List of 7th Heaven characters and The Passion of the Christ: Difference between pages
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{{dablink|This article is about the film, for the actual Christian Passion, see [[Passion (Christianity)]]}}
{{Infobox Film
| name = The Passion of the Christ
| image = The-passion-of-the-christ.jpg
| caption = The Passion of the Christ theatrical poster
| director = [[Mel Gibson]]
| producer = [[Bruce Davey]]<br />[[Mel Gibson]]<br />[[Stephen McEveety]]
| eproducer = [[Enzo Sisti]]
| aproducer =
| writer = [[Benedict Fitzgerald]]<br />[[Mel Gibson]]
| starring = [[James Caviezel]]<br />[[Maia Morgenstern]]<br />[[Monica Bellucci]]
| music = [[John Debney]]<br />[[Shankar]]<br />[[Gingger Shankar]]
| cinematography = [[Caleb Deschanel]]
| editing = [[Steve Mirkovich]]<br />[[John Wright]]
| distributor = [[Icon Entertainment]] (UK/Australia theatrical)<br>[[MGM Home Entertainment]] (UK DVD)<br>[[Warner Home Video]] (Australia DVD)<br>[[Newmarket Films]] (USA theatrical)<br>[[20th Century Fox Home Entertainment]] (USA DVD)<br>[[20th Century Fox]] (Taiwan, Argentina, Singapore, Brazil)
| released = [[February 25]], [[2004]]
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = USA
| awards = 3 Oscar Noms
| language = [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]<br />[[Latin language|Latin]]<br />[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]<br/>[[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]]
| budget = $30 million [[United States dollar|USD]]
| gross = '''Domestic''': $370,782,930<br>'''Worldwide''': $611,899,420
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| amg_id = 1:290960
| imdb_id = 0335345
}}
'''''The Passion of the Christ''''' ([[2004]]) is a [[film]] about the last twelve hours of the life of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]], known to [[Christian]]s as "the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]]". Directed by [[Mel Gibson]], it was nominated for three [[2004 Academy Awards|Academy Awards]]: best cinematography, best makeup, and best original score. The film’s dialogue is in [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] (believed to have been Jesus' native tongue), [[Latin]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], with subtitles. It was filmed [[on ___location]] in [[Matera, Italy|Matera]], [[Italy]] and [[Cinecittà|Cinecittà Studios]], [[Rome]].
==
{{spoilers}}
{{main|Passion (Christianity)}}
[[Image:26m.jpg|left]]
The film opens (''[[in media res]]'') with Jesus in the midst of an agonizing struggle between his human and divine wills in the [[Gethsemane|Garden of Gethsemane]], on the [[Mount of Olives]]. He temporarily leaves his prayers, and finds [[St. Peter|Peter]], [[Saint James the Great|James]], and [[St. John|John]] sleeping against a tree. Jesus wakes them and asks why they could not watch one hour with him. They respond with concern, asking whether they should summon the other [[Apostles]]. Jesus responds that he doesn't want them to see him in such a horrid condition and tells them to keep watching and to pray.
[[Judas Iscariot]] meets with the [[Sanhedrin]]. [[Caiaphas]], the High Priest (see [[Kohen Gadol]]), offers Judas, as is their agreement, thirty silver pieces to reveal where Jesus is. Judas accepts.
We return to Gethsemane Jesus praying, where we see he is being endlessly tempted by [[Satan]] (portrayed here as a sexless, albinese-like figure) to abandon the idea that one man can redeem the sins of the world. Jesus agonises over his coming death, but resists all temptation by calling on his Heavenly Father. Guards from the temple arrive with Judas so that he can identify Jesus. Jesus tells the guards calmly and unhesitatingly who he is. Judas then steps up and kisses him on the cheek, a signal to the guards that Jesus is the one they want. Jesus berates Judas for betraying the [[Son of Man]] with a kiss. As Jesus is being shackled up, [[St. Peter]] attacks one of the guards, [[Malchus]], with his sword slicing off Malchus' ear. Jesus picks it up and holds it against the guard's head, while telling Peter to drop his sword. Peter does so, and we see the guard's side of his face is healed. Malchus is stunned and the Apostles flee in terror. Jesus is then dragged away by the guards, leaving the previously injured Malchus kneeling there, amazed and deeply touched by what has just happened.
