Food and List of botanical gardens: Difference between pages

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A '''botanical garden''' is a place where [[plant]]s, especially [[fern]]s, [[conifer]]s and [[flowering]] plants, are grown and displayed for the purposes of [[research]] and [[education]]. This distinguishes them from parks and pleasure gardens where plants, usually with showy flowers, are grown for public amenity only. [[Botanical garden]]s that specialize in trees are sometimes referred to as [[arboretum]]s. They are occasionally associated with [[zoo]]s.

[[Image:Foods.jpg|thumbnail|right|Food from plant sources]]

{{TOCright}}

'''Food''' is any [[substance]] normally [[eating|eaten]] or [[drinking|drunk]] by [[life|living organisms]]. The term ''food'' also includes [[liquid]] [[drink|drinks]]. Food is the main source of [[energy]] and of [[nutrition]] for animals, and is usually of [[animal]] or [[plant]] [[origin]].

The earliest botanical gardens were founded in the late [[Renaissance]] at the [[University of Pisa]] (1543) and the [[University of Padua]] ([[1545]]) in [[Italy]], for the study and teaching of medical botany. Many Universities today have botanical gardens for student teaching and academic research, e.g. the [[Arnold Arboretum]] of Harvard University, the [[Bonn University Botanic Garden]], [[Bonn]], the [[Cambridge University Botanic Garden]], [[Cambridge]], [[England]], the [[Hortus Botanicus Leiden|Hortus Botanicus]] of [[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]], [[Kraus Preserve of Ohio Wesleyan University|Kraus Preserve]] of [[Ohio Wesleyan University]].

This page lists important botanical gardens throughout the world:

The study of food is called [[food science]]. In [[English language|English]], the term ''food'' is often used [[metaphor]]ically or figuratively, as in ''food for thought''.

==[[Argentina]]==

==Legal definition==

* [[Administración de Parques Nacionales]]

[[Western world|Western]] food law recognises four categories of object as food:

* [[Arboretum Guaycolec y Arboretum de la Facultad de Recursos Naturales]]

*any substance or product, whether processed, partially processed or unprocessed, intended to be, or reasonably expected to be ingested by humans whether of nutritional value or not;

* [[Asociación Civil Los Algarrobos]]

*[[water]] and other [[drink]]s;

* [[Bosque Autóctono "El Espinal"]]

*[[chewing gum]];

* [[Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones]]

*articles and substances used as an [[ingredient]] or [[component]] in the preparation of food.

* [[Fundación Cultural Argentino Japonesa]]

* [[Jardín Agrobotánico de Santa Catalina]]

* [[Jardín Biológico de América]]

* [[Jardín Botánico "Arturo E. Ragonese"]]

* [[Jardín Botánico "Carlos Thays"]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de Chacras de Coria]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de Córdoba]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de la Ciudad de Corrientes]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de la Facultad de Agronomía de Azul]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de Esperanza]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales de la U.N.S.E.]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de la Fundación Miguel Lillo]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de la Patagonia Extra-andina]]

* [[Jardín Botánico "Dr Miguel J Culaciati"]]

* [[Jardín Botánico "El Viejo Molino"]]

* [[Jardín Botánico EMETA Chamical]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Ezeiza]]

* [[Jardín Botánico "Gaspar Xuarez", Universidad Católica de Córdoba]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Municipal de San Carlos Centro]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Municipal y Area de Emprendimientos Productivos]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Oro Verde]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Pillahuincó]]

* [[Jardín Botánico "Tierra del Sur"]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Universidad Nacional de San Luis]]

* [[Jardín de Aclimatación del Arido Patagónico]]

* [[Jardin de Cactus Catamarca]]

* [[Museo de Ciencias Naturales "Augusto G Schulz"]]

* [[Red Argentina de Jardines Botánicos]]

==[[Australia]]==

Links to official legal definitions of food:

* [[The Australian Arid Lands Botanic Garden]] - [[Port Augusta, South Australia|Port Augusta West]], [[South Australia]]

*[http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/fdcact/fdcact1.htm US federal definition of food]

* [[The Australian Inland Botanic Gardens]] - [[Buronga]], [[New South Wales]]

*[http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1990/Ukpga_19900016_en_2.htm#mdiv1 UK definition of food]

* [[Australian National Botanic Gardens|The Australian National Botanic Gardens]], [[Canberra]], [[Australian Capital Territory]]

*[http://europa.eu.int/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=EN&numdoc=32002R0178&model=guichett EU definition of food]

* [[Ballarat Botanical Gardens]] - [[Ballarat, Victoria|Ballarat]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]

* [[Bendigo Botanic Gardens]] - [[Bendigo]], [[Victoria (Australia), Victoria]]

* [[Booderee National Park and Botanic Gardens]] (formerly Jervis Bay Botanic Gardens) - [[New South Wales]]

* [[Adelaide Botanic Gardens]] - [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]]

* [[Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mount Coot-tha]] - [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]]

* [[Brisbane City Botanic Gardens]] - [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]]

* [[Castlemaine Botanic Gardens]] - [[Castlemaine, Victoria|Castlemaine]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]

* [[Coffs Harbour Regional Botanic Garden]] - [[Coffs Harbour, New South Wales|Coffs Harbour]], [[New South Wales]]

* [[Flecker Botanical Gardens]] - [[Cairns, Queensland|Cairns]], [[Queensland]]

* [[Fruit Spirit Botanical Garden]] - [[Dorroughby]], [[New South Wales]]

* [[Geelong Botanic Gardens]] - [[Geelong, Victoria|Geelong]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]

* [[Hunter Region Botanic Gardens]] - [[New South Wales]]

* [[Maranoa Gardens]] - [[Balwyn, Victoria|Balwyn]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]

* [[Mount Annan Botanic Garden ]] - [[New South Wales]]

* [[Mount Lofty Botanic Garden]] - [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]]

