Wikipedia:Requested articles/Social sciences and Charles Darwin: Difference between pages

Revision as of 13:36, 23 November 2005

Revision as of 17:06, 24 November 2005

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{{dablink|For other uses see [[Darwin (disambiguation)]]}}

'''Social sciences and philosophy:'''

[[Image:Charles_Darwin_1881.jpg|thumb|right|200px|In his lifetime Charles Darwin gained international fame as a controversial and influential scientist.]]

Anthropology, Sociology, Class Structure - Archaeology - Geography, cities, regions and named places - Governance / Governments / Politics / Political Science - History - American Civil War - Military / Military History - Linguistics - People - Philosophy - Psychology - Society / Culture

'''Charles Robert Darwin''' ([[February 12]], [[1809]] – [[April 19]], [[1882]]) was a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[natural history|naturalist]] who achieved lasting fame as the originator of the [[theory]] of [[evolution]] through [[natural selection]] and [[Sexual selection]]. ''[[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] had already developed a different theory of evolution and claimed that acquired characteristics were passed on.''

==Anthropology, Sociology, Class Structure==

[[Agokwa]] ([[Chippewa]], [[Ojibwa]]) -

[[Alternative Spring Break]] -

[[Arapesh]] -

[[Bertillion Record]] -

[[Bhilala]] -

[[Clyde Snow]] -

[[Cultural broker]] -

[[Eric A. Havelock]] -

[[Ian Goody]] -

[[Jan Assmann]] -

[[Liberal Theory of State]] -

[[Low Suite]] -

[[Misantrophy]] -

[[Name and Shame]] -

[[Pattern Variables]] -

[[Power Elite]] -

[[Sacred Contagion]] -

[[Sidney Mintz]] -

[[social cohesion]] -

[[social exclusion]] -

[[Social Exclusion Unit]] (United Kingdom) -

[[social pendulum]] -

[[Survival tactic]] -

[[Tchambuli]] -

[[Third Worldism]] -

[[Waunana]] -

''See [[:Category:Anthropology]].''

He developed his interest in natural history while studying first medicine, then [[theology]], at university. Darwin's [[The Voyage of the Beagle|five-year voyage]] on the [[HMS Beagle|''Beagle'']] brought him eminence as a [[geology|geologist]] and fame as a popular author. His [[biology|biological]] observations led him to study the [[transmutation of species]] and develop his theory of natural selection in 1838. Fully aware of the likely reaction, he confided only in close friends and continued his research to meet anticipated objections, but in 1858 the information that [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] now had a similar theory forced early joint [[publication of Darwin's theory]].

===Cultural Practices, Customs and Folkways===

[[African traditional religions]] -

[[Arrephoroi]] (Athenian temple maidens) -

[[Bran pie]] ([[Bran-pie]], gift exchange) -

[[California culture]] / [[Culture of California]] -

[[Culture of Brittany]] -

[[Februa]] -

[[Fonkong]] -

[[French inhale]] -

[[Gallopalooza]]-(Louisville Painted Horses) -

[[Gangster culture]] -

[[Hand kissing]] -

[[Indo-Caucasian]] -

[[Introductions]] (How to properly introduce 2 parties) -

[[Irish wake]] -

[[Jellaba]] -

[[Jñatjo]] -

[[Kinship systems]] -

[[Kuzbu]] -

[[List of Catholic dioceses]] -

[[Manteis]] -

[[regnant]] -

[[Rhodesians]] (remaining Whites of Zimbabwe) -

[[Social intelligence]] -

[[Tamaya]] and [[Kagiya]] (popular phrases with historical significance shouted during fireworks in Japan) -

[[Thakkars]] -

[[Zagmuk]] (a festival to help the Sumerian god Marduk in his struggle against Tiamat and the forces of chaos)

His 1859 book ''The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life'' (usually abbreviated to ''[[The Origin of Species]]'') established evolution by [[common descent]] as the dominant scientific theory of diversification in nature. He was made a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]], continued his research, and wrote a series of books on plants and animals, including humankind, notably ''[[The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex]]'' and ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]''. His last book was about [[earthworm]]s.

===Sociology===

'''A:'''

[[acute disease]] -

[[adultolescent]] -

[[affluent alienation]] -

[[affordable housing]] -

[[Afro-pessimism]] -

[[age grades]] -

[[age structure]] -

[[agency of socialization]] -

[[agnotology]] -

[[altruistic love]] -

[[anomie theory]] -

[[anti-humanism]] -

[[approach]] -

[[archaeology of knowledge]] -

[[ascriptive characteristic]] -

[[authentic act]] -

[[Authoritarian character]] -

[[autocratic rule]] -

'''B:'''

[[background expectancies]] -

[[biomedic model]] -

'''C:'''

[[capital-intensive agriculture]] -

[[capital-intensive manufacturing]] -

[[catholic worker]] -

[[chivalry in america]] -

[[class reproduction]] -

[[Clastres, Pierre]] -

[[collective representation]] -

[[collective violence]] -

[[commodity chain]] -

[[commodity riots]] -

[[communal riot]] -

[[Comparative Sociology]] -

[[conflict methodology]] -

[[conflict perspective]] -

[[conscience collective]] -

[[Consumption Society]] -

[[contingency work]] -

[[contradictory class locations]] -

[[created environment]] -

[[crisis medicine]] -

[[crisis of representation]] -

[[Cross-case analysis]] -

[[crude birth-rate]] -

[[crude death-rate]] -

[[cultural deprivation]] -

[[cultural reeducation]] -

[[cultural relativity]] -

[[cultural reproduction]] -

[[cultural superstructure]] -

[[cultural transmission]] -

[[cultural universal]] -

[[culture core]] -

[[culture of honor]] -

[[curative medicine]] -

[[custodial care]] -

'''D:'''

[[defensive medicine]] -

[[definition of the situation]] -

[[deinstitutionalization]] -

[[deskilling]] -

[[developmental state]] -

[[deviance amplification]] -

[[deviant subculture]] -

[[disenchantment]] -

[[domestic labor]] -

[[doubling time]] -

[[dual career family]] -

[[dual welfare system]] -

'''E:'''

[[ecologism]] -

[[egalitarian ethic]] -

[[egalitarian family]] -

[[emancipatory research]] -

[[export-processing zone]] -

'''F:'''

[[family of orientation]] -

[[formal relations]] -

[[functional rationality]] -

'''G:'''

[[genealogy of power/knowledge]] -

[[Giovanni Arrighi]] -

[[Grass, Otto]] -

'''H:'''

[[Heterochronicity]] -

[[high-context cultures]] -

[[high-trust systems]] -

[[Hippie Paranoia]] -

[[Historical Sociology]] -

[[history of poverty in the united states]] -

[[hybridity]] -

'''I:'''

[[Imperitively coordinated associations]] ([[Ralf Dahrendorf]], author) -

[[inclusivist]] -

[[Income Distribution - United States]] -

[[Indian Child Welfare Act]] -

[[industrial production]] -

[[informal relations]] -

[[infrastructural determinism]] -

[[instinctual theory]] -

[[institutional capitalism]] -

[[institutional demand]] -

[[institutional discrimination]] -

[[intensification]] -

[[intergenerational mobility]] -

[[international division of labor]] -

[[interpersonal violence]] -

[[interpretive]] -

'''J:'''

[[Japanization]] -

'''K:'''

[[kergymatic]] -

[[Key stimulus]] -

[[Kinetic Ethics]] -

[[knowledge-constitutive interest]] -

'''L:'''

[[late modernity]] -

[[latent function]] -

[[latent functions]] -

[[legitimation crisis]] -

[[liebenstrom]] -

[[life-course]] -

[[life-world]] -

[[lifestyle changes]] -

[[local knowledge]] -

[[looking-glass self]] -

[[low-context cultures]] -

[[low-trust systems]] -

'''M:'''

[[macro-level]] -

[[male inexpressiveness]] -

[[Malthusian society]] -

[[managerial capitalism]] -

[[managerial class]] -

[[manifest function]] -

[[Mechtoid]] -

[[medical gaze]] -

[[medical model]] -

[[medicalisation]] -

[[mental superstructure]] -

[[meta-narratives]] -

[[micro-level]] -

[[mode of reproduction]] -

[[moral entrepreneurs]] -

[[mortification of the self]] -

[[munich wersonality rest (MPT)]] -

'''N:'''

[[neolocality]] -

[[neotribalism]] -

[[new international division of labour]] -

'''O:'''

[[occupational personality questionaire]] -

[[ontological security]] -

[[open lineage family]] -

'''P:'''

[[panopticism]] -

[[patient dumping]] -

[[personal is the political]] -

[[pluralist theory]] -

[[political and social unrest in 21st century Africa]] -

[[political commentary]] -

[[post-intellectualism]] -

[[post-socialist state]] -

[[powerlessness]] -

[[primary group structure]] -

[[private health care]] -

[[proto-globalization]] -

'''R:'''

[[racial humor]] -

[[radical sociology]] -

[[Randall Collins]] -

[[realist perspective]] -

[[recidivism rate]] -

[[recursiveness of social knowledge]] -

[[reflexive sociology]] -

[[relative autonomy]] -

[[religion of humanity]] -

[[reserve army of labour]] -

[[restratification]] -

[[Robin Blackburn]] (academic, author & editor) -

[[role conflict]] -

[[ruling elite]] -

'''S:'''

[[secondary data]] -

[[secondary group structure]] -

[[sexual script]] -

[[sick role]] -

[[situational identity]] -

[[social closure]] -

[[social disorganization]] -

[[social dysfunction in 21st century Africa ]] -

[[social forces]] -

[[social reproduction]] -

[[social trend]] -

[[sociocultural materialism]] -

[[sociology of mental health]] -

[[solid waste]] -

[[state society]] -

[[stateless society]] -

[[status offence]] -

[[stigmatise]] -

[[symbolic world]] -

'''T:'''

[[theoretical approach]] -

[[total institutions]] -

[[trading network]] -

[[traditional state]] -

[[transformative movement]] -

[[troll-sysop power struggle]] (see anarchopedia article for one point of view) -

'''U:'''

[[unit of analysis]] -

[[University of Chicago Committee on Social Thought]], Bellow, Grene, Shils, Bloom, etc. -

'''W:'''

[[Welfare Queen]] -

[[world system theory]] -

'''Z:'''

[[zweckrational]]

In recognition of Darwin's pre-eminence, he was buried in [[Westminster Abbey]], close to [[William Herschel]] and [[Isaac Newton]].

===Folklore/Folkloristics===

'''A:'''

[[Alexander Nikolayevich Afanasyev]] -

[[Américo Paredes]] -

[[Archer Taylor]] -

[[Archie Green]] -

[[Archive of American Folksong]] -

[[Arthur Huff Faucet]] -

'''C:'''

[[Carl von Sydow]] -

[[CityLore]] -

'''D:'''

[[Don Yoder]] -

'''E:'''

[[Edward Clodd]] -

[[Edwin Sydney Hartland]] -

[[Eliot Wigginton]] -

[[European ethnology]] -

'''F:'''

[[fenario]] -

[[Festival of American Folklife]] -

[[folk museums]] -

[[folklife festivals]] -

[[foodways]] -

'''G:'''

[[George Laurence Gomme]] -

[[George Lyman Kittredge]] -

[[Gladys Reichard]] -

'''J:'''

[[Julius Krohn]] -

'''K:'''

[[Kaarle Krohn]] -

[[Kurt Ranke]] -

'''L:'''

[[life-cycle rituals]] -

'''M:'''

[[motif (folkloristics)]] -

[[motif index]] -

'''N:'''

[[Newbell Niles Puckett]] -

'''O:'''

[[occupational folklife]] -

'''P:'''

[[paremiology]] -

'''R:'''

[[Ralph Rinzler]] -

[[Richard Dorson]] -

[[Robert Winslow Gordon]] -

'''S:'''

[[Stith Thompson]] -

'''T:'''

[[tale-type]] -

'''W:'''

[[Warren Roberts]] -

'''Y:'''

[[Yuri Sokolov]]

===[[Mythology]]= Life ==

=== Early life ===

[[Anatolian mythology]] -

[[Image:Charles Darwin 1816.jpg|thumb|190px|The seven-year-old Charles Darwin in 1816, a year before the sudden loss of his mother.]]

[[Azazez]] -

{{main|Charles Darwin's education}}

[[Felys]] (Mythical humanoid cat creature) -

[[Jurjung-Aiyiyi-Toijon]] -

[[Lycaean Pan]]- A derivation of Pan? Roman/Arcadian wolf-god mentioned in Virgil's Aeneid. Associated with Lupercal. -

[[Mythological cosmologies]](including articles such as [[Norse cosmology]]) -

[[Spirit wife]] -

[[Wulgaru]] (or possibly [[woolagaroo]]; Aboriginal Australian [[demonology]])

Charles Darwin was born in [[Shrewsbury, Shropshire]], [[England]], on [[February 12]], [[1809]] at his family home, the [[The Mount, Shrewsbury|Mount House]]. He was the fifth of six children of [[Robert Darwin|Robert]] and [[Susannah Darwin]] (''née'' Wedgwood), and the grandson of [[Erasmus Darwin]] on his father's side, of [[Josiah Wedgwood]] on his mother's side, both from the [[Darwin-Wedgwood family|Darwin–Wedgwood family]], a prominent English family which supported the [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] church. His mother died when he was only eight. When he went to the nearby [[Shrewsbury School]] the next year, he lived there as a "[[boarding school|boarder]]".

==Archaeology==

[[Ain Mallaha]] / [[Eynan]] (Natufian Settlement?) -

[[Asikli Höyük]] -

[[Bayou La Batre Culture]] (Late Archaic culture extant on the Gulf Coast of North America c. 2500-500 BCE) -

[[Bromme Culture]] -

[[conjunctive archaeology]] (fore-runner of the New Archaeology of the 1960s) -

[[Doty, William]] -

[[Franz Xavier Kugler]] - Famous expert on Mesopotamian astronomical texts and Mesopotamian mathematics, a Jesuit of late 19th - early 20th century -

[[Gene Savoy]], archeologist, Peru explorer -

[[Indigenous Archaeology]] -

[[Klekkende Høj]] -

[[Kong Asgers Høj]] - Denmark's largest stone age burial passage tomb. -

[[Mechtoid]] -

[[Meh (goddess)]] (ancient egyptian) -

[[Nebi Yunus]] (mound in Iraq; site of a Muslim shrine dedicated to the prophet Jonah; pertaining to Nineveh) -

[[Nikolaos Platon]] Greek archaeologist; excavator of Zakros -

[[Reginald Campbell Thompson]] -

[[Sean Savoy]], archeologist, Peru explorer -

[[Tjongerian]] -

[[Walter W. Taylor]] -

[[worlebury camp]]

In 1825 Darwin went to [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh University]] to study medicine, but his revulsion at the brutality of surgery led him to neglect his medical studies. He studied [[taxonomy]] with a freed black slave from South America, and found his tales of the South American rainforest absorbing. In Darwin's second year he became active in student societies for [[natural history|naturalists]]. He became an avid pupil of [[Robert Edmund Grant]], who enthusiastically followed the theories of [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] and Charles's grandfather Erasmus concerning evolution by acquired characteristics. Grant's pioneering investigations of the life cycle of marine animals on the shores of the [[Firth of Forth]] found evidence for ''[[homology (biology)|homology]]'', the radical theory that all animals have similar organs and differ only in complexity. Darwin took part in these investigations, and in March 1827 made a presentation to the Plinian society of his discovery that the black spores often found in oyster shells were the eggs of a skate leech. He also sat in on [[Robert Jameson]]'s natural history course, learning about [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] [[geology]] and assisting with work on the collections of the [[Royal Museum|Museum of Edinburgh University]], then one of the largest museums in Europe.

==Geography, cities, regions and named places==

''See also:'' [[World Heritage Sites]]

In 1827, his father, unhappy that his younger son had no interest in becoming a physician, enrolled him in a [[Bachelor of Arts]] course at [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]], [[University of Cambridge]], which would qualify him to be a clergyman. This was a sensible career move at a time when [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] [[parson]]s were provided with a comfortable income, and when most naturalists in England were clergymen who saw it as part of their duties to explore the wonders of God's creation. At Cambridge, Darwin preferred riding and shooting to studying. Along with his cousin [[William Darwin Fox]], he became engrossed in the craze at the time for the competitive collecting of beetles, and Fox introduced him to the Reverend [[John Stevens Henslow]], professor of botany, for expert advice on beetles. Darwin subsequently joined Henslow's natural history course, becoming his favourite pupil and coming to be known as "the man who walks with Henslow". When exams began to loom, Darwin focused more on his studies and received private tuition from Henslow, whose subjects were mathematics and theology. Darwin became particularly enthused by the writings of [[William Paley]], including the [[teleological argument|argument of divine design in nature]]. In his finals in January 1831, he performed well in theology and, having scraped through in classics, mathematics and physics, came tenth out of a pass list of 178.

