Utente:Ciclofi/sandbox/sharedspace: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 14:40, 9 set 2013

Versione attuale delle 16:02, 10 set 2013

(6 versioni intermedie di uno stesso utente non sono mostrate)

Riga 10:

[[File:Giles Circus shared space in Ipswich.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Esempio di shared space, Giles Circus, Ipswich (UK))]]

Lo '''{{lang|en|Shared space}}''' („spazio di utilizzo comune“, „spazio distribuito“ o ''condiviso'' ) è launa denominazionefilosofia di unapianificazione filosofiae di pianificazionedesign urbano, secondo la quale lo spazio stradale pubblico dominato dal traffico deve essere riqualificato in termini di vivibilità, sicurezza e per gli stessi flussi di spostamento.

Caratteristica è l'idea di ridurre al minimo o rinunciare a cartelli stradali, semafori, segnaletica orizzontale, marciapiedi e regolamentazioni. Al tempo stesso gli utenti della strada devono essere del tutto equiparati, restando valide le regole della precedenza a destra.

deve essere riqualificato in termini di vivibilità, sicurezza e per gli stessi flussi di spostamento.

Diversamente dalla [[moderazione del traffico]] di altre tipologie (es. il [[Woonerf]], le [[zona 30|zone 30]] ecc.) l'applicazione si è estesa non solo a centri sotrici ed aree residenziali ma anche anche strade molto trafficate, per es. la Exhibition Road (Kensington) a Londra

Caratteristica è l'idea di rinunciare a cartelli stradali, semafori e segnaletica orizzontale.

Al tempo stesso gli utenti della strada devono essere del tutto equiparati, restando valide le regole della precedenza.

Diversamente dalla [[moderazione del traffico]] di altre tipologie l'applicazione dovrebbe essere possibile anche sulla viabilità primaria.

Il modello di pianificazione è stato introdotto dall'olandese Hans Monderman negli anni 90.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nce.co.uk/news/uk_traffic_engineers_lack_skills_for_sharedspace.html |hrsg=New Civil Engineer | author= Damian Arnold|title=UK traffic engineers lack skills for shared-space |zugriff=1. Februar 2008 |datum= 15. November 2007|sprache=Englisch}}</ref> e trova oggi applicazione in tutto il mondo.

Parallelamente sviluppi in Svizzera hanno condotto all'introduzione delle ''zone d'incontro'', che in buona parte realizzano nella pratica lo shared space. Soluzioni legate ad esso sono anche le ''aree a traffico moderato'' (Verkehrsberuhigte Bereich) in Germania, che avevano preso avvio negli anni 80 limitatamente a zone residenziali.

Riga 24 ⟶ 22:

La definizione di shared space risale all'urbanista britannico Ben Hamilton-Baillie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hamilton-baillie.co.uk/_files/_publications/6-1.pdf | author= Ben Hamilton-Baillie|title=What is Shared Space?}}</ref>

== Approccio teoricoFilosofia dello ''Shared space'' ==

- inglese -

Shared space is an urban design approach which seeks to minimise demarcations between vehicle traffic and pedestrians, often by removing features such as curbs, road surface markings, traffic signs, and regulations. Typically used on narrower streets within the urban core and as part of living streets within residential areas, the approach has also been applied to busier roads, including Exhibition Road in Kensington, London.

Schemes are often motivated by a desire to reduce the dominance of vehicles, vehicle speeds, and road casualty rates. First proposed in 1991, the term is now strongly associated to the work of Hans Monderman who suggested that by creating a greater sense of uncertainty and making it unclear who had right of way, drivers reduce their speed, and everyone reduces their level of risk compensation.

== Approccio teorico dello ''Shared space'' ==

[[File:Schilderwald in Passau.jpg|thumb|Selva di cartelli]]

[[File:Centrumharen.jpg|thumb|''{{lang|en|Shared space}}'' in Haren (Groningen), Paesi Bassi: nessun cartello, senza marciapiedi e delimitazioni solo di orientamento]]

Riga 37 ⟶ 31:

Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, verzichtet ''{{lang|en|Shared Space}}'' auf [[Bordstein]]e und Abgrenzungen<ref>vgl. Hamilton-Baillie: ''Shared Space: Reconciling People, Places and Traffic'', S. 163</ref> und setzt stattdessen auf eine orientierende Unterteilung des Straßenraums. Im Zuge einer „Entregelung“ der Verkehrslandschaft sind keinerlei [[Lichtzeichenanlage|Ampeln]] oder Verkehrs- und Hinweisschilder vorgesehen. Die Straßenverkehrsordnungen werden reduziert auf „gegenseitiges Rücksichtnehmen“ und das Rechts-vor-Links-Gebot. Mit diesen Maßnahmen wird eine gewollte Unsicherheit erzeugt, welche die Verkehrsteilnehmer dazu zwingt, den Raum situationsbedingt durch [[Blickkontakt]] mit anderen Verkehrsteilnehmern einzuschätzen. Gleichzeitig wird die Existenz eines durch motorisierten Verkehr dominierten Verkehrsnetzes als notwendig erachtet.<ref>Shared Space: Raum für alle, S. 20</ref>

- inglese -

[[File:Exhibition Road South Kensington.jpg|thumb|350px|New look of the [[Exhibition Road]], [[Kensington]], London]]