* [[Olive Pink Botanic Garden ]] - [[Alice Springs]], [[Northern Territory]]

* [[Rockhampton Botanic Gardens]] - [[Rockhampton, Queensland|Rockhampton]], [[Queensland]]

* [[Rosser Park Regional Botanic Gardens]] - [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Queensland]]

* [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Cranbourne|Royal Botanic Gardens]] - [[Cranbourne, Victoria|Cranbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]

* [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne|Royal Botanic Gardens]] - [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]

* [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Gardens]] - [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]]

* [[Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens]] - [[Hobart, Tasmania|Hobart]], [[Tasmania (Australia)|Tasmania]]

* [[St Kilda Botanic Gardens]] - [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]

* [[The Tasmanian Arboretum]] - [[Devonport, Tasmania]], [[Australia]]

* [[Wagga Wagga Botanic Gardens]] - [[Wagga Wagga, New South Wales|Wagga Wagga]], [[New South Wales]]

* [[Warrnambool Botanic Gardens]] - [[Warrnambool, Victoria|Warrnambool]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]

* [[Western Australian Botanic Garden]], [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], [[Western Australia]]

* [[Williamstown Botanic Gardens]] - [[Williamstown, Victoria|Williamstown]], [[Victoria (Australia), Victoria]]

==[[Austria]]==

==Human eating habits==

* [[Alpengarten Patscherkofel Universität Innsbruck]] - [[Innsbruck]]

* [[Botanischer Garten der Universität Innsbruck]] - [[Innsbruck]]

* [[Botanischer Garten der Stadt Linz]] - [[Linz]]

* [[Vienna Botanic Gardens]] - University of Vienna

==[[Belgium]]==

===Historical development===

* [[Antwerp Botanic Garden]]

* [[National Botanic Garden of Belgium]] - [[Meise]]

* [[Arboretum Kalmthout]] - [[Kalmthout]] [http://www.arboretumkalmthout.be/frameset.htm]

* [[Hortus Botanicus Lovaniensis]] - [[Leuven]]

* [[Bokrijk Arboretum]]

* [[Arboretum Provinciaal Domein Het Leen]]

* [[Ghent University Botanic Garden]] [http://www.plantentuin.ugent.be]

==[[Bermuda]]==

[[Human]]s are [[omnivore|omnivorous]] animals that can consume both plant and animal products. We changed from ''gatherers'' to ''[[Hunter-gatherer|hunter gatherers]]''. After the experience of the [[ice age]] it is probable that humans wanted to create some feeling of security by controlling what plants were growing and which animals were available. This led to [[agriculture]], which has [[Timeline of agriculture and food technology|continually improved]] and altered the way in which food is obtained.

* [[Bermuda Botanical Gardens]]. Hamilton, [[Bermuda]]

===Meals=[[Belarus]]==

* [[Central Botanical Garden of NAS of Belarus]]

A selection of different complementary foods eaten together comprises a [[meal]]. People often choose to eat meals together with other [[family]] members or [[friend]]s and this is seen as an important [[social]] occasion. Food eaten in smaller quantities between meals is regarded as [[snack food]].

[http://hbc.bas-net.by/cbg]

==[[Brazil]]==

The number of meals in a [[day]], their [[size]], [[composition]], when and how they are prepared and eaten vary greatly around the world. This is greatly dependent on the local [[climate]], [[ecology]], [[Economics|economy]], [[culture|cultural]] [[tradition|traditions]] and [[industrialisation]]. Meals also plays an important role in the celebration of many key [[culture|cultural]] and [[religion|religious]] [[festival]]s.

* [[Instituto Plantarum]] - [[São Paulo]]

* [[Fundação Zoobotânica]] - [[Porto Alegre]]

* [[Jardim Botânico de Curitiba]] - [[Curitiba]]

* [[Jardim Botânico de São Paulo]] - [[São Paulo]]

* [[Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro]] - [[Rio de Janeiro]]

* [[Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Jardim Botânico]] - [[Campinas]]

==[[Canada]]==

In societies where the availability of food has risen above [[subsistence]] levels and beyond [[staple food]]s, food is also [[sell|sold]] pre-prepared for immediate consumption in [[restaurant]]s and other similar [[retail]] premises. In industrial societies, meals often contain a higher proportion of food of animal origin.

* See the [[List of botanical gardens in Canada]]

* [[Butchart Gardens]], [[Victoria, British Columbia]]

* [[Calgary Zoological Gardens]], [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]]

* [[Devonian Botanic Garden]], [[Edmonton, Alberta]]

* [[Jardin botanique de Montréal]], [[Montreal, Quebec]] [http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/jardin/en/menu.htm]

* [[New Brunswick Botanical Garden]], [[Edmundston, New Brunswick]]

* Reford Gardens (Jardins de Métis), Grand Métis, [[Quebec]]

* [[Royal Botanical Gardens, Ontario|Royal Botanical Gardens]], [[Hamilton, Ontario]]

* Royal Roads University Botanical Gardens, [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[British Columbia]]

* [[UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research]], [[Vancouver, British Columbia|Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]]

* [[VanDusen Botanical Garden]], [[Vancouver, British Columbia|Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]]

* [[Bloedel Floral Conservatory]], [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]]

* The Memorial University of Newfoundland Botanical Garden, [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], [[Newfoundland]]

==[[Chile]]==

:''See also: [[Appetite]], [[Buddhist cuisine]], [[Eucharist]], [[Fast food]], [[Fasting]], [[Gault Millau|Gault Millau restaurant guide]], [[Halaal]], [[I-tal]], [[Kashrut]], [[Michelin|Michelin restaurant guide]], [[Muslim dietary laws]], [[Potluck]], [[Totemism]]''.

