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[[File:Seal of the United States Census Bureau.svg|thumb|L'[[Ufficio del censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America]] fa parte del [[Dipartimento del Commercio degli Stati Uniti d'America]]]]

| name = {{PAGENAME}}

Il| '''''Censimentotitle degli Stati Uniti d'America''''' è un= [[censimento]]Censimento decennaledegli mandatoStati Uniti dalld'articolo I, sezione 2 della [[CostituzioneAmerica|Censimenti degli Stati Uniti d'America]] che afferma:

| list1 = [[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1790|1790]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1800|1800]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1810|1810]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1820|1820]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1830|1830]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1840|1840]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1850|1850]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1860|1860]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1870|1870]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1880|1880]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1890|1890]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1900|1900]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1910|1910]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1920|1920]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1930|1930]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1940|1940]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1950|1950]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1960|1960]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1970|1970]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1980|1980]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1990|1990]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 2000|2000]]{{,}}[[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 2010|2010]]

| below = [[Ufficio del censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America]]

{{citazione|I rappresentanti saranno ripartiti fra i diversi Stati che facciano parte dell'Unione in rapporto al numero rispettivo degli abitanti, da computarsi aggiungendo al totale delle persone libere.... Il censimento dovrà essere fatto entro tre anni dal [[1º Congresso degli Stati Uniti d'America]], e successivamente, ogni dieci anni. |<ref>[[s:Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America|Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America]]</ref><ref name=decennial>{{cita web|url=http://www.census.gov/history/www/programs/demographic/decennial_census.html |titolo=Decennial Census - History - U.S. Census Bureau|lingua=en|accesso=}}</ref>|Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States... according to their respective Numbers.... The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States , and within every subsequent Term of ten Years.|lingua=en}}

}}

L'[[Ufficio del censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America]] (ufficialmente ''Bureau of the Census'', come definito nel ''Titolo 13 U.S.C. § 11'') è responsabile del censimento degli Stati Uniti.

Il primo censimento dopo la [[Guerra d'indipendenza americana]] è stato fatto nel [[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1790|1790]], sotto il [[Segretario di Stato degli Stati Uniti d'America|Segretario di Stato]] [[Thomas Jefferson]]; ci sono stati 22 censimenti federali da quel momento<ref name=decennial />. Il censimento nazionale corrente si è tenuto nel 2010 ed il prossimo censimento è previsto per il 2020 e gran parte di essa sarà fatto utilizzando Internet<ref>{{cita news|titolo=2020 Census will be done by Internet|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/2020-census-will-be-done-by-internet/2013/03/28/08453c72-97d8-11e2-b68f-dc5c4b47e519_story.html?Post+generic=%3Ftid%3Dsm_twitter_washingtonpost|publisher=Washington Post|accesso=|autore=Carol Morello|lingua=en|data=28 marzo 2013}}</ref>. Per anni, durante i censimenti decennali, L'Ufficio del censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America effettua delle stime utilizzando indagini e modelli statistici, in particolare, l'American Community Survey.

Il Titolo 13 del Codice degli Stati Uniti controlla come il censimento viene condotto e come i suoi dati viene gestito. L'informazione è riservata come da [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/13/9 13 U.S.C. § 9]. Rifiutarsi o non rispondere al censimento è punibile con multe di $100, un agente immobiliare o di lavoro che non fornise i nomi corretti per il censimento è punibile con multe di $500, ed un agente di affari che fornisce risposte false per il censimento è punibile con multe di $10.000, ai sensi de [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/13/221 U.S.C. § 221] - [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/13/224 224].

Il censimento degli Stati Uniti è un censimento della popolazione, e si distingue dal censimento statunitense dell'Agricoltura che non è più di competenza del Ufficio del censimento. È anche distinto da censimenti locali condotti da alcuni Stati o giurisdizioni locali.