[[Virgin Mary|Mary]], the mother of Jesus, awakes from what seems to be a nightmare. [[Mary Magdelene]] is concerned and asks whether Mary is all right. Mary, instinctively knowing something is wrong, responds by quoting from the prayers of [[Passover]], "Why is this night different than other nights?" Mary Magdalene responds, "Because once we were slaves and we are slaves no longer." Suddenly [[St. John|John]] bursts in, telling them both that Jesus has been arrested.
As Jesus is being taken to the palace of [[Caiaphas]], he is beaten with his chains and is repeatedly beaten about the face, leaving one eye swollen shut. Judas is sitting under a bridge when Jesus is thrown over it by the Temple guards. Judas looks on with agony and shame. A demon appears from out of the air and sends a terrified Judas running away.
[[Image:Medium passion du christ1.jpg|thumb|230 px|right|The film begins [[in media res]] at the Garden of Gethsemane. Above, Jesus Christ ([[James Caviezel]]) is pictured praying while Satan ([[Rosalinda Celentano]]) watches at a distance.]]
At the temple, Jesus sees Mary, Magdelene, and John. Jesus then recalls a tender memory of building a table for a rich man (possibly Joseph of Arimathea) and joking about it with his mother. We then cut back to Jesus standing before the [[Sanhedrin]], including Caiaphas. Mary, Mary Magdelene, St. Peter, St. John, and Judas watch from afar as the temple priests denounce every doctrine that Jesus has taught, including that he is the King of the Jews, and the events of the Last Supper. Jesus is asked if these accusations are true, and He says yes, declaring further that they will see him sitting at the right hand of the Father. Horrified by Jesus's "blasphemy", Caiaphas tears his garments and screams in frustration. The infuriated priests beat Jesus and spit in his face. Jesus is then condemned to death.
A horrified Peter attempts to flee, but is seized by several people who point out that he is a disciple of Jesus. Peter denies it each of the three times it is pointed out. As Jesus turns around and bores into him with his uninjured eye, Peter is overwhelmed with guilt and shame. When the Virgin Mary attempts to comfort him, Peter flees, crying that he is unworthy and bewailing what he has done. Judas goes to Caiaphas and pleads with him to release Jesus and take back the money. However, Caiaphas refuses to take it back, declaring that if Judas thinks he has betrayed innocent blood, it is his problem. Judas angrily throws the money on the Temple floor and runs off grief-stricken. As he sits by a fire, two children approach him and ask him what's wrong. When Judas curses them, they turn into demons. They chase Judas, tormenting him as he flees outside the city walls (Satan is visible among them). After they disappear, Judas finds a dead donkey being devoured by [[maggots]]. Overwhelmed with despair and unable to live with his shame, Judas takes the rope which was on the donkey and hangs himself from a tree.
Meanwhile, the Temple priests bring Jesus to the court of [[Pontius Pilate]], so that he may be [[crucified]] under [[Roman Law]]. Pilate angrily demands to know whether they always punish their prisoners before they are tried. After Caiaphas responds that Jesus has declared himself the [[Messiah]], Pontius privately examines him. He offers Jesus a goblet of wine, but Jesus, having vowed to no longer drink the fruit of the vine at the [[Last Supper]], politely declines. Pilate asks whether He is the [[King of the Jews]]. Jesus responds that his kingdom is not of this world and that if it were, his servants would never have allowed him to be handed over to his enemies. He further declares that all who hear the truth hear his voice. Pilate cynically retorts, "What is truth?"
Pilate returns to the crowd, tells them that he finds no crime in Jesus and orders the priests to bring him before King [[Herod Antipas]], because Jesus is a Nazarene, and thus one of Herod's subjects. Caiaphas angrily protests but grudgingly obeys. Herod is an effeminate [[bisexual]], deeply impressed by reports of Jesus's miracles. When Jesus remains silent and will not respond to his pleas to work "a little miracle for me", Herod mocks him, laughing that Jesus is just "crazy." When the priests return him to Pilate, he is not pleased. He forces Caiaphas to choose between the release of a "notorious murderer" named [[Barabbas]] and clemency for Jesus. Caiaphas is so filled with hatred for Jesus that he cries "Release Barabbas!"
[[Image:Passion trial.jpg|thumb|250 px|right|Pontius Pilate ([[Hristo Shopov]]) asks the crowd whom to release: Barabbas or Jesus?]]