* [[Arboretum de la Universidad Austral de Chile]]

* [[Jardin Botánico Chagual]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Nacional, Viña del Mar]]

* [[Parque Botánico Omara]]

==[[China]]==

==Food production or acquisition==

* [[Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens]], [[Hong Kong]]

Food is traditionally obtained through [[farming]], [[ranching]], and [[fishing]], with [[hunting]], [[foraging]] and other [[List of subsistence techniques|methods of subsistence]] locally important for some populations, but minor for others.

* [[Nanjing Botanical Garden, Men. Sun Yat-Sen]], [[Nanjing]]

* [[Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden]], [[Yunnan]]

* [[Wuhan Botanical Garden]], [[Wuhan]]

* [[Beijing Botanical Garden]], [[Beijing]]

* [[Lushan Botanical Garden]], [[Lushan]],[[Jiangxi]]

* [[Southern China Botanical Garden]], [[Guangzhou]]

==[[Colombia]]==

In the modern era, in [[developed nations]], food supply is increasingly dependent upon [[agriculture]], [[factory farming|industrial farming]], [[aquaculture]] and [[fish farming]] techniques which aim to maximise the amount of food produced, whilst minimising the [[cost]]. These include a reliance on mechanised tools which have been developed, from the [[threshing machine]], [[seed drill]], through to the [[tractor]] and [[combine harvester|combine]], etc. These have been combined with the use of [[pesticide]]s to promote high [[crop]] [[yield]]s and combat those [[insect]]s or mammals which reduce yield.

*[[Bogotá Botanical Garden]]

* [[Fundación Jardín Etnobotánico Villa Ludovica]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de Cali]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de San Andrés]]

* [[Jardín Botánico del Quindio]]

* [[Red Nacional de Jardines Botánicos de Colombia]]

==[[Croatia]]==

More recently, there has been a growing trend towards more [[sustainable agriculture|Sustainable agricultural]] practices. This approach - which is partly fuelled by [[consumer]] [[demand]] - encourages [[biodiversity]], local self-reliance and [[Organic farming]] methods.

* [[Botanical Gardens]], [[Zagreb]]

==[[Czech Republic]]==

Major influences on food production are international policy, ''e.g. the [[World Trade Organization]] and [[Common Agricultural Policy]]'', national government policy or [[law]] and [[war]].

* [[Botanic Gardens Liberec]], [[Liberec]] [http://www.botanickazahradaliberec.cz site]

* [[Botanic Gardens Prague]], [[Prague]] [http://www.botanicka.cz site]

==[[Denmark]]==

Food for [[livestock]] is [[fodder]] and traditionally comprises [[hay]] or [[grain]].

* [[Botanisk Have]], [[University of Copenhagen|Københavns Universitets

]], [[Copenhagen]]

==[[Ecuador]]==

:''See also: [[mariculture]], [[horticulture]], [[agribusiness]], [[gardening]].''

* [[FundRAE - Reserva Etnobotánica Cumandá]]

===From [[plantEstonia]]s===

* [http://www.tba.ee/ Tallinna Botaanikaaed], [http://www.tba.ee/TBGeng.htm in English], [[Tallinn]]. 4500 species outdoors, 2400 species indoors.

*[[Poaceae|Grasses]] and their [[grains]], including including [[barley]], [[cereal]]s, [[couscous]], [[maize|corn or maize]], [[oats]], [[rice]], [[rye]], [[sugarcane]], [[wheat]]

* [[Fruit]], see also [[list of fruits]]

* [[Herb]]s, see also [[list of herbs and spices]]

* [[Legume]]s, including [[bean]]s, [[pea]]s, [[lentil]]s, [[jicama]]

* [[Nut (fruit)|Nut]]s

* [[Seed]]s

* [[Spice]]s, see also [[list of herbs and spices]]

* [[Vegetable]]s, see also [[list of vegetables]]

===From [[animalFinland]]s===

* [http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/ktp/ Helsingin kasvitieteellinen puutarha], [http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/english/botanicgarden/index.htm in English], [[University of Helsinki]], [[Helsinki]]. 800+ species indoors, 2800+ species outdoors.

* [[Dairy product]]s, including [[milk]]

* [http://www.sci.utu.fi/kasvipuutarha/etusivu.htm Ruissalon kasvitieteellinen puutarha], [[University of Turku]], [[Turku]]. 5000+ species in- and outdoors.

* [[Egg (food)|Eggs]], including [[roe]] and [[caviar]]

* [http://www.oulu.fi/botgarden/ Oulun yliopiston kasvitieteellinen puutarha.], [http://www.oulu.fi/botgarden/eindex.html in English] [[University of Oulu]], [[Oulu]]. 1500 species indoors, 4000 species outdoors.

* [[Insect]]s, including [[honey]]

* [http://www.joensuu.fi/Botania/index.html Botania - Joensuun yliopiston kasvitieteellinen puutarha], [[University of Joensuu]], [[Joensuu]]. 900 species.

* [[Meat]], including [[beef]], [[frogs' legs]], [[gaegogi]], [[goat]], [[horse]], [[kangaroo]], [[lamb]], [[sheep|mutton]], [[pork]], [[veal]], [[cannibalism|human (i.e. cannibalism)]]

* [http://www.jyu.fi/tdk/museo/tarha.html Jyväskylän kasvitieteellinen puutarha], [http://www.jyu.fi/tdk/museo/garden.html in English], [[University of Jyväskylä]], [[Jyväskylä]].

* [[Offal]], including [[blood]]

* [[Poultry]], including [[chicken]], [[Turkey (domesticated)|turkey]], [[duck]], [[goose]], [[dove|pigeon or dove]], [[ostrich]], [[emu]], [[guinea fowl]], [[pheasant]], [[quail]]

* [[Seafood]], including [[Fishery|finfish]] such as salmon and tilapia, and shellfish such as [[mollusk]]s and [[crustacea]]ns

* [[Snail]]s

* [[Game (food)|Game]], this includes all animals hunted for food.