==Procedure==

[[File:Card puncher - NARA - 513295.jpg|thumb|right|Trascrizione dei dati del censimento utilizzando una [[Herman Hollerith#La macchina tabulatrice|macchina tabulatrice]], circa 1940]]

[[File:1940 Census - Fairbanks, Alaska.jpg|thumb|right|Questa foto pubblicitaria del [[Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America del 1940|censimento del 1940]] mostra un censitore a Fairbanks, in Alaska. Il cane musher rimane fuori portata d'orecchio per mantenere la riservatezza]]

Il censimento decennale degli Stati Uniti si basa sul conteggio effettivo delle persone che abitano in strutture residenziali degli Stati Uniti. Essi comprendono i cittadini, residenti legali non cittadini, i visitatori non cittadini che vi risiedono e clandestini. L'Ufficio del censimento basa la sua decisione su chi contare sul concetto di residenza abituale. La residenza abituale è un principio stabilito dalla legge del censimento del 1790, è definito come il luogo in cui una persona vive e dorme la maggior parte del tempo. L'ufficio del censimento utilizza procedure speciali per assicurare che coloro che sono senza custodia convenzionale vengano contati; Tuttavia, i dati di queste operazioni non vengono considerati accurati come i dati ottenuti dalle procedure tradizionali<ref>{{cita libro|cognome=Smith|nome=Annetta |cognome2=Smith|nome2=Denise |titolo=U.S Census Bureau Census Special Reports Series CENSR/01-2|editore=US GPO|anno=2001|lingua=inglese}}</ref>.

Il censimento utilizza anche l'imputazione assegnare i dati alle unità abitative dove lo stato di occupazione è sconosciuto. Questa pratica ha effetti in molti settori, ma viene considerata controversa<ref>{{cita pubblicazione|autore=Meng Xiao-Li|anno= 1994 |titolo=Multiple-Imputation Inferences with Uncongenial Sources of Input|rivista= Statistical Science |volume=9|numero=4|pp=538-558|lingua=inglese}}</ref>. Tuttavia, la pratica era governata costituzionalmente dalla [[Corte suprema degli Stati Uniti d'America]] in ''Utah v. Evans''.

I cittadini statunitensi che vivono all'estero sono specificamente esclusi dato che possono essere conteggiati nel censimento anche se possono votare. Solo gli americani residenti all'estero che sono "dipendenti federali (militari e civili) insieme ai loro familiari a carico che vivono all'estero con loro" sono contati. "I cittadini statunitensi privi di residenza all'estero che non sono affiliati con il governo federale (sia come dipendenti o persone a loro carico) non saranno inclusi nei conti esteri. Questi conteggi d'oltremare vengono utilizzati esclusivamente per la ripartizione dei seggi alla Camera dei Rappresentanti degli Stati Uniti d'America<ref>{{cita web|url=https://ask.census.gov/cgi-bin/askcensus.cfg/php/enduser/std_adp.php?p_faqid=7389 |titolo=Question and Answer Center|editore= US Census Bureau|accesso=|lingua=en}}</ref>."

Negli ultimi censimenti degli Stati Uniti, la giornata dedicata al censimento è stata il 1 aprile<ref>{{cita news|url=http://www.grandrapidsmn.com/news/article_c381248c-3e9a-11df-9822-001cc4c002e0.html|titolo=Census Day has passed - still time to be counted|editore=Grand Rapids Herald-Review|autore=Britta Arendt|data=3 aprile 2010|lingua=inglese|accesso=}}</ref>.Tuttavia, in precedenza avveniva nel mese di agosto, secondo le istruzioni date all'[[United States Marshals Service]]: "Tutte le domande si riferiscono al giorno in cui avviene l'enumerazione, il primo Lunedi nel mese di agosto. tuo assistenza sarà presente capire che sono da inserire in. I suoi assistenti potranno in tal modo capire che sono da inserire nelle loro dichiarazioni tutte le persone appartenenti alla famiglia nel primo Lunedi nel mese di agosto, anche coloro che possono essere decedutoi nel momento in cui prendono il conto; e, d'altra parte, che essi non devono includervi bambini nati dopo quel giorno<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.upperstjohn.com/1820/instructions.htm|titolo=Instructions for the 1820 US census|editore=The Upper St. John River Valley|lingua=en|accesso=}}</ref>."

