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[[Image:Filmation_Aquaman_Title_1960s.gif|right|frame|Title card from ''[[Aquaman (animated series)|Aquaman]]'']]
'''Body mass index''' ('''BMI''') or '''Quetelet Index''' is a statistical measure of the weight of a person scaled according to height. It was invented between 1830 and 1850 by the [[Belgium|Belgian]] [[polymath]], [[Adolphe Quetelet]] during the course of developing "social physics".
[[Image:Dynastytelevision.jpg|right|thumb|Main title card from ''[[Dynasty (television)|Dynasty]]'']]
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[[Image:Filmation_Aquaman_Title_1960s.gif|right|frame|Title card from ''[[Aquaman (animated series)|Aquaman]]'']]
[[Image:Dynastytelevision.jpg|right|thumb|Main title card from ''[[Dynasty (television)|Dynasty]]'']]
The BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on it for medical diagnosis - but that has never been the BMI's purpose. It is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals with an average (mesomorphic) body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight; a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is [[underweight]] while a number above 25 may indicate the person is [[overweight]]; a BMI below 15 may indicate the person has an [[eating disorder]]; a number above 30 suggests the person is [[obesity|obese]] (over 40, morbidly obese).
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==Links & Templates==
The BMI is meant to broadly categorise populations for purely statistical purposes. As noted, its accuracy in relation to actual levels of body fat is easily distorted by such factors as fitness level, muscle mass, bone structure, gender, and ethnicity. People who are [[endomorphic]] tend to have higher BMI numbers than people who are [[mesomorphic]], because they have greater bone mass and greater muscle mass, respectively, than do mesomorphic individuals.
'''Redirect:''' <nowiki>#REDIRECT [[Dune (novel)]]</nowiki>
Similarly, an [[ectomorphic]] individual could conceivably receive an unhealthily low reading, when in fact their body type makes them naturally thin no matter what they eat.
'''Link with alternate Label:''' <nowiki>[[Dune (novel)|Dune Rocks!]]</nowiki>
==Calculation of the index==
[[Image:Body_mass_index-weightheight.jpg|thumb|left|An example of a somewhat older body mass index chart.]]
'''To delete one of my own user subpages:''' <nowiki>{{db-owner}}</nowiki>
BMI is defined as the individual's [[body weight]] divided by the square of the height, and is almost always expressed in the unit <math>\mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{m}^2</math>, which is therefore often left out. Hence, using the units in parentheses the BMI value can be calculated as
:<math>\mathrm{BMI} = \frac{\mathit{weight} \ \mathrm{(kg)}}{\mathit{height} \times \mathit{height} \ (\mathrm{m} \times \mathrm{m})}</math>
<nowiki>{{main|Joshua Clay}}</nowiki>
or (a version adapted for [[English unit]]s):
{{main|Joshua Clay}}
:<math>\mathrm{BMI} = 703 \frac{\mathit{weight} \ (\mathrm{lb})}{\mathit{height} \times \mathit{height} \ (\mathrm{in} \times \mathrm{in})}</math>
<nowiki>{{See also|troll|flame}}</nowiki>
In [[physiology]] the term “[[weight]]” is used interchangeably with the “[[mass]]”.
{{See also|troll|flame}}
Generally, a BMI chart displays calculated BMI as a function of weight (horizontal axis) and height (vertical axis) using “contour lines” for different values of BMI or colors for different BMI categories.
<nowiki>{{Otheruses3|Tempest}}</nowiki>
[[BMI Chart (height 150 - 174cm)]]
{{Otheruses3|Tempest}}
== BMI categories ==
[[Image:Male_borderline_underweight.jpg|thumb|right|BMI 19.3 Male, slightly above the underweight limit]]
A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual's body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The weight excess or deficiency may, in part, be accounted for by body fat ([[adipose tissue]]) although other factors such as muscularity also affect BMI (see discussion below and [[overweight]]).
Human bodies rank along the index from around 15 (near starvation) to over 40 (morbidly obese). This statistical spread is usually [[Descriptive statistics|described]] in broad categories: underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese and morbidly obese. The particular BMI values used to demarcate these categories varies based on the authority, but typically a BMI of less than 18.5 is considered underweight and may indicate [[malnutrition]], an [[eating disorder]], or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered [[obesity|obese]]. These ranges of BMI values are valid only when applied to adults.