[[Harold Washington Public Library]] -

[[Consolidated Statistical Area]] -

[[Map measure]]

Residential requirements now kept Darwin at Cambridge until June. In keeping with Henslow's example and advice, he was in no rush to take holy orders. Inspired by [[Alexander von Humboldt]]'s ''Personal Narrative'', he planned to visit the [[Madeira Islands]] to study natural history in the tropics with some classmates after graduation. To prepare himself, Darwin joined the geology course of the Reverend [[Adam Sedgwick]], then in the summer went with him to assist in mapping strata in [[Wales]]. Darwin was surveying strata on his own when his plans to visit Madeira were dashed by a message that his intended companion had died, but on his return home he received another letter. Henslow had recommended Darwin for the unpaid position of gentleman's companion to [[Robert FitzRoy]], the captain of [[HMS Beagle|HMS ''Beagle'']], on a two-year expedition to chart the coastline of [[South America]] which would give Darwin valuable opportunities to develop his career as a naturalist. His father objected to the voyage, regarding it as a waste of time, but was persuaded by [[Josiah Wedgwood II]] to agree to his son's participation. This voyage became a five-year expedition that would lead to dramatic changes in countless fields of science.

'''Afghanistan:'''

''See: [[Wikipedia:Requested articles/Afghanistan]]''

=== Journey on the Beagle ===

'''Argentina:'''

{{main|The Voyage of the Beagle}}

[[Medanos]]

[[Image:HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg|thumb|245px|right|[[HMS Beagle|HMS ''Beagle'']] surveying the coast of [[South America]], where Darwin's research began.]]

'''Australia:'''

The ''Beagle'' survey took five years. Darwin spent two-thirds of this time exploring on land. He studied a rich variety of geological features, [[fossil]]s and living organisms, and met a wide range of people, both native and colonial. He methodically collected an enormous number of specimens, many of them new to science. These specimens later established his reputation as a naturalist and made him one of the precursors of the field of [[ecology]], particularly the notion of [[biocoenosis]]. His detailed notes formed the basis for his later work and provided social, political and [[Anthropology|anthropological]] insights into the areas he visited. While there, Darwin read [[Charles Lyell]]'s ''Principles of Geology'', which explained geological features as the outcome of gradual processes over huge periods of time, and wrote home that he was seeing landforms "as though he had the eyes of Lyell": stepped plains of shingle and seashells in [[Patagonia]] appeared to be raised beaches; in [[Chile]], he experienced an earthquake that raised the land; and even high in the [[Andes]], he was able to collect seashells. He theorized that [[coral]] [[atoll]]s form on sinking volcanic mountains, and a survey of the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] supported his theory.

[[Kimberley-Perth Canal]]

In South America he discovered fossils of gigantic extinct [[megatherium|megatheria]] and [[glyptodon]]s in strata which showed no signs of catastrophe or change in climate. At the time, he thought them similar to African species, but after the voyage [[Richard Owen]] showed that the remains were of animals related to living creatures in the same area. In [[Argentina]] two species of [[Rhea (bird)|rhea]] had separate but overlapping territories. Darwin found different [[mockingbird]]s on the nearby [[Galápagos Islands]], and on returning to Britain he was shown that Galápagos [[tortoise]]s and [[finch]]es were also in distinct species based on the individual islands they inhabited. The Australian [[marsupial]] rat-kangaroo and [[platypus]] were strikingly different animals. This made him remark that "An unbeliever ... might exclaim 'Surely two distinct Creators must have been [at] work'." In the first edition of ''[[The Voyage of the Beagle]]'', he explained species distribution in light of [[Charles Lyell]]'s ideas of "centres of creation"; however, in later editions of this ''Journal'' he foreshadowed his use of Galápagos Islands fauna as evidence for evolution: "one might really fancy that from an original paucity of birds in this archipelago, one species had been taken and modified for different ends."

'''Canada:'''

[[Beinn Bhreagh]] -

[[Crimson Route]] -

[[Greater Saskatoon Area, Saskatchewan]] -

[[Greater Winnipeg Area, Manitoba]] -

[[Haliburton Highlands]] -

[[Corso Italia (Toronto neighbourhood)]]

Three natives of [[Tierra del Fuego]] returned with the Beagle as missionaries. They had become civilized over the previous two years, yet their relatives appeared to Darwin savages little above animals. Within a year, the missionaries had -in Darwin's opinion- reverted to savagery.<!--Please specify what "savagery" they returned to, as this term is a highly loaded one.--> Yet they preferred this and did not want to return to civilization. This experience and his detestation of the slavery he saw elsewhere convinced him that the widespread concept of inferior races was incorrect, and that humanity was not as far removed from animals as his clerical friends believed.

'''Colombia'''

[[Gaujira Peninsula]] -

[[Magangue]]

While on board the ship, Darwin suffered from seasickness, in October 1833 he caught a fever in Argentina, and in July 1834, while returning from the Andes down to [[Valparaíso]], he fell ill and spent a month in bed. From 1837 onwards Darwin was repeatedly incapacitated with episodes of stomach pains, vomiting, severe boils, palpitations, trembling and other symptoms, which particularly affected him at times of stress, such as when attending meetings or dealing with controversy over his theory. The cause of [[Charles Darwin's illness|Darwin's illness]] was unknown during his lifetime, and attempts at treatment had little success. Recent speculation has suggested that in South America he caught [[Chagas disease]] from insect bites, leading to the later problems. Other possible causes include psychobiological problems.

'''Dubai:'''

[[Mina Jebel Ali]]

=== Career in science, inception of theory ===

'''former Austro-Hungarian Emprire:'''

[[Image:Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg|thumb|left|While still a young man, Charles Darwin joined the scientific élite.]]

[[Slovakland]]

{{main|Inception of Darwin's theory}}

While Darwin was still on the voyage, [[John Stevens Henslow|Henslow]] carefully fostered his former pupil's reputation by giving selected naturalists access to the fossil specimens and printed copies of Darwin's geological writings. When the Beagle returned on [[October 2]], [[1836]], Darwin was a celebrity in scientific circles. He visited his home in Shrewsbury and his father organised investments so that Darwin could become a self-funded gentleman scientist. After visiting [[Cambridge]] and getting Henslow to agree to work on botanical descriptions of modern plants he had collected, Darwin went round the [[London]] institutions to find the best naturalists available to describe his other collections for timely publication. An eager [[Charles Lyell]] met Darwin on [[29 October]] and introduced him to the up-and-coming anatomist [[Richard Owen]]. After working on Darwin's collection of fossil bones at his [[Royal College of Surgeons]], Owen caused great surprise by revealing that some were from gigantic extinct rodents and sloths. This enhanced Darwin's reputation. With Lyell's enthusiastic backing Darwin read his first paper to the [[Geological Society of London]] on [[January 4]], [[1837]], arguing that the South American landmass was slowly rising. On the same day Darwin presented his mammal and bird specimens to the [[Zoological Society of London|Zoological Society]]. The Mammalia were taken on by [[George Robert Waterhouse|George R. Waterhouse]]. Though the birds seemed almost an afterthought, the ornithologist [[John Gould]] revealed that what Darwin had taken to be wrens, blackbirds and slightly differing finches from the Galápagos were all finches, but each was a separate species. Others on the ''Beagle'' including FitzRoy had also collected these birds and had been more careful with their notes, enabling Darwin to find which island each species had come from.

'''France:'''

[[Novigentum]]

In London Charles stayed with his brother [[Erasmus Alvey Darwin|Erasmus]] and met inspiring [[savant]]s at dinner parties. His brother's lady friend Miss [[Harriet Martineau]] was a writer whose stories promoted [[Thomas Malthus|Malthusian]] [[Whig]] [[Poor Law]] reforms. Scientific circles were buzzing with ideas of [[Transmutation of species]] controversially associated with [[Radicalism (historical)|radicalism]]. Darwin preferred the respectability of his friends the Cambridge Dons, even though his ideas were pushing beyond their belief that natural history must justify religion and social order.

'''Germany'''

[[Michaelstadt, Germany]] (I think its in bavaria).

On [[February]] 17, [[1837]], Lyell used his presidential address at the Geographical Society to present Owen's findings to date on Darwin's fossils, pointing out the inference that extinct species were related to current species in the same locality. At the same meeting Darwin was elected to the Council of the Society. He had already been invited by FitzRoy to contribute a ''Journal'' based on his field notes as the natural history section of the captain's account of the Beagle's voyage. He now plunged into writing a book on South American Geology. At the same time he speculated on transmutation in his ''Red Notebook'' which he had begun on the Beagle. Another project he started was getting the expert reports on his collection published as a multivolume ''Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle'', and Henslow used his contacts to arrange a Treasury grant of £1,000 to sponsor this. Darwin finished writing his ''Journal'' around [[20 June]] when King [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] died and the [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victorian]] era began. In mid-July he began his secret ''"B" notebook'' on transmutation, and developed the [[hypothesis]] that where every island in the Galápagos Archipelago had its own kind of tortoise, these had originated from a single tortoise species and had adapted to life on the different islands in different ways.

'''Indonesia'''

[[Baliem Valley]] [http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliemvallei]

Under pressure with organising ''Zoology'' and correcting proofs of his ''Journal'', Darwin's health suffered. On [[September 20]], [[1837]] he suffered "palpitations of the heart" and left for a month of recuperation in the country. He visited [[Maer Hall]] where his invalid aunt was being cared for by her spinster daughter [[Emma Darwin|Emma Wedgwood]], and entertained his relatives with tales of his travels. His uncle [[Josiah Wedgwood II|Jos]] pointed out an area of ground where cinders had disappeared under [[loam]] and suggested that this might have been the work of earthworms. This gave Darwin the inspiration for a talk which he gave to the Geological Society on [[1 November]], on the unusually mundane subject of worm casts. He had avoided taking on official posts which would take valuable time, but by March Whewell had recruited him as Secretary of the Geological Society. Illness prompted Darwin to take a break from the pressure of work and he went "geologising" in Scotland. In glorious weather he visited [[Glen Roy]] to see the phenomenon known as "roads" which he identified as raised beaches.

'''Ireland:'''

See ''[[Towns of the Republic of Ireland]]''

[[Image:Emma Darwin.jpg|thumb|left|Charles chose to marry his cousin, [[Emma Darwin|Emma Wedgwood]].]]

'''South Korea:'''

Fully recuperated, he returned home to Shrewsbury. Pondering his career and prospects he drew up a list with columns headed ''"Marry"'' and ''"Not Marry"''. Having come down in favour, he discussed it with his father then went to visit his cousin Emma on [[July 29]], [[1838]]. He did not get around to proposing, but against his father's advice he told her of his ideas on transmutation. While his thoughts and work continued in London over the autumn he suffered repeated bouts of illness. On [[11 November]] he returned and proposed to Emma, once more telling her his ideas. She accepted, but later wrote beseeching him to read from the Gospel of St. John a section on love and following ''the Way'' which also states that ''"If a man abide not in me...they are burned"''. He sent a warm reply which eased her concern, but she would continue to worry that his lapses of faith could endanger her hope that they would meet in an afterlife.

[[Sanbon]]

Darwin considered [[Thomas Malthus|Malthus]]'s argument that human populations breed beyond their means and compete to survive. He related this to the findings about species relating to localities, his enquiries into animal breeding, and ideas of Natural "laws of harmony". Towards the end of November 1838 he compared breeders selecting traits to a Malthusian Nature selecting from variants thrown up by "chance" so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practised and perfected", and thought this "the most beautiful part of my theory" of how species originated. He went house-hunting and eventually found "Macaw Cottage" in Gower Street, London, then moved his "museum" in over Christmas. He was showing the stress, and Emma wrote urging him to get some rest, almost prophetically remarking "So don't be ill any more my dear Charley till I can be with you to nurse you". On [[January 24]], [[1839]] he was honoured by being elected as Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] and presented his paper on the Roads of Glen Roy.

'''Maldives:'''

[[North Male Atoll]]

=== Marriage and children ===

'''Mexico:'''

[[Image:Charles and William Darwin.jpg|thumb|185px|Darwin in 1842 with his eldest son, [[Darwin-Wedgwood family|William Erasmus Darwin]].]]

[[Cueva de Villa Luz]] -

[[Río Grijalva]] -

[[Río Balsas]]

On [[January 29]], [[1839]], Darwin married his cousin [[Emma Darwin|Emma Wedgwood]] at Maer in an [[Anglican]] ceremony arranged to also suit the [[Unitarian]]s.

'''Mongolia:'''

After first living in Gower Street, [[London]], the couple moved on [[September 17]], [[1842]] to [[Down House]] in [[Downe]] (which is now open to public visits, south of [[Orpington]]). The Darwins had ten children, three of whom died early. Many of these and their grandchildren would later achieve notability themselves (see [[Darwin -- Wedgwood family|Darwin&ndash;Wedgwood family]])

[[Uvs Nuur Basin]] (crosses into Russia)

* William Erasmus Darwin ([[December 27]], [[1839]]&ndash;[[1914]])

'''Pakistan:'''

* [[Anne Darwin|Anne Elizabeth Darwin]] ([[March 2]], [[1841]]&ndash;[[April 22]], [[1851]])

[[Shaharah-e-Islamabad]]

* Mary Eleanor Darwin ([[September 23]], [[1842]]&ndash;[[October 16]], [[1842]])

* Henrietta Emma "Etty" Darwin ([[September 25]], [[1843]]&ndash;[[1929]])

* [[George Darwin|George Howard Darwin]] ([[July 9]], [[1845]]&ndash;[[December 7]], [[1912]])

* [[Elizabeth Darwin|Elizabeth "Bessy" Darwin]] ([[July 8]], [[1847]]&ndash;[[1926]])

* [[Francis Darwin]] ([[August 16]], [[1848]]&ndash;[[September 19]], [[1925]])

* [[Leonard Darwin]] ([[January 15]], [[1850]]&ndash;[[March 26]], [[1943]])

* [[Horace Darwin]] ([[May 13]], [[1851]]&ndash;[[September 29]], [[1928]])

* [[Charles Waring Darwin]] ([[December 6]], [[1856]]&ndash;[[June 28]], [[1858]])

Several of their children suffered illness or weaknesses, and Charles Darwin's fear that this might be due to the closeness of his and Emma’s lineage was expressed in his writings on the ill effects of inbreeding and advantages of crossing.

'''Peru:'''

[[Tarapoto]]

===Development of theory ===

'''Poland'''

{{main|Development of Darwin's theory}}

[[Cieplice]] (formerly [[Bad Warmbrunn]])

[[Image:Charles Darwin.jpg|frame|left|Fearing both scientific and religious criticism, Darwin spent decades developing his theory of evolution largely in secret.]]

Darwin was now an eminent geologist in the scientific élite of clerical naturalists, settled with a private income. He had a vast amount of work to do, writing up his findings and theories, and supervising the preparation of the multivolume ''Zoology'', which would describe his collections. He was convinced by his [[theory of evolution]], but for a long time had been aware that [[transmutation of species]] was associated with the crime of [[blasphemy]] as well as with [[Radicalism (historical)|Radical]] democratic agitators in Britain who were seeking to overthrow society; thus, publication risked ruining his reputation. He embarked on extensive experiments with plants and consultations with [[Animal husbandry|animal husbanders]], including pigeon and pig breeders, trying to find soundly based answers to all the arguments he anticipated when he presented his theory in public.

'''Spain'''

[[Isla De Alboran]] (its a small island in the Mediterranean, located between Spain and Morocco see [[Islands of Spain]])

When FitzRoy's account was published in May 1839, Darwin's ''Journal and Remarks'' was a great success. Later that year it was published on its own, becoming the bestseller nowadays known as ''[[The Voyage of the Beagle]]''. In December 1839, as Emma's first pregnancy progressed, Darwin suffered more illness and accomplished little during the following year.

Darwin made attempts to explain his theory to close friends, but they were slow to show interest and thought that selection must need a divine selector. In 1842 the family moved to [[Down House]] to escape the pressures of London. Darwin formulated a short "Pencil Sketch" of his theory, and by 1844 had written a 240-page "Essay" that expanded his early ideas on natural selection. Darwin completed his third ''Geological'' book in 1846; assisted by his friend, the young botanist [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]], he embarked on a huge study of [[barnacles]]. In 1847, Hooker read the "Essay" and sent notes that provided Darwin with the calm critical feedback that he needed.

'''South Africa:'''

for more see ''[[List of towns in South Africa]]'' -

To try to deal with his illness, Darwin went to a spa in [[Malvern]] in 1849, and to his surprise found that the two months of water treatment helped. In his work on barnacles he found "[[Homology (biology)|homologies]]" that supported his theory by showing that slightly changed body parts could serve different functions to meet new conditions. Then his treasured daughter Annie fell ill, reawakening his fears that his illness might be hereditary. After a long series of crises, she died and Darwin lost all faith in a beneficent God. He met the young naturalist [[Thomas Huxley]] who was to become a close friend and ally, then completed his work on barnacles (''Cirripedia'') in 1854 and turned his attention to his theory of species.

'''UK:'''

[[Highworth]] -

[[Yes Tor]] -

''See also [[List of towns in England]] - [[List of burghs in Scotland|Scotland]] - [[List of towns in Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]''

===Announcement and publication of theory===

'''Ukraine:'''

[[Image:Charles Darwin aged 51.jpg|right|thumb|Charles Darwin, now an established geologist, was forced into early publication of his theory of [[natural selection]].]]