Pilate asks them what they feel a fair punishment would be, and the crowd, bribed by the Temple priests, scream out "Crucify him!" Pilate refuses, fearing that Jesus's followers will revolt and that the ensuing bloodshed will turn the Emperor against him. Instead, he orders Jesus to be flogged, hoping that the sight will make Caiaphas and the Sanhedrin reconsider their desire for the [[death penalty]].
Jesus is shackled to a broken pillar. Two Roman soldiers are to carry out the flagellation. They each pick up wooden [[switch (rod)|switches]] and commence striking Jesus on the back. He is bruised, bloodied, and beaten, and sinks to his knees. Mary, Mary Magdelene, and St. John all watch, utterly shattered. To everyone's astonishment, Jesus wills himself back to his feet, even after the beating has exhausted the guards. They angrily put down the rods and each pick up a barbed [[scourge]] and continue. Jesus' flesh is further mutilated to the point where his left rib cage is visible. He seems on the brink of death before [[Abenader]], the [[Centurion (Roman army)|centurion]] who will later become [[St. Ctesiphon]], angrily orders the flogging to cease, saying that they were not authorized to scourge him to death. The soldiers grudgingly put down their whips and release Jesus, having to drag him away because his agony is too great.
The Virgin Mary and Mary Magdelene are presented with linen towels by [[Claudia Procles]], Pilate's wife, who is just as crushed as they over what has just happened. They both go down to the courtyard and begin mopping the blood with the linen. Magdelene weeps as she remembers how Jesus saved her once from being [[stoned to death]] when she was still a [[sinner]].
Jesus is seen in a barn-like room, sitting against a wooden post. The two Roman soldiers who flogged him drive a [[crown of thorns]] into his scalp and spit on him. He is given a red soldier's cloak and mockingly treated with royal homage. "Hail, King of the Worms", laughs one of the guards as he bows. Jesus is then brought back to Pontius Pilate who is disgusted by how badly beaten Jesus is. He asks the rioting crowds if they are satisfied, but Caiaphas still demands that Jesus be crucified. Pilate disgustedly washes his hands of the whole affair and declares, "I am innocent of this man's blood." He orders Abenader to do as Caiaphas demands.
We then see Jesus walking between two other criminals sentenced to the same fate He is. The two beside him are tied to just a part of their cross--Jesus must carry his own huge cross. Jesus embraces his cross, prompting mockery from one of the thieves. As He carries it through the streets, He is endlessly beaten and yelled at by the crowds and the Roman soldiers alike. Mary, Mary Magdelene, and St. John follow him.
While struggling down a small alleyway, Jesus trips and falls with the cross. The cross crushes him, Mary runs to her son, flashing back to a time when he fell as a small child. As she reaches him she tries to comfort him, saying, "I'm here." Jesus looks at her, and wills himself to his feet to carry his cross, and, quoting the [[Book of Isaiah]] declares "Behold, Mother, I make all things new." He rises to his feet and continues on his way. As Jesus keeps walking, He continues to fall under the weight of the heavy cross. The guards mock him and whip him each time. Abenader approaches again and, noting how weak Jesus has become, orders the soldiers to help Jesus carry the cross. Instead of doing this themselves, they find a man in the crowds, [[Simon of Cyrene]], to help. He grudgingly agrees to help.
As the two keep going, Jesus falls without the cross. Simon is shocked at the weight which he cannot carry by himself. A riot breaks out, with groups of people fighting to get a chance at beating Jesus. Guards fight them off, and as that happens, [[St. Veronica]] approaches Jesus with a cloth and a pitcher of water. Jesus uses the cloth to wipe his bloodied face. However, as he goes to take a drink, a soldier walks over and kicks the cup over, and drives Veronica away. As the procession continues the viewer sees that [[Veronica's Veil]] has been imprinted with the image of his face.
While the soldiers continue to beat Jesus with whips, Simon angrily threatens to not help with the cross if they don't cease their beatings. They scornfully call him "Jew", but they oblige. The procession continues, headed for [[Golgotha]], or "The Place of the Skull."
Once there, Simon is ordered to leave. As he is driven away, he looks into Jesus's one open eye with love and pity. We see Mary, Mary Magdelene and John again. They all watch as Jesus is stretched onto the cross. They nail both of his hands, dislocating his right arm in order to make his hand reach the pre-drilled hole for the nail. In the midst of his agony, Jesus prays for mercy for all the sinners of the world, crying "Forgive them, Father. They do not know..." They then bind and nail his feet. They flip the cross over on Jesus' front side, however, Jesus is elevated off the ground. The guards then flip the cross back over and raise it. As the cross is raised, we are taken to a flashback of the [[Last Supper]], considered by Christians to be the first [[Eucharist]]. We watch as Jesus elevates the [[Host (Holy Communion)|Host]].
