Fossili dell'evoluzione dell'uomo e Sideremia: differenze tra le pagine

Versione delle 19:16, 4 gen 2010

Versione delle 00:49, 9 gen 2010

Riga 1:

{{S|medicina}}

{{F|paleontologia|gennaio 2010}}

{{disclaimer soccorso}}

Lista di alcuni dei più importamenti ritrovamenti di [[fossili]] di [[ominidi]] relativi all'evoluzione dell'Uomo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prominent Hominid Fossils|url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/specimen.html}}</ref> Una tale lista è sempre necessariamente incompleta e soggetta a continui aggiornamenti.

{{da fare/avviso}}

La '''sideremia''' è la misurazione del tasso di [[ferro]] sierico nel sangue, si tratta di un esame diagnostico.

== Importanza del ferro ==

I fossili sono disposti in ordine cronologico crescente in base all'età attribuita, ottenuta da stime derivanti dalla [[datazione al radiocarbonio]] o da altre valutazioni. I nome delle specie elencate sono quelli con cui sono più comunemente conosciuti; nei casi in cui non c'è un unanime consenso sulla definizione, vengono riportate le designazioni alternative.

Ciascuno dei 4 gruppi eme contenuti nell' [[emoglobina]] contiene un atomo di ferro. Ogni atomo di ferro può legare un atomo di ossigeno, perciò una molecola di emoglobina può trasportare sino a 4 atomi di ossigeno. L'emoglobina si trova all'interno dei [[globuli rossi]].

== Procedura ==

Non tutti i fossili possono essere considerati come diretti antenati dell' ''[[Homo sapiens]]'', ma sono comunque passi importanti nello studio della linea evolutiva che ha portato alla fine all'uomo moderno.

Dopo aver osservato digiuno per 10-12 ore e astinenza di farmaci che contengono ferro per 3-5 giorni si effettua tramite esami ematochimici (prelievo di sangue). Si effettua con il test di capacità totale di legare il ferro.

== PiùValori di 6 milioni di anninormali ==

I valori di riferimento dell'esame sono compresi tra i 50 e i 150 [[microgrammo|microgrammi]] per [[decilitro]] di sangue.

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|- style="background:#efefef;"

! Immagine

! Nome

! Età

! Specie

! Data<br />della scoperta

! Luogo del ritrovamento

! Scoperto da

<!-- "Ida" no longer considered part of human evolutionary lineage or even closely related. See: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33416595/ns/technology_and_science-science/?gt1=43001 -->

|-

|[http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmag/bk_issue/2000/novdec/cmnh_5.jpg Eosimias sinensis image]

|

|45 [[annum|Ma]]

|''[[Eosimias sinensis]]''

|1985

|[[Cina]]

|Lin Yipu

|-

| [http://www.skullsunlimited.com/aegyptopithecus-zeuxis.html Aegyptopithecus zeuxis<br />image at<br />Skulls Unlimited]

| [[DPC 2803]]

| >31 Ma

| ''[[Aegyptopithecus zeuxis]]''

| 1941

| [[Egitto]]

| [[Elwyn Simons]]

|-

| [http://www.skullsunlimited.com/proconsul-africanus-skull.htm Proconsul africanus<br />image at<br />Skulls Unlimited]

| [[KNM RU 7290]]

| 18 Ma

| ''[[Proconsul africanus]]''

| 1948

| [[Kenya]]

| [[Mary Leakey]]

|-

| Image

| [[KNM WK 16999]]

| 16-18 Ma

| ''[[Afropithecus turkanensis]]''

| 1986

| [[Kenya]]

| [[Richard Leakey]]

|-

| Image

| [[KNM WK 16950]]

| 16-18 Ma

| ''[[Turkanapithecus kalakolensis]]''

| 1986

| [[Kenya]]

| [[Richard Leakey]]

|-

| [[File:Sivapithecus.jpg|100px]]

| [[GSP 15000]]

| 10.5-12.5 Ma

| ''[[Sivapithecus indicus]]''

| 1979

| [[Pakistan]]