[[Khodoriv]] -

{{main|Publication of Darwin's theory}}

[[Sambir]]

In the spring of 1856, Lyell read a paper on the ''Introduction'' of species by [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], a naturalist working in [[Borneo]], and urged Darwin to publish his theory to establish precedence. Darwin pressed ahead despite illness, getting specimens and information from naturalists including Wallace and [[Asa Gray]]. In December 1857 as Darwin worked on his ''Natural Selection'' manuscript he received a letter from Wallace asking if it would delve into human origins. Sensitive to Lyell's fears, Darwin responded that "I think I shall avoid the whole subject, as so surrounded with prejudices, though I fully admit that it is the highest & most interesting problem for the naturalist". He encouraged Wallace's theorising, saying "without speculation there is no good & original observation", adding that "I go much further than you". Then on [[June 18]], [[1858]], he received a paper from Wallace describing the evolutionary mechanism, with a request to send it on to Lyell. Darwin did so, shocked that he had been "forestalled" and though Wallace had not asked for publication, offering to send it to any journal that Wallace chose. He put matters in the hands of Lyell and Hooker, who agreed on a joint presentation at the [[Linnean Society of London|Linnean Society]] on [[1 July]] of ''[[On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection]]''.

'''U.S.:'''

[[Coastal Indians of washington]] -

[[Chapelsnap]] -

[[Condit Crossing, Pennsylvania]] -

[[Echo Canyon]] (Utah, though there's also a ''Simpsons'' episode ;-) -

[[Helper, Colorado]] -

[[Funk, Ohio]] -

[[Lake Barkley, Tennessee]] -

[[Beaverhead Rock]] -

[[Jersey Airport]] -

[[Westbank Expressway]] (New Orleans, LA, USA) -

[[Calumet Sag Channel]] and [[Little Calumet River]] (in Chicagoland, to match [[Grand Calumet River]]) -

[[Wakefield, Ohio]]

The initial announcement of the theory gained little immediate attention. It was mentioned briefly in a few small reviews, but to most people it seemed much the same as other varieties of [[evolutionism|evolutionary thought]]. For the next thirteen months Darwin struggled with ill health to produce an abstract of his "big book on species". Receiving constant encouragement from his scientific friends, Darwin finally finished his abstract and Lyell arranged to have it published by [[John Murray (publisher)|John Murray]]. The title was agreed as ''[[The Origin of Species|On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection]]'', and when the book went on sale to the trade on [[November 22]], [[1859]], the stock of 1,250 copies was oversubscribed. At the time "Evolutionism" implied creation without divine intervention, and Darwin avoided using the words "evolution" or "evolve", though the book ends by stating that "endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved". The book only briefly alluded to the idea that man, too, would evolve in the same way as other organisms. Darwin wrote in deliberate understatement that "light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history".

''See also neighborhoods of: [[List_of_Pittsburgh_neighborhoods|Pittsburgh, PA]]; [[Seattle,_Washington#The_city's_neighborhoods|Seattle, WA]]; [[Chicago, Illinois#Community_Areas|Chicago, IL]]; [[Los_Angeles,_California#Communities.2C_neighborhoods_and_districts|Los Angeles, CA]]; [[List of Baltimore neighborhoods|Baltimore, MD]]; [[Neighborhoods of Minneapolis|Minneapolis, MN]]; [[List of Philadelphia neighborhoods|Philadelphia, PA]]''

===EtymologiesReaction===

[[image:Darwin_ape.jpg|thumb|left|Satirical attacks on Darwin were typified by the later caricature of him as an ape in ''Hornet'' magazine.]]

[[List of African place name etymologies]] -

{{main|Reaction to Darwin's theory}}

[[List of Asian place name etymologies]] -

[[List of Australian place name etymologies]] -

[[List of Caribbean place name etymologies]] -

[[List of Central American place name etymologies]] -

[[List of European place name etymologies]] -

[[List of South American place name etymologies]]

Darwin's book set off a public controversy which he monitored closely, keeping press cuttings of thousands of reviews, articles, satires, parodies and caricatures. Reviewers were quick to pick out the unstated implications of "men from monkeys", though a [[Unitarian]] review was favourable and ''[[The Times]]'' published a glowing review by Huxley which included swipes at [[Richard Owen]], leader of the scientific establishment Huxley was trying to overthrow. Owen initially appeared neutral, but then wrote a review condemning the book. The [[Church of England]] scientific establishment reacted against the book, and Darwin's old Cambridge tutors [[Adam Sedgwick|Sedgwick]] and [[John Stevens Henslow|Henslow]] expressed their disappointment in him. Then ''[[Essays and Reviews]]'' by seven liberal [[Anglican]] theologians declared that miracles were irrational (and supported the ''Origin''), distracting attention away from Darwin.

===Political Geography===

[[Accretion (Political geography)|Accretion]] -

[[Cultural Geography]] -

[[International Zone]] -

[[Quasi-state]] -

[[Voluntary cession]]

The most famous confrontation took place at a meeting of the [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]] in [[Oxford]]. Professor [[John William Draper]] made a boring speech on Darwin and social progress, then [[Samuel Wilberforce|'Soapy Sam' Wilberforce]], the [[Bishop]] of Oxford, argued against Darwin. In the ensuing debate [[Thomas_Henry_Huxley|Thomas Huxley]] established himself as "Darwin's bulldog" &ndash; the fiercest defender of evolutionary theory on the Victorian stage. On being asked by Wilberforce whether he was descended from monkeys on his grandfather's side or his grandmother's side, Huxley apparently muttered to himself: "The Lord has delivered him into my hands" and replied that he "would rather be descended from an ape than from a cultivated man who used his gifts of culture and eloquence in the service of prejudice and falsehood" (there are several alternative versions of this story, see [http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/legend.html Wilberforce and Huxley: A Legendary Encounter]). The story spread around the country: Huxley had said he would rather be an ape than a Bishop.

==Governance / [[Government]]s / [[Politics]] / [[Political Science]]==

'''A:'''

[[Africa Growth and Opportunity Act]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4331896.stm] -

[[Arturo Escobar]] -

[[Asia Pacific Parliamentary Forum]] [http://www.appf.org.pe APPF] -

[[Authoritarian nationalism]] -

'''B:'''

[[Barry Jones (Australian Politician/Quiz Champion)]] -

[[Blue-Ribbon Panel]] -

[[Bush Commission]] -

'''C:'''

[[Chinese colonization of Tibet]] -

[[Christian Party (United States)]] -

[[Community Mental Health Act]] -

'''D:'''

[[Defensive democracy]] -

[[Democratic Consolidation]] -

[[Dual kingship]] -

'''F:'''

[[Fiscal responsibility]] -

[[Food politics]] -

[[FREE PRESS]] -

'''H:'''

[[Historical institutionalism]] -

[[Hoover Commission]] -

'''I:'''

[[Inherent Sovereignty]] -

[[The Islands]] ([[Nine Nations of North America]]) -

'''J:'''

[[Joan Mondale]] -

[[John Hnatyshyn]] -

'''L:'''

[[laisser faire]] (not the same as [[Laissez-faire]]) -

[[Liberal nationalism]] -

[[List of disputed elections]] (most notable, and/or links to more detailed lists; see [[electoral fraud]] for a start) -

[[List of government sponsored failures]] (in the spirit of [[List of commercial failures]]) -

'''M:'''

[[Mauritanius]] -

[[Minority Appeasement]] -

[[Mongolian communism]] -

'''N:'''

[[Nathan Sproul]] -

[[nay sayer]] -

[[Nine Commentaries on the Chinese Communist Party]] -

'''O:'''

[[Oplan1000]] -

'''P:'''

[[party institutionalization]] (Panebianco's theories) -

[[Payments in lieu of taxes]] (PILOT) -

[[Peelian Reform]] -

[[Political elites]] -

[[Political transformations]] -

[[presidential debates]] -

[[ProjectQED]] -

[[Provisional National Defence Council]] -

[[Public opinion and media]] -

'''Q:'''

[[quasi government]] -

'''R:'''

[[Regulatory Impact Analysis]] -

[[Rope line]] -

'''S:'''

[[Scott Inquiry]] / [[Scott Report]] ([[Arms-to-Iraq]]) -

[[Sergeant at law]] -

[[Social anarchism]] -

[[Southern Cameroon Youth League]] (SCYL) -

[[synthetic terror]] -

'''T:'''

[[Theodore Lowi]] -

'''U:'''

[[usurper]] -

'''W:'''

[[we campaign in poetry but we must govern in prose]]

Many people felt that Darwin's view of nature destroyed the important distinction between man and beast. Darwin himself did not personally defend his theories in public, though he read eagerly about the continuing debates. He was frequently very ill, and mustered support through [[Correspondence of Charles Darwin|letters and correspondence]]. A core circle of scientific friends &ndash; Huxley, [[Charles Lyell]], [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]], and [[Asa Gray]] &ndash; actively pushed his work to the fore of the scientific and public stage, defending him against his many critics in this key scientific controversy of the era. Darwin's theory also resonated with various movements at the time and became a key fixture of popular culture. The book was translated into many languages and went through numerous reprints. It became a staple scientific text accessible both to a newly curious middle class and to "working men", hailed as the most controversial and discussed scientific book ever written.

===International===

'''A:'''

[[African and Malagasy Union]] (Brazzaville Group) - -

[[Assembly of European Regions]] -

[[Australia Card]] -

'''C:'''

[[Child Poverty]] -

[[Chinese colonization of Tibet]] -

[[Coercive Diplomacy]] -

[[Commitment to Development Index]] -

[[Committee of 300]] -

[[compradors]] -

[[Constitutive political theory]] -

[[Contemporary African Database]] -

[[Corporate Republic]] -

[["Cry Harold!"]] -

'''D:'''

[[documentary - 'Invisible Children']] -

[[Donald Barrios]] -

'''E:'''

[[Economic imperialism]] -

[[Environmental crime]] -

[[European Neighbourhood Policy]] (see [[Barcelona Conference]] and [http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/05/110&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en]) -

'''G:'''

[[G-33]] -

[[G-90]] -

[[Ganf of 500]] -

[[George Wolfe (Irish population)|George Wolfe]] -

[[Georges Weiss]] -

[[Georges Weiss]] -

[[Georges Weiss]] -

'''H:'''

[[Hama Thai]] -

[[Hasan Rowhani]] -

'''I:'''

[[Imperial Overstretch]] -

[[Indigenous Peoples' Rights]] -

[[inquilinos]] -

[[International Health]] -

'''K:'''

[[Kaczyński Lech]] - Mały Lechu Pederasta :D -

[[Kadura Fares]] -

'''L:'''

[[List of national capitals by population]] -

[[Lamfalussy, Alexandre]] -

'''M:'''

[[Max Fischer]] -

[[Melanesian Spearhead Group]] (Forum for the governments of Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, Fiji and Solomon Islands) -

[[Meltzer Report]] -

[[Modern Western Imperialism]] -

[[Monopoly Capitalism]] -

'''N:'''

[[National United Front of Kampuchea]] (known by French acronym FUNK) -

[[Neo-imperialism]] -

[[NEPAD Declaration on Democracy, Political Economic and Corporate Governance]] -

[[NEPAD Progress Report]] -

[[No action motion]] (a United Nations procedure?) -

[[No Banana Union]] (European Organization Against Software Patents) -

=== Later life and death ===

'''O:'''

{{main2|Darwin from Orchids to Variation|Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions|Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms}}

[[Orhan Sefa Kilercioğlu]](Turkish Politician at the centre of a recent case at the European Court of Human Rights)

'''P:'''

[[Pan-African Parliament Trust Fund]] -

[[Parliamentary Words and Meaning]] -

[[Potential worldwide impact of a Sino-American war]] -

[[principal asylum applicants]] -

[[Privileges and immunities abuse]] -

'''R:'''

[[Royal Government of the National Union of Cambodia]] (known by French acronym GRUNK) -

[[Rugged Individualism]] -

'''T:'''

[[Tim Osman]] (google to see who that person is known as internationally) -

[[Trans Atlantic Aerospace Agreement]] [http://science.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=164814&cid=13755168] -

'''U:'''

[[United States Aid to Pakistan]] -

'''W:'''

[[Westphalianism]]

[[image:Charles Darwin 1880.jpg|frame|A classic image of Darwin in 1880, still researching and producing numerous books.]]

===National===

Despite repeated bouts of illness during the last twenty-two years of his life Darwin pressed on with his work. He had published an abstract of his theory, but more controversial aspects of his "big book" were still incomplete; mankind's descent from earlier animals, and the mechanism of [[sexual selection]] which could explain features with no obvious utility other than decorative beauty as well as suggesting possible causes underlying the development of society and of human mental abilities. His experiments, research and writing continued.

'''#:'''

[[2008 Presidential Candidates]] -

[[5th October 2000 Revolution in Serbia]] -

'''A:'''

[[Abalone Alliance (West coast movement related to Clamshell Alliance)]] -

[[Alping, Iceland]] -

'''B:'''

[[Banana Wara]] -

[[Belgian nobility]] -

[[Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas]] -

[[Budget Affairs Commission]] - of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China -

[[Bullshit protector]] (which is what a [[veteran]] wore to a [[George W. Bush]] speech - covered by AP, Reuters etc) -

'''C:'''

[[Cadre party]] -

[[Chamberlain Case, The (Australia, started 1982)]] -

[[Chinese Socialist Democracy]] -

[[Civilian Power]] -

[[Corporate Fraud Task Force]] (US) -

'''D:'''

[[David Elliott Ritch (Cayman Islands)]] -

[[David Tatel]] -

'''E:'''

[[Exploratory Committee]] -

'''F:'''

[[Federale]]s (Mexican police/paramilitary force) -

'''G:'''

[[Government by assassination]] (Japan 1930s)

When Darwin's daughter fell ill he set aside his experiments with seedlings and domestic animals to go with her to a seaside resort where he became interested in wild [[orchid]]s. This developed into an innovative study of how their beautiful flowers served to control insect pollination and ensure cross fertilisation. As with the barnacles, homologous parts served different functions in different species. Back at home he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with experiments on climbing plants. He was visited by a reverent [[Ernst Haeckel]] who had spread the gospel of ''Darwinismus'' in [[Germany]]. Even at Cambridge, students now supported his ideas. Huxley gave "working-men's lectures" to widen the audience, and Wallace remained a supporter but increasingly turned to [[spiritualism]]. ''Variation'' grew to two huge volumes, forcing him to leave out man and sexual selection, but when printed was in huge demand.

'''H:'''

[[House Post Office Scandal]] -

[[Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs]] at the University of Minnesota -

'''I:'''

[[Indiana Federation of College Republicans]] -

[[Integral Nationalism]] -

'''J:'''

[[James Goodby]], chief negotiator for nuclear threat reduction agreements (the Nunn-Lugar program) -

[[Jury Duty]] -

Japan-U.S. Security Treaty

'''K:'''

[[Kruscev, Nikita]] -

'''L:'''

[[Little Bohemia]] -

'''M:'''

[[Massachusetts Body of Liberties]] -

[[Matt Goldblatt ]] (Rochester political force) -

[[Midterm Elections]] -

[[Minority Treaties and the significance of stateless people in the lead up to WW2, the rise of totalitarianism, and antisemitism]] -

[[Monopoly Capitalism]] -

[[Moon-Mars Initiative]] -

[[Morning in America]] ([[1984]] [[Ronald Reagan]] campaign theme) -

'''N:'''

[[National Industrial Relations Act]] -

[[National Security Letter(s)]] -

[[Nevada Gaming Commission]] -

'''P:'''

[[Partai Reformasi Tionghoa Indonesia]] -

[[Peter Katzenstein]] (Leading Political Scientist and Professor at Cornell University) -

[[PhotoStamps.com]] -

[[Prawn cocktail offensive]] -

[[President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography]] (1968-1970 forerunner of [[Attorney General's Commission on Pornography]]) -

'''R:'''

[[Ricardo Granda]] -

[[Robert K. Killian]] -

[[Rupert Emerson]] -

'''S:'''

[[Statute for Religious Freedom]] -

[[Strategic adjustment]] -

[[Strategic culture]] -

[[System of Foreign Politics in the US]] -

'''T:'''

[[Ted Sampley]] (Controversial Vietnam veteran figure, relates to [[John McCain]], [[2000 election]], [[John Kerry]], and [[2004 election]]) -

[[Theo-political]] -

[[Theories on The Legality of The United States Income Tax System]] -

''[[TVA v. Hill]]'' (''see: [[snail darter]]'') -

'''U:'''

[[United States 2008 Election]] -

[[United States Election audits and electoral fraud]] -

[[United States Midterm elections, 2006]] (concise combination of US House, Senate, & Gov election) -

'''W:'''

[[William Warren Conolly (Cayman Islands)]] -

[[Williamson v. Lee Optical]] -

[[World Leaders-Head of Country EVERY Country & Political System 2005 Titles]]

New fossil evidence proved the antiquity of man, but other writers failed to fully tackle human evolution. Opponents claimed that the beauty of birds demonstrated divine guidance. These two subjects were tackled in ''[[The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex]]'' which he followed up with ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]''. Darwin produced practical explanations for the differences between males and females, and between different races and cultures. He also developed his ideas that the human mind and cultures were developed by natural and sexual selection, an approach which still persists in [[evolutionary psychology]]. His evolution-related experiments and investigations culminated in five books on plants, and then his last book returned to the effect worms have on soil levels.

