codes with links to their documentation pages. --[[User:Garzo|Gareth Hughes]] 19:07, 23 November 2005 (UTC)
[[Image:Tengwar sample.png|thumb|First article of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (in [[English language|English]])]]
The '''Tengwar''' are an [[artificial script]] which was invented by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]. In his works, the Tengwar script, supposedly invented by [[Fëanor]], was used to write a number of the [[languages of Middle-earth]], including [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]. However, it can also be used to write other languages, such as [[English language|English]] (most of Tolkien's tengwar samples we know of are actually in English). The word ''tengwar'' is Quenya for "letters". The corresponding [[Grammatical number|singular]] is ''tengwa'', "letter".
==Internal history and terminology==
According to [[HoME 11]] (Appendix D to ''Quendi and Eldar''), Fëanor when he created his script introduced a change in terminology. He called a letter, i.e. a written representation of a spoken phoneme (''tengwë'') a ''tengwa''. Previously, any letter or symbol had been called a ''sarat'' (from ''*sar'' "incise"), especially the alphabet of
[[Rúmil]] of [[Valinor]] on which Fëanor supposedly based his was known as [[Sarati]], but became later also known as "Tengwar of Rúmil". The plural of ''tengwa'' was ''tengwar'', and this is the name by which Fëanor's system became known. Since, however, in commonly used modes, an individual ''tengwa'' was equivalent to a consonant, the term ''tengwar'' in popular use became equivalent to "consonant sign", and the vowel signs were known as ''ómatehtar''. By loan-translation, the tengwar became known as ''tîw'' (singular ''têw'') in Sindarin, when they were introduced to Beleriand. The letters of the earlier alphabet native to Sindarin were called ''[[cirth]]'' (singular ''certh'', probably from ''*kirte'' "cutting", and thus semantically analogous to Quenya ''sarat''). This term was loaned into exilic Quenya as ''certa'', plural ''certar''.
==External history==
===Precursors===
The [[sarati]], described in ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]] 13'', a script developed by J. R. R. Tolkien in the late [[1910s]], anticipates many features of the tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many tengwar varieties), different tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).
Even closer to the tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]] 14'', which J. R. R. Tolkien used from about [[1922]] to [[1925]]. It features many tengwar shapes, the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some tengwar varieties, and the tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary tengwar in the classical Quenya "mode".
Jim Allan (''An introduction to Elvish'', ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the tengwar with the ''Universal Alphabet'' of [[Francis Lodwick]] of [[1686]], both on grounds of the correspondance between shape features and sound features, and of the actual letter shapes. A corresponance between shape features and sound features is also found in the [[Korea]]n [[Hangul]] alphabet. It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of a general correspondance between shape features and sound features by himself.
===The tengwar===
The tengwar were probably developed in the late [[1920s]] or in the early [[1930s]]. ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', the first published tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (''[[The Hobbit]]'', most editions). The full explanation of the tengwar was published in Appendix E of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' in 1955.
The ''Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina'' (DTS) lists 67 known samples of tengwar by Tolkien.
There are only few known samples predating publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'' (many of them published posthumously):
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS1 DTS1] ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', published 1937
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS22 DTS 22] - ''Ilbereth's Greeting'' from [[The Father Christmas Letters]], dating to 1937
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS50 DTS 50]/[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS51 51] - ''Edwin Lowdham's Manuscript'' from [[The Notion Club Papers]] has [[Old English language]] text written in tengwar (with a few [[Adûnaic]] and Quenya words), dating to 1945/6.
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS10 DTS 10] - The Brogan Tengwa-greetings, appearing in ''[[The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien]]'', No. 118, tentatively dated to 1948.
*The following samples presumably predate the Lord of the Rings, but they were not explicitly dated: [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS16 DTS 16], [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS17 DTS 17], [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS18 DTS 18] - ''Elvish Script Sample I, II, III'', with parts of the English poems ''Errantry'' and ''Bombadil'', first published in the ''Silmarillion Calendar 1978'', later in ''[[Pictures by J. R. R. Tolkien]]'', as well as [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS23 DTS 23] - ''So Lúthien'', a page of the English ''Lay of Leithan'' text facsimiled in [[HoME 3]]:299.
A few other samples, e.g. a tengwar mode for [[Gothic language|Gothic]] are known to exist, but remain unpublished to date [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/9902/unpub.html].
== Spelling and pronunciation ==
=== Modes ===
Just as with any [[writing system#Alphabetic_writing_systems|alphabetic writing system]], every specific language written in tengwar requires a specific [[orthography]], depending on the [[phonology]] of that language. These tengwar orthographies are usually called ''modes''.
Some modes, called ''ómatehtar'' (or ''vowel tehtar'') modes, represent vowels with [[diacritic|diacritics]] called '''tehtar''' ("signs"; corresponding [[Grammatical number|singular]]: ''tehta'', "sign"), while other modes, called ''full writing'' modes, represent vowels by normal letters. Some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}} and {{IPA|/k/}}. Some modes follow pronunciation, while others rather follow traditional [[orthography]]. The "full writing" modes are sometimes called ''Beleriandic modes'' because a well-known "full writing" mode is called the "mode of [[Beleriand]]".
Since the publication of the first official description of the Tengwar at the end of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', others have created modes for other languages such as [[English language|English]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[German language|German]], [[Esperanto]] and [[Lojban]].
=== Tengwar letters ===
The most notable characteristic of the tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.