| D. Pilbeam e S. M. Ibrahim Shah

|-

| [[File:Oreopithecus bambolii.jpg|100px]]

| [[IGF 11778]]

| 8 Ma

| ''[[Oreopithecus bambolii]]''

| 1872

| [[Italia]]

| [[Paul Gervais]]

|-

| Image

| [[IVPP PA644]]

| 8 Ma

| ''[[Lufengpithecus lufengensis]]''

| 1978

| [[Cina]]

|-

| [[Immagine:Sahelanthropus_tchadensis_Toumai_lateral_view.jpg|100px]]

| [[Sahelanthropus tchadensis|TM 266 (Toumai)]]

| 7 Ma

| ''[[Sahelanthropus tchadensis]]''

| 2001

| [[Chad]]

| Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum e Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye

|-

| [[File:Orrorin tugenensis.jpg|100px]]

| [[Orrorin tugenensis|BAR 1000'00]]

| 6 Ma

|''[[Orrorin tugenensis]]''

| 2000

| [[Kenya]]

| [[Martin Pickford]], Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut,

|-

|}

== Valori alterati ==

== Tra 6 e 4 milioni di anni==

*Valori bassi: [[emorragia cronica|emorragie croniche]], carenza o cattivo assorbimento di ferro, [[anemia sideropenica]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"

*Valori alti: [[anemia mediterranea]], [[emocromatosi]] (alto sovraccarico di ferro)

|- style="background:#efefef;"

! Immagine

! Nome

! Età

! Specie

! Data<br />della scoperta

! Luogo del ritrovamento

! Scoperto da

== Bibliografia ==

|-

* {{cita libro | cognome= M. Anderson| nome= Douglas | coautori=A. Elliot Michelle| titolo= Mosby’s medical, nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary sesta edizione | editore= Piccin| città= New York| anno=2004 | id= ISBN 88-299-1716-8}}

| <!-- No image available --> [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/85209423.html Sketch of ''Ardipithecus ramidus'']

| [[Ardipithecus_ramidus#Ardi|Ardi]]

| 4.4 [[annum|Ma]]

| ''[[Ardipithecus#Ardipithecus_ramidus|Ardipithecus ramidus]]''

| 1992

| [[Middle Awash]], [[Etiopia]]

| [[Tim White]]

|-

|}

{{Portale|medicina}}

==Tra 4 e 3 milioni di anni==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|- style="background:#efefef;"

! Immagine

! Nome

! Età

! Specie

! Data<br />della scoperta

! Luogo del ritrovamento

! Scoperto da

[[Categoria:Diagnostica medica]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/laetolifoot.html Laetoli footprint<br />image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Laetoli]]

| 3.7 [[annum|Ma]]

| [[ominide]] bipede

| 1976

| [[Tanzania]]

| [[Mary Leakey]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/lh4.html LH 4<br />image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[LH 4]]

| 3.6 - 3.8 Ma

| ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]''

| 1974

| [[Tanzania]]

| [[Mary Leakey]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/wt40000.html KNM-WT 40000<br />image at<br />Modern Human<br /> Origins]

| [[KNM WT 40000]]

| 3.5 Ma

| ''[[Kenyanthropus platyops]]''

| 1999

| [[Kenya]]

| [[Justus Erus]]

|-

| [[Immagine:Little Foot 01.jpg|100px]]

| [[Little Foot|Stw 573 (Little foot)]]

| 3.3 Ma

| ''[[Australopithecus|Australopithecus ?]]''

| 1994

| [[South Africa]]

| [[Ronald J. Clarke]]

|-

| [[File:SelamAustralopithecus.jpg|100px]]

| [[Selam (Australopithecus)|DIK-1 (Selam)]]

| 3.3 Ma

| ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]''

| 2000

| [[Etiopia]]

| [[Zeresenay Alemseged]]

|-

|

| [[AL 200-1]]

| 3 - 3.2 Ma

| ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]''

| 1975

| [[Etiopia]]

| [[Donald Johanson]]

|-

|

| [[AL 129-1]]

| 3 - 3.2 Ma

| ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]''

| November 1973

| [[Etiopia]]

| [[Donald Johanson]]