==Controversie==

Le minoranze hanno più probabilità, statisticamente, di essere sottostimate. Ad esempio, l'Uifficio del censimento stima che nel 1970 oltre il sei per cento dei neri sono stati contati, mentre solo circa il due per cento dei bianchi sono stati contati. I democratici spesso sostengono che le tecniche di campionamento moderne debbano essere utilizzate in modo tale che possano essere dedotti i dati più precisi e completi. I repubblicani spesso sono contro tali tecniche di campionamento, dichiarando che la Costituzione degli Stati Uniti richiede un "conteggio vero e proprio" per la ripartizione dei seggi della Camera, e che la nomina politica tenterebbe di manipolare le formule di campionamento<ref>{{cita news|titolo=Why People Fight So Much About the Census|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/aug98/census30.htm|accesso=|giornale=[[The Washington Post]]|data=30 agosto 1998|autore=Michael Teitelbaum|autore2=Jay Winter|lingua=inglese}}</ref>.

Groups like the [[Prison Policy Initiative]] assert that the census practice of counting prisoners as residents of prisons, not their pre-incarceration addresses, leads to misleading information about racial demographics and population numbers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prisonersofthecensus.org/impact.html |title=The Problem |publisher=Prisoners of the Census |date=September 26, 2005 |accessdate=2010-03-24}}</ref>

In 2010 Jaime Grant, then director of the [[National Gay and Lesbian Task Force]]'s Policy Institute, thought of the idea of a bright pink sticker for people to stick on their census envelope which had a form for them to check a box for either "lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or straight ally," which her group called "queering the census."<ref name="nydailynews1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/queering-census-movement-aims-single-gays-counted-u-s-census-article-1.166898 |title='Queering the census' movement aims to get single gays counted |publisher=NY Daily News |date= |accessdate=2015-03-19}}</ref> Although the sticker was unofficial and the results were not added to the census, she and others hope the 2020 census will include such statistics.<ref name="nydailynews1"/>

In 2015 [[Laverne Cox]] called for transgender people to be counted in the census.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mic |url=http://mic.com/articles/126013/laverne-cox-calls-for-transgender-people-to-be-counted-differently-in-census-reporting |title=Laverne Cox Calls for Transgender People to Be Counted Differently in Census Reporting |publisher=Mic |date= |accessdate=2015-09-29}}</ref>

==History==

Censuses had been taken prior to the Constitution's ratification; in the early 17th century, a census was taken in [[Virginia]], and people were counted in nearly all of the British colonies that became the [[United States]].

Throughout the years, the country's needs and interests became more complex. This meant that statistics were needed to help people understand what was happening and have a basis for planning. The content of the decennial census changed accordingly. In 1810, the first inquiry on manufactures, quantity and value of products occurred; in 1840, inquiries on fisheries were added; and in 1850, the census included inquiries on social issues, such as taxation, churches, pauperism, and crime. The censuses also spread geographically, to new states and territories added to the Union, as well as to other areas under U.S. sovereignty or jurisdiction. There were so many more inquiries of all kinds in the census of 1880 that almost a full decade was needed to publish all the results. In response to this, the census was mechanized in 1890, with [[tabulating machine]]s made by [[Herman Hollerith]]. This reduced the processing time to two and a half years.<ref>Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray, "Computer a History of the Information Machine - Second Edition", Westview Press, pages 14-19 2004</ref>

For the first six censuses (1790–1840), enumerators recorded only the names of the heads of household and a general demographic accounting of the remaining members of the household. Beginning in 1850, all members of the household were named on the census. The first slave schedules were also completed in 1850, with the second (and last) in 1860. Censuses of the late 19th century also included agricultural and industrial schedules to gauge the productivity of the nation's economy. Mortality schedules (taken between 1850 and 1880) captured a snapshot of life spans and causes of death throughout the country.