On the cross, he is mocked by Caiaphas and the Temple priests, and by the thief to his left, who tells him to save them all if he is truly the [[Son of God]]. Jesus prays, "Father forgive them, they know not what they do." The thief on his right tells Caiaphas, "Listen, He prays for you." The [[Good Thief]] then tells Jesus his punishment is just, and that Jesus would be justified in condemning him, but he says, "Lord, remember me when I come into your Kingdom." Jesus tells the thief "On this day, you will be with me in paradise." As the other thief cackles with laughter over this, a crow comes from the sky and plucks at his face.
[[Image:P8passion.jpg|thumb|250 px|left| Jesus crucified.]]
Jesus grows weaker; simultaneously, the skies are turning darker. Mary and John approach Jesus on his cross. Jesus declares, "I thirst!" A sympathetic Roman soldier named Cassius, later to become [[Longinus (hagiography)|St. Longinus]], puts a sponge on a spear and soaks it in water. Jesus tastes it and then turns his head aside. The Virgin Mary pleads with Jesus to let her die with him. Jesus then tells Mary that John will now take care of her, and tells John that Mary is now his mother. Jesus then cries out in [[Aramaic]] "Father! Father! Why have you forsaken me?" ("Eli, eli, lamai sabactani?") Jesus then looks down upon them, saying, "It is completed." Mary Magdelene weeps. Jesus then looks upward and gasps "Father, into your hands I commend my spirit." The pupil of his one open eye dilates, and He exhales his last breath.
Suddenly there is a very violent earthquake. All the spectators of the crucifixion flee, and the soldiers are ordered to break the criminals' legs, in order to hasten their deaths. The Roman soldier Cassius breaks the legs of the thieves to Jesus' sides, but when he comes to break Jesus' legs, there is another tremble from the Earth. He tells Abenader that Jesus is already dead. Abenader orders him to make sure. Cassius then drives a lance into Jesus's side. Blood and water pours from the wound as Cassius falls to his knees. It is at this moment that everyone, Romans and Jews alike, realize they have indeed killed the Son of God. Meanwhile, back at the temple, the earthquake has shattered it in half and the [[Holy of Holies]] is revealed. Caiaphas, stricken with horror and shock, begins to weep.
In the depths of [[Hell]], [[Satan]] screams in impotent rage, knowing that his power has been broken forever.
That night, Jesus is removed from the cross. Mary embraces the body of her beloved son in a manner reminiscent of [[Michelangelo's Pieta]], kissing him one last time. The Virgin Mary stares blankly ahead, her eyes a mirror of her broken heart.
We are then shown the interior of his tomb three days later, on [[Easter Sunday]]. We hear a rock rolling and as the morning light slowly streams into the interior, we see Jesus resurrected and his scourging wounds healed. He opens his eyes and stands up, and we see the hole in his hand from the nail. He walks out of his tomb to triumphant music, and the credits roll.
The movie was the subject of the feature documentary 'Impact: The Passion of the Christ' (http://www.Impactthemovie.com) by writer/director Tim Chey (http://www.TimChey.net)
==Style==
In a departure from previous films depicting the life of Jesus, the dialogue is spoken entirely in [[Aramaic]], [[Latin]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. [[Koine Greek]], which historians believe was a common language at the time, is not spoken in the movie. It is extremely unlikely that, at least historically, Jesus could speak [[Latin]] or Pontius Pilate [[Aramaic]]. After a lengthy internal debate, Gibson finally decided to include subtitles, except for one controversial line of crowd dialogue: "His blood be upon us" (see [[blood curse]] and {{bibleverse||Matthew|27:25||}}) and a few bits of soldiers' dialogue.
The [[scourging]] and [[crucifixion]] sequences are exceptionally [[violence|violent]] and graphic, earning the movie an R-rating in the [[United States]]. These [[scene]]s required [[Jim Caviezel]], who portrays [[Jesus]], to endure seven hours of makeup sessions daily, in addition to actually being flogged, when the actors portraying Roman flagellants hit him accidentally during the filming of the scourging scene. Reportedly, Mr. Gibson called the makeup crew over to examine the whip wounds for more accurate duplication.
