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[[Image:Map of Gloucester County highlighting Glassboro.png|right|thumb|250px|Glassboro highlighted in Gloucester County. Inset map: Gloucester County highlighted in the State of New Jersey.]]
[[Image:Thames tunnels.png|right]]
'''Glassboro''' is a borough located in [[Gloucester County, New Jersey]]. As of the [[2000]] census, the borough had a total population of 19,068.
During the [[Cold War]], U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] met with Soviet Premier [[Aleksei Kosygin]] from [[June 23]] to [[June 25]], [[1967]] in Glassboro for a three-day summit conference. They met at Glassboro State College, later renamed [[Rowan University]]. The ___location was chosen as a compromise. Kosygin, having agreed to address the [[United Nations]] in [[New York City]], wanted to meet in New York City. Johnson, wary of encountering protests against the [[Vietnam War]], preferred to meet in [[Washington, D.C.]] They agreed on Glassboro because it was equidistant between the two cities. The generally amicable atmosphere of the summit was referred to as the "Spirit of Glassboro," although the leaders failed to reach agreement on limiting [[anti-ballistic missile]] systems.
There are many '''tunnels underneath the [[River Thames]]''' in and near [[London]], one of the most tunnelled cities in the world. The tunnels are used for road vehicles, pedestrians, [[London Underground|Tube]] and railway lines, and utilities. Several are over a century old; the first, the [[Thames Tunnel]], was the world's first underwater tunnel.
[[Betty Castor]] was born and grew up in Glassboro.
These tunnels are, from east (downstream) to west (upstream):
== Geography ==
# [[Dartford Crossing|Dartford Tunnel]] (twin tunnels constructed in 1963 and 1980). Also the '''Dartford Cable Tunnel''', a circa 3 metre diameter tunnel built upstream of the Dartford Tunnels in 2003-4 and designed to carry and allow for maintenance of 400kV national electrical grid cable beneath the Thames.
Glassboro is located at 39°42'21" North, 75°6'60" West (39.705914, -75.116651)[[Geographic references|<sup>1</sup>]].
# [[Woolwich foot tunnel]] (between [[Woolwich]] and [[North Woolwich]] - [[1912]])
# [[Jubilee Line]] tunnel (between [[North Greenwich tube station|North Greenwich]] and [[Canning Town station|Canning Town]] - [[1999]])
# [[Blackwall Tunnel]]s (between [[North Greenwich]] and [[Poplar, London|Poplar]] - [[Alexander Binnie]], [[1897]]; second bore [[1967]])
# [[Jubilee Line]] tunnel (between [[Canary Wharf tube station|Canary Wharf]] and [[North Greenwich tube station|North Greenwich]] - [[1999]])
# [[Docklands Light Railway]] (between [[Island Gardens DLR station|Island Gardens]] and [[Cutty Sark DLR station|Cutty Sark]] - [[1999]])
# [[Greenwich foot tunnel]] (between [[Millwall]] and [[Greenwich]] - [[Alexander Binnie]], [[1902]])
# [[Jubilee Line]] tunnel (between [[Canada Water tube station|Canada Water]] and [[Canary Wharf tube station|Canary Wharf]] - [[1999]])
# [[Rotherhithe Tunnel]] (between [[Rotherhithe]] and [[Limehouse]] - Maurice Fitzmaurice, [[1908]])
# [[Thames Tunnel]] (between [[Wapping tube station|Wapping]] and [[Rotherhithe tube station|Rotherhithe]]) ([[Marc Brunel]], [[1843]]; the world's first underwater tunnel, now part of the [[East London Line]])
# [[Tower Subway]] ([[Peter W. Barlow]] and [[James Henry Greathead]], [[1870]]; originally the world's first underground tube railway, then a foot tunnel, it now carries pipes and fibre-optic cables)
# [[Northern Line]] (City branch) tunnel ([[1900]])
# [[Waterloo & City Line]] tunnel ([[1898]])
# [[Northern Line]] (Charing Cross branch) tunnel ([[1926]])
# [[Bakerloo Line]] tunnel ([[1906]])
# [[Jubilee Line]] tunnel (between [[Westminster tube station|Westminster]] and [[Waterloo station|Waterloo]]; [[1999]])
# [[Victoria Line]] tunnel ([[1971]])
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the borough has a total area of 23.9 [[square kilometer|km²]] (9.2 [[square mile|mi²]]). 23.9 km² (9.2 mi²) of it is land and 0.11% is water.