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=== Thresholds ===
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Given the reservations detailed below concerning the limitations of the BMI as a diagnostic tool for individuals, the following are common definitions of BMI categories:
<nowiki>{{endspoiler}}</nowiki>
{{endspoiler}}
:* Starvation: less than 15
:* Underweight: less than 18.5
:* Ideal: from 18.5 to 25
:* Overweight: from 25 to 30
:* Obese: from 30 to 40
:* Morbidly Obese: greater than 40
==Characters & Formatting==
The U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of [[1994]] indicates that 59% of American men and 49% of women have BMIs over 25. Extreme obesity — a BMI of 40 or more — was found in 2% of the men and 4% of the women. There are differing opinions on the threshold for being underweight in females, doctors quote anything from 18.5 to 20 as being the lowest weight, the most frequently stated being 19. A BMI nearing 15 is usually used as an indicator for starvation and the health risks involved, with a BMI <17.5 being one of the DSM criteria for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa.
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===BMI-for-age===
BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI [[percentile]] allows comparison with children of the same gender and age <ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/bmi-for-age.htm BMI - Body Mass Index: BMI for Children and Teens]</ref>. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered overweight. Children with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be at risk of becoming overweight.
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Recent studies in England have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males by 1.0 kg/m² on average <ref>[http://www.archive2.official-documents.co.uk/document/deps/doh/survey02/summ03.htm Health Survey for England: The Health of Children and Young People]</ref>.
''Italic'' <nowiki>''Italic''</nowiki>
===International variations===
These recommended distinctions along the linear scale may vary from time to time and country to country, making global, longitudinal surveys problematic. In 1998, the U.S. [[National Institutes of Health]] brought U.S. definitions into line with [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guidelines, lowering the normal/overweight cut-off from BMI 27.8 to BMI 25. This had the effect of redefining approximately 30 million Americans, previously "technically healthy" to "technically overweight". It also recommends lowering the normal/overweight threshold for South East Asian body types to around BMI 23, and expects further revisions to emerge from clinical studies of different body types.
'''Bold''' <nowiki>'''Bold'''</nowiki>
For Asians, the new cut-off BMI index for obesity is 27.5 compared with the traditional WHO figure of 30. An Asian adult with a BMI of 23 or greater is now considered overweight and the ideal normal range is 18.5-22.9. [http://www.hpb.gov.sg/hpb/default.asp?TEMPORARY_DOCUMENT=1769&TEMPORARY_TEMPLATE=2 Singapore BMI Cut-offs].
'''''Bold & Italic''''' <nowiki>'''''Bold & Italic'''''</nowiki>
== Uses ==
=== Statistical device ===
The Body Mass Index is generally used as a means of correlation between groups related by general mass and can serve as a basic means of estimating [[adipose tissue|adiposity]]. However, the duality of the Body Mass Index is that, whilst easy-to-use as a general calculation, it is limited in how accurate and pertinent the data obtained from it can be. Generally, the Index is suitable for recognising trends within sedentary or overweight individuals because there is a smaller margin for errors <ref>Jeukendrup, A & Gleeson, M. (2005) ''Sports Nutrition'' Human Kinetics</ref>.
==Quotes & Hidden Notes==
This general correlation is particularly useful for consensus data regarding obesity or various other conditions because it can be used to build a semi-accurate representation from which a solution can be stipulated, or the [[Recommended Dietary Allowance|RDA]] for a group can be calculated. Similarly, this is becoming more and more pertinent to the growth of children, due to the majority of their exercise habits. <ref>Barasi, M. E (2004) ''Human Nutrition - a health perspective''</ref>
<nowiki>''<blockquote>For the 1989 true crime book/1990 TV movie, see [[Blind Faith (book)]]</blockquote></nowiki>
The growth of children is usually documented against a BMI-measured growth chart. Obesity trends can be calculated from the difference between the child's BMI and the BMI on the chart. However, this method again falls prey to the obstacle of body composition: many children who are generally born, or grow as an [[Endomorphic|endomorph]], would be classed as obese despite body composition. Clinical professionals should take into account the child's body composition and defer to an appropriate technique such as [[densiometry]].
''<blockquote>For the 1989 true crime book/1990 TV movie, see [[Blind Faith (book)]]</blockquote>
=== Clinical practice ===
BMI can be calculated quickly and without expensive equipment. However, BMI categories do not take into account factors such as frame size and muscularity. <ref>Jeukendrup, A & Gleeson, M. (2005) ''Sports Nutrition'' Human Kinetics</ref> and the categories do not distinguish what proportions of a human body's weight are muscle, fat, bone and cartilage, or water weight.