|-

|

| [[Abel (hominid)|K 12 (Abel)]]

|

| ''[[Australopithecus bahrelghazali]]''

| 1995

| [[Chad]]

| [[Michel Brunet (paleontologist)|Michel Brunet]]

|-

| [[File:Lucy Mexico.jpg|100px]]

| [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|AL 288-1 (Lucy)]]

| 3.2 Ma

| ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]''

| November 30, 1974

| [[Etiopia]]

| [[Donald Johanson]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/al444-2.html AL444-2<br />image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[AL 444-2]]

| 3 Ma

| ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]''

| 1991

| [[Etiopia]]

| [[Bill Kimbel]]

|}

[[en:Serum iron]]

== Tra 3 e 2 milioni di anni==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|- style="background:#efefef;"

! Immagine

! Nome

! Età

! Specie

! Data<br />della scoperta

! Luogo del ritrovamento

! Scoperto da

|-

| [[File:Australopithecus africanus-Mrs. Ples.jpg|100px]]

| [[Mrs. Ples|STS 5<br />(Mrs. Ples)]]

| 2.6 - 2.8 Ma

| ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]''

| 1947

| [[Sud Africa]]

| [[Robert Broom]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/sts14.html STS 14<br />image at Modern<br /> Human Origins]

| [[STS 14]]

| 2.6-2.8 Ma

| ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]''

| 1947

| [[Sud Africa]]

| [[Robert Broom]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/sts52.html STS 52<br />image at Modern<br /> Human Origins]

| STS 52

|

| ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]''

|

|

|

|-

|

| [[STS 71]]

| 2.5 Ma

| ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]''

| 1947

| [[Sud Africa]]

| [[Robert Broom]]

|-

| [[File:Australopithecus africanus.jpg|100px]]

| [[Taung 1|Taung 1<br />(Taung Child)]]

| 2.5 Ma

| ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]''

| 1924

| [[Sud Africa]]

| [[Raymond Dart]]

|-

| [[File:Paranthropus aethiopicus.JPG|100px]]

| [[KNM WT 17000|KNM WT 17000<br />(The Black Skull)]]

| 2.5 Ma

| ''[[Paranthropus aethiopicus]]''

| 1985

| [[Kenya]]

| [[Alan Walker (anthropologist)|Alan Walker]]

|-

| [http://www.weirdasianews.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/wushan-man-01.jpg Wushan Man<br />image]

| [[Wushan Man]]

| 2-2.04 Ma

| ''[[Homo erectus]]''

| 1986

| [[Cina]]

|

|-

|

|[[TM 1517]]

| 2 Ma

| ''[[Australopithecus robustus]]''

| 1938

| [[Sud Africa]]

| Gert Terblanche

|-

|}

== Tra 2 e 1 milione di anni ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|- style="background:#efefef;"

! Immagine

! Nome

! Età

! Specie

! Data<br />della scoperta

! Luogo del ritrovamento

! Scoperto da

|-

| [[File:Homo habilis-KNM ER 1813.jpg|100px]]

| [[KNM ER 1813]]

| 1.9 Ma

| ''[[Homo habilis]]''

| 1973

| [[Kenya]]

| [[Kamoya Kimeu]]

|-

| [[File:Homo rudolfensis.jpg|100px]]

| [[KNM ER 1470]]

| 1.9 Ma

| ''[[Homo rudolfensis]]''

| 1972

| [[Kenya]]

| [[Bernard Ngeneo]]

|-

|

| [[SK 48]]

| 1.8 Ma

| ''[[Australopithecus robustus]]''

| 1948

| [[Sud Africa]]

| [[Robert Broom]]

|-

|

| [[OH 24|OH 24<br />(Twiggy)]]

| 1.8 Ma

| ''[[Homo habilis]]''

| 1968

| [[Tanzania]]

| Peter Nzube

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/oh8.html OH 8 Image<br />of foot at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| OH 8

| 1.8 Ma

| ''[[Homo habilis]]''

| 1960

| [[Tanzania]]

|

|-

| [[File:Australopithecus boisei skull.jpg|100px]]

