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<!--Orientating sentence: broad definition-->'''Neuro-linguistic programming''' ('''NLP''') is an approach to [[interpersonal communication|communication]], [[personal development]], and [[psychotherapy]].
<!--Broad definition of NLP based on impartial source such as OED or NLM-->According to the US National Library of Medicine, NLP is "A set of models of how communication impacts and is impacted by subjective experience. Techniques are generated from these models by sequencing of various aspects of the models in order to change someone's internal representations. Neurolinguistic programming is concerned with the patterns or programming created by the interactions among the brain, language, and the body, that produce both effective and ineffective behavior."[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?field=uid&term=D020557]
*Summarize the orientation: i.e. model v theory; interested in healthy functioning and learning, not pathology. Pragmatism v. Theory.-->▼
<!--Where it was created/co-founded-->
*Intellectual Influences e.g. dictim "Map is not the territory", Bateson, Chomsky, including criticism▼
NLP co-originated by Richard Bandler, who had an interest in [[Gestalt therapy]]<ref name="Perls 1973">According to [[Robert Spitzer]] (1992), Bandler was to select portions of Perls transcripts to be published in ''The Gestalt Approach'' and ''Eye Witness to Therapy'' (1973)</ref><ref name="Spitzer 1992">Spitzer, R. (1992) [http://www.nlpanchorpoint.com/Satir395.pdf Virginia Satir and the Origins of NLP], Anchor Point, 6(7)</ref>, and [[John Grinder]], then a professor of linguistics, at University of [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. Bandler and Grinder produced several books and run seminars based on their observation and imitation of [[gestalt]] therapist Fritz Perls, [[family systems therapy|family systems therapist]] [[Virginia Satir]], and [[hypnotherapy|medical hypnotist]] [[Milton H. Erickson]].<ref name="Spitzer 1992"/>
*Influence of [[Milton Erickson]], [[Virginia Satir]], [[Fritz Perls]]▼
*Is it a technology, methodology, set of practices, or pseudoscience? ▼
<!--Origin of title: No single definition of NLP: give some examples of definitions from prominent sources-->
There is no single definitive version or definition of NLP. The title refers to a stated connection between the neurological processes ("neuro"), language ("linguistic") and behavioral patterns that have been learned through experience ("programming") and can be organized to achieve specific goals in life.<ref name="Tosey & Mathison 2006">Tosey, P. & Mathison, J., (2006) "[http://www.som.surrey.ac.uk/NLP/Resources/IntroducingNLP.pdf Introducing Neuro-Linguistic Programming] Centre for Management Learning & Development, School of Management, University of Surrey.</ref><ref name= "Dilts et al. 1980 p.2">{{Cite book|author=Dilts, R., Grinder, J., Delozier, J., and Bandler, R. |title=Neuro-Linguistic Programming: Volume I: The Study of the Structure of Subjective Experience |publisher=Cupertino, CA: Meta Publications |year=1980 |page=2 |isbn=0916990079}}</ref> <!--Example of definition from promotional literature --> In the promotional literature NLP has been defined, for example, as the "science of excellence". <!--Definition from founders -->Other practitioners define the fields as "the study of the structure of subjective experience" which as the subtitle of one of the earliest books on NLP.<ref name= "Dilts et al. 1980 p.2"/> Some authors tend to emphasis NLP as a modelling technology. <!-- stated definition from Co-Founder: John Grinder-->For example, Grinder and Bostic St Clair (2001) state that “NLP is a modeling technology whose specific subject matter is the set of differences that make the difference between the performance of geniuses and that of average performers in the same field or activity.”<ref name="Grinder & Bostic St Clair 2001">{{Cite book|author=Grinder, John & Carmen Bostic St Clair |title=Whispering in the Wind |publisher=CA: J & C Enterprises |year=2001 |isbn=0-9717223-0-7}}</ref><!-- stated definition from Co-Founder: Richard Bandler -->
*Training providers and associations, level of accreditation, level recognition / level of discredit▼
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<!--Pseudoscience? briefly summarize the argument.-->
According to certain neuroscientists,<ref name="Corballis 1999" /> psychologists<ref name="Drenth Promethius chained">{{cite journal | title=Prometheus chained: Social and ethical constraints on psychology. | author=Drenth P J D: | journal=European Psychologist | year=1999 | volume=4 | issue=4 | pages=233–239}}</ref><ref name="Witkowski 2010" /> and linguists<ref name="Stollznow" /><ref name="Lum 2001" />, NLP is unsupported by current scientific evidence, and uses incorrect and misleading terms and concepts.