==[[France]]==

===From neither animals or plants===

* See the [[List of botanical gardens in France]]

* [[Salt]]

* [[Jardin des Plantes]], [[Paris]]

* [[Mushroom]]s

* [[Water]], including [[mineral water]] and [[spring (water)]]

==[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]==

==Food preparation==

* [[Bakuriani Botanical Garden]] of [[The Ketskhoveli Institute of Botany]] of the [[Georgian Academy of Sciences]]

Whilst some food can be eaten without preparation, many foods undergo some form of preparation for reasons of safety, palatability, or [[Flavor]]. At the simplest level this may involve [[washing]], [[cutting]], trimming or adding other foods or ingredients, such as [[spice]]s. It may also involve mixing, heating or cooling, [[Pressure cooking]], [[fermentation]], or combination with other food. Most food preparation takes place in a [[kitchen]].

* [[Batumi Botanical Garden]] of the [[Georgian Academy of Sciences]]

* [[Central Botanical Garden]] of the [[Georgian Academy of Sciences]] ([[Tbilisi]])

==[[Germany]]==

The preparation of animal-based food will usually involve [[slaughter]], [[evisceration]], hanging, [[portion]]ing and [[rendering]].

* [[Botanical Garden in Berlin|Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem]] - [[Berlin]] ([[Free University of Berlin]])

* [[Botanical Garden Bochum|Botanischer Garten der Ruhr-Universität]] - [[Bochum]]

* Botanischer Garten der Universität Bonn - [[Bonn]]

* Botanischer Garten der Technischen Universität Braunschweig - [[Braunschweig]]

* Botanischer Garten Darmstadt|Botanical Garden - [[Darmstadt]]

* Rombergpark - [[Dortmund]]

* Botanischer Garten am Kaiserberg - [[Duisburg]]

* Botanischer Garten Dresden - [[Dresden]]

* Botanischer Garten Düsseldorf - [[Düsseldorf]]

* Willibaldsburg - [[Eichstätt]]

* Botanischer Garten - [[Erlangen]]

* Palmengarten - [[Frankfurt am Main]]

* Botanischer Garten der Goethe-Universität]] - [[Frankfurt am Main]]

* Botanischer Garten Halle - [[Halle]]

* [[Klein Flottbek|Botanical Garden]] - [[Hamburg]]

* [[Botanischer Garten Heidelberg]] of the [[University Heidelberg|Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg]] - [[Heidelberg]]

* Botanischer Garten Jena - [[Jena]]

* Alter Botanischer Garten an der Förde - [[Kiel]]

* Botanical Garden of the [[University Leipzig]] - [[Leipzig]]

* Botanical Garden Marburg - [[Marburg]]

* Bunter Garten - [[Mönchengladbach]]

* Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg and botincal Alpinum - [[München]]

* Botanischer Garten - [[Münster]]

* Rennsteiggarten - [[Oberhof, Germany|Oberhof]]

* Botanical Garden of the [[University Regensburg]] - [[Regensburg]]

* [[Wilhelma]] - [[Stuttgart]]

* Alter und Neuer Botanischer Garten - [[Tübingen]]

* Botanischer Garten - [[Wuppertal]]

==[[Honduras]]==

:''See also:'' [[Barbecue]], [[List of eating utensils|Eating utensils]], [[Frankfurt kitchen]], [[Hangi]], [[Oven]], [[Microwave oven]], [[Refrigeration]], [[:Category:Food preparation utensils|Food preparation utensils]].

* [[Lancetilla Botanical Garden]], [[Tela]]

===Recipes=[[Hungary]]==

* ''See [[List of botanical gardens in Hungary]]''

Human knowledge of [[cooking]] and preparation methods is often taught by [[parenting|parents]] to their [[child]]ren, largely based on the [[cuisine]] within their cultural traditions. Since the development, of mass-produced printing, this has been supplemented by written [[recipe]]s. Early examples of influential recipe books include [[De re coquinaria]], [[Forme of Cury]], [[Larousse Gastronomique]], [[Le Viandier]], [[Le Repertoire De La Cuisine]], [[Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management]] and [[Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts]].

==[[India]]==

:''See also: ''[[Food writing]], [http://wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook Wikipedia cookbook].

* [[Agri Horticultural Society of India]], Alipore, [[Kolkata]]

* [[Indian Botanical Gardens]], Shibpur, [[Kolkata]]

* [[Lalbagh]], [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]

* [[Government Botanical Gardens, Udagamandalam]], [[Ootacamund]], [[Tamil Nadu]]

* [[Lloyd's Botanical Garden]], [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]]

==[[Indonesia]]==

===Food manufacture===

* [[Bogor Botanical Gardens]], [[Bogor]]

Early food processing techniques were limited by the available [[food preservation]], packaging and [[transport|transportation]]. In the main early food processing involved [[salting (food)|salting]], [[curing]], curdling, [[drying (food)|drying]], [[pickling]] and [[smoking (food)|smoking]]. An early processed food product was [[cheese]].

* [[Cibodas Botanical Garden]], [[Cianjur]]

==[[Iran]]==

During the [[industrial era|industrialisation era]] in the [[19th century]], food manufacturing arose. This development took advantage of new [[Mass-marketing|mass markets]] and emerging new technology, such as [[milling]], preservation, [[packaging and labelling]] and transportation. It brought the advantages of pre-prepared time saving food to the bulk of ordinary people who did not employ [[domestic servant]]s.

*[[Eram Botanical Garden]], [[Shiraz, Iran|Shiraz]]

*[[Jahanara Botanical Garden]], [[Tehran]]

*[[National Botanical Garden of Iran]], [[Chitgar]] area, [[Tehran]]

*[[Noshahr Botanical Garden]], [[Noshahr]]

==[[Eire|Ireland]]==

At the start of the [[21st century]], a two-tier structure has arisen, with a few international food processing giants controlling a wide range of well known food [[brand]]s; with a populous number of small local or national food processing companies.

