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[[Image:Map of Gloucester County highlighting Glassboro.png|right|thumb|250px|Glassboro highlighted in Gloucester County. Inset map: Gloucester County highlighted in the State of New Jersey.]]
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'''Glassboro''' is a borough located in [[Gloucester County, New Jersey]]. As of the [[2000]] census, the borough had a total population of 19,068.
|+<font size="+1">'''Mir'''</font>
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!colspan="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD"|Mission Insignia
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|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Image:Mir_insignia.jpg|center|thumb|200px|Mir Insignia]]
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!colspan="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD"|Mission Statistics
|-
|'''Mission Name:'''||Mir
|-
|'''Call Sign:'''||Mir
|-
|'''Launch:'''||[[February 19]], [[1986]]<br>21:28:23 [[UTC]]<br>Baikonur,<br>U.S.S.R
|-
|'''Reentry:'''||[[March 23]], [[2001]]<br>05:50:00 UTC
|-
|'''Crew:'''||28 long duration crews
|-
|'''Occupied''':||4,594 days
|-
|'''In Orbit:'''||5,511 days
|-
|'''Number of<br>Orbits:'''||~89,067
|-
|'''Apogee:'''||244 mi (393 km)
|-
|'''Perigee:'''||239 mi (385 km)
|-
|'''Period:'''||89.1 min
|-
|'''Inclination'''||51.6 deg
|-
|'''Distance<br>Traveled:'''||~2,260,840,632 mi<br>(~3,638,470,307 km)
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|'''Orbital Mass:'''||20,100 kg
|-
!colspan="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD"|Mir
|-
|}
[[Image:mirdream sts76.jpg|thumb|225px|This image was recorded by [[astronaut]]s as the [[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] approached the Russian space station prior to docking during the [[STS-76]] mission. Sporting spindly appendages and solar panels, Mir is hovering about 350 kilometers above [[New Zealand]]'s [[South Island]] and the city of [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]] near Cook Strait.]]
During the [[Cold War]], U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] met with Soviet Premier [[Aleksei Kosygin]] from [[June 23]] to [[June 25]], [[1967]] in Glassboro for a three-day summit conference. They met at Glassboro State College, later renamed [[Rowan University]]. The ___location was chosen as a compromise. Kosygin, having agreed to address the [[United Nations]] in [[New York City]], wanted to meet in New York City. Johnson, wary of encountering protests against the [[Vietnam War]], preferred to meet in [[Washington, D.C.]] They agreed on Glassboro because it was equidistant between the two cities. The generally amicable atmosphere of the summit was referred to as the "Spirit of Glassboro," although the leaders failed to reach agreement on limiting [[anti-ballistic missile]] systems.
'''Mir''' (Мир, which can mean both ''world'' and ''peace'' in [[Russian language|Russian]]) was a [[Russia|Russian]] [[space station]] that was humanity's first permanently inhabited [[space station]]. It was constructed in orbit by connecting different modules, each launched separately from [[February 19]], [[1986]] to [[1996]]. Mir was based upon the [[Salyut]] series of space stations previously launched by the [[Soviet Union]]. During the [[Shuttle-Mir]] Program, Russia's Mir combined its capabilities with [[United States]] [[space shuttle|space shuttles]]. The orbiting Mir provided a large and livable [[science|scientific]] [[laboratory ]]in [[outer space]]. The visiting [[space shuttle|space shuttles]] provided [[transportation]] and [[supply|supplies]], as well as temporary enlargements of living and working areas, creating history's largest [[spacecraft]], with a combined mass of 250 tons.
[[Betty Castor]] was born and grew up in Glassboro.
The 100-ton Mir was as big as six schoolbuses. Inside, it looked more like a cramped [[labyrinth]], crowded with hoses, cables and scientific instruments -- as well as articles of everyday life, such as [[photograph|photos]], children's drawings, [[book]]s and a [[guitar]]. It commonly housed three crewmembers, but it sometimes supported for up to a month as many as six, including the first [[Afghan]] [[astronaut]] [[Abdul Ahad Mohmand]]. Except for two short periods, Mir was continuously occupied until August [[1999]].