The first nine censuses (1790–1870) were not managed by the [[United States Executive Branch|Executive branch]], but by the [[Federal government of the United States#Judicial branch|Judicial branch]]. The United States federal court districts assigned U.S. marshals, who hired assistant marshals to conduct the actual enumeration. The census enumerators were typically from the village or neighbourhood and often knew the residents. Before enabling self-identification on the censuses, the US Census Bureau relied on local people to have some knowledge of residents. Racial classification was made by the census enumerator in these decades, rather than by the individual.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;"|Num

! style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; width:40px;"|Year

! style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; width:100px;"|Date Taken

! style="text-align:right; vertical-align:bottom;"|Population

! style="text-align:left; vertical-align:bottom;"|Notes

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|1

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1790 United States Census|1790]]

| style="text-align:center;"|August 2, 1790

| style="text-align:right;"|3,929,326

|

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|2

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1800 United States Census|1800]]

| style="text-align:center;"|August 4, 1800

| style="text-align:right;"|5,308,483

|

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|3

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1810 United States Census|1810]]

| style="text-align:center;"|August 6, 1810

| style="text-align:right;"|7,239,881

|

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|4

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1820 United States Census|1820]]

| style="text-align:center;"|August 7, 1820

| style="text-align:right;"|9,638,453

|

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|5

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1830 United States Census|1830]]

| style="text-align:center;"|June 1, 1830

| style="text-align:right;"|12,866,020

|

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|6

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1840 United States Census|1840]]

| style="text-align:center;"|June 1, 1840

| style="text-align:right;"|17,069,453

| The census estimated the population of the United States at 17,100,000. The results were tabulated by 28 clerks in the Bureau of the Census.

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|7

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1850 United States Census|1850]]

| style="text-align:center;"|June 1, 1850

| style="text-align:right;"|23,191,876

| The 1850 census was a landmark year in American census-taking. It was the first year in which the census bureau attempted to record every member of every household, including women, children and slaves. Accordingly, the first slave schedules were produced in 1850. Prior to 1850, census records had only recorded the name of the head of the household and tabulated the other household members within given age groups.

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|8

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1860 United States Census|1860]]

| style="text-align:center;"|June 1, 1860

| style="text-align:right;"|31,443,321

| The results were tabulated by 184 clerks in the Bureau of the Census.<br /> This was the first census where the American Indians officially were counted, but only those who had 'renounced tribal rules'. The figure for the nation was 40,000.

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|9

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1870 United States Census|1870]]

| style="text-align:center;"|June 1, 1870

| style="text-align:right;"|39,818,449

|

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|10

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1880 United States Census|1880]]

| style="text-align:center;"|June 1, 1880

| style="text-align:right;"|50,189,209

| This was the first census that permitted women to be enumerators.

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|11

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1890 United States Census|1890]]

| style="text-align:center;"|June 2, 1890<br /> <ref group="Nota">Taken one day late because June 1 was a Sunday.</ref>

| style="text-align:right;"|62,947,714

| Because it was believed that the frontier region of the United States no longer existed, the tracking of westward migration was not tabulated in the 1890 census.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Porter |first1 = Robert |last2 = Gannett |first2 = Henry |last3 = Hunt |first3 = William | title = "Progress of the Nation", in "Report on Population of the United States at the Eleventh Census: 1890, Part 1" | pages = xviii-xxxiv | publisher = Bureau of the Census | year = 1895}}</ref> This trend prompted [[Frederick Jackson Turner]] to develop his milestone [[Frontier Thesis]].<br />

