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{{Infobox Prime Minister
| name=The Hon. Paul John Keating
| order=24th [[Prime Minister of Australia]]
| image=Paul.keating.jpg
| term_start=[[20 December]] [[1991]]
| term_end=[[11 March]] [[1996]]
| predecessor=[[Bob Hawke]]
| successor=[[John Howard]]
| birth_date=[[18 January]] [[1944]]
| birth_place={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales|NSW]], [[Australia]]
| party=[[Australian Labor Party|Labor]]
}}
'''Paul John Keating''' (born [[18 January]] [[1944]]), was an [[Australia]]n politician and the 24th [[Prime Minister of Australia]], serving as Prime Minister from [[1991]] to [[1996]]. He came to prominence as the reforming [[Treasurer of Australia|Treasurer]] in the [[Bob Hawke|Hawke]] government. As Prime Minister he is noted for his many legislative achievements, and his victory in the [[Australian legislative election, 1993|1993 Election]], which many had considered "unwinnable" for Keating. In his second term, however, his "big picture" policies failed to impress an electorate that harboured increasing uneasiness about engagement with the Asian region, and was increasingly concerned about economic issues. Keating was defeated at the [[Australian legislative election, 1996|1996 election]].
==Early life==
Keating grew up in [[Bankstown, New South Wales|Bankstown]], a working-class suburb of [[Sydney]]. He was one of four children of Matthew Keating, a boilermaker and trade union representative of Irish-Catholic descent, and his wife, Minnie.
Keating was educated at Catholic schools; he was the first practising Catholic [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] Prime Minister since [[James Scullin]] left office in 1932. Leaving De La Salle College Bankstown (now [[La Salle Catholic College]]) at 15, Keating worked as a clerk and then as a research assistant for a trade union. He joined the Labor Party as soon as he was eligible.
Through the unions and the NSW Young Labor Council Keating met other Labor luminaries such as [[Laurie Brereton]], [[Graham Richardson]] and [[Bob Carr (Australian politician)|Bob Carr]], and also developed a friendship with former [[New South Wales]] Labor Premier [[Jack Lang (Australia)|Jack Lang]], then in his 90s. Keating met Lang to discuss politics on a weekly basis for some time, and in 1972 succeeded in having Lang's Labor Party membership restored. Using his extensive contacts, Keating gained Labor endorsement for the seat of [[Division of Blaxland|Blaxland]] in the western suburbs of Sydney, and was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1969 election, at the age of 25.
Keating was a backbencher for most of the [[Gough Whitlam|Whitlam]] Labor government, but briefly became Minister for Northern Australia in 1975, one of the youngest ministers in Australian history. In the same year, he married [[Annita van Iersal]], a Dutch flight attendant for [[Alitalia]]. The Keatings had four children, who spent some of their teenage years in [[The Lodge]], the Prime Minister's official residence in [[Canberra]].
After Labor's defeat in 1975, Keating became an opposition frontbencher, and in 1981 he became president of the [[New South Wales]] branch of the party and thus leader of the dominant [[Labor Right|right-wing faction]]. As opposition spokesperson on energy, his parliamentary style was that of an aggressive debater. He initially supported [[Bill Hayden]] against [[Bob Hawke]]'s leadership challenges, partly because he hoped to succeed Hayden himself, but by the end of 1982 he accepted that Hawke would become leader.
==Reforming Treasurer==
When Hawke won the March 1983 elections, Keating became Treasurer, a post which he held until 1991. Keating inherited the position of Treasurer of Australia from [[John Howard]], and with it an economy that needed much attention. Just one year previously, under Howard, interest rates in Australia peaked at 22%, a very high level. <ref name="historical_interest_rates">{{cite web | url=http://www.rba.gov.au/Statistics/Bulletin/F01Dhist.xls | title=Interest Rates and Yields - Money Market - Daily - F1 spreadsheet file | publisher=[[Reserve Bank of Australia]] | date=2006 | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref> (see: [http://www.rba.gov.au/Statistics/Bulletin/index.html#table_f RBA: Bulletin Statistical Tables]). Keating also attacked Howard for allegedly lying to Parliament about the size of the budget deficit that had been left by the outgoing government.
After a difficult start, Keating mastered economic policy and was soon acknowledged as the driving political force behind many of the microeconomic reforms of the Hawke government, including floating the Australian dollar, substantial cuts in tariffs, the [[privatisation]] of the banking system and taxation reforms, all of which modernised the Australian economy and increased its competitiveness. In 1985, Keating proposed a [[value-added tax]] (known in Australia as in New Zealand and Canada whence it was directly copied as the [[Goods and Services Tax (Australia)|Goods and Services Tax]] or GST), an option seriously debated before being dropped by Hawke, after it was clear the tax was highly unpopular in the electorate.