===Members of the U.S. Congress===

[[Alfonso E. Lenhardt]] -

[[Brian Bilbray]] -

[[Brian D. Kerns]] -

[[Charles M. Hamilton]] -

[[David D. Phelps]] -

[[Felix J. Grucci, Jr.]] -

[[Frank Mascara]] -

[[Gary Lee Sisco]] -

[[George W. Gekas]] -

[[James E. Rogan]] -

[[James H. Maloney]] -

[[James V. Hansen]] -

[[James W. Ziglar]] -

[[Jeff Trandahl]] -

[[Jeri Thomson]] -

[[John Cooksey]] -

[[John J. LaFalce]] -

[[John J. Rhodes]] -

[[Ken Bentsen]] -

[[Larry Combest]] -

[[Larry Combest]] -

[[Lloyd John Ogilvie]] -

[[Martin Heller]] (a Reagan Administration Justice Department flackman) -

[[Robert A. Borski]] -

[[Ronnie Shows]] -

[[Stephen Horn]] -

[[Stephen Horn]] -

[[Steven Kuykendall]] -

[[William J. Coyne]]

Darwin died in Downe, [[Kent]], England, on [[April 19]], [[1882]]. He had expected to be buried in St. Mary's churchyard at Downe, but at the request of Darwin's colleagues [[William Spottiswoode]], [[President]] of the [[Royal Society]], arranged for Darwin to be given a state funeral and buried in [[Westminster Abbey]].

===Local===

[[Albion Nation]] -

[[Colorado River Interstate Compact]] -

[[District council]] -

[[Don Yarborough]] (former Texas gubernatorial candidate) -

[[Free State of San Francisco]] (political movement) -

[[Homeowner's associations]] -

[[Interstate Driver’s License Compact]] -

[[Jimmy Griffin (politician)|Jimmy Griffin]] (former mayor of Buffalo, New York) -

[[Purpose of city/county governments]]

== Religious views ==

===Historical===

{{main|Charles Darwin's views on religion}}

[[1982 Debt Crisis]] -

[[5th October 2000 Revolution in Serbia]] -

[[Anti-Semitism in German]] -

[[Conference on Children and Youth]] ([[World Federation of Mental Health|WFMH]]) -

[[Expert Committee on Questions of Population and Racial Policy]] (Third Reich, Germany, 1933) -

[[Federal Ministry of Family, Youth and Health]] (Germany) -

[[Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring]] (Third Reich, Germany, January 1, 1934) -

[[Morris Ernst]] -

[[Nazi Anti-Flag Desecration Law]] -

[[Universal Service Fund]]

[(TIT SIMEDREA: Archbishop of Bukovina, Bishop:Targovista; WWII interceder with Antonescu for end to deporations and killings}]

[[Image:Annie Darwin.jpg|frame|left|The 1851 death of Darwin's daughter, [[Anne Darwin|Annie]], was the final step in pushing an already doubting Darwin away from the idea of a beneficent God.]]

===Human Rights===

''If removing a human rights article from this list please ensure that it is listed at [[Human_rights#Country-specific_articles]]''

Charles Darwin came from a [[Nonconformist]] background. Though several members of his family were [[Freethought|Freethinkers]], openly lacking conventional religious beliefs, he did not initially doubt the literal truth of the Bible. He attended a [[Church of England]] school, then at Cambridge studied [[Anglican]] theology to become a clergyman and was fully convinced by [[William Paley]]'s [[teleological argument]] that design in nature proved the existence of God. However, his beliefs began to shift during his time on board [[HMS Beagle|HMS ''Beagle'']]. He questioned what he saw&mdash;wondering, for example, at beautiful deep-ocean creatures created where no one could see them, and shuddering at the sight of a wasp paralysing caterpillars as live food for its eggs; he saw the latter as contradicting Paley's vision of beneficent design. While on the ''Beagle'' Darwin was quite [[orthodoxy|orthodox]] and would quote the Bible as an authority on morality, but had come to see the history in the [[Old Testament]] as being false and untrustworthy.

'''C:'''

[[Chinese colonization of Tibet]] -

'''H:'''

[[Horseshoe Theory of Political Alignment]] -

[[Human Rights Commission]] -

[[Human rights in Albania]] -

[[Human rights in Andorra]] -

[[Human rights in Armenia]] -

[[Human rights in Austria]] -

[[Human rights in Azerbaijan]] -

[[Human rights in Belgium]] -

[[Human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina]] -

[[Human rights in Bulgaria]] -

[[Human rights in Chile]] -

[[Human rights in Croatia]] -

[[Human rights in Cyprus]] -

[[Human rights in Denmark]] -

[[Human rights in Estonia]] -

[[Human rights in France]] -

[[Human rights in FYR Macedonia]] -

[[Human rights in Georgia]] -

[[Human rights in Germany]] -

[[Human rights in Greece]] -

[[Human rights in Hungary]] -

[[Human rights in Iceland]] -

[[Human rights in Ireland]] -

[[Human rights in Italy]] -

[[Human rights in Latvia]] -

[[Human rights in Liechtenstein]] -

[[Human rights in Lithuania]] -

[[Human rights in Luxembourg]] -

[[Human rights in Malta]] -

[[Human rights in Mexico]] -

[[Human rights in Moldova]] -

[[Human rights in Monaco]] -

[[Human rights in Norway]] -

[[Human rights in Poland]] -

[[Human rights in Portugal]] -

[[Human rights in Romania]] -

[[Human rights in San Marino]] -

[[Human rights in Serbia and Montenegro]] -

[[Human rights in Singapore]] -

[[Human rights in Slovakia]] -

[[Human rights in Slovenia]] -

[[Human rights in South Africa]] -

[[Human rights in Spain]] -

[[Human rights in Sweden]] -

[[Human rights in Switzerland]] -

[[Human rights in the Czech Republic]] -

[[Human rights in the Netherlands]] -

[[Human rights in the Vatican City]] -

[[Human rights in Ukraine]] -

[[Human rights in Zimbabwe]] -

'''P:'''

[[Patient's rights]] -

'''S:'''

[[Secretary of State for the Home Department -v- Limbuela]] -

'''W:'''

[[Willie Lynch Process]] (Unsure about the category picked.)

Upon his return, he investigated [[transmutation of species]], aware that his clerical naturalist friends thought this a bestial heresy undermining miraculous justifications for the social order, and aware that such revolutionary ideas were especially unwelcome at a time when the Church of England's established position was under attack from [[radicalism|radical]] [[Dissenter]]s and [[atheism|atheists]]. While secretly developing his theory of [[natural selection]], Darwin even wrote of religion as a tribal survival strategy, though he still believed that God was the ultimate lawgiver. His belief continued to dwindle over the time, and with the death of his daughter [[Anne Darwin|Annie]] in 1851, Darwin finally lost all faith in Christianity. He continued to give support to the local church and help with parish work, but on Sundays would go for a walk while his family attended church. In later life, when asked about his religious views, he denied being an atheist, but wrote:

===Organizations===

:my judgment often fluctuates...In my most extreme fluctuations I have never been an Atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. I think that generally (and more and more as I grow older), but not always, that an Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind."

====[[NGO]]s====

In concluding his biography of his grandfather, [[Erasmus Darwin]], Darwin recounted how after his death in [[1802]], false stories were circulated that he had called for Jesus on his deathbed, writing "Such was the state of Christian feeling in this country at the [time].... We may at least hope that nothing of the kind now prevails." Despite this hope, very similar stories were circulated following Darwin's own death, most prominently the "[[Elizabeth Hope|Lady Hope Story]]", published in [[1915]], claiming his sickbed conversion. Such stories have been heavily propagated by some Christian groups, to the extent of becoming [[urban legend]]s, though the claims were refuted by Darwin's children and have been dismissed as false by historians.

[[AMICC (American NGO Coalition for the International Criminal Court)]] [http://www.amicc.org] -

[[The Black Star Project]][http://www.blackstarproject.org] -

[[CONCERN worldwide]] -

[[Foundation Center]] -

[[German Association of Psychiatry]] -

[[German Research Institute of Psychiatry]] -

[[German Society for Rassenhygiene]] (1930s) -

[[ICYE International Cultural Youth Exchange www.icye.org]] -

[[IJM International Justice Mission]] -

[[Illuminanti]] -

[[Third World Network]] -

[[UNA-USA (United Nations Association of the United States of America)]] [http://www.unausa.org] -

[[Women's Commission For Refugee Women and Children]]

== Legacy ==

===[[Political Science]]===

[[Image:Darwin-Charles-LOC.jpg|thumb|Charles Darwin's theories had an enormous effect on many fields of science.]]

[[Best Available Science]] -

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution based upon [[natural selection]] changed the thinking of countless fields of study from [[biology]] to [[anthropology]]. His work established that "evolution" had occurred: not necessarily that it was by natural or sexual selection (this particular recognition would not become fully standard until the rediscovery of [[Gregor Mendel]]'s work in the early 20th century and the creation of the [[modern synthesis]]).

[[Carl Offe]] (should be [[Claus Offe]], 41 vs. 21000 google hits) -

[[Comparable Worth]] -

[[constitutional democracy]] -

[[Election observer]] -

[[high-modernist ideology (James Scott)]] -

[[Horizontal inequality]] -

[[Human Security Report]] [http://www.humansecurityreport.info/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1] -

[[Iris Marion Young]] -

[[Kal Holsti]] -

[[Political marketing]] -

[[political opposition]] -

[[Shy Tory Factor]] -

[[social cohesion]] -

[[Sympathy vote]]

His work was extremely controversial at the time he published it and many during his time did not take it seriously. Darwin's theory of evolution was a significant blow to notions of [[creationism|divine creation]] and [[intelligent design]] prevalent in [[19th-century]] science, specifically overturning the [[Creation biology]] doctrine of "[[Created kind]]s". The idea that there was no line to draw between man and beast would forever make Darwin a symbol of iconoclasm who removed humanity's privileged role in the centre of the universe. To some of his detractors, Darwin would be "the monkey man", often depicted as part ape.

=== Current [[Lieutenant governor]]s (US)===

[[Barbara Lawton]] ([[Wisconsin]]) -

[[Jack Dalrymple]] ([[North Dakota]]) -

[[James E. Risch]] ([[Idaho]]) -

[[Jane E. Norton]] ([[Colorado]]) -

[[John Cherry (US politician)]] ([[Michigan]]) -

[[Sally Pederson]] ([[Iowa]])

===Commemoration ===

==[[History]]==

During Darwin's lifetime many species and geographical features were given his name, including the [[Darwin Sound]] named by [[Robert FitzRoy]] after Darwin's prompt action saved them from being marooned, and the nearby [[Mount Darwin (Andes)|Mount Darwin]] in the [[Andes]] celebrating Darwin's 25th birthday. In [[Australia]]'s [[Northern Territory]], the capital city (originally Palmerston) was renamed [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] to commemorate the Beagle's [[1839]] visit there, and the territory now also boasts [[Charles Darwin University]] and [[Charles Darwin National Park]].

The [[Benedictine reform]]/revival (in Anglo-Saxon England) -

The 14 species of [[Finch]]es he researched in the [[Galápagos Islands]] are affectionately named "Darwin's Finches" in honour of his legacy. In [[1964]], [[Darwin College, Cambridge]] was founded, named in honour of the Darwin family, partially because they owned some of the land it was on. In [[1992]], Darwin was ranked #16 on [[Michael H. Hart]]'s [[The 100|list of the most influential figures in history]]. Darwin was given particular recognition in [[2000]] when his image appeared on the [[Bank of England]] [[British banknotes|ten pound note]], replacing [[Charles Dickens]]. His impressive and supposedly hard-to-forge beard was reportedly a contributing factor in this choice. Darwin came fourth in the ''[[100 Greatest Britons]]'' poll sponsored by the [[BBC]] and voted for by the public.

===African history===

See ''[[Wikipedia:List of Africa topics]]''

As a humorous celebration of the theory of evolution, the annual [[Darwin Awards|Darwin Award]] is bestowed on individuals who ''"aid the process of evolution by demonstrating their unfitness"'' through fatally stupid actions.

===16th Century===

[[Collectanea Satis Copiosa]]

===18thEugenics Century===

Following Darwin's publication of the ''Origin'' his cousin [[Francis Galton]] applied the concepts to human society, producing ideas to promote "hereditary improvement" starting in [[1865]] and elaborated at length in [[1869]]. In ''[[The Descent of Man]]'' Darwin agreed that Galton had demonstrated that "talent" and "genius" in humans were probably inherited, but thought that the social changes Galton proposed were too "utopian". Neither Galton nor Darwin supported government intervention and instead believed that, at most, heredity should be taken into consideration by people seeking potential mates. In [[1883]], after Darwin's death, Galton began calling his social philosophy ''[[Eugenics]]''. In the [[twentieth century]], eugenics movements gained popularity in a number of countries and became associated with reproduction control programmes such as [[compulsory sterilization|compulsory sterilisation]] laws, then were stigmatised after their usage in the rhetoric of [[Nazi Germany]] in its goals of genetic "purity".

[[Treaties of Versailles of 1783]]

===19thSocial Darwinism Century===

In [[1944]] the American historian [[Richard Hofstadter]] applied the term "[[Social Darwinism]]" to describe 19th- and 20th-century thinking developed from the ideas of [[Thomas Malthus]] and [[Herbert Spencer]], which applied ideas of evolution and "[[survival of the fittest]]" to societies or nations competing for survival in a hostile world. These ideas became discredited by association with [[racism]] and [[New Imperialism|imperialism]]. Though the term is anachronistic, in Darwin's day the difference between what was later called "Social Darwinism" and simple "Darwinism" was less clear. However, Darwin did not believe that his scientific theory mandated any particular theory of governance or social order.

[[Galloway's Plan of Union]] -

[[Prussian Monarchs]] -

[[Treaty of Pontotoc]]

The use of the phrase "Social Darwinism" to describe Malthus's ideas is particularly disingenuous, since Malthus died in [[1834]] before the [[inception of Darwin's theory]] was spurred by his reading the 6th edition of Malthus' famous ''Essay on a Principle of Population'' in [[1838]]. Spencer's evolutionary "progressivism" and his social and political ideas were largely Malthusian, and his books on economics of [[1851]] and on evolution of [[1855]] predated Darwin's publication of the ''Origin'' in [[1859]].

===20th Century===

Chinese US Immigration during Exclusion (Paper Sons)

== Works ==

William Ennis

* Bibliography: [http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin3/darwin_biblio.htm#primary Darwin Bibliography] (including alternative editions, contributions to books & periodicals, correspondence & life)

*{{gutenberg author | id=Charles_Darwin | name=Charles Darwin}}

* [http://www.darwin-literature.com Darwin Literature], Chapter-indexed, searchable versions of Darwin's works.

* [http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/ Charles Darwin's Books] in an easy to read format.