| [[OH 5|OH 5<br />(Zinj or<br />nutcracker man)]]

| 1.8 Ma

| ''[[Paranthropus boisei]]''

| 1959

| [[Tanzania]]

| [[Mary Leakey]]

|-

| [[File:Dmanisi cranium D2700 (B).jpg|100px]]

| [[D 2700]]

| 1.8 Ma

| ''[[Homo georgicus]]''

| 2001

| [[Georgia (nazione)|Georgia]]

|

|-

|

| [[OH 7]]

| 1.75 Ma

| ''[[Homo habilis]]''

| 1960

| [[Tanzania]]

| [[Jonathan Leakey]]

|-

| [[File:Homo ergaster.jpg|100px]]

| [[KNM ER 3733]]

| 1.75 Ma

| ''[[Homo ergaster]]''

| 1975

| Kenya

| Bernard Ngeneo

|-

|

| [[KNM ER 1805]]

| 1.74 Ma

| ''[[Homo habilis]]''

|

| [[Koobi Fora]], [[Kenya]]

|

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/stw53.html STW 53<br />image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[StW 53]]

| 1.5 - 2 Ma

| ''[[Homo habilis]]'' sensu Lato<br /> or<br />unclassified<br /> see Grine et al. 1996

| 1976

| [[Sud Africa]]

| [[A. R. Hughes]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/sk847.html SK 847<br />image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[SK 847]]

| 1.5 - 2 Ma

|''[[Homo habilis]]'' sensu Lato<br /> or<br />unclassified<br /> see Grine et al. 1996

| 1949

| [[Sud Africa]]

|

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/dnh7.html DNH 7<br />image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[DNH 7|DNH 7<br />(Eurydice)]]

| 1.5 - 2 Ma

| ''[[Australopithecus robustus]]''

| 1994

| [[Sud Africa]]

| [[André Keyser]]

|-

|

| [[SK 46]]

| 1.5-2 Ma

| ''[[Australopithecus robustus]]''

| 1949

| [[Sud Africa]]

| [[Robert Broom]]

|-

|

| OH 13

| 1.7 Ma

| ''[[Homo habilis]]''

| 1963

| [[Tanzania]]

| [[N. Mbuika]]

|-

|

| [[KNM ER 406]]

| 1.7 Ma

| ''[[Paranthropus boisei]]''

| 1969

| [[Kenya]]

| [[Richard Leakey]]

|-

|

| [[KNM ER 732]]

| 1.7 Ma

| ''[[Paranthropus boisei]]''

| 1970

| [[Kenya]]

| [[Richard Leakey]]

|-

|

| [[KNM ER 23000]]

|

|

|

|

|

|-

|

| [[KNM WT 17400]]

| 1.7 Ma

| ''[[Paranthropus boisei]]''

|

| [[Kenya]]

|

|-

| [[File:Turkana Boy.jpg|100px]]

| [[Turkana Boy|KNM WT 15000<br />(Turkana Boy)]]

| 1.6 Ma

| ''[[Homo erectus]]''<br /> or<br />''[[Homo ergaster]]''

| 1984

| [[Kenya]]

| [[Kamoya Kimeu]]

|-

|

| [[KNM ER 3883]]

| 1.4 - 1.6 Ma

| ''[[Homo erectus]]''

|

| [[Kenya]]

| [[Richard Leakey]]

|-

|

| [[Peninj Mandible]]

| 1.5 Ma

| ''[[Paranthropus boisei]]''

| 1964

| [[Tanzania]]

| [[Richard Leakey]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/oh9.html Chellean OH 9<br /> Image at<br />Modern Human<br /> Origins]

| [[OH 9|OH 9<br />(Chellean Man)]]

| 1.5 Ma

| ''[[Homo erectus]]''

| 1960

| [[Tanzania]]

| [[Louis Leakey]]

|-

|

| [[KNM ER 992]]

| 1.5 Ma

| ''[[Homo ergaster]]''

| 1971

| [[Kenya]]

| [[Richard Leakey]]

|-

|

| [[KGA 10-525]]

| 1.4 Ma

| ''[[Paranthropus boisei]]''

| 1993

| [[Etiopia]]

| [[A. Amzaye]]

|-

|}

== Tra 1 milione e 100.000 anni==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|- style="background:#efefef;"

