Hillman Avenger and Timeline of chess: Difference between pages

Revision as of 10:58, 24 April 2004

Revision as of 12:59, 10 May 2004

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==Early history==

The '''Hillman Avenger''' is a compact [[automobile]] manufactured by the [[Rootes|Rootes Group]], and latterly Chrysler Europe. It has been produced under various guises and badges over a production run that lasted over 15-years.

(''See also:'' [[Origins of chess]])

* [[6th century]] - [[Chaturanga]], the earliest form of chess, originated in northwest [[India]].

Introduced in [[1970]], the Avenger was significant as it was the first and last car to be developed by Rootes after the [[Chrysler]] takeover in [[1967]]. Stylistically, and from an engineering perspective the Avenger broke very little new ground, being available in 4-door [[sedan]] or 5-door [[station wagon]] body styles, using 4-cylinder overhead valve [[engines]] in 1.3 or 1.5 litre capacities driving a [[leaf spring]] suspended [[live axle]] at the rear wheels.

* [[600]] CE - A reference in the Karnamuk-i-Artakhshatr-i-Papakan is the earliest surviving evidence of Chess.

* ca. [[720]] CE - Chess is brought to the Muslim world.

* ca. [[840]] CE - First chess problems by Caliph [[Billah]] of [[Baghdad]].

* ca. [[900]] CE - Entry on Chess in the [[China|Chinese]] work [[Huan Kwai Lu]].

* [[997]] CE - [[Versus de scachis]] is the earliest known work mentioning chess in Christian Western Europe.

* [[1008]] - Mention of chess in the will of Count Uregel, another early reference.

* [[10th century]] - [[As-Suli]] writes [[Kitab Ash-Shatranj]], the earliest known work to take a scientific approach to chess strategy.

* late [[10th century]] - Dark and light squares are introduced on a chessboard.

* [[1173]] - First recorded use of [[algebraic notation]].

* late [[13th century]] - Pawns can now move two ranks on first move.

* [[1422]] - A manuscript from [[Kraków]] sets the rule that [[stalemate]] is a draw.

* [[1471]] - The Gottingen manuscript is the first book to deal solely with chess.

* [[1474]] - [[William Caxton]] publishes ''The Game and Playe of Chesse'', the first chess book in English.

* [[1490]] - The [[en passant]] rule is introduced.

* [[1497]] - [[Lucena]] publishes the first European work on chess openings.

* [[1561]] - [[Ruy Lopez]] coins the word ''gambit'' to describe opening sacrifices.

* [[1690]] - Openings are now systematically classified by the ''Traite de Lausanne''.

==Modern history==

The engines and transmissions were in fact, all new and owed nothing to its larger brother, the [[Hillman Hunter|Hunter]] or "Arrow" series. The Avenger was a steady seller in the [[1970's]], going head-to-head with the [[Ford Escort]] and [[Vauxhall Viva]]. Chrysler wanted the Avenger to be a "world car", and took the ambitous step of marketing the Avenger as the [[Plymouth Cricket]] in the [[United States]], but poor build quality, unreliability plus American apathy towards small cars saw it being withdrawn after only two years.

*[[1744]] - [[François-André Danican Philidor|Philidor]] plays two opponents blindfolded in Paris.

*[[1763]] - [[William Jones]] invents [[Caissa]], the chess muse.

*[[1769]] - Baron [[Wolfgang von Kempelen]] builds the [[Mechanical Turk]].

*[[1783]] - Philidor plays as much as three games simultaneously without seeing the board.

*[[1802]] - First American chess book, ''Chess Made Easy'', by J. Humphreys.

*[[1813]] - The [[Liverpool Mercury]] prints the world earliest chess column.

*[[1824]] - First English correspondence match, London-Edinburgh.

*[[1830]] - First recorded instance of a modern female chess player (an American from [[Philadelphia]]).

*[[1834]] - First international challenge match: McDonnell (England) v de la Bourdonnais (France) at the Westminster Chess Club, London.

*[[1840]] - Postal stamps with chess motifs begin to appear.

*[[1845]] - Telegraph is used to transmit moves in a match between London and Portsmouth.

*[[1846]] - ''Deutsche Schachzeitung'' is the first German chess magazine.

*[[1848]] - Earliest known instance of a game played between blind players.

*[[1849]] - [[Staunton set]] created by [[Nathaniel Cook]].

*[[1852]] - Sandglasses are first used to time a game.

*[[1857]] - First American Chess Congress, won by [[Paul Morphy|Morphy]].

*[[1857]] - The UK Chess Association is formed.

*[[1861]] - Games can now be played via transoceanic cables (Dublin-Liverpool).

*[[1867]] - Mechanical clocks are introduced in tournament play.

*[[1870]] - First tournament in Germany (Baden-Baden).

*[[1871]] - Durand publishes the first book on endgames.

*[[1873]] - The [[Sonneborn-Berger system]] is first used in a tournament.

*[[1877]] - Formation of the [[Deutsche Schachbund]].

*[[1883]] - Invention of the [[Forsyth notation]].

*[[1886]] - First official match for the champion title between [[Wilhelm Steinitz|Steinitz]] and [[Johannes Zukertort|Zukertort]].

*[[1888]] - First international correspondence tournament.

*[[1888]] - USA Championship starts.

*[[1894]] - [[Emmanuel Lasker]] defeats [[Wilhelm Steinitz|Steinitz]] in a world championship match.

*[[1899]] - Chess clocks now have timeout flags.

*[[1902]] - First radio chess match by two American ships.

*[[1905]] - British national championship for women starts.

*[[1910]] - [[José Raúl Capablanca|Capablanca]] is the first to win a major tournament (in New York) with a 100% score.

*[[1911]] - The first simultaneous display with more than 100 participants.

*[[1913]] - Publication of [[Harold Murray]]'s monumental book ''A History of Chess''.

*[[1913]] - The grasshopper is the first [[fairy piece]] invented, having its origin in the Renaissance "leaping queen".

*[[1919]] - Capablanca plays a simultane in the [[House of Commons]] against 39 players.

*[[1921]] - British correspondence championship starts.

*[[1924]] - Establishment of [[FIDE]].

*[[1924]] - [[Staunton set]] officially adopted by [[FIDE]].

*[[1927]] - First official [[Chess Olympiad]] in [[London]].

*[[1935]] - [[Alexander Alekhine|Alekhine]] loses his champion title to [[Max Euwe]].

*[[1937]] - A record for simultaneous blindfold play against 34 opponents.

*[[1949]] - [[Claude Shannon]] speculates on how computers might play chess.

*[[1950]] - Candidates tournaments start.

*[[1951]] - [[Chess World Junior Championship]] starts.

*[[1952]] - [[Soviet Union]] begins their string of Olympiad victories in Helsinki.

*[[1977]] - [[Nona Gaprindashvili]] wins the men's tournament at [[Lone Pine]].

*[[1996]] - [[Deep Blue]] beats [[Garry Kasparov|Kasparov]] in the first game won by a chess-playing computer against a reigning world champion under normal chess tournament conditions.