== Geography ==
The journey of the 15-year-old Russian space station ended [[March 23]], [[2001]], as Mir re-entered the [[Earth's atmosphere]] near [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]], and fell into the [[South Pacific]] ocean. Near the end of its life, there were plans for private interests to purchase Mir, possibly for use as the first orbital television/movie studio, but the station was deemed too unstable to be safely used any further. Many in the space community still felt that at least some of Mir was [[salvage|salvagable]] and considering the extremely high costs of getting material into orbit, simply disposing of Mir was a seriously wasted opportunity.
Glassboro is located at 39°42'21" North, 75°6'60" West (39.705914, -75.116651)[[Geographic references|<sup>1</sup>]].
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the borough has a total area of 23.9 [[square kilometer|km²]] (9.2 [[square mile|mi²]]). 23.9 km² (9.2 mi²) of it is land and 0.11% is water.
Mir hosted international scientists and U.S. [[astronaut]]s. It also supported a community of humans in orbit and symbolized the commonwealth of the Russian people.
Glassboro borders [[Elk Township, New Jersey|Elk Township]], [[Clayton, New Jersey|Clayton]], [[Monroe Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey|Monroe Township]], [[Washington Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey|Washington Township]], [[Pitman, New Jersey|Pitman]], [[Mantua Township, New Jersey|Mantua Township]], and [[Harrison Township, New Jersey|Harrison Township]].
Mir is also a city in [[Belarus]].
<br clear=all>
==Mir Modules==
== Demographics ==
[[Image:mir.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Mir space station]]
As of the [[census]] of [[2000]], there are 19,068 people, 6,225 households, and 4,046 families residing in the borough. The [[population density]] is 799.4/km² (2,071.3/mi²). There are 6,555 housing units at an average density of 274.8/km² (712.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the borough is 74.53% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 19.47% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.17% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2.31% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.09% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.48% from other races, and 1.95% from two or more races. 3.82% of the population are [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race.
There are 6,225 households out of which 32.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% are married couples living together, 14.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 35.0% are non-families. 23.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.66 and the average family size is 3.17.
The Mir space station was constructed by connecting several '''Mir modules''', each placed into orbit separately. The [[Mir Core Module]] (launched in [[1986]]) provided living quarters and station control. [[Kvant I]] ([[1987]]) and [[Kvant II]] ([[1989]]) contained scientific instruments and the crew's shower. [[Kristall]] ([[1990]]) extended Mir's scientific capabilities. [[Spektr]] ([[1995]]) served as the living and working space for American [[astronaut|astronauts]]. [[Priroda]] ([[1996]]) conducted Earth remote sensing. The Docking Module (1996) provided a safe and stable port for the space shuttle.
In the borough the population is spread out with 22.1% under the age of 18, 25.6% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 16.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 27 years. For every 100 females there are 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 89.3 males.
Before, during and after the Shuttle-Mir Program, Mir was tended and resupplied by manned [[Soyuz spacecraft|Soyuz]] capsules and unmanned [[Progress spacecraft|Progress]] vehicles.
The median income for a household in the borough is $44,992, and the median income for a family is $55,246. Males have a median income of $40,139 versus $30,358 for females. The per capita income for the borough is $18,113. 15.2% of the population and 8.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 15.6% are under the age of 18 and 7.9% are 65 or older.
In Russian, Mir means "peace," and connotes "community" and "village." Mir's modules and service vehicles had similar names. Kvant means "[[quantum]]," a name derived from its purpose to provide research in [[astrophysics]] by measuring [[electromagnetic spectrum|electromagnetic spectra]] and [[x-ray]] [[emission|emissions]]. Kristall means "[[crystal]]," and a main purpose of this module is to develop biological and materials production technologies in the space environment. Spektr means "[[spectrum]]," so named for its [[Earth's atmosphere|atmospheric]] [[sensor|sensors]]. Priroda means "nature." Progress means the same as it does in English. Soyuz means "union," so named for the [[U.S.S.R.]] (Sovietskii Soyuz = Soviet Union) and because the spacecraft was a union of three smaller modules.