! Immagine

! Nome

! Età

! Specie

! Data<br />della scoperta

! Luogo del ritrovamento

! Scoperto da

|-

|

| [[Sangiran 4]]

| < 1 Ma

| ''[[Homo erectus]]''

| 1939

| [[Indonesia]]

| [[G.H.R. von Koenigswald]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/sangiran2.html Sangiran 2<br />image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Sangiran 2]]

| 0.7-1.6 Ma

| ''[[Homo erectus]]''

| 1937

| [[Indonesia]]

| [[G.H.R. von Koenigswald]]

|-

|

| [[Trinil 2|Trinil 2<br />Pithecanthropus-1<br />or <br />Java Man]]

| .7 - 1 Ma

| ''[[Homo erectus]]''

| 1891

| [[Indonesia]]

| [[Eugène Dubois]]

|-

| [[File:Homo antecessor.jpg|100px]]

|

| 780 - 858k

| ''[[Homo antecessor]]''<br /> or <br />''[[Homo erectus]]''

| 1994

| [[Atapuerca]], [[Spagna]]

| [[José María Bermúdez de Castro|Bermúdez]] & [[Juan Luis Arsuaga|Arsuaga]]

|-

| [[File:Peking Man Skull (replica) presented at Paleozoological Museum of China.jpg|100px]]

| [[Peking Man]]

| 680 - 780k

| ''[[Homo erectus]]''

| 1921

| [[Cina]]

| [[Davidson Black]]

|-

|

| [[Ternifine 2-3]]

| 700k

| ''[[Homo erectus]]''

| 1954

| [[Algeria]]

| C. Arambourg

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/sangiran17.html Sangiran 17<br />image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Sangiran 17]]

| 700k

| ''[[Homo erectus]]''

| 1969

| [[Indonesia]]

| S. Sartono

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/pa830.html Hexian PA830<br />image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Hexian]]

| 400 - 500k

| ''[[Homo erectus]]''

| 1980

| [[Cina]]

|

|-

| [[File:Homo heidelbergensis-Cranium -5.jpg|100px]]

| [[Miguelón|Skull 5 (Miguelón)]]

| 400k

| ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''

| 1992

| [[Atapuerca]], [[Spagna]]

| [[José María Bermúdez de Castro|Bermúdez]], [[Juan Luis Arsuaga|Arsuaga]] & [[Eudald Carbonell|Carbonell]]

|-

|

| [[Altamura Man]]

| 400k

| ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''

|

| [[Altamura]], [[Italia]]

|

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/bodo.html Bodo<br /> image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Bodo (fossil)|Bodo]]

| 600k

| ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''<br /> or <br />''[[Homo erectus]]''

| 1976

| [[Etiopia]]

| [[A. Asfaw]]

|-

| [[File:Unterkiefer von Mauer (Replika).JPG|100px]]

| [[Mauer 1|Mauer 1<br />(Heidelberg Man)]]

| 500k

| ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''

| 1907

| [[Germania]]

| Daniel Hartmann

|-

|

| [[Ndutu]]

|

|

|

|

|

|-

|

| [[Sale (fossil)|Sale]]

|

|

|

|

|

|-

| [https://www.msu.edu/~heslipst/contents/ANP440/images/Saldanha.JPG Saldanha man]

| [[Saldanha man]]

| 500k

| ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''

| 1953

| [[Sud Africa]]

|

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/aragoxxi.html Arago XXI<br />image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Arago 21|Arago 21<br />(Tautavel Man)]]

| 400k

| ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''<br /> or <br />''[[Homo erectus]]''

| 1971

| [[Francia]]

| [[Henry de Lumley]]

|-

| [[File:Steinheimer Urmensch Schaedel.jpg|100px]]

| [[Steinheim Skull]]

| 350k

| ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''<br /> or <br />''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''

| 1933

| [[Germania]]