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Despite this, BMI categories are generally regarded as a satisfactory tool for measuring whether sedentary individuals are "underweight," "overweight" or "obese." It has been used by the [[World Health Organization|'''WHO''']] as the standard for recording obesity statistics since the early [[1980]]s. In the United States, BMI is also used as a measure of underweight, owing to advocacy on behalf of those suffering with eating disorders, such as [[anorexia nervosa]] and [[bulimia nervosa]].
<!-- Image with disputed fair-use status removed: [[Image:TVGuidedynasty2.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Linda Evans/Joan Collins - [[TV Guide]].]] -->
</nowiki>
Individuals who are not sedentary - especially athletes - as well as children, the elderly, the infirm, and individuals who are naturally [[endomorphic]] or [[ectomorphic]] (i.e., people who don't have a medium frame) are ill-fitted to assessment using the BMI. Or to state the problem more accurately, the BMI measurements at which these people may be underweight, overweight or obese are different from sedentary [[mesomorphic|mesomorphs]] whose ages are between about 20 and 70.
==Columns==
In athletes, the problem is that muscle is denser than fat. Most professional athletes are "overweight" or "obese" according to their BMI<ref>[http://www.dietandfitnesstoday.com/bmiathletes.php BMI for Gold Medal Olympians]</ref> - unless the number at which they are considered "overweight" or "obese" is adjusted upward. In children and the elderly, differences in bone density and, thus, in the proportion of bone to total weight can mean the number at which these people are considered ''under''weight should be adjusted downward.
{|
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*Menace of the Black Manta
*The Deadly Drillers
*Vassa, Queen Of The Mermen
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*The Onslaught Of The Octomen
*Treacherous Is The Torpedoman
*The Trio Of Terror
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|valign="top"|
*In Captain Cuda's Clutches
*The Mirror-Man From Planet Imago
*The Vicious Villainy Of Vassa
|}
In all cases, methods for actually measuring [[body fat percentage]] are always preferable to BMI for measuring healthy body size.
=== ProblemsSummary ===
The ''Blind Faith'' book cover.
Title card for ''[[The New Adventures of Superman (animated series)|The New Adventures of Superman]]'' (1966–1969)
As a general rule, developed muscle contributes more to weight than fat and the BMI does not account for this. Therefore a person with more muscle mass such as a body-builder will seem to be overweight. Likewise it could be stipulated that some long-distance or endurance athletes would be classified as [[ectomorphic]] (underweight, anorexic or starvation), this type of athlete tends to have low body fat and well developed slow twitch muscle, which does not contribute greatly to muscle mass. These individuals could be widely regarded as the perfect composite for their particular sports. Due to these limitations, body composition for athletes would not be calculated using the body mass index, and instead the [[Body fat percentage|body fat]] would be determined by such techniques as skinfold measurements or underwater weighing. In parallel to this, sportsmen or women from sports such as [[Rugby football|Rugby]], where size and muscle are often of importance, could be listed as overweight, due to a large amount of muscle. At the extreme, many [[bodybuilding|bodybuilders]] would be classified as morbidly obese, such as [[Markus Rühl]] who has a BMI of 46.
Another issue is that competitive athletes often know very accurately what their actual height and weight are, while the general public has tendencies toward over-estimating their height, and under-estimating their weight. The BMI standards, as a public health tool, take this tendency into account. This can lead to athletes having a higher reported BMI than a lay person of the same height and weight.
== Licensing ==
Mayo Clinic researchers say the BMI doesn't accurately predict risk of cardiovascular death because it doesn't distinguish between muscle and fat. They say a better measure may be your waist-to-hip ratio.
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In an analysis led by Lopez-Jiminez of 40 studies involving 250,000 people, heart patients with normal BMIs were at higher risk of death from cardiovascular disease than people whose BMIs put them in the "obese" range.
==External links==
In fact, the ones in the study who had the highest death rates were people who weighed the least; in other words, they had the lowest BMIs.
