User:Jeffreydavidspeck/sandbox: Difference between revisions

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{{User sandbox}}

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{{inuse|time=19:04, 12 December 2014 (UTC)|placedby=jeffreydavidspeck}}==Radioactive tracers==

[[Radioactive tracer]]s have been used for decades to enable the detection of sometimes minute quantities of biological products and to localize and measure biological activity. The ionizing radiations emanating from radioactive tracers that have been bio-incorporated into proteins

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'''[[Methyl tert-butyl ether]]''' ('''MTBE''') is a [[gasoline additive]] used as an [[oxygenate]] (to reduce smog) and as an [[Octane rating|octane booster] (to economize the refining process). Environmental and health concerns caused by groundwater contamination resulted in ethanol replaceing it in the United States.

It has polluted groundwater due to MTBE-containing gasoline being spilled or leaked at gas stations. MTBE spreads more easily underground than other gasoline components due to its higher solubility in water.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.handpmg.com/lustline31-mtbe-or-benzene.htm |title=Which Compound Requires More Attorneys: MTBE or Benzene? |first=Blayne |last=Hartman |publisher=H&P Mobile GeoChemistry |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090301095159/http://www.handpmg.com/lustline31-mtbe-or-benzene.htm |archivedate=2009-03-01}}</ref> Cost estimates for removing MTBE from groundwater and contaminated soil range from $1<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sigma.org/wr/reports/05/050523.html |title=SIGMA Weekly Report |date=2005-05-23 |publisher=SIGMA |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20091009071418/http://www.sigma.org/wr/reports/05/050523.html |archivedate=2009-10-09}}</ref> to $30<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtbe-eresource.com/liu.cfm |title=Long Island Utility Fighting to Defeat MTBE Safe Harbor |date=2004-03-16 |publisher=Napoli, Kaiser, Bern & Associates |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071020072714/http://www.mtbe-eresource.com/liu.cfm |archivedate=2007-10-20}}</ref> [[1000000000 (number)|billion]], including removing the compound from aquifers and municipal water supplies, and replacing leaky underground oil tanks. Who will pay for [[Environmental remediation|remediation]] is controversial. In one case, the cost to oil companies to clean up the MTBE in wells belonging to Santa Monica is estimated to exceed $200 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/feb2005/2005-02-17-09.asp#anchor2 |title=Oil Companies Pay Santa Monica MTBE Cleanup Costs |work=AmeriScan |date=February 17, 2005 |publisher=[[Environment News Service]] |date=2005-02-17 |accessdate=2013-10-24}}</ref>

Recent state laws have been passed to ban MTBE in certain areas. [[California]] and [[New York]], which together accounted for 40% of U.S. MTBE consumption, banned the chemical starting January 1, 2004, and as of September 2005, twenty-five states had signed legislation banning MTBE. A table of state by state information, as of 2002, is available at the [[United States Department of Energy]] website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/mtbeban/table1.html |title=Status and Imact of State MTBE Bans |publisher=[[Energy Information Administration]] |date=2003-03-27 |accessdate=2013-10-24}}</ref>