==Phase One==
[[Image:Moonmir_sts91_big.jpg|thumb|250px|Mir and the [[Moon]], two satellites of the Earth]]
In June [[1992]], U.S. president [[George H. W. Bush]] and Russian president [[Boris Yeltsin]] agreed to join hands in [[space exploration]]: one U.S. [[astronaut]] would board Mir, two Russian [[astronaut|cosmonauts]] would board a [[space shuttle]]. September [[1993]] U.S. Vice-president [[Al Gore]] and Russian prime minister [[Viktor Chernomyrdin]] announced plans for a new space station, which would later be called the [[International Space Station]], or ISS. They also agreed that, in preparation for this new project, the U.S. would be largely involved in the Mir project in the years ahead, under the code name Phase One (the ISS being Phase Two). Space shuttles would take part in the transportation of supplies and people to and from the Mir. U.S. astronauts would live in the Mir for many months on end. Thus the U.S. could share and learn from the unique experience that Russia has with long duration space trips.
Starting March [[1995]] seven U.S. [[astronaut|astronauts]] consecutively spent 28 months on the Mir. During their stay the space station went through rough times and several acute emergencies occurred, notably a large fire on February 23 [[1997]], and a collision with a Progress (unmanned) cargo ship on June 25 of the same year. In both occasions complete evacuation of the Mir (there was a Soyuz escape craft for return to earth) was avoided with a narrow margin. The second disaster left a hole in the Spektr module, which then was sealed off from the rest of the station. Several space walks were needed to restore full power to the Mir (ironically one of the 'space walks' was inside the Spektr module from which all the air had escaped.
The cooperation between the U.S. and Russia proved far from easy. Distrust, lack of coordination, language problems, different views of each others' responsibilities and divergent interests caused many problems. After the disasters, the [[United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]] and [[NASA]] considered whether the U.S. should abandon the program out of concern for astronauts' safety. NASA administrator [[Daniel S. Goldin]] decided to continue the program. In June [[1998]], the final U.S. Mir [[astronaut]] [[Andy Thomas]] left the station aboard the [[Space Shuttle Discovery]].
The story of Phase One is described in great detail by [[Bryan Burrough]] in his book ''DragonFly'' (1998).
''See also:'' [[astronomy]]
==Visiting spacecraft and crews==
(Launched crews. Spacecraft launch and landing dates listed.)
*'''[[Soyuz T-15]]''' - ''March 13 - July 16, 1986 - Also visited Salyut 7''
**[[Leonid Kizim]]
**[[Vladimir Solovyev]]
*'''[[Soyuz TM-2]]''' - ''February 5 - July 30, 1987''
**[[Yuri Romanenko]]
**[[Aleksandr Laveykin]]
*'''[[Soyuz TM-3]]''' - ''July 22 - December 29, 1987 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Alexander Viktorenko]]
**[[Aleksandr Pavlovich Aleksandrov|Aleksandr Aleksandrov]]
**[[Muhammed Faris]] - Syria
*'''[[Soyuz TM-4]]''' - ''December 21, 1987 - June 17, 1988''
**[[Vladimir Titov]]
**[[Musa Manarov]]
**[[Anatoli Levchenko]]
*'''[[Soyuz TM-5]]''' - ''June 7 - September 7, 1988 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Anatoly Solovyev]]
**[[Viktor Savinykh]]
**[[Aleksandr Pavlovich Aleksandrov|Aleksandr Aleksandrov]] - Bulgaria
*'''[[Soyuz TM-6]]''' - ''August 29 - December 21, 1988 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Vladimir Lyakhov]]
**[[Valeri Polyakov]]
**[[Abdul Ahad Mohmand]] - Afghanistan
*'''[[Soyuz TM-7]]''' - ''November 26, 1988 - April 27, 1989 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Alexander A. Volkov]]