===21st CenturyPublished works ===

* 1836: ''A LETTER, Containing Remarks on the Moral State of TAHITI, NEW ZEALAND, &c. &ndash; BY CAPT. R. FITZROY AND C. DARWIN, ESQ. OF H.M.S. 'Beagle.''' [http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin4/tahiti.html]

* 1839: ''Journal and Remarks'' ([[The Voyage of the Beagle]])

* ''Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle'': published between [[1839]] and [[1843]] in five volumes by various authors, Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin: information on two of the volumes &ndash;

: 1840: ''Part I. Fossil Mammalia'', by [[Richard Owen]] [http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin3/zoology.html (Darwin's introduction)]

: 1839: ''Part II. Mammalia'', by [[George Robert Waterhouse|George R. Waterhouse]] [http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin3/zoology.html (Darwin on habits and ranges)]

* 1842: ''The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs'' [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2690]

* 1844: ''Geological Observations of Volcanic Islands'' [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=3054], [http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/observations-geologiques-sur-les-iles-volcaniques/ (French version)]

* 1846: ''Geological Observations on South America'' [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=3620]

* 1849: ''Geology'' from ''A Manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty's Navy: and adapted for travellers in general.'', John F.W. Herschel ed. [http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin3/geology.html]

* 1851: ''A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes.'' [http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin4/liv_lepadidae/lepadidae01.html]

* 1851: ''A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain'' [http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin4/fos_lepadidae/fos.lep.html]

* 1854: ''A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc.'' [http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin4/liv_balanidae/balanidae_fm.html]

* 1854: ''A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain'' [http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin4/fos_balanidae/fos.balanidae.html]

* 1858: ''[[On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection|On the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection]]''

* 1859: ''[[The Origin of Species|On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life]]''

* 1862: ''On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects'' [http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin3/orchids/orchids_fm.htm]

* 1868: ''Variation of Plants and Animals Under Domestication'' [http://www.esp.org/books/darwin/variation/facsimile/title3.html (PDF format)], [http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/variation-of-animals-and-plants-under-domestication-v1/ Vol. 1], [http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/variation-of-animals-and-plants-under-domestication-v2/ Vol. 2]

* 1871: ''[[The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex]]''

* 1872: ''The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals'' [http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/the-expression-of-emotion-in-man-and-animals/]

* 1875: ''Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants'' [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2485]

* 1875: ''Insectivorous Plants'' [http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/insectivorous-plants/]

* 1876: ''The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom'' [http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/the-effects-of-cross-and-self-fertilisation/]

* 1877: ''The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species'' [http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/the-different-forms-of-flowers-on-plants/]

* 1879: "Preface and 'a preliminary notice'" in Ernst Krause's ''Erasmus Darwin'' [http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin3/erasmus.html]

* 1880: ''The Power of Movement in Plants'' [http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/the-power-of-movement-in-plants/]

* 1881: ''Formation of vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms'' [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2355]

* 1887: ''Autobiography of Charles Darwin'' (Edited by his Son Francis Darwin) [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2010]

* 1958: ''Autobiography of Charles Darwin'' (Barlow, unexpurgated)

==American= CivilLetters War===

*[[Correspondence of Charles Darwin]]

[[Southern Claims Commission]]

* 1887: ''Life and Letters of Charles Darwin'', ed. [[Francis Darwin]] [http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/the-life-and-letters-of-charles-darwin-volume-i/ Volume I], [http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/the-life-and-letters-of-charles-darwin-volume-ii/ Volume II]

* 1903: ''More Letters of Charles Darwin'', ed. [[Francis Darwin]] and A.C. Seward [http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/more-letters-of-charles-darwin-volume-i/ Volume I], [http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/more-letters-of-charles-darwin-volume-ii/ Volume II]

== References ==

===General and unsorted===

{{Wikisource author}}

'''A#'''

{{wikibooks}}

Native American trans-oceanic voyages American Indians' travels throughout the ancient world

{{wikiquote}}

'''#:'''

{{Commons|Charles Darwin}}

[[1622 opechanconough surpise attack on virginian settlements]] -

*Charles Darwin, ''Voyage of the Beagle'', (including Robert FitzRoy's ''Remarks with reference to the Deluge''), (Penguin Books, London [[1989]]) ISBN 0-14-043268-X

[[1904 Date System]] -

*[[E. Janet Browne]], ''Charles Darwin: Voyaging'' and ''The Power of Place'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995-2002).

[[1920 Revolution Brigade]] -

*Adrian Desmond and James Moore, ''Darwin'' (London: Michael Joseph, the Penguin Group, [[1991]]). ISBN 0-7181-3430-3

[[21st century societal chaos in Africa]] -

*[http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hope.html The Darwin Deathbed Conversion Question]

[[5th October 2000 Revolution in Serbia]] -

*Richard Keynes, ''Fossils, Finches and Fuegians: Charles Darwin's Adventures and Discoveries on the Beagle, 1832-1836''. ( London: HarperCollins, 2002).

'''A:'''

* James Moore and Adrian Desmond, "Introduction", in ''The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex'' (London: Penguin Classics, 2004). (Detailed history of Darwin's views on race, sex, and class)

[[Anglo-French rivalry]] -

*Diane B. Paul, "Darwin, social Darwinism and eugenics," in Jonathan Hodge and Gregory Radick, eds., ''The Cambridge Companion to Darwin'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 214-239.

[[Antiking]] -

*The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin], Ch. VIII, p. 274. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1905 [http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin/texts/letters/letters1_08.html]: quotation in which he describes himself as "agnostic"

[[Asiatic Registration Act]] -

'''B:'''

[[bezprizorni]] (wandering street children of 1917 Russian revolution) -

[[Bloody June Days]] -

[[Budek, Polish Priest, Krakow Riots 1407]] -

'''C:'''

[[Caerlanrig]] and James V of Scotland -

[[Cannons of Construction]] -

[[Causes of the Mexican War of Independence]] -

[[Comparative History]] -

[[Constructive Engagement Policy]] -

[[Conversion of Iceland]] -

[[Convict Labor]] -

[[Convict Leasing]] -

[[customs racketeering]] (1770's) -

'''D:'''

[[Damage Control (News)]] -

[[De Scandalis Magnatum]] -

'''E:'''

[[Early feminist views on abortion]] (Someone has been inserting the abortion controversy into articles such as [[Susan B. Anthony]] and [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]]. At this point it would be better to give the issue an article of its own.) -

[[Eastern Establishment]] -

[[Edward Constant II]] [http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/04094/295568.stm] [http://www.post-gazette.com/neigh_city/20030411wreckcity4p4.asp] -

[[Elizabeth Hayward]] -

[[Ethnohistory]] -

[[European Expansion from the 1400's through the 1700's]] -

[[Exchange of Minorities between Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey (1912-1928)]] -

'''F:'''

[[Fanciullacci]] -

[[Feoff system]] -

[[Fernán Pérez de Andrade]] -

[[Franco-British Union]] (a proposed union in 1940) -

[[Free Kashmir Movement]] -

'''G:'''

[[Gaitan, Jorge]] -

[[Gertrude Mukangango]] -

[[Greek Holocaust]] or [[Minor Asia Catastrophe]] -

[[Groltzius]] -

'''H:'''

[[Henry Trendley Dean]] (1893-1962, pioneer ''[[fluoridation]]ist'') -

[[History of Massachusetts]] -

[[History of Yokohama, Japan]] -

[[Howard (1066)]] pre-1066 Germanic Origins [Huguard ?] -

'''J:'''

[[Jean René Sigault]] -

[[Joseph Gauderique Aymerich]] -

'''K:'''

[[Kenneth Trentadue]] -

[[Kingdom of England and Wales]] -

[[Kings of Granada]] -

[[Kotynos]] - The olive wreath crown that were worn by Roman emperors and given to winners of the Olympics. -

'''L:'''

[[Laurel wreath]] -

[[Le Chapelier Law]] -

[[Long hunter]] [http://www.angelfire.com/co3/Skaggs/stories/long.html] -

'''M:'''

[[MacMillan]] -

[[Maria Kisito]] -

[[Mary Draper]] -

[[Mediobarbus]] -

[[Metallurgy during the Industrial Revolution]] -

[[Minyue Kingdom]] -

'''N:'''

[[Native American Tribal Termination]] -

[[Nebuchadnezzer Chronicle]] -

[[Necropolitics]] -

[[Nihonmachi (Japan towns) in the 17th Century]] -

[[Nixon Resignation]] -

'''P:'''

[[Peking To Paris Rally, 1907]] [http://www.unmuseum.org/autorace.htm] -

[[Persecution of Communists and Socialists during the Holocaust]] -

[[Pioneers of the Western Frontier 1860-1890]] -

[[Political instability in modern Africa]] -

[[Political Mythology]] -

[[Post Office Occupation]] -

[[Pre-colonial Indonesia]] -

'''R:'''

[[Red Serbs]] -

[[Reich Law Gazette]] -

[[Rise of modern states]] -

[[Ruben Rivers]] -

'''S:'''

[[Scottish Reformation]] -

[[Scramble for Concessions]] -

[[Spirit of 1914]] -

[[Stele of Vultures]] -

[[Sterling Area]] -

[[Submarine Pens]] -

'''T:'''

[[Thormodus Torfaeus]] the author of "the Orcades", Copenhagen,1715 -

[[Trade between India and the Greco-Roman World]] -

[[Turkish Spy, The]] -

[[Two power standard]] [http://www.google.com/search?num=20&hl=xx-klingon&safe=off&q=%22two+power+standard%22&lr=lang_en] -

'''U:'''

[[Unit 1855]] -

[[Unit 2646]] -

[[Unit 8604]] -

[[Unit 9420]] -

'''W:'''

[[White Serbs]] -

[[World War II Allied Leaders]] (1939-1945) -

'''Y:'''

[[Yanone]] -

[[Years of Lead]] -

The Treaty of Turin

===Historians=External links==

*[http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin/ Writings of Charles Darwin on the Web]

[[Archinov]] -

*[http://darwin-online.org.uk/ Complete Works of Darwin Online]

[[Chronicle of Fredegar]] -

*[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/biographies/charles-darwin/charles-darwin.html Charles Darwin biography at the Natural History Museum, London]

[[Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg]] -

* [http://www.aboutdarwin.com AboutDarwin.com]

[[Marc Gilbert]] -

* [http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/ Darwin] - at the [[American Museum of Natural History]]

[[Oscar Handlin]] (author of ''The Uprooted'', among many other books) -

* [http://www.gruts.com/darwin/index.php The Friends of Charles Darwin]

[[Paul Buhle]] -

* [http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/current/darwin.htm Darwin's portrait on the £10 note]

[[R. Douglas Cope]] -

* [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&sText=Charles+Darwin&LinkID=mp01196 Twelve different portraits of Charles Darwin at the National Portrait Gallery, U.K.]

[[Tony Judt]] -

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4607037.stm BBC News: "Darwin family repeat flower count"]

[[Walter Licht]] -

* [http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/onlinedb/darwin/darimage/dardraw.htm Examine Darwin's crustacean collection online]

Constance Classen (author of "Worlds of Sense" and "Aroma") -

* A short [http://atheisme.free.fr/Biographies/Darwin_e.htm biography of Darwin]

[[Olwen Hufton]]

[[Andre Thevet]] Frère André Thévet(1516-1590)Grand voyageur, Cosmographe royal et Auteur échevelé.

===HistoricSee places=also==

* [[Harriet]] - a Galápagos tortoise, the world's oldest living animal

[[Armenian Apostolic Church , Armenia]] Church built by The Apostols of Jesus in Armenia. -

* [[Patrick Matthew]]

[[Capitals of the Roman Empire]] (dates each city was a capital, brief description) -

[[Fairmount Boulevard Historic District]] (Cleveland Heights, Ohio) -

[[Fort de Chicago]] -

[[Hollenden Hotel]] (Cleveland, Ohio) -

[[Idora Park]] (Youngstown, Ohio) -

[[List of tallest lighthouses in the United States]] -

[[Lux Hotel]] -

[[Mission of the Guardian Angel]] -

[[Park Synagogue]] (Cleveland, Ohio) -

[[Pattala]] -

[[Samuel Building]] (Cleveland, Ohio) -

[[San Diego history]] -

[[West Side Market]] (Cleveland, Ohio)

{{Darwin}}

===Historic individuals===

{{evolution}}

[[Earl of Denby]] -

<!-- Categorization and Interwiki links -->

[[Francisco Atanasio Domínguez]] (See http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padre_Bay) -

[[Hudson Austin]] (Revolutionary in [[Grenada]]) -

[[John of Gorze]] (diplomat under [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor]], later a monastic reformer) -

[[William I de la Roche]] (Grand Duke of Athens, 1280) -

[[William J. Kraus]] (Attorney and Businessman, Cleveland, OH 1913-2004)

[[Category:1809 births|Darwin, Charles]]

==[[Military]] / [[Military History]] ==

[[Category:1882 deaths|Darwin, Charles]]

'''A:'''

[[Category:Agnostics|Darwin, Charles]]

[[Acronym Institute]] -

[[Category:Anglicans|Darwin, Charles]]

[[Army Airborne School]] -

[[Category:Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge|Darwin, Charles]]

'''B:'''

[[Category:British scientists|Darwin, Charles]]

[[Black Reconnaissance]] -

[[Category:Carcinologists|Darwin, Charles]]

[[Bombing of Osaka in World War II]] -

[[Category:Charles Darwin|*]]

[[Brecourt Manor]] -

[[Category:Darwin -- Wedgwood family|Darwin, Charles]]

'''C:'''

[[Category:English travel writers|Darwin, Charles]]

[[Celebrities who served in WWII]] -

[[Category:Evolutionary biologists|Darwin, Charles]]

[[Colonel de Bange]] the splendidly-named inventor of a 90mm cannon -

[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society|Darwin, Charles]]

[[Conspicuous Service Cross]] (For [[Francis P. Duffy]] article) -

[[Category:British geologists|Darwin, Charles]]

'''D:'''

[[Category:Natives of Shropshire|Darwin, Charles]]

[[Denison Smock]] -

[[Category:Unitarian Universalists|Darwin, Charles]]

'''E:'''

[[Emplacement]] -

'''F:'''

[[Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion]] -

[[Flintlock 2005]] -

'''G:'''

[[General Service Unit]] - [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4685461.stm Kenyan special forces] -

[[Glider Infantry Regiment]] -

'''H:'''

[[Herza region]] -

[[Hitler's Directives]] -

[[HMS Badger]] -

[[Holocaust slave labor]] -

[[Holocaust slave labor litigation]] -

[[Homosexuality and the Military]] -

[[Hotwash]] - After the military conducts a training exercise they carry out a "hotwash". A hotwash is shorthand for an after action evaluation of the exercise. The hotwash is supposed to provide a chance to discuss the problems and shortfalls identified during the exercise. This process is supposed to lead to "lessons learned", which, in a perfect world, means that actual learning takes place and we avoid committing the same errors when the real thing happens. -

'''I:'''

[[IMDEX]] -

'''K:'''

[[Kaskara]] - Sword used by Sudanese against British rifles -

[[Kesig]] - Mongolian bodyguard unit of the Yuan Dynasty -

[[Khiem Thao]] -

'''L:'''

[[Luffberry]] - A tactical situation in a dogfight -

[[L'union sacrée]] -

'''M:'''

[[Mahdist jihad]] Sudanese rebellion against Egyptian and British 1880's -

[[Maschke Commission]] (set up to determine the fate of German WWII POWs) -

[[Military linguistics]] -

[[Military sociology]] -

[[Mongol Invasion of Korea]] -

'''N:'''

[[Nazi uniforms]] -

[[Nuclear monopoly]] -

[[Nudelmann]] -

'''O:'''

[[Ordnance Department]] - A United States federal government department created during (or around) the -

'''P:'''

[[Paul van Riper]] ''(Retired Lieutenant General, [[USMC]])'' -

[Peter Iredale] -Shipwreck on Oregon Coast -

[[Political warfare]] -

[[Post-Apocalyptic Scenarios]] -

[[Poverty Draft]] -

[[Presentation of the Flag]] (as in military fueral rites) -

'''R:'''

[[Recognized Air Picture]] -

[[Richard Danzig]] the 71st U.S. Secretary of the Navy (surely he should be renamed [[Richard Gdansk]]?) -

[[Rumeli Fortress]] - Istanbul -

'''S:'''

[[Shock Army]] -

[[Sinchon massacre]] -

[[Smart acquisition]] -

[[Soviet South Army Group]] Based in Hungary during the Cold War. Last commander a General Bulukov? (sic) -

[[Swiss navy]] -

[[Swiss phalanx]] -

'''U:'''

[[United Nations Partisan Forces Korea]] -

[[USJFCOM]] ([[U.S. Joint Forces Command]]) -

'''W:'''

[[Water War]] -

[[Women in the military]]

{{Link FA|sl}}

===Conflicts===

[[Alipore Bomb conspiracy]] or [[Alipore Bomb case]] -

[[Diametrically Opposed]] -

[[Direct Order]] -

[[Ethiopian Civil War]] -

[[List of French wars]] -

[[Operation Iron Balance]] -

[[Operation Meghdoot]] -

[[Operation Zet]] -

[[Philippine Scout Mutiny]] -

[[Ramree Island Massacre]] -

[[Ridda Wars]] ''(War of Apostasy)'' -

[[Shingle Street]] the (failed) invasion of britain in august 1940 -

[[Standing Consultative Commission]] set up by the Anti-Ballitsic Missile Treaty, or Strategic Arms Limitations (SALT) as a means to adjudicate disputes between the US and the USSR during the cold war

[[ar:تشارلز داروين]]

====[[Yugoslav Wars]]====

[[bg:Чарлз Дарвин]]

[[5th October 2000 Revolution in Serbia]] -

[[bn:চার্ল্‌স্‌ ডারউইন]]

[[Macedonian War]]

[[bs:Charles Darwin]]

[[ca:Charles Robert Darwin]]

====[[Military_history_of_the_United_States#Indian_Conflicts.2C_Wars.2C_Battles.2C_Expeditions_and_Campaigns|North American/U.S.-Indian Wars]]====

[[cs:Charles Darwin]]

[[Antelope Hills Expedition]] (1859) -

[[cy:Charles Darwin]]

[[Bear River Expedition]] (1859) -

[[da:Charles Darwin]]

[[Braddock's March]] (1755) -

[[de:Charles Darwin]]

[[Cheyenne Campaign]] (1861&ndash;1864) -

[[et:Charles Darwin]]

[[Enganche Labour System]] -

[[es:Charles Darwin]]

[[Fever River War]] (1827) -

[[eo:Charles DARWIN]]

[[Gila Expedition]] (1857) -

[[eu:Charles Darwin]]

[[Kiowa-Comanche War]] (1860) -

[[fr:Charles Darwin]]

[[Klamath and Salmon Indian Wars]] (1855) -

[[fy:Charles Darwin]]

[[Klickitat War]] (1855) -

[[ga:Charles Darwin]]

[[Las Cuevas War]] (1875) -

[[gd:Charles Darwin]]

[[Le Fèvre Indian War]] (1827) -

[[gl:Charles Darwin]]

[[Osage Indian War]] (1837) -

[[ko:찰스 다윈]]

[[Pecos Expedition]] (1859) -

[[hi:चार्ल्स डार्विन]]

[[Peoria War]] (1813) -

[[hr:Charles Darwin]]

[[Pitt River Expedition]] (1850) -

[[io:Charles Darwin]]

[[Puget Sound War]] (1855&ndash;1856) -

[[id:Charles Darwin]]

[[Red River Expedition of 1806]] (1806) -

[[is:Charles Darwin]]

[[Rogue River Wars]] (1855&ndash;1856) -

[[it:Charles Darwin]]

[[Sabine Expedition]] (1806) -

[[he:צ'ארלס דרווין]]

[[Sabine-Southwestern War]] (1836&ndash;1837) -

[[ku:Charles Darwin]]

[[Sac and Fox War]] (1831) -

[[la:Carolus Darwin]]

[[Sheepeater Indian War]] (1879) -

[[lv:Čārlzs Darvins]]

[[Snake River War]] (1855) -

[[lt:Čarlzas Darvinas]]

[[Spokane-Coeur d'Alene-Paloos War]] (1858) -

[[hu:Charles Darwin]]

[[Tintic War]] (1856) -

[[mk:Чарлс Дарвин]]

[[White River War]] (1879)

[[ms:Charles Darwin]]

[[nl:Charles Darwin]]

===Espionage & Intelligence ===

[[ja:チャールズ・ダーウィン]]

[[Camp 020]] (Merrie England's information-extraction shop, later [[Latchmere House]] prison[http://www.guardian.co.uk/afghanistan/story/0,1284,1417225,00.html][http://www.hmprisonservice.gov.uk/prisoninformation/locateaprison/prison.asp?id=494,15,2,15,494,0][http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/01/99/wartime_spies/263416.stm][http://amazon.com/o/ASIN/1903365082]) -

[[no:Charles Darwin]]

[[Clandestine operation]]s (Military or political activities that are secret and disguised. ''See [[covert operations]]'') -

[[pl:Charles Darwin]]

[[Maltese American Foundation]] -

[[pt:Charles Darwin]]

[[Maskirova]][http://www.the-messenger.com/articles/stories/200403/16/letters_opinions.html] (the correct Russian word is "maskirovka") -

[[ro:Charles Darwin]]

[[Operation Sunrise]] (OSS operation at end of Second World War.) -

[[ru:Дарвин, Чарлз]]

Michael Leeden, involved in Iran-Contra scandal and in run-up to Iraq War.