* [[Belfast Botanic Gardens]], [[Belfast]]

* [[Irish National Botanic Gardens|National Botanic Gardens]], [[Glasnevin]], [[Dublin]]

==[[Israel]]==

:''See also: [[Best before]], [[Canning]], [[Food coloring|Coloring]], [[Food quality]], [[Snap freezing]], [[Food additive|Additive]]s, [[Flavoring]], [[Enzyme]]s, [[Genetically modified food]], [[Pasteurization]], [[Shelf-life]], [[Ultra-high temperature processing]].''

* [[Jerusalem Botanical Gardens]], [[Jerusalem]]

==[[Italy]]==

====Types of manufactured food====

* See the [[List of botanical gardens in Italy]]

* [[Drink]]s: [[beer]], [[juice]], [[soft drink]], [[Squash (drink)|squash]], liquids.

* [[Bread]] is a staple food for many nations, being made of risen dough.

* [[Cheese]] is a curdled milk product, of which many varieties exist.

* [[Dessert]] is a course, usually sweet, and generally served after the main course, e.g. [[Ice cream]].

* [[French fries]]

* [[Jam]] and [[Jelly]]

* [[Pasta]]

* [[Pizza]]

* [[Sandwich]]

* [[Salad]]

* [[Sauce]]

* [[Sausage]]

* [[Snack food]]: [[Confectionery]], [[Potato chips]], [[Chocolate]], [[Cracker (biscuit)]], [[Hardtack]]

* [[Soup]]

* [[Sugar]]

==Food trade[[Japan]]==

* [[Hiroshima Botanical Garden]]

Food is now [[trade]]d on a global basis. The variety and availability of food is no longer restricted by the diversity of locally grown food or the limitations of the local growing [[season]]. Between [[1961]] and [[1999]] there has been a 400% increase in worldwide food [[export]]s. Some countries are now economically dependent on food exports, which in some cases account for over 80% of all exports.

* [[Kioto's Botanical Garden]] ([[w:es:Jardín Botánico de Kioto]] [[w:ja:デジタル植物園]])

==[[Latvia]]==

In [[1994]] [[trade liberalisation]] began when over 100 countries became signatories to the [[Uruguay Round]] of the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] which included an agreement to reduce subsidies paid to farmers. This is underpinned by the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] enforcement of [[Agricultural policy|agricultural subsidy]], [[Tax, tariff and trade|tariffs]], import [[quota]]s and settlement of trade disputes that cannot be bilaterally resolved. Where trade barriers are raised on the disputed grounds of public health and safety, the WTO refer the dispute to the [[Codex Alimentarius]] Commission, which was founded in [[1962]] by the [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] and the [[World Health Organization]].

*[[LAS Botanical Gardens]] - [[Salaspils]]

==[[Lithuania]]==

===Food retailing===

* [[Botanical garden of Vilnius university]] - [[Vilnius]]

[[Image:Beer and wine aisle.jpg|thumb|right|Supermarket goods]]

* [[Kairenai Botanical garden]]

The sale of surplus food traditionally took place once a week when farmers took their wares on market day, into the local [[village]] [[market place]]. Here food was sold to [[grocer]]s for sale in their local shops for purchase by local people.

==[[Malaysia]]==

With the onset of industrialisation, and the development of the food processing industry, a wider range of food could be sold and distributed in distant locations. Typically early grocery shops would be [[counter]]-based shops, in which purchasers told the shop-keeper what they wanted, so that the shop-keeper could get it for them.

* [[Rimba Ilmu Botanic Gardens]], [[Kuala Lumpur]]

==[[Mauritius]]==

In the [[20th century]] supermarkets were born. Supermarkets brought with them a [[self-service]] approach to shopping using [[shopping cart]]s (or Trollies in [[British English]]) and were able to offer quality food at lower cost, through [[economies of scale]] and reduced staffing costs. This was sometimes known as '[[pile it high]]' In the latter part of the [[20th century]], this has been further revolutionised by the development of vast [[warehouse]] sized out-of-town supermarkets, selling an extraordinarily wide range of food from around the world.

* [[Pamplemousse Botanic Gardens]]

==[[México]]==

Alike with food processors, food retailing is a two-tier market in which a small number of very large [[Corporation|companies]] control a large proportion of supermarkets. The supermarket giants wield great purchasing power over farmers and processors, and strong influence over consumers. Nevertheless, in [[2000]] only 19% of all US consumer expenditure spent on food went to farmers.

* [[Alta Cima Botanical Garden]]

* [[Asociación Mexicana de Jardines Botánicos]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Campo Experimental "Todos Santos"]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Conunitario]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de Acapulco]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de Ciceana]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de la FES, Cuautitlán-UNAM]]

* [[Jardín Botánico del Instituto de Biología (UNAM)]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango]]

* [[Jardín Botánico "Dr Alferdo Barrera Marín"]]

* [[Jardin Botánico "El Charco del Ingenio"]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Francisco Javier Clavijero]]

* [[Jardín Botánico "Ignacio Rodríguez de Alconedo"]]

* [[Jardín Botánico "Jerzy Rzedowski Rotter"]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Regional "Cassiano Conzatti" de CIIDIR-IPN-Oaxaca]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Regional de Cadereyta "Ing. Manuel González de Cosío"]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Regional "El Soconusco"]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Regional Xiitbal nek']]

* [[Jardín Botánico "Rey Netzahualcóyotl"]]

* [[Jardín Etnobotánico 'Francisco Peláez R']]

* [[Jardín Etnobótanico Museo de Medicina Tradicional y Herbolaria del INAH]]

* [[Jardín Etnobotánico Tzapoteca]]

* [[Proyecto Jardín Botánico del Desierto Chihuahuense]]

==[[Monaco]]==

Recent technological innovations such as [[point of sale]] technology - [[barcode]]s. This allows ordering of goods and food to be driven by actual sales.