In [[New Zealand]], the [[Society for the Protection of Community Standards]], a group who have traditionally opposed and criticised violence in movies, came out in support of the Passion, requesting lower ratings [http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU0402/S00203.htm]. Critics of the group said these requests, from a group that makes frequent submissions against movies to the [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)|OFLC]], are highly hypocritical [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/index.cfm?ObjectID=3551067].
''The Passion of the Christ'' ends on a hopeful note with the Resurrection. The scene shows the shroud that Jesus was buried in is empty, and the view pans over to Jesus. Except for the holes in his hands (and presumably his feet, though they are not shown), Jesus is completely healed. The final scene shows him walking from the tomb.
In many areas attention was paid to historical detail, such as the traditional clothing of the period and [[Kashrut|Jewish dietary customs]]. Gibson's film was produced in [[Italy]], on locations that were selected to evoke [[Michelangelo Merisi|Caravaggio]]'s paintings.[http://www.artcyclopedia.com/feature-2004-04.html]
==Production==
[[Traditionalist Catholic]] [[priest]] [[Stephen Somerville]] was on set during the entire filming.{{citation needed}} [[Jim Caviezel]], the American actor playing Jesus, is, like Mel Gibson, a devout Catholic.{{citation needed}}
Caviezel suffered numerous injuries and ailments during the production.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3209223.stm]. He separated his shoulder while filming a scene in which Jesus falls and the cross lands on his back. The complex full-body makeup required the actor to be awake at 2 a.m. to undergo several hours of application of the appliances that would make it look like he had been viciously flayed.
Caviezel also was struck by lightning during the shooting; upon rising from the hit without major damage, he reportedly said, "I guess He didn't like that take." Key production assistant [[Jan Michelini]] was allegedly struck by lightning twice and given the moniker Jan "Lightning Boy" Michelini in the film's closing credits. [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001029/bio] and [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3209223.stm].
== Cast and crew ==
===Cast===
{| class="wikitable"
! Actor/Actress
! Role
|-
| [[James Caviezel|Jim Caviezel]] || [[Jesus|Jesus of Nazareth]]
|-
| [[Maia Morgenstern]] || [[The Virgin Mary]]
|-
| [[Monica Bellucci]] || [[Mary Magdalene]]
|-
| [[Hristo Naumov Shopov]] || [[Pontius Pilate]]
|-
| [[Mattia Sbragia]] || [[Caiphas]]
|-
| [[Rosalinda Celentano]] || [[Satan]]
|-
| [[Hristo Jivkov]] || [[John the Apostle|John]]
|-
| [[Francesco DeVito]] || [[Saint Peter|Peter]]
|-
| [[Luca Lionello]] || [[Judas Iscariot]]
|-
| [[Claudia Gerini]] || [[Saint Procula|Claudia Procles]]
|-
| [[Sergio Rubini]] || [[Dismas]]
|-
| [[Francesco Cabras]] || [[Gesmas]]
|-
| [[Toni Bertorelli]] || [[Annas]]
|-
| Roberto Bestazoni || [[Malchus]]
|-
| Giovanni Capalbo || [[Cassius]]
|-
| Emilio De Marchi || Scornful Roman
|-
|Roberto Visconti || Scornful Roman
|-
|Lello Giulivo || Brutish Roman
|-
|Abel Jafry || 2nd Temple Officer
|-
|Jarreth Merz || [[Simon of Cyrene]]
|-
|Matt Patresi || Janus
|-
|Fabio Sartor || [[Abenader]]
|-
|Luca De Dominicis || [[Herod Antipas|Herod]]
|-
|[[Sabrina Impacciatore]] || [[Seraphia]]
|}
===Crew===
*[[Mel Gibson]] - [[film director|director]], co-[[film producer|producer]], co-[[screenwriter]]
*[[Benedict Fitzgerald]] - co-screenwriter
*[[Caleb Deschanel]] - [[director of photography]]
*[[Francesco Frigeri]] - [[production designer]]
*Fr. [[William Fulco]] S.J. - [[translation|translated]] script into Latin and reconstructed [[Aramaic]]
== Mel Gibson's role ==
[[Mel Gibson]] played a crucial role in getting ''The Passion of the Christ'' made; he personally committed an estimated $40m to $50m of his own resources to finance and advertise the film. In addition to directing and co-producing the film, he also co-wrote the [[screenplay]] with [[Benedict Fitzgerald]].