The letters are constructed by a combination of two basic shapes: a vertical '''stem''' (either long or short) and either one or two rounded '''bows''' (which may or may not be underlined, and may be on the left or right of the stem).
The principal letters are divided into four series ("témar") that correspond to the main [[place of articulation|places of articulation]] and into six rows ("tyeller") that correspond to the main [[manner of articulation|manners of articulation]]. Both vary among modes.
Each series is headed by the basic signs composed of a vertical stem descending below the line, and a single bow. These basic signs represent the [[phonation|voice]]less [[stop consonant]]s for that series. For the classical Quenya mode, they are {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, and the series are named ''tincotéma'', ''parmatéma'', ''calmatéma'', and ''quessetéma'', respectively; téma means "series" in Quenya.
In rows of the ''general use'', there are the following correspondences between letter shapes and manners of articulation:
* Doubling the bow turns the [[phonation|voiceless consonant]] into a voiced one.
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding [[fricative consonant|fricative]].
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) creates the corresponding [[nasal consonant|nasal]]. It must be noted though that in most modes, the signs with shortened stem and single bow don't correspond to the [[phonation|voiceless]] [[nasal consonant|nasal]]s, but to the [[approximant]]s.
Here is an example from the parmatéma (the signs with a closed bow on the right side) in the general use:
[[Image:Parmatéma.png|right|60px]]
* The basic sign (with descending stem) represents {{IPA|/p/}} (it happens to look much like the letter ''p'').
* With the bow doubled, it represents {{IPA|/b/}}.
* With a raised stem, it represents {{IPA|/f/}}.
* With a raised stem and a doubled bow, it represents {{IPA|/v/}}.
* With a short stem and double bow, it represents {{IPA|/m/}}.
* With short stem and single bow, it represents {{IPA|/w/}}.
In the classical Quenya mode, the rows are used differently:
* With descending stem and double bow, we have {{IPA|/mb/}}.
* With raised stem and double bow, we have {{IPA|/mp/}}.
There are additional letters that don't have regular shapes. They may represent e.g. {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/h/}}. Their use varies considerably from mode to mode. Some aficionados have added more letters not found in Tolkien's writings for use in their modes.
== Encoding schemes ==
===Non-Unicode===
The contemporary [[de facto]] standard in the tengwar user community maps the tengwar characters onto the [[ISO 8859-1]] character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ tengwar typefaces by Dan Smith]. This implies a major flaw: If no corresponding tengwar font is installed, an awful string of nonsense characters appears.
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a "tengwar A" font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.
For each tengwar diacritic, there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.
Other tengwar typefaces with this encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge's Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman's Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello's Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski's Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).
The following sample shows the first article of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] written in English, according to the traditional [[English orthography]]. If no tengwar font is installed, it will look awful since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters will appear. It should look similar to the picture at the [[#top|top of the page]].
<blockquote style="font-family: 'Tengwar Annatar', 'Tengwar Quenya', 'Tengwar Sindarin', 'Tengwar Formal', 'Tengwar Parmaite', 'Tengwar Elfica'; font-size: 1.2em;">j#¸ 9t&5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º</blockquote>
===Unicode===
A proposal has been made to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard.
The following Unicode sample is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the Tengwar proposal for the [[ConScript Unicode Registry]] (U+E000–U+E006F; see [[#External links|External links]]).
At the moments, the only [[typeface]]s that support this proposal are [http://home.att.net/~jameskass James Kass]'s [[Code2000]] and [[Code2001]].
The following sample repeats the above one according to the Unicode proposal. It will only display correctly if either of James Kass's fonts is installed.
<blockquote style="font-family: Code2000, Code2001; font-size: 1.2em;"> </blockquote>
== See also ==
* [[Sarati]]
* [[Cirth]]
==References==
*Christopher Tolkien, ''The Tengwar Numerals'', in [[Quettar]] 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in Quettar 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.
== External links ==
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the tengwar script
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] — a continuously expanding list of all published tengwar samples
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of tengwar fonts] (in [[Polish language|Polish]], but still useful even if you can't read the language)
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]
* [http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/4948/tengwar Tengwar] by Dan Smith
* [http://www.geocities.com/tengwar2001/ Tolkien Script Publishing]
* [http://www.geocities.com/therealteng/ Real-life Tengwar samples]
=== Modes ===
* [http://www.geocities.com/otsoandor/FTMME.htm Tengwar mode for English]
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR's Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]
* [http://dombach.florian.bei.t-online.de/schrift/deutschloth.htm Tengwar mode(s) for German]
* [http://my.ort.org.il/tolkien/gandalf/ps/tengwar.ps.gz Tengwar mode for Hebrew] (Postscript format)
* [http://symbolictruth.fateback.com/tengwar-arabic-mode.htm Tengwar mode for Arabic]
===Technical===
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]
* [http://movies.groups.yahoo.com/group/elfscript/message/30 Critique on the official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]
[[Category:Alphabetic writing systems]]
[[Category:Abjad writing systems]]
[[Category:Abugida writing systems]]
[[Category:Artificial scripts]]
[[Category:Middle-earth languages]]
[[als:Tengwar]]
[[cs:Tengwar]]
[[de:Tengwar]]
[[es:Tengwar]]
[[fr:Tengwar]]
[[ja:テングワール]]
[[ko:탱과르]]
[[pl:Tengwar]]
[[ru:Тенгвар]]
[[sl:Tengvar]]
[[sr:Тенгвар]]
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