The 1890 census was the first to be compiled using the new [[tabulating machines]] invented by [[Herman Hollerith]]. The net effect of the many changes from the 1880 census (the larger population, the number of data items to be collected, the Census Bureau headcount, the volume of scheduled publications, and the use of Hollerith's electromechanical tabulators) was to reduce the time required to fully process the census from eight years for the [[U.S. Census, 1880|1880 census]] to six years for the 1890 census.<ref name="11th census report">{{cite book |title=Report of the Commissioner of Labor In Charge of The Eleventh Census to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1895 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32435067619882 |___location=Washington, DC ||publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office]] |date=July 29, 1895 |accessdate=November 13, 2015 |oclc=867910652}} Page 9: "You may confidently look for the rapid reduction of the force of this office after the 1st of October, and the entire cessation of clerical work during the present calendar year. ... The condition of the work of the Census Division and the condition of the final reports show clearly that the work of the Eleventh Census will be completed at least two years earlier than was the work of the Tenth Census." — Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor in Charge</ref> The total population, of 62,947,714, was announced after only six weeks of processing (punched cards were not used for this family, or ''rough'', count).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1991-02.pdf |format=PDF|title=Population and Area (Historical Censuses) |publisher=United States Census Bureau|deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>Truesdell, Leon E. (1965) The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census 1890-1940, US GPO, p.61</ref> The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was widely believed that the "right answer" was at least 75,000,000.<ref>Austrian, Geoffrey D. (1982) ''Herman Hollerith - Forgotten Giant of Information Processing'', Columbia, pp.85-86</ref>

<br />

This census is also notable for the fact it is one of only three for which the original data is no longer available. Almost all the population schedules were destroyed following a fire in 1921.

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|12

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1900 United States Census|1900]]

| style="text-align:center;"|June 1, 1900

| style="text-align:right;"|76,212,168

|

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|13

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1910 United States Census|1910]]

| style="text-align:center;"|April 15, 1910

| style="text-align:right;"|92,228,496

|

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|14

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1920 United States Census|1920]]

| style="text-align:center;"|January 1, 1920

| style="text-align:right;"|106,021,537

| This was the first census that recorded a population exceeding 100 million.

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|15

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1930 United States Census|1930]]

| style="text-align:center;"|April 1, 1930<br /> <ref group="Nota">In the [[Alaska Territory]], census-taking began on October 1, 1929.</ref>

| style="text-align:right;"|122,775,046

|

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|16

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1940 United States Census|1940]]

| style="text-align:center;"|April 1, 1940

| style="text-align:right;"|132,164,569

| This is the most recent Census where individuals' data has now been released to the public (by the [[72-year rule]]).

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|17

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1950 United States Census|1950]]

| style="text-align:center;"|April 1, 1950

| style="text-align:right;"|150,697,361

| Because of the 72-year rule, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2022.

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|18

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1960 United States Census|1960]]

| style="text-align:center;"|April 1, 1960

| style="text-align:right;"|179,323,175

| Because of the 72-year rule, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2032.

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|19

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1970 United States Census|1970]]

| style="text-align:center;"|April 1, 1970

| style="text-align:right;"|203,302,031

| This was the first census that recorded a population exceeding 200 million. Because of the 72-year rule, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2042.

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|20

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1980 United States Census|1980]]

| style="text-align:center;"|April 1, 1980

| style="text-align:right;"|226,545,805

| Because of the 72-year rule, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2052.

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|21

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1990 United States Census|1990]]

| style="text-align:center;"|April 1, 1990

| style="text-align:right;"|248,709,873

| Because of the 72-year rule, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2062.

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|22

| style="text-align:center;"| [[2000 United States Census|2000]]

| style="text-align:center;"|April 1, 2000

| style="text-align:right;"|281,421,906

| Because of the 72-year rule, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2072.

|- valign="top"

| style="text-align:center;"|23

| style="text-align:center;"| [[2010 United States Census|2010]]

| style="text-align:center;"|April 1, 2010

| style="text-align:right;"| 308,745,538

| For the first time since 1940, the 2010 Census is a short-form-only census, as the decennial long form has been replaced by the [[American Community Survey]].<br /> This was the first census that recorded a population exceeding 300 million. Because of the 72-year rule, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2082.

|}

[[File:Census2010LogoMN.png|thumb|Census regional marketing logo in [[Minnesota]].]]