[[sco:Charles Darwin]]

[[scn:Charles Darwin]]

===Transmission sites of [[Omega Navigation System]]===

[[simple:Charles Darwin]]

[[Omega transmitter Bratland]] in Bratland, Norway -

[[sk:Charles Robert Darwin]]

[[Omega transmitter Kaneohe]] in Kaneohe, Hawaii -

[[sl:Charles Darwin]]

[[Omega Transmitter La Moure]] in La Moure, South Dakota -

[[sr:Чарлс Дарвин]]

[[Omega Transmitter Plaine Chabrier]] in Reunion -

[[fi:Charles Darwin]]

[[Omega Transmitter Shushi-Wan]] in Shushi-Wan, Japan

[[sv:Charles Darwin]]

[[tl:Charles Darwin]]

===Battles===

[[ta:சார்லஸ் டார்வின்]]

[[Battle of Belgorod]] -

[[th:ชาลส์ ดาร์วิน]]

[[Battle of Belorussia]] -

[[tr:Charles Darwin]]

[[Battle of Breakneck Ridge]] -

[[uk:Дарвін Чарльз Роберт]]

[[Battle of Chernikov-Poltava]] -

[[zh:查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文]]

[[Battle of Dingjunshan]] -

[[Battle of Königsberg]] -

[[Battle of Longarone]] -

[[Battle of Lvov-Sandomir]] -

[[Battle of Pinjarra]] -

[[Battle of Smolensk (1943)]] -

[[Battle of the Baltic (1944)]] -

[[Battle of the Caucasus]] -

[[Battle of the Crimea (1944)]] -

[[Battle of the Lower Dnieper]] -

[[Battle of Voronezh (1943)]] -

[[Battle of West Ukraine (1941)]] -

[[Battle of West Ukraine (1944)]] -

[[Battle of White Stone Hill]] -

[[Fourth Battle of Kharkov]] -

[[Siege of Budapest (1944-45)]] -

[[St. Mere Eglise]] -

[[Union General]]

===Weaponry===

[[Columbiad]] (type of artillery piece) -

[[Glasmine 43]] German WW2 anti-personnel mine -

[[La Page Gun]] (Anti-Aircraft gun mentioned in [[Catch 22]]) -

[[Livens Projector]] - WW1 chemical mortar -

[[M1 Howitzer]] (US 155mm towed gun) -

[[Spike Bayonet]]

'''''Anything redlinked from [[list of firearms]]'''''

===[[List of defunct United States military academies|Defunct United States military academies]]===

'''A:'''

[[Abingdon Male Academy]] -

[[Admiral Billard Naval Academy]] -

[[Admiral Farragut Academy]] -

[[Advance Military Academy]] -

[[Aiken Military Academy]] -

[[Alabama Military & Scientific Institute]] -

[[Alabama Military Institute]] -

[[Alachua Military Institute]] -

[[Alamo Military Academy]] -

[[Albany Military Academy]] -

[[Albemarle Military Institute]] -

[[Alexander Institute]] -

[[Alexander Military Institute]] -

[[Allen Military Academy]] -

[[Allen Military School]] -

[[Amarillo Military Academy]] -

[[American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy]] -

[[American Military Academy]] -

[[Ames Military School]] -

[[Anchorage Classical and Military Academy]] -

[[Anderson Military Academy]] -

[[Arizona Military Academy]] -

[[Arkansas Military Academy]] -

[[Arkansas Military Institute]] -

[[Army & Navy Preparatory School]] -

[[Arrow Rock Military Academy]] -

[[Asheville Military Academy]] -

[[Ashfield Military Academy]] -

[[Astoria Military Academy]] -

[[Atlanta Air Academy]] -

[[Auburn Military Academy]] -

[[Augusta Military Academy]] -

[[Austin Military Academy]] -

[[Austin Normal Military School]] -

'''B:'''

[[Bailey Military Institute]] -

[[Barbour Hall Junior Military Academy]] -

[[Bard Hall]] -

[[Barnard Military School]] -

[[Bastrop Military Institute]] -

[[Bealey Military Academy]] -

[[Beaumont Military Academy]] -

[[Belmont Military Academy]] -

[[Benedictine Military Institute]] -

[[Bethel Military Academy]] -

[[Betts Military Academy]] -

[[Bingham Military School]] -

[[Bingham's Military School]] -

[[Bishop Military Academy]] -

[[Bishop Quarters Junior Military Academy]] -

[[Bishop Scott Military Academy]] -

[[Black Foxe Military Institute]] -

[[Blackstone Military Academy]] -

[[Blakely Military Institute]] -

[[Blees Military Academy]] -

[[Bolles School of Florida]] -

[[Bordentown Military Institute]] -

[[Bowden Collegiate & Military Institute]] -

[[Brandon State Military Institute]] -

[[Branham and Hughes Military Academy]] -

[[Breck Military School]] -

[[Brennan's Military Academy]] -

[[Brentwood Military Academy]] -

[[Brentwood Military Academy]] -

[[Briarley Hall Military Academy]] -

[[Bridgeport Commercial & Military Academy]] -

[[Brier Patch Military School]] -

[[Brook Military Academy]] -

[[Brown Military Academy]] -

[[Brown Military Academy]] -

[[Brownsville Military Academy]] -

[[Bunker Hill Military Academy]] -

[[Burbank Military Academy]] -

[[Burlington Military Academy/College]] -

[[Burnside Military School]] -

'''C:'''

[[California Military Academy]] -

[[California Military Academy]] -

[[Calvary Military Academy]] -

[[Camden Point Military Institute]] -

[[Cape Fear Military Academy]] -

[[Captain James D. Cobb's Military School]] -

[[Cardinal Farley Military Academy]] -

[[Carlin Military Academy]] -

[[Carlisle Military Institute]] -

[[Carlisle Military School]] -

[[Carolina Military Academy]] -

[[Carolina Military Institute]] -

[[Carolina Military-Naval Academy]] -

[[Carson Military and Naval Institute]] -

[[Castle Heights Military Academy]] -

[[Caswell Academy]] -

[[Catawba Military Academy]] -

[[Catawba Military Academy]] -

[[Cayuga Lake Military School]] -

[[Chaddock Boys School]] -

[[Chamberlain Military Institute]] -

[[Chapultepec Military Academy]] -

[[Charlotte Hall Military Academy]] -

[[Charlotte Military Institute]] -

[[Chauncey Hall School]] -

[[Cheltenham Military Academy]] -

[[Chesire Military Academy]] -

[[Chester Military Academy]] -

[[Cheviot Hills Military Academy]] -

[[Chicago Military Academy]] -

[[Chicago Military Academy]] -

[[Christian Brother College Military High School]] -

[[Church Military School]] -

[[Churchill's Military Academy]] -

[[Clason Point Military Academy]] -

[[Clinton Liberal Institute & Military Academy]] -

[[Coe Military Academy]] -

[[Collegiate Institute]] -

[[Colonel Edgar's Military Academy]] -

[[Colorado Military School]] -

[[Columbia Military Academy]] -

[[Connecticut Military Academy]] -

[[Cook Academy]] -

[[Coral Gables Military Academy]] -

[[Cornado Military Academy]] -

[[Corpus Christi Military Academy]] -

[[Cromwell Military Academy]] -

[[Crossed Rifles Military Academy]] -

[[Croton Military Institute]] -

'''D:'''

[[Danforth Military Academy]] -

[[Danville Classical & Military Institute]] -

[[Danville Military Institute]] -

[[Davis Military Academy]] -

[[Davis Military School]] -

[[De La Salle Military Academy]] -

[[De La Salle Military Academy]] -

[[De Meritte Military Academy]] -

[[De Veaux School]] -

[[De Vitte Military Academy]] -

[[Del Monte Military Academy]] -

[[Delaware Military Academy]] -

[[Donaldson Military School]] -

[[Dr. Holbrook's Military Academy]] -

'''E:'''

[[Eagleswood Military Academy]] -

[[East Florida Seminary]] -

[[Eastern Military Academy]] -

[[Eastern Military Academy]] -

[[Edgar Military School]] -

[[Edgehill Military School]] -

[[Edwards Military Institute]] -

[[El Paso Military Institute]] -

[[Elberton Military Academy]] -

[[Elm City Military Institute]] -

[[Elsinore Naval & Military School]] -

[[Endymion Military School]] -

[[Episcopal Military Institute]] -

[[Epworth Military Academy]] -

[[Etowah Military Institute]] -

[[Everest Military Academy]] -

'''F:'''

[[Fayetteville Literary, Scientific and Military School]] -

[[Fayetteville Military Academy]] -

[[Ferrell Military School]] -

[[Ferrell's Military Institute]] -

[[Fitzgerald and Clark School]] -

[[Fleetwood Academy]] -

[[Florida Collegiate & Military Institute]] -

[[Florida Military Academy]] -

[[Florida Military Academy]] -

[[Florida Military Institute]] -

[[Florida Military School & College]] -

[[Florida Naval Academy]] -

[[Forest Military Academy]] -

[[Forest Military School]] -

[[Fort Worth Military Academy]] -

[[Francis Military Academy]] -

[[Franklin Military Institute]] -

[[Franklin Military School]] -

[[Frederick Military Academy]] -

[[Free Military School]] -

[[Freehold Military School]] -

[[French Camp Military Academy]] -

'''G:'''

[[Garden Military Academy]] -

[[General McArthur Military Academy]] -

[[General Pantops Academy]] -

[[Georgia Military Academy]] -

[[Georgia Southern Military College]] -

[[Gibson F. Hill's Military Academy]] -

[[Gideons Military Academy]] -

[[Glen Turner Military School]] -

[[Glenville Male Collegiate & Military Institute]] -

[[Golden State Military Academy]] -

[[Golden West Military Academy]] -

[[Gordon Military College]] -

[[Goss Military Institute]] -

[[Grand Prairie Seminary]] -

[[Green Gate Military School]] -

[[Greenville Military Academy]] -

[[Greenville Military Institute]] -

[[Gulf Coast Military Academy]] -

[[Gymnasium and Military Institute]] -

'''H:'''

[[Haggett Military Academy]] -

[[Hampton Military Academy]] -

[[Hanson's Military Academy]] -

[[Harding Military Academy]] -

[[Harding Military School]] -

[[Harker Academy]] -

[[Harris Military Institute]] -

[[Harrisburg Military Academy]] -

[[Harvard Military Academy]] -

[[Henderson Military & Female Institute]] -

[[Highland Military Academy]] -

[[Highland Park Military Academy]] -

[[Hill Military Academy]] -

[[Hill Naval Academy]] -

[[Hillsboro Military Academy]] -

[[Hillsborough Military Academy]] -

[[Hinfield Academy]] -

[[Hitchcock Military Academy]] -

[[Hoge Memorial Military Academy]] -

[[Hogsett Military Academy]] -

[[Hollywood Military Academy]] -

[[Hollywood Military Academy]] -

[[Honolulu Military Academy]] -

[[Horner Military School]] -

[[Hudson River Military Academy]] -

[[Huntsville Military Academy]] -

[[Hurt Military School]] -

'''I:'''

[[Illinois Military School]] -

[[Ingles Military High School]] -

[[Inter-American Military Academy]] -

[[Irving Military Academy]] -

[[Isaac Shelby County Military Academy]] -

'''J:'''

[[Jackson Military Academy & School of Fine Arts]] -

[[Jarvis Hall Military Academy]] -

[[Jarvis Military Academy]] -

[[Jefferson Military College]] -

[[Jefferson Military School]] -

[[John F. Kennedy Military School]] -

[[John Holbrook's Military School]] -

[[Jones Military School]] -

[[Jordan Hall Military School]] -

[[Junior Military Academy]] -

[[Junior Military Academy]] -

'''K:'''

[[Kamehameha Military School]] -

[[Kanawha Military Institute]] -

[[Kansas Military Academy]] -

[[Kearney Military Academy]] -

[[Kelley Military Academy]] -

[[Kemper Military School & Junior College]] -

[[Kenyon Military Academy]] -

[[King's Mountain Military School]] -

[[Kinston Military Institute]] -

[[Kirkwood Military Academy]] -

[[Kyle Military Institute]] -

'''L:'''

[[La Fayette Military Academy]] -

[[La Grange Military Academy]] -

[[La Monte Military Academy]] -

[[La Salle Military Academy]] -

[[Lagrange College & Military Academy]] -

[[Lagrange Military Academy]] -

[[Lancaster Military Academy]] -

[[Latah Military Academy]] -

[[Lawrenceburg Military Academy]] -

[[Lee Military Academy]] -

[[Lenoir County Military School]] -

[[Linsly Military Institute]] -

[[Linton Hall Military School]] -

[[Literary, Scientific and Military Academy]] -

[[Livingston Military Academy]] -

[[Lodwick Aviation Military Academy]] -

[[Long Beach Military Academy]] -

[[Los Angeles Military Academy]] -

[[Los Ceritos Military Academy]] -

[[Louisiana Military Academy]] -

[[Louisiana State Seminary & Military Academy]] -

[[Louisville Military Academy]] -

[[Lovejoy Military Academy]] -

[[Lowery-Phillips School]] -

[[Lukin Military Academy]] -

[[Lynnland Military Institute]] -

'''M:'''

[[Macon Military Academy]] -

[[Madison Military Academy]] -

[[The Manlius School]] -

[[Mantua Classical & Military Academy]] -

[[Marcell Military Academy]] -

[[Marengo Military Institute]] -

[[Marmaduke's Military Academy]] -

[[Maryland Military & Naval Academy]] -

[[Marymount Military Academy]] -

[[Massachuetts Nautical School]] -

[[Massey Military School]] -

[[McCallie Military School]] -

[[McDonogh Military Academy]] -

[[McMinn Military Academy]] -

[[Media Military Academy for Young Boys]] -

[[Meridian Military School & College]] -

[[Miami Military Academy]] -

[[Miami Military Institute of the Ohio Military College]] -

[[Midwest Junior Military School]] -

[[Millard Preparatory School for West Point]] -

[[Miller School of Albemarle]] -

[[Mississippi Military Academy]] -

[[Missouri Literary, Scientific & Military Academy]] -

[[Mitchell Military Boys School]] -

[[Mobile Military Institute]] -

[[Mohegan Military Academy]] -

[[Mohican Military Academy]] -

[[Montclair Military Academy]] -

[[Montrose Military Academy]] -

[[Morgan Park Military Academy]] -

[[Mount Saint Joseph Semi-Military Academy]] -

[[Mount Sterling Literary, Scientific and Military Academy]] -

[[Mount Tamalpais Military Academy]] -

[[Mountville Military Institute]] -

[[Moye Military School]] -

[[Mt. Beacon Military Academy]] -

[[Mt. Lowe Military Academy]] -

[[Mt. Pleasant Military Academy]] -

[[Mt. Vernon Military Academy]] -

[[Murphreesboro Military Academy]] -

'''N:'''