<nowiki>*{{imdb name|id=0569384|name=Joe McGinniss}}</nowiki>
*{{imdb name|id=0569384|name=Joe McGinniss}}
<nowiki>*{{imdb title|id=0099148|title=Blind Faith}}</nowiki>
== References ==
*{{imdb title|id=0099148|title=Blind Faith}}
<references />
<!-- No longer referenced: #{{note|BMIconcerns}} [http://www.healthpolicyohio.org/publications/obesity.html Obesity: The Health Debate and Policy Challenges], page 4. Health Policy Institute of Ohio, 2005. (Accessed October 31, 2005).-->
<nowiki>*[http://www.bcdb.com/ The Big Cartoon DataBase]</nowiki>
==See also==
*[http://www.bcdb.com/ The Big Cartoon DataBase]
* [[Body fat percentage]]
* [[Ectomorphic]]
* [[Mesomorphic]]
* [[Endomorphic]]
* [[Muscle]]
* [[Muscle mass]]
* [[Skeletal muscle]]
* [[BMR]]
==External links==
<!--Please do not add more links to more calculators. One is really enough. If you feel a particular online calculator has specific merits, please propose the link on the talk page.-->
* Online BMI Calculator (in [http://nhlbisupport.com/bmi/bmicalc.htm imperial] or [http://nhlbisupport.com/bmi/bmi-m.htm metric] system) (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute)
* U.S. National Centre for Health Statistics [http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/ BMI Growth Charts for children and young adults]
* BodyTweaking [http://www.bodytweaking.com/BMI-to-Fat-Calculator/ BMI to Fat Percentage Calculator]
* Diet and Fitness Today [http://www.dietandfitnesstoday.com/bmifaq.php BMI FAQ]
[['''Category:Human appearance]]formats:'''
*
[[Category:Medical signs]]
<nowiki>[[Category:MassLiving people|McGinniss, Joe]]</nowiki>
*
[[Category:Nutrition]]
<nowiki>[[Category:American non-fiction writers|McGinniss, Joe]]</nowiki>
[[Category:Obesity]]
*
<nowiki>[[Category:Animated television series|Batman/Superman Hour, The]]</nowiki>
'''Stubs:'''
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{{author-stub}}
{{tv-prog-stub}}
{{bio-stub}}
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==Table==
<table border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;">
<th COLSPAN=44 BGCOLOR="#DC143C">Kings of Rome<tr>
<th BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">King<th BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Traditional Reign
<tr><td>[[Romulus and Remus|Romulus]]</td><td>[[753 BC]]–[[716 BC]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Numa Pompilius]]</td><td>[[715 BC]]–[[674 BC]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Tullus Hostilius]]</td><td>[[673 BC]]–[[642 BC]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Ancus Marcius]]</td><td>[[642 BC]]–[[617 BC]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Lucius Tarquinius Priscus]]</td><td>[[616 BC]]–[[579 BC]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Servius Tullius]]</td><td>[[578 BC]]–[[535 BC]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus]]</td><td>[[535 BC]]–[[510 BC]]/[[509 BC]]</td></tr>
</table>
==Vertical Timeline==
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:160 height:550
PlotArea = width:50 height:530 left:50 bottom:10
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:1919 till:1991
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1920
# there is no automatic collision detection,
# so shift texts up or down manually to avoid overlap
Define $dx = 25 # shift text to right side of bar
PlotData=
bar:Leaders color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S
from:start till:1922 shift:($dx,15) text:Vladimir~Ilyich~[[Lenin]]
from:1922 till:1953 shift:($dx,5) text:[[Stalin|Josef Stalin]]
from:1953 till:1964 shift:($dx,5) text:Nikita~[[Khrushchev]]
from:1964 till:1982 shift:($dx,5) text:Leonid~[[Brezhnev]]
from:1982 till:1984 shift:($dx,-12) text:Yuri~[[Andropov]]
from:1984 till:1985 shift:($dx,4) text:Konstantin~[[Chernenko]] fontsize:XS
from:1985 till:end shift:($dx,10) text:Mikhail~[[Gorbachev]]
</timeline>
</td>
==Olga of Russia Tree==
{{ahnentafel5
|style=font-size: 90%
|border=1
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1=[[Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia|Olga of Russia]]
|2=[[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II of Russia]]
|3=[[Alix von Hessen]]
|4=[[Alexander III of Russia|Tsar Alexander III of Russia]]