|

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/petralona1.html Petralona 1<br />image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Petralona 1]]

| 250 - 500k

| ''[[Homo erectus]]''<br /> or <br />''[[Homo rhodesiensis]]''

| 1960

| [[Grecia]]

|

|-

|

| [[Swanscombe Man]]

| 250k

| ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''<br /> or <br />''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''

| 1935

| [[Inghilterra]]

| [[Alvan T Marston]]

|-

|

| [[Ngandong 7]]

| 250k

| ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''<br /> or <br />''[[Homo erectus]]''

| 1931

| [[Indonesia]]

| [[C. ter Haar]] and [[G. H. R. von Koenigswald]]

|-

|

| [[Kabwe Cranium|Broken Hill 1<br />(Kabwe Cranium<br /> or <br />Rhodesian Man)]]

| 125 - 300k

| ''[[Homo rhodesiensis]]''<br /> or <br />''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''

| 1921

| [[Zambia]]

| Tom Zwiglaar

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/dali.html Dali<br />image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Dali (fossil)]]

| 209k

| ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''<br /> or <br />''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1978

| [[Cina]]

| [[Shuntang Liu]]

|-

|

| [[LH 18]]

|

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1976

| [[Tanzania]]

| [[Mary Leakey]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/omo1.html Omo 1<br />Image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Omo remains|Omo 1]]

| 190k

| ''[[Homo sapiens]]''

| 1967-1974

| [[Etiopia]]

| [[Richard Leakey]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/omo2.html Omo II<br />Image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Omo remains|Omo 2]]

| ?

| ''[[Homo rhodesiensis]]''<br /> or <br />'''[[Homo sapiens]]''

| ?

| [[Etiopia]]

| [[Richard Leakey]]

|-

| [http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s877478.htm Herto skull<br />images at<br />ABC Science]

| [[Homo sapiens idaltu|Herto remains]]

| 160k

| ''[[Homo sapiens idaltu]]''

| 1997 - 2003

| [[Middle Awash]] [[Etiopia]]

| [[Tim White (anthropologist)|Tim White]]

|-

|

| [[Jebel Irhoud|Jebel Irhoud 1]]

| 160k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| circa 1991

| [[Jebel Irhoud]], [[Marocco]]

|

|-

|

| [[Jebel Irhoud|Jebel Irhoud 2]]

| 160k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| circa 1991

| [[Jebel Irhoud]], [[Marocco]]

|

|-

| [http://www.physorg.com/news93013922.html Jebel Irhoud 3<br />Mandible<br />Image at<br />PhysOrg.com]

| [[Jebel Irhoud|Jebel Irhoud 3]]

| 160k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| circa 1991

| [[Jebel Irhoud]], [[Marocco]]

|

|-

|

| [[Jebel Irhoud|Jebel Irhoud 4]]

| 160k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| after 1991

| [[Jebel Irhoud]], [[Marocco]]

|

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/tabun1.html Tabun 1<br />Image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Tabun C1]]

| 120k

| ''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''

| 1967-1972

| [[Israele]]

| Arthur Jelinek

|-

|}

== Tra 100.000 e 50.000 anni==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|- style="background:#efefef;"

! Immagine

! Nome

! Età

! Specie

! Data<br />della scoperta

! Luogo del ritrovamento

! Scoperto da

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/klasies.html Klasies<br />Images at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Klasies River Caves]]

| 125 - 75k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1960 onwards

| [[Sud Africa]]

| [[Ray Inskeep]], [[Robin Singer]], [[John Wymer]], [[Hilary Deacon]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/krapinac.html Krapina C<br />Images at<br />Modern Human<br /> Origins]

| [[Krapina]]

| 100k

| ''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''

| 1899

| [[Croazia]]

| [[Dragutin Gorjanovic-Kramberger|Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger]]

|-

| [[File:Skhul.JPG|100px]]

| [[Skhul remains|Skhul V]]

| 90 - 100k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1933

| [[Es Skhul]], [[Monte Carmelo]], [[Israele]]

| T. McCown and H. Moivus, Jr.