==Respondent confidentiality==

The principal purpose of the census is to divide the house seats by population. In addition, collected data is used in aggregate for statistical purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisnation.com/question/022.html|title=What is the purpose of the Census? What is the data used for?}}</ref> Replies are obtained from individuals and establishments only to enable the compilation of such general statistics. The confidentiality of these replies is very important. By law, no one{{mdash}} neither the census takers nor any other Census Bureau employee{{mdash}} is permitted to reveal identifiable information about any person, household, or business. Without such protections, those living illegally in the United States or hiding from the government would be deterred from submitting census data.

By law (92 Stat. 915, Public Law 95-416, enacted on October 5, 1978), individual census records are sealed for 72 years,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/history/www/genealogy/decennial_census_records/the_72_year_rule_1.html |title=The "72-Year Rule" | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> a number chosen in 1952<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/2012/04/02/149575704/the-1940-census-72-year-old-secrets-revealed |title=The 1940 Census: 72-Year-Old Secrets Revealed}}</ref> as slightly higher than the average female life expectancy, 71.6.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demog.berkeley.edu/~andrew/1918/figure2.html |title=Life expectancy in the USA, 1900-98}}</ref> The individual census data most recently released to the public is the 1940 census, released on April 2, 2012. Aggregate census data are released when available.

===Historical FBI use of data===

Under the administration of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), using primarily census records, compiled (1939–1941) the [[Custodial Detention Index]] ("CDI") on [[U.S. citizen|citizens]], [[enemy aliens]], and [[foreign national]]s, who might be dangerous. The [[War Powers Act of 1941|Second War Powers Act of 1941]] repealed the legal protection of confidential census data, which was not restored until 1947. This information facilitated the [[Japanese American internment|internment of Japanese-Americans]], following the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attack on the U.S. at Pearl Harbor]] on December 7, 1941 and the internment of [[Italian American internment|Italian-]] and [[German American internment|German-Americans]] following the United States' entry into [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=A4F4DED6-E7F2-99DF-32E46B0AC1FDE0FE&sc=I100322|title=Confirmed: The U.S. Census Bureau Gave Up Names of Japanese-Americans in WW II|date=2007-03-30|publisher=Scientific American |first=JR |last=Minkel |accessdate=2009-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-03-30-census-role_N.htm|title=Papers show Census role in WWII camps|date=2007-03-30|publisher=[[USA Today]] |first=Haya |last=El Nasser |accessdate=2009-11-02}}</ref>

In 1980, four FBI agents went to the Census Bureau's [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]] office with [[search warrant|warrants]] to seize Census documents, but were forced to leave with nothing. Courts upheld that no agency, including the FBI, has access to Census data.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4191/is_20000324/ai_n9965696/|first=Mary |last=Boyle|title=Springs once tested Census' confidentiality|date=March 24, 2000|publisher=[[The Gazette (Colorado Springs)]]}}</ref>

==Data analysis==

The census records and data specific to individual respondents are not available to the public until 72 years after a given census was taken, but aggregate statistical data derived from the census are released as soon as they are available. Every census up to and including [[1940 United States Census|1940]] is currently available to the public and can be viewed on [[microform|microfilm]] released by the [[National Archives and Records Administration]], the official keeper of archived federal census records. Complete online census records can be accessed for no cost from National Archives facilities and many libraries,<ref>{{cite web|title=How can I search the Census Records?|author=National Archives and Records Administration|url=http://www.archives.gov/genealogy/census/research.html|accessdate=December 13, 2008}}</ref> and a growing portion of the census is freely available from non-commercial online sources.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://pilot.familysearch.org/recordsearch |title= Discover your Ancestors |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usgwcensus.org/ |title=The USGenWeb Free Census Project |accessdate=2010-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.us-census.org/ |title=The USGenWeb Census Project |accessdate=2010-03-24}}</ref>

Census [[microdata (statistics)|microdata]] for research purposes are available for censuses from [[1850 United States Census|1850]] forward through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series ([[IPUMS]]), and scanned copies of each of the decennial census questionnaires are available online from many websites. Computerized [[aggregate data]] describing the characteristics of small geographic areas for the entire period from [[1790 United States Census|1790]] to [[2010 United States Census|2010]] are available from the [[National Historical Geographic Information System]].