A tunnel for high-speed trains is under construction between [[Ebbsfleet]] in [[Kent]] and [[Stratford, London|Stratford]] in [[Newham]] as part of the [[Channel Tunnel Rail Link]]. It is due to be completed in [[2007]] and will be downstream of all the other river crossings.
Glassboro borders [[Elk Township, New Jersey|Elk Township]], [[Clayton, New Jersey|Clayton]], [[Monroe Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey|Monroe Township]], [[Washington Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey|Washington Township]], [[Pitman, New Jersey|Pitman]], [[Mantua Township, New Jersey|Mantua Township]], and [[Harrison Township, New Jersey|Harrison Township]].
A further tunnel is due to be built for the proposed Docklands Light Railway extension to [[Woolwich]], with an anticipated completion date in [[2008]]. If the [[Crossrail]] project goes ahead, yet another tunnel will be built around [[2010]] between North Woolwich and Woolwich to carry trains from north [[Kent]] to the [[Isle of Dogs]] and central London. [[Transport for London]] has also proposed building a crossing between Silvertown and North Greenwich, preferably a tunnel, but if this is ever constructed it is unlikely to open before [[2015]].
== Demographics ==
London's abundance of river tunnels has resulted from a number of factors. For historical reasons, the city centre has relatively few railway bridges (or for that matter mainline railway stations). Only three railway bridges exist in central London, only one of which provides through services across the capital. Consequently, railway builders have had to tunnel under the river in the city centre rather than bridge it. By contrast, railway bridges are relatively common to the west of the inner city.
As of the [[census]] of [[2000]], there are 19,068 people, 6,225 households, and 4,046 families residing in the borough. The [[population density]] is 799.4/km² (2,071.3/mi²). There are 6,555 housing units at an average density of 274.8/km² (712.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the borough is 74.53% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 19.47% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.17% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2.31% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.09% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.48% from other races, and 1.95% from two or more races. 3.82% of the population are [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race.
There are 6,225 households out of which 32.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% are married couples living together, 14.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 35.0% are non-families. 23.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.66 and the average family size is 3.17.
Another historical factor has been the presence of the [[Port of London]], which until the [[1980s]] required large ships to be able to access the river as far upstream as the [[City of London]]. Until [[1991]], the easternmost bridge on the Thames was [[Tower Bridge]] in central London. Even now, the [[Dartford Crossing]] provides the only way to cross the Thames by road between London and the sea (with predictable results for traffic congestion). The width of the river downstream meant that tunnels were the only options for crossings before improvements in technology allowed the construction of high bridges such as the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge at Dartford. The demise of the Port of London as a trading port has significantly opened up the possibilities for further bridges to be built east of Tower Bridge, as very high clearances (i.e. over about 150 feet) are no longer required for vessels upstream of Dartford.
In the borough the population is spread out with 22.1% under the age of 18, 25.6% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 16.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 27 years. For every 100 females there are 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 89.3 males.
==See also==
* [[Crossings of the River Thames]]
* [[Subterranean London]]
The median income for a household in the borough is $44,992, and the median income for a family is $55,246. Males have a median income of $40,139 versus $30,358 for females. The per capita income for the borough is $18,113. 15.2% of the population and 8.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 15.6% are under the age of 18 and 7.9% are 65 or older.
[[Category:Tunnels]]
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