|-

| [[File:Qafzeh.JPG|100px]]

| [[Qafzeh|Qafzeh IX]]

| 90 - 100k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''[http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/qafzeh9.html]

| 1933

| [[Qafzeh]], [[Israele]]

| T. McCown and H. Moivus, Jr.

|-

|

| [[Es Skhul|Skhul IX]]

|

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]] ?''

|

| [[Es Skhul]], [[Monte Carmelo]], [[Israele]]

|

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/qafzeh6.html Qafzeh VI<br />Image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Qafzeh]] VI

| 90 - 100k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1933

| [[Nazareth]], [[Israele]]

| T. McCown and H. Moivus, Jr.

|-

| [[File:Ferrassie skull.jpg|100px]]

| [[La Ferrassie 1]]

| 70k

| ''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''

| September 17, 1909

| [[Francia]]

| R. Capitan and D. Peyrony

|-

|

| [[La Quina 5]]

| 40-55k

| ''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''

|

| [[Francia]]

|

|-

|

| [[La Quina 18]]

| 40-55k

| ''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''

|

| [[Francia]]

|

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/circeo.html Mount Circeo 1<br />Image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Mt. Circeo 1]]

| 40 - 60k

| ''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''

| 1939

| [[Italia]]

| Prof. Blanc

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/saccopastore1.html Saccopastore 1<br />Image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Saccopastore 1]]

| 60k

| ''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''

|

| [[Italia]]

|

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/gibraltar1.html Gibraltar 1<br />Image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Gibraltar 1]]

|

| ''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''

| 1848

| [[Gibilterra]]

| Lieutenant Flint

|-

|

| [[Shanidar 1]]

| 60 - 80k

| ''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''

| 1961

| [[Iraq]]

| [[Ralph Solecki]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/amud1.html Amud 1<br />Image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Amud 1]]

|

| ''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''

|

| [[Israele]]

|

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/amud7.html Amud 7<br />Image at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Amud 7]]

|

| ''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''

|

| [[Israele]]

|

|-

| [[File:Homo sapiens neanderthalensis.jpg|100px]]

| [[La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1]]

| 60k

| ''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''

| August 3, 1908

| [[Francia]]

| A. and J. Bouyssonie and L. Bardon

|-

|}

== Meno di 50.000 anni==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|- style="background:#efefef;"

! Immagine

! Nome

! Età

! Specie

! Data<br />della scoperta

! Luogo del ritrovamento

! Scoperto da

|-

| [[File:Mungo Man.jpg|100px]]

| [[Mungo Man]]

| 60 - 40k

| ''[[Homo sapiens]]''

| 1974

| [[Australia]]

|

|-

|

| [[Le Moustier]]

| 45k

| ''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''

| 1909

| [[Francia]]

|

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/neanderthal1.html Neanderthal 1<br />images at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Neanderthal 1]]

| 40k

| ''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''

| 1856

| [[Germania]]

| [[Johann Carl Fuhlrott]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/qafzeh6.html Qafzeh VI<br />images at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Jebel Qafzeh 6]]

| 92 - 115k or 30 - 55k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1930's

| [[Israele]]

| [[R. Neuville]] [[M Stekelis]]

|-

|

| [[NG 6]]

| 27 - 53k

| ''[[Homo erectus]]''

| 1931

| [[Indonesia]]

| [[C. ter Haar]] and [[GHR von Koenigswald]]

|-

|

| [[Hofmeyr Skull]]

| 36k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1952

| [[Sud Africa]]

|-

| [http://news.softpedia.com/newsImage/Experts-Recreate-the-Face-of-the-First-European-2.jpg/ Images of Peştera cu Oase]

| [[Peştera cu Oase]]

| 36k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 2002

| [[Romania]]

|-

|

| [[Yamashita_Cave_Man|Yamashita-Cho Man]]

| 32k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1962/1968

| Naha, [[Okinawa]], [[Giappone]]

|

|-

|

| [[Cro-Magnon 1]]

| 30k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1868

| [[Francia]]

| [[Louis Lartet]]

|-

|

| [[Combe Capelle]]

| 30 - 35k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1909

| [[Francia]]

| [[O. Hauser]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/predmosti3.html Predmosti 3<br />images at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Predmost 3]]

| 26k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1894

| [[Cecoslovacchia]]

| [[K.J. Maska]]

|-

| [[File:Homo floresiensis.jpg|100px]]

| [[Homo floresiensis|LB 1 (Hobbit)]]

| 18k

| ''[[Homo floresiensis]]'' <br /> or <br /> ''[[Homo erectus]]'' <br /> or ?