|5=[[Dagmar of Denmark]]
|6=[[Ludwig IV von Hessen und bei Rhine]]
|7=[[Alice of Great Britain and Ireland]]
|8=[[Alexander II of Russia|Tsar Alexander II of Russia]]
|9=[[Marie von Hessen-Darmstadt]]
|10=[[Christian IX of Denmark|King Christian IX of Denmark]]
|11=[[Louise von Hessen-Kassel]]
|12=[[Karl von Hessen und bei Rhine]]
|13=[[Elisabeth of Prussia]]
|14=[[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
|15=[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom]]
|16=[[Nicholas I of Russia|Tsar Nicholas I of Russia]]
|17=[[Charlotte of Prussia]]
|18=[[Ludwig II von Hessen und bei Rhine]] (legal father)<br>[[August von Senarclens de Grancy]] (biological father)
|19=[[Wilhelmina of Baden]]
|20=[[Wilhelm von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksborg]]
|21=[[Louisa von Hessen-Kassel]]
|22=[[Wilhelm von Hessen-Kassel]]
|23=[[Louise Charlotte of Denmark]]
|24=[[Ludwig II von Hessen und bei Rhine]]
|25=[[Wilhelmina of Baden]]
|26=[[Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia]]
|27=[[Marianne von Hessen-Homburg]]
|28=[[Ernest I von Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]]
|29=[[Louise of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg]]
|30=[[Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn]]
|31=[[Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]]
}}
== Corrino Family Tree ==
[[ca:Índex de massa corporal]]
{{familytree/start}}
[[cs:Index tělesné hmotnosti]]
{{familytree | Hf | | | | | | Bf | Hf=''Harkonnen family'' | Bf=''Butler family'' }}
[[da:BMI]]
{{familytree | |:| | | | | | | |:| }}
[[de:Körpermasseindex]]
{{familytree | UH |y| KH | | MB |y| LB | UH=Ulf Harkonnen | KH=Katarina Harkonnen | MB=Manion Butler | LB=Livia Butler }}
[[es:Índice de masa corporal]]
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| }}
[[fa:نمایه جرم بدن]]
{{familytree | PH | | XH |y| OB | | SB | PH=Piers Harkonnen | XH=[[Xavier Harkonnen]] | OB=Octa Butler | SB=[[Serena Butler]] }}
[[fr:Indice de masse corporelle]]
{{familytree | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
[[hr:Indeks tjelesne mase]]
{{familytree | | | RH | | OH | | WH |y| QV | RH=Roella Harkonnen | OH=Omilia Harkonnen | WH=Wandra Harkonnen | QV=Quentin Vigar }}
[[it:Indice di massa corporea]]
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|.| | }}
[[he:BMI]]
{{familytree | | | | | | | FBC | | RB | | AHE | FBC=[[Faykan Butler]] (Corrino) | RB=Rikov Butler | AHE=[[Abulurd Harkonnen]] the Elder }}
[[ms:Index Jisim Badan]]
{{familytree | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | |:| }}
[[nl:Body Mass Index]]
{{familytree | | | | | | | HC | | | | | | |:| HC=''75 Padishah Emperors'' }}
[[ja:ボディマス指数]]
{{familytree | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | |:| | HH=''[[House Harkonnen]]'' }}
[[pl:BMI]]
{{familytree | | | | | | | RC | | | | | | HH | RC=[[Raphael Corrino]] | HH=''[[House Harkonnen]]'' }}
[[ru:Индекс массы тела]]
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | }}
[[simple:Body mass index]]
{{familytree | | | | | | | VC | VC=[[Vutier Corrino II]] }}
[[sk:Index telesnej hmotnosti]]
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | }}
[[fi:Painoindeksi]]
{{familytree | | | | | | | FC | FC=[[Fondil Corrino III]] }}
[[sv:BMI]]
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | }}
[[th:ดัชนีมวลกาย]]
{{familytree | | | YH |y| ElC |y| HC | YH=Yvette Hagal | ElC=[[Elrood Corrino IX]] | HC=Habla Corrino }}
[[vi:Chỉ số khối cơ thể]]
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| }}
[[zh:身高體重指數]]
{{familytree | | | | | EdC | | ShC |y| AST | EdC=Edwina Corrino | ShC=[[Shaddam Corrino IV]] | AST=Anirul Sadow-Tonkin Corrino }}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | Chn |y| Pau |~| Iru | | Chl | | Wen | | Jos | | Rug | Chn=[[Chani]] | Pau=[[Paul Atreides]] | Iru=[[Irulan Corrino]] | Chl=Chalice Corrino | Wen=[[Princess Wensicia|Wensicia Corrino]] | Jos=Josifa Corrino | Rug=Rugi Harkonnen }}
{{familytree | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | Let | | | | | | | | Gha |y| Far | Let=[[Leto Atreides II]] | Gha=[[Ghanima Atreides]] | Far=[[Farad'n Corrino]] }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | foo | foo=''many children'' }}
{{familytree/end}}
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