*[[Jardin Exotique de Monaco]]

==[[Myanmar]]==

:''See also: [[Farmers' market]]''

* [[Kandawgyi National Garden|National Botanical Gardens]], [[Pyin U Lwin]], [[Mandalay Division]]

==Food and health[[Netherlands]]==

* [[Botanical and Experimental Garden of the Radboud University of Nijmegen]]

===Food sufficiency===

* [[De Botanische Tuinen Universiteit Utrecht]], [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]]

Food deprivation leads to [[malnutrition]] and ultimately [[starvation]]. This is often connected with [[famine]], which involves the absence of food in entire communities. This can have a devastating and widespread effect on human health and mortality. In [[2003]] it was estimated that each [[year]], 40 million people die of [[hunger]] worldwide. [[Rationing]] is sometimes used to fairly the equal distribution of food in times of shortage, most notably during times of war.

* [[Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam)]]

* [[Hortus Botanicus Leiden]]

* [[Botanische Tuin TU Delft]]

==[[New Zealand]]==

Food deprivation is regarded as a deficit need in [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs]].

* [[Christchurch Botanic Gardens]], [[Christchurch]]

* [[Dunedin Botanic Gardens]], [[Dunedin]]

* [[Oamaru Botanic Gardens]], [[Oamaru]]

* [[Otari-Wilton's Bush ]], [[Wellington]]

* [[Wellington Botanic Gardens]], [[Wellington]]

==[[North Korea]] (see [[Kimjongilia]])==

====Food aid====

* [[Korean Central Botanical Garden]]

Food aid can benefit people suffering from a shortage of food. Conversely, badly managed food aid can cause problems by disrupting local markets, depressing [[crop]] prices and discouraging food production. Its provision, or threatened withdrawal, is sometimes used as a political tool to influence the [[politics]] of the destination country. International efforts to distribute food to the neediest countries are co-ordinated by the [[World Food Program]].

==[[Norway]]==

:''See also: [[Fair trade]], [[food security]]''.

* [[Arboretet og Botanisk hage]][http://www.uib.no/arboretet/], [[Milde]], [[Bergen]]

* [[Botanisk hage]], [[Tøyen]], [[Oslo]]

* [http://www.ringve.com/english/botanical.html Ringve botanical garden], [[Trondheim]]

* [http://uit.no/botanisk/ Tromsø Botaniske Hage], [[Tromsø]], [[Norway]]

===Food safety=[[Peru]]==

* [[Jardín Etnobotánico Nugkui]]

[[Foodborne illness]] or food poisoning, is caused by [[bacterium|bacteria]], [[toxin]]s, [[virus]]es and [[prion]]s. [[Food poisoning]] has been recognised as a disease of man since as early as [[Hippocrates]]. Murder by food poisoning was used during the [[Roman Empire]]. In the [[Middle Ages]] all [[Noble court|Royal Court]]s had food tasters.

* [[Jardín Etnobotánico Pisaq]]

==[[Poland]]==

The sale of [[Rancidity|rancid]], contaminated or adulterated food was commonplace until introduction of [[hygiene]] and [[vermin]] controls in the [[19th century]]. Discovery of techniques for killing [[bacterium|bacteria]] using [[heat]] and other [[microbiology|microbiological ]] by scientists such as [[Louis Pasteur]] contributed to the modern standards that we enjoy today. This was further underpinned by the work of [[Justus von Liebig]] whose work led to the development of modern [[food storage]] and [[food preservation]] methods.

*[[Ogród Botaniczny w Bydgoszczy]], [[Bydgoszcz]]

*[[Ogród Botaniczny w Oliwie]], [[Gdańsk]]

*[[Ogród Botaniczny w Krakowie]], [[Kraków]]

*[[Ogród Botaniczny w Łodzi]], [[Łódź]]

*[[Ogród Botaniczny w Lublinie]], [[Lublin]]

*[[Ogród Botaniczny UW w Warszawie]], [[Warsaw]]

*[[Ogród Botaniczny PAN w Warszawie]], [[Warsaw]]

*[[Ogród Botaniczny we Wrocławiu]], [[Wrocław]]

*[[Ogród Botaniczny w Zakopanem]], [[Zakopane]]

*[[Ogród Botaniczny w Poznaniu]], [[Poznań]]

==[[Portugal]]==

Understanding of the causes of food-borne-illnesses and more systematic techniques for their elimination has led to the development of commercial systems such as [[HACCP]] which can, if properly implemented, identify and can eliminate all possible risks.

* [[Botanical Garden of the University of Coimbra]], [[Coimbra]]

* [[Madeira botanical Garden]], [[Madeira]], [http://www.sra.pt website]

==[[Romania]]==

====Food allergies====

*[[Botanical Garden of Bucharest]] [http://www.ici.ro/romania/ro/bucuresti/bu_botanica.html] [http://www.onlinegallery.ro/gradina_bot_bucuresti.html]

Some people have [[food allergy| food allergies]] or sensitivities to foods which are otherwise wholesome to the majority of people.

*[[Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden]]

*[[Arad Botanical Garden]] [http://www.uvvg.ro/uvvg/index.php?id=4&dep=7]

*[[Eutopia Gardens - Arad]] [http://www.eutopiagardens.org/eg_zoneverzi/zonaverde.php?element_id=1&cp=1]

*[[Târgu-Mureş Botanical Garden]]

*[[Iaşi Botanical Garden]] [http://botanica.uaic.ro/]

*[[Jibou Botanical Garden]] [http://www.bilet.go.ro/fati04ro.htm]

*[[Galaţi Botanical Garden]]

*[[Craiova Botanical Garden]]

==[[Russia]]==

The amount of the food substance required to provoke a reaction in a susceptible individual can be [[minute]]. For instance, tiny amounts of food in the air, too minute to be smelled, have been known to provoke lethal reactions in sufficiently sensitive individuals. In theory, any food may provoke a reaction, however, this most commonly involves [[gluten]], corn, shellfish (mollusks), [[peanut]]s, and [[soy]].