| 2003

| [[Indonesia]]

| [[Peter Brown]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/minatogawa1.html Minatogawa 1<br />images at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Minatogawa Man|Minatogawa 1]]

| 16 - 18k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1970

| [[Okinawa]], [[Giappone]]

|

|-

|

| [[Tandou]]

| 15k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1967

| [[Australia]]

| [[Duncan Merrilees]]

|-

|

| [[Wadi Kubbaniya]]

| 8 - 20k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1982

| [[Egitto]]

| [[Fred Wendorf]]

|-

| [http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/kowswamp1.html Kow Swamp 1<br />images at<br />Modern Human<br />Origins]

| [[Kow Swamp 1]]

| 9k - 13k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1968

| [[Australia]]

| [[A.G. Thorne]]

|-

|

| [[Afalou 13]]

| 8k - 12k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1920's

| [[Algeria]]

| [[C. Arambourg]]

|-

|

| [[Wadi Halfa 25]]

| 6k - 12k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1963

| [[Sudan]]

| [[G. Armelagos]], [[E. Ewing]], [[D. Greene]]

|-

|

| [[Wadjak 1]]

| 10 - 12k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1888

| [[Indonesia]]

| [[Eugene Dubois]]

|-

|

| [[Tepexpan Man]]

| 11k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1947

| [[Messico]]

| [[Hellmut de Terra|H. de Terra]]

|-

|

| [[Cerro Sota 2]]

| 11k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1936

| [[Cile]]

| [[Junius Bird]]

|-

|

| [[SDM 16704]]

| 4.9k - 11.8k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1929

| [[United States]]

| [[M.J. Rogers]]

|-

|

| [[Lo 4b]]

| 6k - 9k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1965-1975

|

|[[H. Robbins]] [[B.M. Lynch]]

|-

| <!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[File:OetzitheIceman.jpg|100px]] -->

| [[Ötzi the Iceman]]

| 5.3k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1991

| [[Ötztal Alps]] (al confine tra Italia e Austria)

| Helmut and Erika Simon

|-

|

| [[Kerma 27]]

| 3.5k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1913-1916

| [[Sudan]]

| [[G.A. Reisner]]

|-

|

| [[Five Knolls 18]]

| 1.5k - 3.5k

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1925-1929

| [[Inghilterra]]

|

|-

|

| [[Humboldt Sink]]

| <1500 years

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]

|

| [[Stati Uniti]]

|

|-

|

| [[SCDG K102]]

| 300 - 400 years

| ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''

| 1982

| [[Stati Uniti]]

| [[C.S. Larsen]]

|-

|}

== Abbreviazioni utilizzate nell'elenco dei nomi ==

*AL - Afar Locality, Ethiopia

*ARA-VP - Aramis Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia

*BOU-VP - Bouri Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia

*ER - East (Lake) Rudolf, Kenya

*KGA - Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia

*KNM - Kenya National Museum

*KP - Kanapoi, Kenya

*OH - Olduvai Hominid, Tanzania

*SK - Swartkrans, South Africa

*Sts,Stw - Sterkfontein, South Africa

*TM - Transvaal Museum, South Africa

*TM - Toros-Menalla, Chad

*WT - West (Lake) Turkana, Kenya

==Note==

<references/>

[[ca:Llista de fòssils humans]]

[[en:List of human evolution fossils]]

[[de:Liste homininer Fossilien]]

[[ro:Listă de fosile umane]]

[[sv:Lista över fossil ur människans evolution]]

[[Categoria:Ominidi]]

[[Categoria:Paleoantropologia]]

[[Categoria:Paleontologia]]

[[Categoria:Mammiferi fossili]]