#REDIRECT [[ Category:Concurrent computing#Concurrent programming languages]] ▼
'''Concurrent programming languages''' are [[programming languages]] that use language constructs for [[Concurrency (computer science)|concurrency]]. These constructs may involve [[multi-threading]], support for distributed systems, message passing, shared resources or [[Promise (programming)|futures]] (known also as ''promises'').
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With some languages communication between concurrent parts of an application is hidden from the programmer (e.g. by using futures), with others it must be handled explicitly. Explicit communication can be divided into two classes:
#Shared-memory communication, in the which concurrent parts communicate by changing shared memory locations. This style of concurrent programming usually requires the application of some form of locking (e.g. [[Mutual exclusion|mutexes]], [[Semaphore (programming)|semaphores]], or [[Monitor (synchronization)|monitors]]) to coordinate between threads.
#Message-passing communication, in which messages are sent to recipients as in the [[Actor model]] and [[Process calculi]]. Message-passing concurrency tends to be far easier to reason about than shared-memory concurrency, and is typically considered a more robust form of concurrent programming. Messages can be asynchronous (aka "send, pray, and if no acknowledgment send again"), as [[Internet Protocol|packets]] on the [[Internet]], or may use a rendezvous style in which the sender blocks until the message is received, as in [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] on the Internet and synchronous [[process calculi]].
Today the most commonly used programming lanuages with specific constructs for concurrency are [[Java programming language|Java]] and [[C sharp|C#]] with their multi-threading and locking. These programming languages make use of both message-passing and shared-memory communication.
==Languages where concurrency was primary design motive==
* [[Afnix programming language|Afnix]] - concurrent access to data is protected automatically (under name ''Aleph'' the language was originally used for the [[Plan 9 from Bell Labs]] operating system)
* [[ChucK]] - ___domain specific programming language for audio
* [[Cilk]] - a language based on [[C programming language|C]]
* [[Comega]] - a research language extending C#, uses asynchronous communication
* [[Concurrent Pascal programming language|Concurrent Pascal]] (by Brinch-Hansen)
* [[E programming language|E]] - uses promises, ensures deadlocks cannot occur
* [[Erlang programming language|Erlang]] - uses asynchronous message passing with nothing shared
* [[Joule programming language|Joule]] - a dataflow language, communicates by messages passing
* [[Limbo programming language|Limbo]] - the successor to Alef (Afnix), used in the [[Inferno (operating system)]].
* [[Oz_programming_language|Mozart/Oz]] - a "multi-paradigm" language that supports both shared-state and message-passing concurrency as well as futures
* [[MultiLisp]] - [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] variant extended to support paralelism
* [[Occam programming language|Occam]] - influenced heavily by [[Communicating Sequential Processes]].
* [[Pict programming language|Pict]] - essentially an executable implementation of Milner's [[Pi-Calculus]]
* [[SR language|SR]] - a research language
Note that many of these languages are intended more as research languages (e.g. Pict) than as languages for production use. However, several of the examples (such as Erlang, Limbo, and Occam) have seen industrial use at various times in the last 20 years.
==Languages with support for concurrency==
* [[Ada programming language|Ada]]
* [[C sharp|C#]]
* [[Java programming language|Java]]
Majority of other languages provides support for concurency in form of libraries (on level roughly comparable with the above list).
[[Category:Programming]]
▲[[Category:Concurrent programming languages]]
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