A '''local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor''' is a [[combination drug]] of a [[local anesthetic]] in order to induce absence of pain in an area, given with a [[vasoconstrictor]] in order to increase the duration of local anesthesia by constricting the blood vessels, thereby safely concentrating the anesthetic agent for an extended duration, as well as reducing [[hemorrhage]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yagiela JA |title=Vasoconstrictor agents for local anesthesia |journal=Anesth Prog |volume=42 |issue=3-4 |pages=116–20 |year=1995 |pmid=8934977 |doi= |pmc=2148913}}</ref>
==Examples==
* [[Prilocaine]]/[[epinephrine]] (trade name ''Citanest Forte'')
* [[Iontocaine]], consisting of [[lidocaine]] and [[epinephrine]]
* ''Septocaine'' (trade name ''Septodont''), a combination of [[articaine]] and epinephrine
==Contraindications==
Local anesthetics with vasoconstrictors should not be used in the [[nose]], [[fingers]], [[toes]] and [[penis]], because the arteries here are [[End artery|end arteries]], so the vasoconstrictor effect could cause [[ischemia]] and even [[gangrene]] of the affected part.<ref>[http://books.google.se/books?id=dixpEL1mVugC&pg=PA292 Page 292] in: {{cite book |author=O'Brien, Denise; Burden, Nancy; Quinn, Donna M. DeFazio |title=Ambulatory surgical nursing |publisher=W.B. Saunders |___location=Philadelphia |year=2000 |pages= |isbn=0-7216-6847-X |oclc= |doi= }}</ref> Rather, a local anesthetic ''without'' vasoconstrictor should be used for local anesthesia in such parts. intraoral