Criticisms go beyond the lack of empirical evidence for effectiveness; critics say that NLP exhibits pseudoscientific characteristics,<ref name="Devilly 2005"/> title,<ref name="Corballis 1999">Corballis, MC., "Are we in our right minds?" In Sala, S., (ed.) (1999), ''Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain'' Publisher: Wiley, John & Sons. {{ISBN|0-471-98303-9}} (pp. 25–41) see page p.41</ref> concepts and terminology.<ref name="Stollznow">{{cite journal | title=Not-so Linguistic Programming | author=Stollznow.K | journal=Skeptic | year=2010 | volume=15 | issue=4 | pages=7}}</ref> NLP is used as an example of pseudoscience for facilitating the teaching of scientific literacy at the professional and university level.<ref name="Lum 2001">{{cite book | title=Scientific Thinking in Speech and Language Therapy | publisher=Psychology Press | author=Lum.C | year=2001 | pages=16 | isbn=080584029X}}</ref><ref name="Lilienfeld et al 2001">{{cite journal | title=The Teaching of Courses in the Science and Pseudoscience of Psychology: Useful Resources | author=Lilienfeld.S, Mohr.J., Morier.D.. | journal=Teaching of Psychology | year=2001 | volume=28 | issue=3 | pages=182–191}}</ref><ref name="Dunn et al 2008">{{cite book | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | author=Dunn.D., Halonen.J,Smith.R., | year=2008 | pages=12 | isbn=978-1-4051-7402-2}}</ref>
<!--Influence of Gregory Bateson-->
<!--Summary criticism from academic researchers: summary research including experimental studies-->
The research into NLP is thin and spread across multiple fields. Reviews of empirical research on NLP showed that NLP contains numerous factual errors,<ref name="Von Bergen 1997">{{cite journal | author = Bergen Von ''et al.'' | year = 1997 | title = Selected alternative training techniques in HRD | url = | journal = Human Resource Development Quarterly | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 281–294 | doi = 10.1002/hrdq.3920080403 }}</ref><ref name="Druckman 2004">Druckman, Daniel (2004) "Be All That You Can Be: Enhancing Human Performance" ''Journal of Applied Social Psychology'', Volume 34, Number 11, November 2004, pp. 2234–2260(27) {{doi|10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb01975.x}}</ref> and failed to produce reliable results for the claims for effectiveness made by NLP’s originators and proponents.<ref name="Sharpley 1987">{{Cite journal|author=Sharpley C.F. |title=Research Findings on Neuro-linguistic Programming: Non supportive Data or an Untestable Theory |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology |year=1987 |volume=34 |pages=103–107, 105 |url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ352101 |doi=10.1037/0022-0167.34.1.103 |issue=1}}</ref><ref name="Witkowski 2010">{{cite journal | title=Thirty-Five Years of Research on Neuro-Linguistic Programming. NLP Research Data Base. State of the Art or Pseudoscientific Decoration? | author=Witkowski | journal=Polish Psychological Bulletin | year=2010 | volume=41 | issue=2 | pages=58–66}}</ref> According to Devilly,<ref name="Devilly 2005">{{cite journal | author = Devilly GJ | year = 2005 | title = Power therapies and possible threats to the science of psychology and psychiatry | url = http://www.devilly.org/Publications/Power_Therapies_-_Published.pdf | journal = Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 39 | issue = | pages = 437–45 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1614.2005.01601.x | pmid = 15943644 }}</ref>
<!--Summarise uptake in professional areas: where it is popular/applied-->
Heap (1988) states, "How widespread or popular NLP has become in practice is difficult to say with precision, though. As an indication the number of people to have been trained to 'Practitioner' level in the UK since NLP's inception seems likely to number at least 50,000. Trainings in NLP are found across the world, principally in countries where English is the first language, but including Norway, Spain and Brazil. There is no unified structure to the NLP practitioner community. Probably in common with other emergent fields, there is diversity in both practice and organisation, and there are resulting tensions".<ref name="Heap 1988"/>
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NLP is recognized as an intervention by the [[United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy]]<ref>{{Cite web|author=UKCP |url= http://www.psychotherapy.org.uk/experiential_constuctivist.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080612155128/http://www.psychotherapy.org.uk/experiential_constuctivist.html |archivedate=2008-06-12 |title=United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy – List of Recognized Experimental Constructivist forms of therapies |publisher=Psychotherapy.org.uk |accessdate=2009-08-19}}</ref> with accreditation governed at first by the [[Association for Neuro Linguistic Programming]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cleanlanguage.co.uk/validation.html |title=The road to recognition: NLP in Psychotherapy and Counselling |accessdate=29 January 2010}}</ref> and more recently by its daughter organization the [[Neuro Linguistic Psychotherapy and Counselling Association]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychotherapy.org.uk/iqs/dbitemid.84/sfa.view/cs1.html |title=Neuro Linguistic Psychotherapy Counselling Association NLPtCA |accessdate=29 January 2010}}</ref>
NLP also appears on peer reviewed expert-consensus based lists of discredited interventions.<ref name="Witkowski 2010"/> In research designed to identify the “quack factor” in modern mental health practice, Norcross ''et al.'' (2006) <ref name="Norcross et al 2006">Norcross et. al. (2006) Discredited Psychological Treatments and Tests: A Delphi Poll. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, American Psychological Association. {{doi|10.1037/0735-7028.37.5.515}}</ref> list NLP as possibly or probably discredited, and Glasner-Edwards and Rawson (2010) list NLP as “certainly discredited”.<ref name="Glasner-Edwards et al 2010">{{cite journal | title=Evidence-based practices in addiction treatment: review and recommendations for public policy | author=Glasner-Edwards.S.,Rawson.R. | journal=Health Policy | date=June 2010 | volume=97 | issue=2-3 | pages=93–104}}</ref>
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