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#Redirect[[Template:Segunda Division B - Grupo 1]]
'''Universal suffrage''' (also '''general suffrage''' or '''common suffrage''') consists of the extension of [[suffrage]], or the right to [[vote]], to all adults, without distinction as to race, sex, belief or social status.
 
The 19th century featured movements advocating '''universal male suffrage''' - the extension to all males regardless of class or race. The democratic movement of the late 19th century, unifying [[classical liberalism|Liberal]]s and [[Social Democrat]]s, particularly in northern Europe, used the slogan '''Equal and Common Suffrage'''.<!-- Redirects here; hence bolded! -->
The '''Movement for Universal Suffrage''' consisted of a social, economic and political movement aimed at extending suffrage to people of all [[race]]s.
 
The first movements toward universal suffrage (or manhood suffrage) occurred in the early 19th century, and focused on removing property requirements for voting. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the focus of universal suffrage became the removal of restrictions against women having the [[Women's suffrage|right to vote]].
 
Many societies in the past have denied people the right to vote on the basis of race or ethnicity. For example, non-[[whites]] could not vote in [[apartheid]]-era [[South Africa]], until the system came to an end with the first free multi-party elections in 1994. In the pre-Civil Rights Era [[United States| American]] South [[African American | black]]s often technically had the right to vote, but various means prevented many of them from exercising that right. The [[Ku Klux Klan]] formed after the [[American Civil War]], largely to intimidate blacks and to prevent them from voting.
 
Most so-called "universal" suffrage systems still exclude some potential voters. For example, many jurisdictions deny the vote to various categories of [[Felony disenfranchisement|convicted criminals]] or the mentally ill, and almost all jurisdictions deny the vote to non-citizen residents and citizens under the age of 18.
 
There is some friendly [[nationalism|nationalist]] competition with regard to which [[nation]] that was first with full-blown democratic suffrage. Fans of the [[United States]], [[New Zealand]], [[Finland]] and [[Norway]] all have their arguments for why their favorite nation is to be seen as the front-runner, which is indicated in the table below.
 
== Universal suffrage in the world ==
 
States have granted (and revoked) universal suffrage at various times:<br>
<small>(in chronological order)</small>
 
* [[New Zealand]] -- [[1893]] (although certain inequalities with [[Maori]] votes persisted)
* [[South Australia]] -- [[1894]]
* [[Norway]] -- [[1913]]
* [[Denmark]] -- [[1915]] (with [[Iceland]])
* [[Russia]] -- [[1917]]
* [[Finland]] -- [[1917]]
* [[Canada]] -- [[1918]] (last province to enact women's suffrage was [[Quebec]] in [[1940]])
* [[Estonia]] -- [[1918]]
* [[Ireland]] -- [[1918]]
* After the [[Central Powers]]' defeat in [[World War I]]
** [[Austria]] -- [[1918]]
** [[Czechoslovakia]] - [[1918]]
** [[Germany]] -- [[1918]]
** [[Hungary]] -- [[1918]]
** [[Poland]] -- [[1919]]
* [[Luxembourg]] - [[1919]]
* [[The Netherlands]] - [[1919]]
* [[Sweden]] -- [[1921]]
* [[Lithuania]] -- [[1922]]
* [[Romania]] -- [[1923]]
* [[United Kingdom]] -- [[1928]]
* [[Spain]] -- [[1931]]
* [[Turkey]] -- [[1934]]
* [[France]] -- [[1944]]
* [[Italy]] -- [[1945]]
* [[Japan]] -- [[1945]]
* [[Israel]] -- [[1948]]
* [[Belgium]] -- [[1948]]
* [[India]] -- [[1950]] (as part of its [[constitution]])
* [[Argentina]] -- [[1951]]
* [[Greece]] -- [[1952]]
* [[Malaysia]] -- [[1955]] (The victory of Union Party convinces the British to grant Malaysia's [[Independence]] in [[1957]])
* [[Australia]] -- [[1962]] (previously not granted to [[Australian Aborigine|Aborigines]])
* [[United States]] -- [[1964]] (though with inconsistent enforcement with regards to African Americans in [[U.S. Southern states|the South]] until 1965)
* [[Portugal]] -- [[1976]]
* [[Liechtenstein]] -- [[1984]]
* [[Switzerland]] -- [[1990]]
* [[South Africa]] -- [[1994]]
 
==See also==
*[[List of democracy and elections-related topics]]
 
[[Category:Elections]]
 
[[es:Sufragio universal]]
[[fr:Suffrage universel]]
[[nl:Algemeen kiesrecht]]