[[Nashville Military Academy]] -

[[National Scientific and Military Academy]] -

[[Nazareth Hall Military Academy]] -

[[Nazareth Hall Military School]] -

[[Nebraska Military Academy]] -

[[New Bern Military Academy]] -

[[New England Military Academy]] -

[[New Hampshire Military Academy]] -

[[New Jersey Military Academy]] -

[[New Jersey Naval Academy]] -

[[New Orleans Military Academy]] -

[[Newport News Military Academy]] -

[[Newton Hall Military Academy]] -

[[North Carolina Military Academy]] -

[[North Carolina Military Institute]] -

[[North Carolina Military Institute]] -

[[North Granville Military Academy]] -

[[North Shore Military Academy]] -

[[Northern Missouri Academy]] -

[[Northridge Military Academy]] -

[[Northwestern Military & Naval Academy]] -

[[Northwestern Military Academy]] -

'''O:'''

[[Oak Hill Military Academy]] -

[[Oakland Military Academy]] -

[[Oakland Military Academy]] -

[[Ogden Military Academy]] -

[[Ohio Military College]] -

[[Ohio Military Institute]] -

[[Oklahoma Air Academy]] -

[[Oklahoma Military Academy]] -

[[Old Dominion Military Academy]] -

[[Old Point Comfort Military School]] -

[[Onarga Military School]] -

[[Oneonta Military Academy]] -

[[Orange Military Academy]] -

[[Oregon Military Academy]] -

'''P:'''

[[Pacific Maritime Academy]] -

[[Pacific Military Academy]] -

[[Page Military School]] -

[[Palm Beach Military Academy]] -

[[Palo Alto Military Academy]] -

[[Park Military Academy]] -

[[Park Ridge Military Academy]] -

[[Partridge Military Academy]] -

[[Paterson Military Academy]] -

[[Patrick Military Institute]] -

[[Peacock Military Academy & College]] -

[[Pecks Military Academy]] -

[[Peekskill Military Academy]] -

[[Pennsylvania Literary, Scientific and Military Academy]] -

[[Pennsylvania Military Academy]] -

[[Pennsylvania Military College]] -

[[Pennsylvania Military Institute]] -

[[Pershing Military Institute]] -

[[Petersburg Military Academy]] -

[[Phelps Military Academy]] -

[[Philadelphia Military Academy]] -

[[Pillsbury Military Academy]] -

[[Pine Forest Military Academy]] -

[[Pine Ridge Military Academy]] -

[[Ponca Military Academy]] -

[[Porter Military Academy]] -

[[Poughkeepsie Military Institute]] -

[[Puget Sound Naval Academy (aka Hill Naval Academy)]] -

[[Pullman Military Academy]] -

[[Putnam Military Academy]] -

'''Q:'''

[[Quincy Military Academy]] -

'''R:'''

[[Racine Military School]] -

[[Raenford Military School]] -

[[Raleigh Military Academy]] -

[[Ramsey Military School]] -

[[Rappahannock Academy & Military Institute]] -

[[Redondo Military Academy]] -

[[Rhodes Military Institute]] -

[[Rice Creek Spring Military Academy]] -

[[Richmond County Military Academy]] -

[[Ridgewood Military Academy]] -

[[Ringgold Military Academy]] -

[[Riverview Military Academy]] -

[[Rock River Military Academy]] -

[[Rockingham Military Institute]] -

[[Rockland Military Academy]] -

[[Roosevelt Military Academy]] -

[[Roosevelt Military Academy]] -

[[Rugby Military Academy]] -

[[Russell Military Academy]] -

[[Rutherfordton Military Instiute]] -

[[Rutland Military School]] -

'''S:'''

[[Sackett Harbor Military Academy]] -

[[Sacred Heart Military Academy]] -

[[Sacred Heart Military Academy]] -

[[Salem Military Academy]] -

[[Salisbury Military School]] -

[[San Diego Army and Navy Academy]] -

[[San Diego Military Academy]] -

[[San Rafael Military Academy]] -

[[Sanford Naval Academy]] -

[[Schatlock Hall Military Academy]] -

[[Schreiner Institute]] -

[[Scientific and Military Collegiate Institute]] -

[[Seale Military Academy]] -

[[Selleck Overlook Military Academy]] -

[[Selma Military Institute]] -

[[Sepulveda Military Academy]] -

[[Sewanee Military Academy]] -

[[Shattuck Military School]] -

[[Shelby Military Institute]] -

[[Sierra Military Academy]] -

[[Silver Lake Military & Naval School]] -

[[Sing Sing Military Academy]] -

[[South Carolina Military Academy]] -

[[South Florida Military Academy]] -

[[South Florida Military Institute]] -

[[South Norwalk Military Institute]] -

[[Southern California Military Academy]] -

[[Southern Military Academy]] -

[[Southwestern Military Academy]] -

[[Southwestern Military Academy]] -

[[Southwestern Military Academy]] -

[[Spears-Langfod Military Academy]] -

[[Springside Military Institute]] -

[[St. Alban's Academy]] -

[[St. Aloyisius Military Academy]] -

[[St. Austin's Military School]] -

[[St. Charles Military College]] -

[[St. Edwards Military Academy]] -

[[St. Emma Military Academy]] -

[[St. James Military Academy]] -

[[St. James Military Academy]] -

[[St. John's Academy]] -

[[St. John's Military Academy]] -

[[St. Joseph College & Military Academy]] -

[[St. Joseph's Military Academy]] -

[[St. Louis Military Academy]] -

[[St. Matthew's Hall Military School]] -

[[St. Matthews Military Academy]] -

[[St. Matthews Military Academy]] -

[[St. Norbert Military College]] -

[[St. Patrick's Military Academy]] -

[[St. Paul Military Academy]] -

[[Stamford Military Academy]] -

[[Stamford Military Academy]] -

[[Starr's Military Academy]] -

[[Staunton Military Academy]] -

[[Stella Niagara Cadet School]] -

[[Stonehurst Military and Naval Academy]] -

[[Suffield Military Academy]] -

[[Suffolk Military Academy]] -

[[Sumter Military Academy]] -

[[Sweetwater Military College]] -

'''T:'''

[[Talladega Military Academy]] -

[[Tampa Military Academy]] -

[[Taylor Military School]] -

[[Tennessee Military Institute]] -

[[Texas Military College]] -

[[Texas Monument & Military Institute]] -

[[Torrance Military Academy]] -

[[Trinity Military Institute]] -

[[Tugalo Institute]] -

[[Tupelo Military Institute]] -

'''U:'''

[[Unity Scientific & Military Academy]] -

[[University Military Academy]] -

[[University Military School]] -

[[University Military School]] -

[[Urban Military Academy]] -

'''V:'''

[[Verner Military Institute]] -

[[Vireum Military Academy]] -

[[Virginia Literary, Scientific, & Military Academy]] -

'''W:'''

[[Warren County Military Institute]] -

[[Webster Military Institute]] -

[[Welch Military Academy]] -

[[Wenonah Military Academy]] -

[[West Alabama Institute]] -

[[West Coast Military Academy]] -

[[West Florida Seminary]] -

[[West Lake Military Academy]] -

[[Westchester Military Academy]] -

[[Western Military Academy]] -

[[Western Military Institute]] -

[[Western Springs Military Academy]] -

[[Westover Military Academy]] -

[[Weymans Military School]] -

[[Williams Military Academy]] -

[[Williamsburg Military Academy]] -

[[Wilmington Literary, Scientific and Military Academy]] -

[[Wilson Military Academy]] -

[[Worrall Hall Military Academy]] -

[[Worthington Military Academy]] -

[[Wright's Military Academy]] -

[[Wyler Military School]] -

[[Wytheville Military Academy]] -

'''Y:'''

[[Yonkers Military Institute]]

==[[Linguistics]]==

[[Categorical perception]] -

[[Cohort model]] -

[[Common latin terms]] -

[[Complete list of English swearwords]] -

[[DARPAbet]] -

[[epistemic commitment]] -

[[François Recanati]] -

[[Hysterica passio]] -

[[Implicative "we"]] -

[[Interrogatives in Ido]] -

[[Joint Incrementation]] -

[[Mantaro Hashimoto]] -

[[Morphophonemic Alternations]] -

[[Paisachi]] -

[[Piaget's theory of language development]] -

[[Pierre Maillard]] (c1710-1762)[http://www.spiritans.com/maillard.htm], with attention to -

[[prison slang]] -

[[provection]] -

[[Relevance Theory]] -

[[S-mobile]] (in Indo-European) -

[[Scrambling language]] -

[[Semantic saturation]] -

[[Spirantization]] (a [[lenition]] process) -

[[TRACE (linguistics)|TRACE]] -

[[type of writing]] -

[[Word-recognition]]

===[[Idiom]]===

[[australian icons]] -

[[carve the joint]] -

[[coin the term]] -

[[donet rat]][http://groups-beta.google.com/group/alt.religion.kibology/browse_thread/thread/a783167b8821d944/988c14284770bd9d?q=%22Daniel+C.+Boyer%22&rnum=7&hl=en#988c14284770bd9d] -

[[et wot]] -

[[furry tooth]] -

[[hat tip]] -

[[hey snapperhead]] -

[[let the sun creep on you]] -

[[on the pipe]] -

[[ongliding]] -

[[slap mah fro!]] -

[[when the glass falls low]]

===[[Argot]]===

[[Fala dos arxinas]] ([[Verbo dos arginas]]) -

[[Gacería]] -

[[Mascuence]] -

[[Moleste]] -

[[Xíriga]]

===[[Language]]s===

[[Chinese Profanity]] -

[[Fey (Language)]] -

[[Gibson Code]] -

[[Got(h)landic]] -

[[JLRT]] (Japanese Business Proficiency Test conducted by JETRO) -

[[Languages of Angola]] -

[[Languages of Cameroon]] -

[[Languages of Egypt]] -

[[Languages of Ethiopia]] -

[[Languages of Ghana]] -

[[Languages of Nigeria]] -

[[Languages of Sudan]] -

[[Languages of Tanzania]] -

[[Languages of Togo]] -

[[Languages of Zimbabwe]] -

[[Mediaglyph]] -

[[Medieval Irish]] (the language which became modern Irish) -

[[Shabaki language]] Language spoken by Shabakis in Iraq -

[[Shha]] (the [[Cyrillic]] character whose lowercase looks exactly like an English lowercase h and whose uppercase looks ALMOST like one. (There's an article on it in the Japanese Wikipedia.)) -

[[Toki Pona dictionary]] -

[[Translation Theory]] -

[[Unilingua]] -

[[Zapoteco language]] (an indigenous language of Mexico, approx. 400,000 speakers)

===[[Lexicography]]===

[[Asheninka]] -

''[[Glossographia]]'' (1656) -

[[John Simpson (Lexicographer)]] -

[[Six links rule]] (see discussion on [[Dictionary]] article)

==[[People]]==

[[13twelve]] -

[[Alice Kober]] -

[[Andrew Martinez]] UC Berkeley student who attended all classes nude. aka "the naked guy" -

[[Billy Talen]] (aka Reverend Billy, leader of the Church of Stop Shopping) -

[[Calvin H. Goddard]] (Pioneer in forensic science, specifically bullet identification) -

[[Elvia Alvarado]] Labor organizer amongst poor Houndourans, co-author of a book about her life "Don't Be Afraid Gringo" in 1987 -

[[Francisco Bulnes]] -

[[Genene Jones]] nurse and child serial killer -

[[Herbert Anaya]] -

[[Hernan Bermudez]] (Current ambassador of Honduras to the UK (?)) -

[[Jiri Levy]] (Czech translation theorist) -

[[John Willke]] -

[[Kirk Bloodsworth]] -

[[Kropotnik]] -

[[List of unusually tall men]] -

[[Monte Melkonian]] (Armenian-American soldier and terrorist) -

[[Nick Land]] (Philosopher, writer) -

[[Our Lady of the Wayside (Patron Saint of California)]] -

[[Ray Krone]] (Anti-death penalty activist who spent years on death row before being acquitted of all charges) -

[[Ray Raphael]] (Author of Edges) [http://www.northcoastjournal.com/041201/cover0412.html] -

[[Robin Ashton]] (ex-Deputy Director of the Executive Office for US Attorneys, now working for Leahy's investigations.

[[Robins Burling]] -

[[vivekenanda]] (Philosopher) [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~hexham/Courses-2004/Reading/vivekananda.html] -

[[William Bright]] (linguist; co-author of The World's Writing Systems. ISBN 0195079930) -

[[Zefrank]]

===Historical figures===

[[The Blessed Mary McKillop]]...Undergoing canonization. Australian nun that campaigned for children's education and such in the 19th century. -

[[Father Nelson Baker]]...Buffalo-area (NY) Catholic priest currently being considered by the Vatican for canonization. -

[[George Joannides]] (July 1922 - March 1990, former CIA Agent [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKjoannides.htm], and a character in [[Kennedy assassination theories]]. Recently the subject of a dispute in federal court over unreleased CIA records pertaining to his activities as chief of the Psychological Warfare branch for the CIA's station in Miami. [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18193]) -

[[John_O'Neill_(Fenian)|John O'Neill]] (Leader of the [[Fenian raids]] against Canada) -

[[Jon Sobrino]]...Jesuit priest. Liberation theologian at University of Central America (UCA). -

[[John Dwyer]] (March 4, 1856 - February 1, 1934) English-born Australian labor activist, a leader of Sydney's Active Service Brigade. PhD Thesis on him:[http://adt.library.usyd.edu.au/adt/public_html/adt-NU/uploads/approved/adt-NU20020722.192025/public/?C=D;O=A] -

[[Charietto]] Ancient Celtic bounty hunter. Would assinate Germans. Worked for the Romans. Helped defeat the Franks.

'''''Anyone redlinked from [[Lists of U.S. county name etymologies]]'''''

[[Nogi Maresuce]] japanese general, 19. century.

====[[1998 U.S. embassy bombings]] conspirators====

[[Adel Mohanned Abdul Almagid Bary]], -

[[Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali]], -

[[Ibrahim Hussein Abdel Hadi Eidarous]], -

[[Khalid al Fawwaz]] -

[[Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al-Owhali]], -

[[Mohammed Odeh]], [[Khalfan Khamis Mohamed]], -

[[Muhsin Musa Atwalli Atwa]], -

[[Sheik Ahmed Salim Swedan]],

====Cabinet secretaries (Former U.S.)====

====[[List of craters on the Moon|Lunar Crater Eponyms]]====

'''A:'''

[[Abrahão De Moraes]] -

[[Abul al-Hasan ben Ahmad]] -

[[Aharon Katzir-Katchalsky]] -

[[Al-Marrakushi]] -

[[Anders Severin Donner]] -

[[Andre Couder]] -

[[Arnold Kohlschütter]] -

[[Arnoldo Faustini]] -

'''B:'''

[[Bernard Walter]] (Walther) -

[[Buonaventura Cavalieri]] -

'''C:'''

[[Carl Östen Emanuel Bergstrand]] -

[[Casimir Marie Gaudibert]] -

[[Charles Christian Lauritsen]] -

[[Charles Wesley Elmer]] -

[[Christian August Hausen]] -

[[Christian Gärtner]] -

[[Christian Thomas Elvey]] -

[[Christoph Arnold]] -

[[Christoph Gruemberger]] (better known as [[Christoph Grienberger]]) -

[[Clarence Augustus Chant]] -

[[Cleostratus]] -

[[Colin Stanley Gum]] -

'''D:'''

[[Daniel Barbier]] -

[[Daniel Chalonge]] -

'''E:'''

[[Edberg Adrian Kreiken]] -

[[Eduard Heis]] -

[[Edward Skinner King]] -

[[Edwin Francis Carpenter]] -

[[Ernest Debes]] -

'''F:'''

[[Felix De Roy]] -

[[Ferdinand Ellerman]] -

[[Flavio Gioja]] -

[[Francesco Carlini]] -

[[Franceso Degli Stabili Cichus]] -

[[Francis Gano Benedict]] -

[[Francis Rawdon Moira Crozier]] -

[[Friedrich Hayn]] -

[[Friedrich Karl Ginzel]] -

'''G:'''

[[Gabir Ben Aflah]] -

[[Gabriel Delmotte]] -

[[Gaetano Arturo Crocco]] -

[[Georg Christoph Eimmart]] -

[[Georg Samuel Doerfel]] -

[[George Cary Comstock]] -

[[Georges Furner]] -

[[Gerolamo Sersale]] (Sirsalis) -

[[Giovanni Campano]] -

[[Giovanni Cassegrain]] -

[[Giovanni Valentino Mattia Fabbroni]] -

[[Giuseppe Biancani]] -

[[Gottfried Heinsius]] -

[[Gottfried Kirch]] -

[[Grigory Moiseevich Kramarov]] -

[[Gyula Fényi]] -

'''H:'''