**[[Sergei Krikalev]]
**[[Jean-Loup Chretien]] - France
*'''[[Soyuz TM-8]]''' - ''September 5, 1989 - February 19, 1990''
**[[Alexander Viktorenko]]
**[[Aleksandr Serebrov]]
*'''[[Soyuz TM-9]]''' - ''February 11 - August 9, 1990''
**[[Anatoly Solovyev]]
**[[Aleksandr Balandin]]
*'''[[Soyuz TM-10]]''' - ''August 1 - December 10, 1990''
**[[Gennadi Manakov]]
**[[Gennady Strekalov]]
*'''[[Soyuz TM-11]]''' - ''December 2, 1990 - May 26, 1991 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Viktor M. Afanasyev|Viktor Afanasyev]]
**[[Musa Manarov]]
**[[Toyohiro Akiyama]] - Japan
*'''[[Soyuz TM-12]]''' - ''May 18 - October 10, 1991 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Anatoly Artsebarsky]]
**[[Sergei Krikalev]]
**[[Helen Sharman]] - United Kingdom
*'''[[Soyuz TM-13]]''' - ''October 2, 1991 - March 25, 1992 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Alexander A. Volkov]]
**[[Toktar Aubakirov]]- Kazakhstan
**[[Franz Viehböck]] - Austria
*'''[[Soyuz TM-14]]''' - ''March 17 - August 10, 1992 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Alexander Viktorenko]]
**[[Alexander Kaleri]]
**[[Klaus-Dietrich Flade]] - Germany
*'''[[Soyuz TM-15]]''' - ''July 27, 1992 - February 1, 1993 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Anatoly Solovyev]]
**[[Sergei Avdeyev]]
**[[Michel Tognini]] - France
*'''[[Soyuz TM-16]]''' - ''January 24 - July 22, 1993''
**[[Gennadi Manakov]]
**[[Alexander Poleshchuk]]
*'''[[Soyuz TM-17]]''' - ''July 1, 1993 - January 14, 1994 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Vasili Tsibliyev]]
**[[Aleksandr Serebrov]]
**[[Jean-Pierre Haignere]] - France
*'''[[Soyuz TM-18]]''' - ''January 8 - July 9, 1994''
**[[Viktor M. Afanasyev|Viktor Afanasyev]]
**[[Yury Usachev]]
**[[Valeri Polyakov]]
*'''[[Soyuz TM-19]]''' - ''January 7 - April 11, 1994''
**[[Yuri Malenchenko]]
**[[Talgat Musabayev]]
*'''[[Soyuz TM-20]]''' - ''October 3, 1994 - March 22, 1995 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Alexander Viktorenko]]
**[[Elena Kondakova]]
**[[Ulf Merbold]] - ESA (Germany)
*'''[[Soyuz TM-21]]''' - ''March 14 - September 11, 1995 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Vladimir Dezhurov]]
**[[Gennady Strekalov]]
**[[Norman Thagard]] - U.S.A.
*'''[[STS-71]]''' '''[[Atlantis]]''' - ''June 27 - July 7, 1995''
**[[Robert L. Gibson]] - U.S.A.
**[[Charles J. Precourt]] - U.S.A.
**[[Ellen S. Baker]] - U.S.A.
**[[Bonnie J. Dunbar]] - U.S.A.
**[[Gregory J. Harbaugh]] - U.S.A.
**[[Anatoly Solovyev]]
**[[Nikolai Budarin]]
*'''[[Soyuz TM-22]]''' - ''September 3, 1995 - February 29, 1996 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Yuri Gidzenko]]
**[[Sergei Avdeyev]]
**[[Thomas Reiter]] - ESA (Germany)
*'''[[STS-74]]''' '''[[Atlantis]]''' - ''November 12 - 20, 1995''
**[[Kenneth D. Cameron]] - U.S.A.
**[[James D. Halsell]] - U.S.A.
**[[Jerry L. Ross]] - U.S.A.
**[[William S. McArthur Jr.]] - U.S.A.
**[[Chris A. Hadfield]] - U.S.A.
*'''[[Soyuz TM-23]]''' - ''February 21 - September 2, 1996''
**[[Yuri Onufrienko]]
**[[Yury Usachev]]
*'''[[STS-76]]''' '''[[Atlantis]]''' - ''March 22 - 31, 1996''
**[[Kevin P. Chilton]] - U.S.A.
**[[Richard A. Searfoss]] - U.S.A.
**[[Linda M. Godwin]] - U.S.A.
**[[Michael R. Clifford]] - U.S.A.
**[[Ronald M. Sega]] - U.S.A.
**[[Shannon W. Lucid]] - U.S.A.
*'''[[Soyuz TM-24]]''' - ''August 17, 1996 - March 2, 1997 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Valery Korzun]]
**[[Alexandr Kaleri]]
**[[Claudie Haignere]] - France
*'''[[STS-79]]''' '''[[Atlantis]]''' - ''September 16 - 26, 1996''