The goal of shared space is to improve the road safety and vitality of minor roads and junctions within the [[street hierarchy]], particularly ones with high levels of pedestrian traffic by encouraging negotiation of shared areas between different road users. Shared space minimises demarcations between vehicles and pedestrians<ref name="uwe">{{cite web| title = (2011) Shared space - implications of recent research for transport policy. Project Report. University of the West of England |author=Moody, S. and Melia, S.|accessdate=22 February 2013 |url=http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/17937/}}</ref> thereby, according to some authorities including the UK Government, reduces the dominance of motor vehicles and enable all users to share the space.<ref name="dft">{{cite web

| title = (2011) Local Transport Note 1/11. Department for Transport, The Stationary Office, Norwich. |author=Department for Transport accessdate=2012 |url= http://www.dft.gov.uk/publications/ltn-01-11/}}</ref> In work done for the UK Department for Transport MVA (2010) explains that shared space is a "design approach rather than a design type characterised by standard features".<ref name="mva">{{cite web

| title = (2010) Designing the Future: Shared Space: Operational Research. Department for Transport |author=MVA Consultancy accessdate=2012 |url=http://assets.dft.gov.uk/publications/ltn-01-11/ltn-1-11-quantitative.pdf}}</ref>

[[Hans Monderman]] suggests that an individuals' [[Social behavior|behaviour]] in [[traffic]] is more positively affected by the [[built environment]] of the public space than by conventional [[Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals|traffic control devices]] and [[Traffic#Rules of the road|regulations]].<ref name="bhb_1">{{cite web |title=What is Shared Space? |author=Ben Hamilton-Baillie |url=http://www.hamilton-baillie.co.uk/_files/_publications/6-1.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UK traffic engineers lack skills for shared-space |author=Damian Arnold |date=2007-11-15 |publisher=New Civil Engineer |url=http://www.nce.co.uk/news/uk_traffic_engineers_lack_skills_for_sharedspace.html |accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref><ref name="room">{{cite web

|title=Shared Space: Room for Everyone: A New Vision for Public Spaces|url=http://www.eukn.org/dsresource?objectid=146375 |publisher=Shared Space (A European co-operation project)|month=June | year=2005|format=PDF}}</ref>

A reason for the apparent paradox that reduced regulation leads to safer roads may be found by studying the [[risk compensation]] effect.<ref name="room"/>

*"Shared space is successful because the perception of risk may be a means or even a prerequisite for increasing objective safety. Because when a situation feels unsafe, people are more alert and there are fewer accidents."{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

*"We're losing our capacity for socially responsible behaviour...The greater the number of prescriptions, the more people's sense of personal responsibility dwindles." (''[[Der Spiegel]]'' quotes Monderman)<ref name="spiegel">{{cite news

|title=European Cities Do Away with Traffic Signs |author=Matthias Schulz |publisher=Spiegel Online

|date=16 November 2006

|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,448747,00.html

|accessdate=17 January 2007

}}</ref>

*"When you don't exactly know who has right of way, you tend to seek eye contact with other road users. You automatically reduce your speed, you have contact with other people and you take greater care."<ref>{{cite web

|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2143663,00.html

|title=European Towns Remove Traffic Signs to Make Streets Safer

|publisher=Deutsche Welle

|date=27 August 2006

|accessdate=17 January 2007

}}</ref>

*"To understand how shared space works, it is important to move away from reliance on 'rights' and laws, and to recognize the potential for conventions and protocols ... Such conventions and protocols evolve rapidly and are very effective if the state does not intervene through regulation." (Shared Space Expert Team)<ref>{{cite web

|title=Road priority conventions - reply |author=Ben Hamilton-Baillie |work=Forum |date=2 March 2007 |publisher=Shared Space |url=http://www.shared-space.org/default.asp?ObjectID=11127

|accessdate=19 September 2007

}}</ref>

The introduction of such schemes have had positive effect on road safety, traffic volume, economic vitality, and community cohesion where a user's behaviour becomes influenced and controlled by natural human interactions rather than by artificial regulation.<ref name="shared-space">{{cite web |title=Shared Space |publisher=Shared Space Institute |url=http://www.sharedspace.eu/en/publications/downloads/cat_view/15-boeken-en-brochures/17-eigen-uitgaven/ |quote=Booklets published by the EU partnership.}}</ref>

This design method is however bitterly opposed by many organisations representing the blind, partially sighted and deaf. Some organisations note that some of their members avoid shared space areas entirely. See Criticism section below for more details.

=== Obbiettivi e conseguenze psicologiche ===

Riga 211 ⟶ 240:

* [http://www.bve.be.ch/site/index/tba/bve_tba_dok_haupt/bve_tba_dok_bernermodell.htm] – Webseite des Tiefbauamtes des Kantons Bern mit Shared-Space-ähnlichen Beispielen im Kanton Bern

* [http://www.bsvi.de/joomla/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=60&Itemid=58 Zusammenfassung und Bewertung von Shared Space] durch die Bundesvereinigung der Straßenbau- und Verkehrsingenieure e.V. (PDF-Datei; 912 KB)

{{Portale|Architettura|ingegneria}}

<nowiki> [[Categoria:Urbanistica]]</nowiki>