* [[The Botanic Garden of the Irkutsk State University]][http://bogard.isu.ru/indexe.htm][http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/01907/botan.htm]

* [[Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences]], [[Moscow]]

* [[Botanical Garden of Moscow State University]], [[Moscow]]

* [[Taganrog State Botanical Garden]], [[Taganrog]]

* [[List of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta of Russia]][http://www.caspianenvironment.org/biodiversity/rus/annex7.htm]

==[[Serbia]]==

Most patients present with [[diarrhea]] after ingesting certain [[food]]stuffs, skin symptoms ([[rash]]es), bloating, [[vomit]]ing and [[regurgitation]]. The digestive complaints usually develop within half an hour of ingesting the [[allergen]].

* [[Jevremovac|Botanical Garden Jevremovac]], [[Belgrade]]

==[[Singapore]]==

Rarely, food allergy can lead to [[anaphylactic shock]]: [[hypotension]] (low blood pressure) and loss of consciousness. This is a [[medical emergency]]. An allergen associated with this type of reaction is [[peanut]], although [[latex]] products can induce similar reactions. Initial treatment is with [[epinephrine]] (adrenalin), often carried by known patients in the form of an [[Epi-pen]].

* [[Singapore Botanic Gardens]]

==[[Slovenia]]==

Food allergy is thought to develop easier in patients with the [[atopic syndrome]], a very common combination of diseases: [[allergic rhinitis]] and [[allergic conjunctivitis|conjunctivitis]], [[eczema]] and [[asthma]]. The syndrome has a strong inherited component; a family history of these diseases can be indicative of the atopic syndrome.

* [http://www.botanicni-vrt.si Ljubljana Botanical garden]

===Dietary[[South habits=Africa]]==

* [[Johannesburg Botanic Garden]] - [[Johannesburg]]

[[Diet (nutrition)|Dietary habits]] play a significant role in the [[health]] and [[mortality]] of all humans. For example:

* [[Kirstenbosch|Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden]]- [[Cape Town]]

* [[Pietermaritzburg National Botanical Garden]] - [[Pietermaritzburg]]

* [[Pretoria National Botanical Garden]] - [[Pretoria]]

* [[University of KwaZulu Natal]] [[University of KwaZulu Natal Botanical Garden|Botanical Garden]]

==[[Spain]]==

*[[Eating disorder]]s are a group of mental disorders that interfere with normal food consumption. They often affect people with a negative [[body image]];

*13[[%]] of the world's population suffer from [[Iodine]] deficiency;

*In 2003 it was estimated that [[vitamin A]] deficiency causes [[blindness]] in up to 500,000 children each year;

*[[Vitamin C]] deficiency results in [[scurvy]];

*[[Kwashiorkor]] and [[marasmus]] are childhood disorders caused by lack of dietary [[protein]].

*Certain foods contain [[allergen]]s which can safely be consumed by the majority by people. However, these can trigger severe illness in small proportion of susceptible people. Rarely this can trigger [[anaphylaxis]] which can be fatal.

* [[Parque de la Florida]] [[Álava]], [[Vitoria]]

Concerns about foodborne illness have long influenced diet. Traditionally humans have leant to avoid foods that induce [[acute]] illness. Some believe that this is the underlying rationale behind some traditional religious dietary requirements. Additionally, many people choose to forgo food from animal sources to varying degrees; see [[vegetarianism]], [[veganism]], [[fructarianism]] , [[living foods diet]], and [[Raw foodist|raw foodism]].

* [[Arboretum La Alfaguara]] [[Alfacar]], [[Granada]]

* [[El Huerto del Cura]] [[Alicante]], [[Elche]]

* [[Cactuslandia]] [[Alicante]]

* [[Jardín Botánico del Albardinar]], [[Níjar]], [[Almería (province)|Almería]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Atlántico]] [[Asturias]], [[Gijón]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de Barcelona]] (''Jardí Botànic de Barcelona'') [[Barcelona]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de Coria]] [[Cáceres]], [[Coria]]

* [[Jardín Botánico El Castillejo]], [[Cádiz]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo]] [[Canarias]], [[Las Palmas]]

* [[El Palmetum de Santa Cruz]] [[Canarias]], [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]]

* [[Jardín de Aclimatación de la Orotava]] [[Canarias]], [[Puerto de la Cruz]]

* [[Cactus Park]] [[Canarias]], [[Tenerife]]

* [[Jardín de Cactus Guatiza - Teguise]] [[Canarias]], [[Lanzarote]]

* [[Zoo Botánico de Jerez]] [[Cádiz]], [[Jerez de la Frontera]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de Córdoba]] [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Marimurtra]] [[Gerona]], [[Blanes]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Pinya de Rosa]] [[Gerona]], [[Blanes]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de la Cortijuela]], [[Granada]]

* [[El Jardín Botánico Iturrarán]] [[Guipúzcoa]]

* [[Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid]] [[Madrid]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Juan Carlos I, Universidad de Alcalá]] [[Madrid]], [[Alcalá de Henares]]

* [[Jardín Botánico-Histórico la Concepción]] [[Málaga]]

* [[Jardín Botánico Mundani]], [[Mallorca]]

* [[El Jardín Botánico del Malecón]] [[Murcia]]

* [[El Arboreto Carambolo]] [[Sevilla]]

* [[Zoo de Matapozuelos]], [[Valladolid]]

* [[Jardín Botánico de Soller]] (''Jardí Botànic de Sóller'')

* [[Jardín botánico de Valencia|Jardín Botánico de Valencia]] (''Jardí Botànic de Valencia'')[[Valencia (city in Spain)|Valencia]]

==[[Sri Lanka]]==

The nutrient content of diets in industrialised countries contain more [[animal fat]], sugar, [[energy]], [[alcohol]] and less [[dietary fiber]], [[carbohydrate]]s and [[antidioxidant]]s. Contemporary changes to [[work]], [[family]] and [[exercise]] patterns, together with concerns about the effect of [[nutrition]] and [[obesity]] on human [[health]] and mortality are all having an effect on traditional eating habits. [[Physician]]s and [[alternative medicine]] practitioners may recommend changes to diet as part of their recommendations for treatment.