[[Hans Fisher]] -

[[Harkhebi]] -

[[Harlan James Smith]] -

[[Harold Knox-Shaw]] -

[[Hendrik Anton Kramers]] -

[[Hermann Ganswindt]] -

[[Hermann Joseph Klein]] -

[[Hugo Hans Ritter von Seeliger]] -

'''I:'''

[[Igor V. Belkovich]] -

[[Imre Izsak]] -

'''J:'''

[[Jacob Robert Emden]] -

[[Jacques de Billy]] -

[[Jan Gadomski]] -

[[Jean Dufay]] -

[[Jean Felix Gambart]] -

[[Jean-Baptiste Cysat]] -

[[Jeff Gropper]] -

[[Johann Georg Hagen]] -

[[Johann Gottlob Friedrich von Bohnenberger]] -

[[Johann Holetschek]] -

[[Johann Hommel]] -

[[Johann Karl Burckhardt]] -

[[Johann Kies]] -

[[Johann Matthias Hase]] -

[[Johann Tobias Bürg]] -

[[Johannes Franz Hartmann]] -

[[John Howard Dellinger]] -

[[John Stuart Foster]] -

[[Josef Hopmann]] -

[[Joseph Bienaime Caventou]] -

[[Josiah Edward Spurr]] -

[[Jules Alfred Pierrot Deseilligny]] -

[[Julius Bartels]] -

'''K:'''

[[Kirill Pavlovich Florensky]] -

[[Kurt Heinrich Debus]] -

'''L:'''

[[Leo Brenner]] (Spiridon Gopcevic's pseudonym) -

[[Luis Enrique Erro]] -

'''M:'''

[[Marc-Auguste Pictet]] -

[[Martin van den Hove]] -

[[Mary Beth Norton]] -

[[Maurice Darney]] -

[[Mervyn Archdall Ellison]] -

[[Moritz Ludwig George Wichmann]] -

'''N:'''

[[Nicholas Erasmus Golovin]] -

[[Nikolai N. Artamonov]] -

'''P:'''

[[Palon Heinrich Ludwig von Boguslawsky]] -

[[Paolo Casati]] -

[[Paul Guthnick]] -

[[Peder Horrebow]] -

[[Peter Crüger]] -

[[Peter Hédervári]] -

[[Philipp Johann Heinrich Fauth]] -

[[Pierre Herigone]] -

[[Ping-Tse Kao]] -

[[Priscilla Fairfield Bok]] -

'''R:'''

[[Richard Dunthorne]] -

[[Robert Curry Cameron]] -

[[Roy Healy]] -

'''T:'''

[[Theodore Maximillian Bilharz]] -

[[Thomas Hornsby]] -

[[Thomas Logie McDonald]] -

'''V:'''

[[Vladimir Artemyev]] -

'''W:'''

[[Walter Grotrian]] -

[[Werner Kolhörster]] -

[[Wilhelm Gotthelf Lohrmann]] -

[[William Ball]] -

[[William Otto Brunner]] -

[[Wladimir Wáclav Heinrich]] -

[[Wolfgang Ludwig Krafft]] -

<br>

''Note:'' See the ''[http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/printerready/science/ NASA Lunar Atlas]'' for Crater nomenclature.

====[[List of features on the Moon|Lunar Geologic Feature Eponyms]]====

[[Agostino Scilla]] -

[[Albert Oppel]] -

[[Amadeus William Grabau]] -

[[Pierre-Marie Termier]] -

[[Sainte-Claire Charles Deville]] -

<br>

''Note:'' See the ''[http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/printerready/science/ NASA Lunar Atlas]'' for Feature nomenclature.

====Miscellaneous====

'''A:'''

[[Abdi &#304;pekçi]] -

[[Admiral Edward Hughes]] -

[[Aiven "The Great" Andrians]] Famous U.S. Political Party Leader. (HARP) -

[[akhbar]], might be a Arabic document that deals with certain event in early Middle Eastern history. -

'''B:'''

[[Bart Huges]] (the founder of the New World Trepanation) -

[[Bertrand Denis d' Ogeron de la Bouere]] (French-Caribbean adventurer) -

'''C:'''

[[Carl Anton Larsen]] (Norwegian whaling ship captain and Antarctic pioneer. Like Shackleton his ship was crushed by ice but he got his men back alive) -

[[Cheif Tammany]] -

[[Chevalier de la Luzerne]] -

[[Commonwealth writers]] (school of socialist-leaning writers in Tudor England) -

'''D:'''

[[Dandemis]], "Do not condemn the judgement of another because it differs from your own. You may both be wrong." -

[[Daniel Payseur]] (U.S. Financier, Son of Louie the XIV and Marie Antoinette) -

[[David Hansemann]] -

[[David Philipson]] (Important American Jewish Rabbi, antizionist) -

[[Death Valley Scotty]] -

[[Dima Yurasov]] (Soviet independent historian) -

'''E:'''

[[Edward Paisnel]] ("Beast of Jersey" - British serial rapist) -

[[Eugene Grace]] (CEO of Bethlehem Steel) -

'''F:'''

[[Francisco Bulnes]] -

[[Francisco Sabate Llopart]] -

[[Franczek Piper]] -

'''G:'''

[[Guzman Blanco]] (Venezuelan dictator, 1880-1890) -

'''H:'''

[[Hartman Chester]] (Urban Planner, former president of the Poverty and Race Research Action Council) -

'''J:'''

[[Jean Clemens]] (daughter of Mark Twain) -

[[Jean-Christophe Napoléon]] -

[[John Swinton]], the former Chief of Staff at the New York Times, known as "The Dean of His Profession," who famously toasted the New York Press Club: "What folly is this toasting an independent press. We are the tools and vassals of the rich men behind the scenes ... We are intellectual prostitutes." -

'''M:'''

[[Madame Montour]] and [[Andrew Montour]] -

[[Manuelita Saenz]] -

[[Medieval Economy]] -

[[Morris Ernst]] (led ACLU in 1950s) -

'''N:'''

[[Nomi, Toshitaka]] (linked blood typing to personality characteristics in Japan) -

[[Nusaybah]] (saved the life of [[Muhammad]]) -

'''P:'''

[[Peter Llewellyn-Davies]] -

[[Pietro Fedele]] (minister in Italian government under Mussolini) -

'''R:'''

[[Rafael Sanzio]] -

[[Raoul Wüthrich]] - both Swiss and American citizen, boy who was 11-year-old when imprisoned, charged for incest [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/484210.stm] -

'''S:'''

[[Sahok The Great]] -

[[Spotted Tail]] -

[[Sara Elizabeth Young (April 1979 - ]] -

'''T:'''

[[Toksyun]] (Magyar ruler) -

'''V:'''

[[Viridomarus]] -

'''W:'''

[[Wapasha]] (several Sioux chiefs) -

[[William Bean]] (first permanent white settler in Tennessee)

many in ''[[List of kings of Persia]]'' -

many under ''[[Baron de Ros]]'' -

====Politicians (UK)====

====Watergate figures (Major)====

[[Charles Nuzum]] -

[[Cord Meyer, Jr.]] -

[[Robert Gebhardt]]

====[[White House intruders]]====

[http://www.prop1.org/park/pave/rev9.htm]

[[Marshall Fields (Messiah claimant)|Marshall Fields]] -

[[Robert Latta]] -

[[Chester Plummer]]

==[[Philosophy]]==

'''A:'''

[[Abomunists]] -

[[aequanimitas]] -

[[Agonistic liberalism]] -

[[Ars inveniendi]] -

'''B:'''

[[Brandon Joyce]] (essayist on kinetic ethics www.lifeactionrevival.org/links) -

'''C:'''

[[Cause and effect and Mill's methods]] -

[[Christian Adolph Klotz]] -

[[Communicative action]] -

[[Conjunctive forks]] -

'''E:'''

[[Enaction]] -

[[Enargeia]] -

[[Enumerative induction]] -

[[Ernest Sosa]] -

[[Existentialist ethics]] -

'''F:'''

[[Fabre d'Olivet]] -

[[Feminist philosophy]] -

[["Fido"-Fido principle]] -

'''G:'''

[[Goatism]] -

[[Graphomania]] -

[[The grass is always greener on the other side]] -

'''H:'''

[[Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht]] Professor at Stanford University -

'''I:'''

[[Infallibilism]] -

'''J:'''

[[Jay Budziszewski]] -

[[John Milbank]] -

[[John-Michael Kuczynski]] -

'''K:'''

[[Ken Wilbur]] -

[[Kinetic Ethics]] (www.lifeactionrevival.org/links)n -

[[Knowledge-constitutive Interest]] -

'''L:'''

[[Lazy Reason]] -

[[List of Chinese philosophers]] -

'''M:'''

[[Martin Rowlands]] Professor of the University of Hertfordshire -

[[Marx and Engels on religious belief]] -

[[Mbiti, J. S. (African philosopher)]] -

[[Metaconstitution]] -

[[Metatheory]] -

[[Methodological solipsism]] -

[[Mongolian communism]] -

[[Moral fallibility]] -

'''N:'''

[[Non-maleficience]] -

[[Nonconceptual content]] -

'''O:'''

[[Objectivist views w.r.t Love]] -

[[Oppositional logic]] -

'''P:'''

[[Philosophy of humour]] -

[[Philosophy of the Social Sciences]] -

[[Post Criticality]] -

[[Potentiality and actuality (Aristotle)]] -

[[Preferential option for the poor]] -

'''R:'''

[[Ray Billington]]] -

'''S:'''

[[Secular Morality]] -

[[Stonepeace]] Buddhist philosopher (?) -

'''T:'''

[[T.M. Scanlon]] -

[[Terence Parsons]] -

'''U:'''

[[Univocity]] in Spinoza, Heidegger, and Deleuze -

'''W:'''

[[Wei Wu Wei]] (Buddhist/Taoist philosopher and essayist) -

[[William Cleghorn]] -

'''Z:'''

[[Zera Yacob]] (Ethiopian philosopher 1599-1692)

==[[Psychology]]==

'''A:'''

[[Alan Baddeley]] - (English professor, leading memory researcher) -

[[Alpha-conditioning]] -

[[Annihilation ECS]] -

[[Arachnobutyrophobia]] - (the fear of peanut-butter, really) -

'''B:'''

[[Biomedical Therapy]] - (Also called Biological Therapy: drugs, electroconvulsive therapy, surgery, etc.) -

[[Bloodlust]] -

'''C:'''

[[Caesar complex]] -

[[Charnley, Brian]](Schizophrenia Artist) -

[[Colorgenics]] www.colorgenics.com -

[[Compulsive Masturbation]] -

[[Conditioned Taste Aversion]] -

[[Constitutive conditions cf existence conditions]] -

[[Consumer psychology]] -

[[Contrast gaining]] -

[[CrazyMeds]](mental health site which is the subject of some debate) -

[[Crews, Frederick]] - (English professor, Freud critic) -

'''D:'''

[[Deregowski, Jan]] - (Especially 1972 study of pictorial perception and culture) -

[[Dusell, Enrique]] (Argentinian liberation philosopher) -

'''E:'''

[[Edifice Complex]] (note: did this person mean "Oedipus Complex"?) -

[[Egon Brunswik]] (and [[Representative Design]]) -

[[Egotrip]] (is this really psychological concept) -

[[Emotional Failure]] -

[[Empirical genetic prognosis]] (developed by [[Ernst Rüdin]]) -

'''F:'''

[[False Authority Syndrome]] -

'''G:'''

[[Gaspers]] -

'''H:'''

[[Head Case]] -

'''J:'''

[[James Mckeen Cattell]] -

[[James Rachels]] -

[[Julian Rotter]] -

'''K:'''

[[Kegan, Robert]] (Harvard developmental psychologist, author of ''The Evolving Self'') -

[[Konrad J. Stettbacher]] -

'''L:'''

[[Levinson, Daniel]] (Seasons of a Man's Life, Seasons of a Woman's Life) -

[[Liberation Psychology]] -

[[Logical Notation]] -

'''M:'''

[[Madonna-Whore Complex]] -

[[Mark Mayer]] (Mind Illusionist) -

[[Methyphobia]] -

[[Milieu Therapy]] -

[[Military Psychology]] -

[[Mirror Stage]] -

'''O:'''

[[Optimistic Bias]] -

'''P:'''

[[Participative Management]] -

[[Petre Tutea]] (Romanian Philosophe sans oeuvre) -

[[Post Criticality]] -

[[Postcolonial Psychology]] -

[[Postmodern Mathematics]] -

[[Psychiatric phenomenology]] -

[[Psycho-Social Rehabilitation]] -

[[Psychology of games]] (could also go under computer science) -

[[Puer (Jungian)]] -

[[Puer Aeternus]] -

'''R:'''

[[Relational Frame Theory]] -

[[Rene Spitz]] -

[[Robert Daniel Parsons]] -

'''S:'''

[[Self-pity]] -

[[Sexual acts in front of children]] / [[Effects of sexual acts and pornography on children and/or adolescents]] -

[[Shaping (operant conditioning)]] -

[[Sibling rivalry]] -

[[Significant Emotional Event]] (SEE) -

[[Social Deprivation - Nestor Navarro]] -

[[Sore loser]] -

[[Spontaneous Trait Inference]] -

[[Sylvan Contemplation]] -

[[sympathy illness]] or [[sympathy pain]] or [[sympathy sickness]] (redirect all into one, perhaps the scientific name if it has one) -

'''T:'''

[[task cohesion]] -

[[teloi]] -

[[triadic reciprocal causation]]

==[[Society]] / [[Culture]]==

[[Cartesian Culture]] -

[[domestic science]] (particularly the women's movement occurring late 19th, early 20th centuries) -

[[Ethnozoology]] -

[[Gender categorization]] -

[[German Society for Eugenics]] (founded by [[Alfred Ploetz]] in 1905) -

[[Hitler (name)]] -

[[Radical Honesty]] -

[[Zhao Fusan]] ([[China|Chinese]] intellectual)

===[[Identity politics]]===

[[North American Native Warriors Association]] -

[[postqueer movement]] [http://www.lisa-raymond.com/ASTR/sikes.htm], [http://www.livejournal.com/userinfo.bml?user=postqueer] -

[[postqueer politics]] -

[[Tara Foundation]] -

[[Trinh Minh-ha]]

===[[Feminism]]===

[[Capitalist patriarchy]] -

[[Carol Downer]] -

[[Carol Queen]] -

[[Combahee River Collective]] -

[[DJ Kuttin Kandi]] -

[[Joan Riviere]] -

[[Lookism]] -

[[Michelle Mone]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4307624.stm] -

[[Ti-Grace Atkinson]]

===[[Fraternal organization]]s===

[[The Cerne Society]] (circa 1805, England) -

[[Drinking society]] (incl. Oxford and Cambridge) -

[[The Jungstadt]]

===Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender===

[[bisexual community]] -

[[Galimony]] -

[[Homosexuality and the Military]] -

[[Jason Gage]] -

[[Josh Altesman]] -

[[Lipstick Feminism]] -

[[List of Notable Korean Gays and Lesbians]] -

[[Olga Broumas]] -

[[phallogocentric ]] -

[[romantic friendships]] -

[[Thai Gay History]] -

[[Una Vincenzo, Lady Troubridge]] -

[[Zeb Atlas]] -

''See also: [[List of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community centers]]'' and ''[[List of LGBT publications]]''

===[[Popular Culture]]===

[[Costa Rica Lifestyles]] -

[[Jocelyne Wildenstein]] -

[[Misogyny and Raeggaton]] -

[[Tucker Estron]] -

[[ualuealuealeuale]] -

[[Votefortheworst.com]] -

[[welfare queen]] -

[[Yankee Swap]]

===[[Workplace Relationships]]===

[[work marriage]], [[work husband]] and [[work wife]] based on [http://slate.msn.com/id/2109876 this discussion]

== Unclassified ==

[[The Arm]] (Buffalo, NY mafia) -

[[Deformed Chakra]] -

[[Happiness studies]] -

[[Harry Potter slash]] (There's already an article on [[Slash fiction]]) -

[[History of Maralinga]] -

[[Humphrey the Wayward Whale]] (Humpback whale who got stuck in San Francisco Bay twice) -

[[ijazah]] (Islamic practice) -

[[Manson Lamps]] -

[[May-December Relationships]] -

[[The Partnership]] (Detroit mafia) -

[[Patriarca crime family]] (New England mafia) -

[[Political Affairs Magazine]] [http://www.politicalaffairs.net] -

[[stone bow]] -

[[Trafficante crime family]] (Florida mafia) -

[[Vilnius Brigade]] (Lithuanian mafia) -

[[Winebox Inquiry]] New Zealand (Inquiry into Certain Matters Relating to Taxation in the 90's)

===[[Not Familiar Enough To Know Where It Goes]]===

[[Bureaucratic-burgeoisie/comprador class]] -

[[Girl Friday]] -

[[Normalcy]] -

[[Nuclear Emergency Response Team]] -

[[Nuclear Emergency Search Team]] -

[[Paper Angels by Ginny Lim 1991]] -

[[Regulatory Fit]] -

[[Semantic Saturation]] -

[[Video Games as Stress Relief]]

[[Category:Wikipedia requested articles]]