The Hawke-Keating partnership was strongest during the first two terms of the government, (1983-87), with Hawke playing the statesman and populist leader while Keating was the political attack dog. His range of parliamentary invective was legendary, and successive [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] Opposition leaders [[Andrew Peacock]] and [[John Howard]] were unable to get the better of him. Keating and Hawke provided a study in contrasts. Hawke was a [[Rhodes Scholar]]; Keating left [[high school]] early. Hawke's enthusiasms were [[cigar]]s, [[horse racing]], [[women]] and all forms of [[sport]]; Keating preferred [[classical architecture]] and collecting [[antique]] [[clock]]s. Hawke was consensus-driven; Keating revelled in aggressive debate. Hawke was a lapsed [[Protestant]]; Keating was a practising [[Roman Catholic]]. Despite, or because of, their differences, the two formed an effective political partnership. After the 1987 election, however, Keating began to feel that it was time for Hawke to make way for him. However, the beginnings of a [[recession]] saw a resurgence in support for the Liberal party, which Keating used in his push for leadership.
In 1988, in a meeting at [[Kirribilli House]], Hawke and Keating discussed the handover of the leadership to Keating. Hawke confidentially agreed in front of two witnesses that after the 1990 election, he would resign in Keating's favour. In 1991, when Hawke intimated to Keating that he planned to renege on the deal on the basis that Keating had been publicly disloyal and moreover was less popular than Hawke, Keating challenged him for the leadership. He lost, resigned as Treasurer, and publicly declared his leadership ambitions had ended (a declaration which few believed). Throughout the rest of 1991, the position of the Hawke government deteriorated under pressure from the poor economy, sniping from Keating supporters and attacks from the Opposition. In December 1991 Keating defeated Hawke in a second leadership challenge, and became Prime Minister.
==Prime Minister==
Hawke's undoing had been the policy package unveiled by the new Liberal leader, [[John Hewson|Dr John Hewson]]. Known as "[[Fightback!]]", it was centred around a GST and included massive industrial relations reforms, sweeping cuts in personal income tax and cuts to government spending, particularly in areas of health and education. Hawke and his new Treasurer, [[John Kerin]], had been unable to counter the renewed energy of the opposition, which was invigorated by a policy package it perceived as a vote winner. Keating, however, severely damaged Hewson's credibility in a series of set-piece parliamentary encounters.
Nevertheless, the view of most commentators was that [[Australian legislative election, 1993|the 1993 election]] was "unwinnable" for Labor. The government had been in power for ten years, the pace of economic recovery was sluggish, and some voters perceived Keating as arrogant. However, Keating succeeded in winning back the electorate with a strong campaign opposing Fightback, memorable for Keating's litany of "15% on this, 15% on that", and a focus on creating jobs to reduce unemployment. Keating led Labor to an unexpected election victory, and his memorable [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1993_True_Believers_speech "true believers" victory speech]has entered Australian political folklore as one of the great Australian political speeches. After Keating, many of the reforms of Fightback were implemented under the Liberal government of [[John Howard]].
As Prime Minister, Keating's interests and public perception broadened from that of the narrowly focused Treasurer. His agenda included items such as making Australia a republic, achieving reconciliation with Australia's [[Australian Aborigine|indigenous population]], and further economic and cultural engagement with Asia. These issues, which came to be known as Keating's "big picture," were highly popular with the tertiary-educated middle class, but failed to capture the aspirations of rural and outer-suburban voters. The loss of the "aspirational" traditionally working-class and Labor-voting outer suburbs has been a continuing problem for the Federal ALP post-Keating.
As well as this agenda, Keating embarked on a comprehensive legislative program. He established the National Training Authority, reviewed the Sex Discrimination Act, and legislated for the land rights of Australia's indigenous people following the historic High Court decision in [[Mabo]]. Keating also strengthened Australia’s position in the region and the world, increasing the status of Australia internationally and strengthening Australia's strategic importance. He developed bilateral links with Australia's neighbours, primarily Australia’s largest neighbour Indonesia. Keating also took an active role in the establishment of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] Forum (APEC), and initiated the yearly leaders' meeting. One of Keating’s most far reaching legislative achievements was the introduction of a national superannuation scheme, implemented to address low national savings.
==Defeat==
As long as the Liberal Party failed to present a credible alternative Prime Minister, Keating seemed secure. [[Alexander Downer]] replaced Hewson as leader in 1994, but he failed to make any impression on Keating's standing and never shook off Keating's jibe that he was "the idiot son of the aristocracy." However, the opposition's election prospects changed when [[John Howard]] regained the Liberal leadership in early 1995 and many voters responded to his more socially conservative message. One warning signal was the loss of a [[by-election]] in the seat of [[Division of Canberra|Canberra]] in 1995.