* [[Royal Botanic Gardens (Sri Lanka)]], [[Peradeniya]], [[Kandy]]

==[[Sweden]]==

More recently, dietary habits have been influenced by the concerns that some people have about the [[chronic]] impact on health that arise through the consumption of [[genetically modified food]] or beef infected with [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy]]. Further concerns about the impact of indudtrial farming on [[animal welfare]], human health and the [[Ecology|environment]] are also having an effect on contemporary human dietary habits. This has led to the emergence of a [[counterculture]] with a preference for [[organic food|organic]] and [[local food]].

* [[Bergianska trädgården]] [http://www.bergianska.se/ ], [[University of Stockholm]], [[Stockholm]]. 9000 species.

* [[Göteborg Botanical Garden]], [http://w3.goteborg.se/botaniska/engelska/english_start.html homepage info in English], [[Gothenburg]]. 16000 species outdoors, 4000 species indoors.

* [http://www.botan.uu.se/ Botaniska trädgården Uppsala universitet], [http://www.botan.uu.se/Botaneng.html in English], [[Uppsala University]], [[Uppsala]]. 13000 species.

* [[Linnaean Garden]] [http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/], [http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/LTeng.html in English], [[Uppsala]].

* [http://www.lu.se/o.o.i.s/656 Lunds botaniska trädgård], [[Lund University]], [[Lund]]. 7000 species outdoors, 2000 species indoors.

==[[Switzerland]]==

:''See also: [[Food faddism]], [[Health claims on food labels]], [[list of diets]], [[Slow Food]].''

* [[Botanical Garden of the University of Basel]], [[Basel]]

* [[Berne Botanical Garden]], [[Bern]]

* [[Alpine botanical garden]], [[Champex]]

* [[Botanical Garden Schatzalp]], [[Davos]]

* [[Botanical Garden of the University of Fribourg]], [[Fribourg]]

* [[Geneva Conservatory and Botanical Gardens]], [[Geneva]]

* [[Jardin Botanique Cantonal Lausanne]], [[Lausanne]]

* [[Botanical Garden of the University and City of Neuchâtel]], [[Neuchâtel]]

* [[Botanical Garden St. Gallen]], [[St. Gallen]]

* [[Botanical Garden of the University of Zurich]], [[Zürich]]

===[[Nutrition|NutrientsTahiti]] in food===

* [[Jardin Botanique]] - [[Papeete]]

* [[Calcium]]

* [[Carbohydrate]]

* [[Essential amino acid]]s

* [[Fat]]

* [[Iron]]

* [[Mineral]]s

* [[Phytochemical]]s, including anti-oxidants, [[enzyme]]s, bio-flavinoids

* [[Potassium]]

* [[Protein]]

* [[Sodium]]

* [[Starch]]

* [[Vitamin]]s

* [[Water]]

==[[Taiwan]]==

Knowledge about the nutritional components and the interactions of these components in human [[metabolism]] for an ideal diet is an expanding area of knowledge.

* [[Taipei Botanical Garden]], [[Taipei]]

==[[Tonga]]==

==See also== <!-- Please help keep lists alphabetized -->

* [['Ene'io Botanical Garden]] - [[Vava'u]]

* [[:Category:Lists of foods]]

* [[Dabbawala]], a carrier of [[lunch box]]es in [[Mumbai]]

* [[List of delicacies]]

* [[List of food topics]]

* [[Sitophilia]], sexual practice involving food

* [[Takeru Kobayashi]], record holder for eating the maximum number of hot dogs

==External links[[Thailand]]==

* [[Nong Nooch Tropical Garden]]

*[http://www.dmoz.org/Recreation/Food/ Food Directory]

* [[Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden]] - [[Chiangmai]]

*[http://www.foodinfonet.com Food Info Net: A leading internet portal for the global food industry].

*[http://www.foodlexicon.net/ Food Lexicon: English, French, German, Danish, Dutch, Spanish]

*[http://www2.gol.com/users/pbw/dicta.htm Patto's Gourmet Dictionary: English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Nihongo].

* [http://www.gti.net/mocolib1/kid/food.html Food Timeline]

* [http://www.nutritiondata.com Nutritiondata.com]

* [http://www.talkwellness.org/dietary-guidelines.html Dietary Guidelines]

* [http://www.elook.org/nutrition/ Nutrition Information]

* [http://www.elook.org/recipes/ Recipes]

==[[Category:FoodTrinidad and drinkTobago]]==

* [[Scarborough Botanic Gardens]] - Tobago

[[Category:Nutrition]]

* [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad]] -Port of Spain, Trinidad

==[[Ukraine]]==

* [[Kiev Botanical Garden]]

* [[Nikitskiy Botanical Garden]], [[Crimea]]

==[[United Kingdom]]==

* See [[List of botanical gardens in the United Kingdom|separate list]]

==[[United States]]==

* See the [[List of botanical gardens in the United States]]

== See also ==

* [[List of aquaria]]

* [[List of zoos]]

==External links==

* [http://www.bgci.org/garden_search.php Botanic Garden Conservation International's Garden Search Database]

* http://www.botanique.com/

* http://dmoz.org/Science/Institutions/Botanical_Gardens_and_Arboreta/

* http://www.ftg.org

* http://www.usbg.gov

*[http://www.gardenvisit.com/m/ekey.htm World garden finder]

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