Because of the subject, the graphic violence in the film, and, most of all, because the actors in the film spoke [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], Gibson reportedly had difficulty finding a company to distribute it in the [[United States]]. In fact, the film was completed before a distributor, [[Newmarket Films]], agreed to release it in the U.S. In [[Canada]], Equinox Films was the distributor. Icon Films distributed it in the [[United Kingdom]].
In addition to the repeated accusations of anti-Semitism, Gibson’s [[Traditionalist Catholic]] beliefs were also a frequent target of attacks. The film was seen by many critics to be nothing less than a modern-day [[Passion play]] that propagates the Jews' guilt of [[deicide]]. However, [[Romanian-Jewish]] actress [[Maia Morgenstern]], who plays the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] in the film and who is also the daughter of a [[Holocaust]] survivor, rejects these criticisms. In an interview filmed for the [[PAX]] documentary about the making of the film, Morgenstern said that she had read the script with her father and they both found it "beautiful, very poetic, and very philosophical."
Gibson's [[religion|religious]] beliefs, which inspired the film, are those of [[Traditional Catholicism]], which rejects most of the changes which followed in the wake of the [[Second Vatican Council]]. Gibson intended the movie to be faithful not to the [[New Testament]] alone, but rather to the New Testament as viewed through Catholic Tradition.
Mel Gibson said (in ''The Passion: Photography from the Movie "The Passion of the Christ"'', ISBN 0-8423-7362-4):
<blockquote>This is a movie about love, hope, faith, and forgiveness. He [Jesus] died for all mankind, suffered for all of us. It's time to get back to that basic message. The world has gone nuts. We could all use a little more love, faith, hope, and forgiveness.{{citequote}}</blockquote>
<!-- Are these part of one continuous quote or what? Someone clarify? -->
<blockquote>It was me that put him on the cross. It was my sins [who put him there].{{citequote}}</blockquote>
Thus Gibson took a [[cameo role]] in the film: it is literally his hands that nail Jesus to the cross (seen in close-up only).
But, arguably, the strongest criticism directed at Mel Gibson was due to his refusal to denounce the beliefs of his father, [[Hutton Gibson]]. The elder Gibson is extremely outspoken against the post-[[Vatican II]] [[Roman Catholic Church]], even writing a scathing criticism of the late [[Pope John Paul II]] (Karol Józef Wojtyła,) whom the elder Gibson called "Garrulous Karolus the [[Qur'an]] Kisser." Hutton Gibson has labeled the [[Second Vatican Council]] a plot launched by the Jews and the [[Freemasonry|Masons]] to take over the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Friends close to both Gibsons say that although Mel Gibson loves his father dearly and abides by the biblical dictum "honor thy father and mother", they disagree on a number of subjects. One called Hutton Gibson “an old man with strange views.” Even [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]’s newsanchor [[Diane Sawyer]] was sternly rebuked by Mel Gibson during the airing of a special about ''The Passion of the Christ'' when she brought up some of Hutton Gibson’s statements, ostensibly to give Mel the opportunity to say "I don't agree with my father on that." Instead, he said “He’s my father... I love him... gotta leave it alone, Diane. [You] gotta leave it alone.” Many saw this as a missed opportunity for Mel Gibson; Gibson's supporters contend that Sawyer was asking a loaded question and got the response she was expecting.
==Title changes==
On [[October 17]], [[2003]], Gibson's film production company announced the title of the film had been changed from ''The Passion'' to ''The Passion of Christ,'' because the title ''The Passion'' had already been trademarked by a different motion picture. This was then further amended to ''The Passion of the Christ''. The following week Gibson announced a distribution arrangement had been reached with the independent [[Newmarket Films]].
==Promotion==
Gibson departed considerably from the usual formula for marketing a film: a small TV campaign, no press junkets, etc. [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/columns/grove_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000464071] The film was, however, heavily promoted by many church groups, both within their organizations and to the general public, in some cases giving away free tickets. The controversy in the media prior to release over the film's alleged anti-Semitism also helped raise its profile.