**[[William F. Readdy]] - U.S.A.
**[[Terrence W. Wilcutt]] - U.S.A.
**[[Thomas D. Akers]] - U.S.A.
**[[Jay Apt]] - U.S.A.
**[[Carl E. Walz]] - U.S.A.
**[[John E. Blaha]] - U.S.A.
*'''[[STS-81]]''' '''[[Atlantis]]''' - ''January 12 - 22, 1997''
**[[Michael A. Baker]] - U.S.A.
**[[Brent W. Jett]] - U.S.A.
**[[John M. Grunsfeld]] - U.S.A.
**[[Marsha S. Ivins]] - U.S.A.
**[[Peter J.K. Wisoff]] - U.S.A.
**[[Jerry M. Linenger]] - U.S.A.
*'''[[Soyuz TM-25]]''' - ''February 10 - August 14, 1997 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Vasili Tsibliyev]]
**[[Aleksandr Lazutkin]]
**[[Reinhold Ewald]] - ESA (Germany)
*'''[[STS-84]]''' '''[[Atlantis]]''' - ''May 15 - 24, 1997''
**[[Charles J. Precourt]] - U.S.A.
**[[Eileen M. Collins]] - U.S.A.
**[[C. Michael Foale]] - U.S.A.
**[[Carlos I. Noriega]] - U.S.A.
**[[Edward T. Lu]] - U.S.A.
**[[Jean-Francois Clervoy]] - ESA
**[[Elena V. Kondakova]]
*'''[[Soyuz TM-26]]''' - ''August 5, 1997 - February 19, 1998''
**[[Anatoly Solovyev]]
**[[Pavel Vinogradov]]
*'''[[STS-86]]''' '''[[Atlantis]]''' - ''September 25 - October 6, 1997''
**[[James D. Wetherbee]] - U.S.A.
**[[Michael J. Bloomfield]] - U.S.A.
**[[Scott E. Parazynski]] - U.S.A.
**[[Wendy B. Lawrence]] - U.S.A.
**[[David A. Wolf]] - U.S.A.
**[[Jean-Loup J.M. Chretien]] - CNES
**[[Vladimir G. Titov]]
*'''[[STS-89]]''' '''[[Endeavour]]''' - ''January 22 - 31, 1998''
**[[Terrence W. Wilcutt]] - U.S.A.
**[[Joe F. Edwards, Jr.]] - U.S.A.
**[[Bonnie J. Dunbar]] - U.S.A.
**[[Michael P. Anderson]] - U.S.A.
**[[James F. Reilly, II]] - U.S.A.
**[[Andrew S. W. Thomas]] - U.S.A.
**[[Salizhan Shakirovich Sharipov]]
*'''[[Soyuz TM-27]]''' - ''January 29 - August 25, 1998 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Talgat Musabayev]]
**[[Nikolai Budarin]]
**[[Leopold Eyharts]] - France
*'''[[STS-91]]''' '''[[Discovery]]''' - ''June 2 - 12, 1998''
**[[Charles J. Precourt]] - U.S.A.
**[[Dominic L. Pudwill Gorie]] - U.S.A.
**[[Wendy B. Lawrence]] - U.S.A.
**[[Franklin R. Chang-Diaz]] - U.S.A.
**[[Janet L. Kavandi]] - U.S.A.
**[[Valery Victorovitch Ryumin]]
*'''[[Soyuz TM-28]]''' - ''August 13, 1998 - February 28, 1999''
**[[Gennady Padalka]]
**[[Sergei Avdeyev]]
**[[Yuri Baturin]]
*'''[[Soyuz TM-29]]''' - ''February 20 - August 28, 1999 - Intercosmos Flight''
**[[Viktor M. Afanasyev|Viktor Afanasyev]]
**[[Jean-Pierre Haignere]] - France
**[[Ivan Bella]] - Slovakia
*'''[[Soyuz TM-30]]''' - ''April 4 - June 16, 2000''
**[[Sergei Zalyotin]]
**[[Alexandr Kaleri]]
==External link==
*http://www.russianspaceweb.com/mir.html Site contains detailed diagrams, pictures and background info.
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<center>
<br>
<br>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td width="30%" align="center">'''Previous Mission''':<br>
[[Salyut 7]]</td>
<td width="40%" align="center">Mir program</td>
<td width="30%" align="center">'''Next Mission''':<br>
[[International Space Station]]</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
[[Category:Space stations]]
[[Category:Manned spacecraft]]
[[Category:Big Science]]
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