===Regions and divisions===

[[File:US Census geographical region map.png|right|thumb|US Census Bureau Population Regions]]

The bureau recognizes four census [[region]]s within the United States and further organizes them into nine divisions. These regions are groupings of states that subdivide the United States for the presentation of data. They should not be construed as necessarily being thus grouped owing to any geographical, historical, or cultural bonds.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! colspan="4" | US Census Regions

|-

! valign="top" | Region 1: [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]]

! valign="top" | Region 2: [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]]

! valign="top" | Region 3: [[Southern United States|South]]

! valign="top" | Region 4: [[Western United States|West]]

|-

| valign="top" |

* Division 1: [[New England]]

* Division 2: [[Mid-Atlantic States|Mid-Atlantic]]

| valign="top" |

* Division 3: [[East North Central States|East North Central]]

* Division 4: [[West North Central States|West North Central]]

| valign="top" |

* Division 5: [[South Atlantic States|South Atlantic]]

* Division 6: [[East South Central States|East South Central]]

* Division 7: [[West South Central States|West South Central]]

| valign="top" |

* Division 8: [[Mountain States|Mountain]]

* Division 9: [[Pacific States|Pacific]]

|}

==See also==

* [[Census-designated place]] (CDP), a populated community that lacks a separate municipal government

* [[Combined statistical area]] (CSA), an area that combines adjacent µSAs and MSAs

* [[DUALabs]]

* [[List of U.S. states by historical population]], state-level US Census data, 1790-2010, in table form

* [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census]]

* [[United States metropolitan area]] (MSA), an area that includes adjacent communities to major cities

* [[United States micropolitan area]] (µSA), an urban area based around a core city or town with a population of 10,000 to 49,999

==Note==

<references group="Nota"/>

===Riferimenti===

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|2}}

==Further reading==

* Anderson, Margo J. ''The American Census: A Social History''. New Haven: [[Yale University Press]], 1988. ISBN 0-300-04014-8

* Anderson, Margo J. ''Encyclopedia of the U.S. Census''. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2000. ISBN 1-56802-428-2.

* Dorman, Robert L. "The Creation and Destruction of the 1890 Federal Census," ''American Archivist'', 71 (Fall–Winter 2008), 350–83.

* Krüger, Stephen. "The Decennial Census", [http://wsulawreview.org/Volume19Articles.pdf 19 ''Western State University Law Review'' 1], (Fall 1991); available at [http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/wsulr19&div=6&id=&page= HeinOnline] {{subscription}}

* Lavin, Michael R. "Understanding the Census: A Guide for Marketers, Planners, Grant Writers, and Other Data Users". Kenmore, NY: Epoch Books, 1996. ISBN 0-89774-995-2.

* U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau. [http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS19359 Measuring America: the decennial censuses from 1790 to 2000]. 2002

==External links==

* [http://www.census.gov U.S. Census Bureau official website]

** [http://www.census.gov/history History of the U.S. Census Bureau]

** [http://www.census.gov/population/pop-profile/2000/profile2000.pdf Population Profile of the United States: 2000]

** [http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/index.htm Historical Census of Population and Housing reports]

* [http://www.nhgis.org National Historical Geographic Information System], a main source for freely downloading census data for the period 1790 through the present

* [http://usa.ipums.org/usa/ Integrated Public Use Microdata Series], the main source for census [[microdata (statistics)|microdata]] for the period 1850 through the present

* [http://www.censusscope.org CensusScope], from the Social Science Data Analysis Network

* [http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/index.html Historical U.S. Census Browser], from the University of Virginia Library

* [http://www.censusfinder.com/census-questions.htm Census Findings - Questions Asked in Each Census Year], from CensusFinder.com.

* [http://people.howstuffworks.com/census.htm How the Census Works], from HowStuffWorks, Inc.

* [http://libraries.mit.edu/guides/types/census/sources.html Sources of U.S. Census Data], from MIT Libraries

* [http://1890censussupplementbookset.yolasite.com/ 1890 Census Supplement Book-Set]

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