Keating once promising to "crucify" Howard, as he arguably did so in the [[Australian legislative election, 1987|1987 election]]. However, resentment over the economy lingered within the electorate and many voters disliked Keating, periceing him as being arrogant. Also, Howard, determined to avoid a repeat of the 1993 election, deliberately ensured that the focus never left the Government by recanting his previous views on Asian immigration, promising that the GST would "never ever" be introduced, guaranteeing that "no worker would be worse off" under his [[Industrial Relations]] reforms and pledging to keep [[Medicare]]. Howard also adopted a 'small target' strategy in order to secure support from small business and other sections of the community. As a result of all these factors, Howard led the Liberals to a landslide victory at the [[Australian legislative election, 1996|March 1996 election]], ending the 13 years of Labor government, the longest in Australia's federal history. Keating subsequently resigned from Parliament and quit politics altogether.
==Life after politics==
After the 1996 electoral defeat, Keating immediately resigned from Parliament. In retirement he has been a director of various companies. He separated from his wife [[Annita Keating van Iersel]] in late November 1998, not long after he left politics. During Howard's Prime Ministership, Keating has made occasional speeches strongly criticising his successor's social policies, and disavowing perceived weaknesses in his own policies (such as those on [[East Timor]]), but he has stayed out of Labor Party affairs. In 2000 he published a book, ''Engagement: Australia Faces the Asia-Pacific'', which focused on foreign policy during his term as Prime Minister. [http://booksinprint.seekbooks.com.au/featuredbook1.asp?StoreUrl=booksinprint&bookid=0732910196&db=au]. Keating has also recently become involved in the debate over Sydney's development as a city. [http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/historic-opportunity-to-recreate-green-sydney/2006/11/10/1162661901458.html]
He is currently a Visiting Professor of Public Policy at the [[University of New South Wales]]. He has been awarded honorary Doctorates in Laws from [[Keio University]] in [[Tokyo]], the [[National University of Singapore]], and the University of New South Wales. Keating is a resident of [[Potts Point]], [[Sydney]].
==See also==
*[[First Keating Ministry]]
*[[Second Keating Ministry]]
*[[Keating]] (other famous people called Keating)
==References==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>
==Further reading==
*Edna Carew, ''Paul Keating Prime Minister'', Allen and Unwin, 1991
*Paul Keating, ''Advancing Australia'', Big Picture, 1995
*John Edwards, ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking, 1996
*[[Don Watson]], ''Recollections of a Bleeding Heart: A Portrait of Paul Keating'', Knopf, 2002
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikisource author|Paul Keating}}
*[http://www.keating.org.au/ Personal Website]
*[http://www.saxton.com.au/default.asp?sd8=994 Paul Keating at Saxton Speakers Bureau]
*[http://www.webcity.com.au/keating/ Paul Keating Insults Archive]
*[http://www.paulkeating.blogspot.com/ Fan Site: Prime Minister Paul Keating: a Visionary]
*[http://www.keatingtheopera.com/ Keating! The Opera Website - A Comedic Opera Based on the political rise and fall of Keating]
{{start box}}
{{succession box | title=[[Treasurer of Australia]] | before=[[John Howard]] |
after=[[Bob Hawke]] | years=1983–1991}}
{{succession box two to two | title1=Deputy Leader of the [[Australian Labor Party]] | before=[[Lionel Bowen]] | after=[[Brian Howe]] | years1=1990–1991 | title2=[[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia]]| | years2=1990–1991}}
{{succession box one to two | title1=Leader of the [[Australian Labor Party]] | before=[[Bob Hawke]] | after1=[[Kim Beazley]] | years1=1991–1996
| title2=[[Prime Minister of Australia]] | after2=[[John Howard]] | years2=1991–1996}}
{{end box}}
(Note the rare symmetry: Hawke was Treasurer for one day before appointing [[John Kerin]]; thus he preceded and followed Keating as Prime Minister and Treasurer, whereas Howard preceded and followed Keating as Treasurer and Prime Minister.)
{{AustraliaPM}}
{{Persondata
|NAME=Keating, Paul John
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Prime Minister of Australia
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[18 January]] [[1944]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Sydney]], [[Australia]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Australia|Keating, Paul]]
[[Category:Treasurers of Australia|Keating, Paul]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of Australia|Keating, Paul]]
[[Category:Australian Labor Party politicians|Keating, Paul]]
[[Category:members of the Australian House of Representatives for Blaxland|Keating]]
[[Category:republic Advisory Committee|Keating, Paul]]
[[Category:People from Sydney|Keating, Paul]]
[[Category:Irish Australians|Keating, Paul]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic politicians|Keating, Paul]]
[[Category:Australian Roman Catholics|Keating, Paul]]
[[Category:1944 births|Keating, Paul]]
[[Category:Living people|Keating, Paul]]
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[[pl:Paul Keating]]
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[[simple:Paul Keating]]
[[sk:Paul Keating]]
[[zh:保羅·基廷]]
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