Some [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] Christians considered the release of the movie to be a crucial moment for [[evangelism]]. [[Marta Poling-Goldenne]], Minister for Outreach of the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] [[Grand Canyon Synod]] said in a 2004 email to pastors:
<blockquote>Seize this mission moment, friends! [[God]] is providing "the best outreach opportunity in the last 2,000 years" for us to witness about the [[gospel]] story to people for whom it may be very unfamiliar or unknown.{{citequote}}</blockquote>
[[Rabbi Skobac]] from the group [[Jews for Judaism]] said:
<blockquote>For the 75 million evangelical Christians the film is the greatest thing they've had in 2,000 years to convert people to their faith...{{citequote}}</blockquote>
Some bloggers claim that the film's promotional campaign has used [[blog spam]] [http://www.hiphopmusic.com/archives/000425.html] [http://www.livejournal.com/users/dreadberry/125419.html?thread=443371#t443371], mainly on [[LiveJournal]], in an attempt to increase the Google ranking of the film's web page.
With the film's successful marketing strategy, [[Walt Disney Pictures]] reportedly took a similar approach with their film adaptation of ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'' with its Christian overtones and symbolism as written by [[C. S. Lewis]].
==Statistics==
*Production Budget $25,000,000
*Prints and Advertising Budget $10,000,000
*US Gross: $370,800,000
*Worldwide Gross $610,000,000
==Commercial success==
After months of controversy that led to more pre-release sales than any film in history, the movie opened in the [[United States]] on [[February 25]], [[2004]] ([[Ash Wednesday]], the beginning of [[Lent]]). It earned $25 million per day in its first five days of release and in short order became the highest-grossing [[MPAA film rating system|R-rated]] film ever made. As of [[May 9]], [[2006]] ''The Passion of the Christ'' had the 9th highest all-time domestic gross ($370 million). In spite of the criticism (or perhaps helped by it), the movie grossed US$611,899,420 worldwide ($370,782,930 in the US alone) and became the eighth highest-grossing film in history. It currently is the eleventh highest-grossing film and the highest-grossing R-rated film of all time.[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic.htm] Despite this, the film went without any significant recognition by the major American film award celebrations, although it was nominated for [[Academy Award for Original Music Score|Best Original Score]] (music), [[Best Cinematography]], and [[Academy Award for Makeup|Best Makeup]] at the [[77th Academy Awards]].
===Home video===
On [[August 31]], [[2004]] the movie was released on [[DVD]] and video tape in North America. As with the original release in theaters, the release of the movie on DVD and VHS also proved to be very popular. Early reports indicated that over 2.4 million copies of the film were sold by middle of the day. The film was available on DVD with [[English language|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] [[subtitles]], and on [[VHS]] tape with English subtitles.
===Re-release===
An edited version of the film was released on [[March 11]], [[2005]] as '''''The Passion Recut'''''. Mel Gibson removed approximately five minutes of the most graphic footage in an effort to broaden the audience of the film. However, this version was not as successful (just 950 theaters in North America, averaging just 10 viewers per showing) and was quickly pulled from theaters. Even edited, the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] still deemed the film too violent to give a [[PG-13]] rating, so Gibson released it without a rating, which limited it due to policies of some chains and independent theaters not to show unrated films. Others simply passed on ''The Passion Recut'' because the original version was already available on [[DVD]] and [[VHS]].
===International box office===
Outside of the US, however, the movie has had mixed success. Although as of [[January 3]], [[2005]], it has the 25th highest all-time worldwide gross ($611.6 million) [http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/], its non-US ranking is 59th [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/alltime/intl.htm].
This is not the result of a lack of interest in countries without Christian majorities, as its success in many Christian majority countries has also been less than stellar. For example, it did not make the top-100 all time UK box office list as of [[January 18]], [[2005]] [http://movies.nytimes.com/indexes/2005/01/18/movies/boxoffice/alltime_uk/] and its position as of [[October 31]], [[2004]] stood at 132nd [http://www.moviemarshal.com/boxuk.html]. Similarly in Australia, as of [[March 2]], [[2005]] it held the 116th position [http://www.moviemarshal.com/boxaus1.html] or the 294th position in the adjusted list [http://www.moviemarshal.com/boxaus2-adjusted.html].
As of [[November 22]], [[2004]], it was below the 140th position in the German all-time box office [http://www.moviemarshal.com/boxgerm.html] and as of [[August 10]], [[2004]], it was below the 121st position in the French all-time box office [http://www.moviemarshal.com/boxfran.html]. The figures suggest its position in both countries would be quite a bit lower then the lowest listed positions [http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=passionofthechrist.htm].
The movie was reported by the ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'' [http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0409/p01s02-wome.html] to have been a great success in [[Middle East]]ern countries. For example, it was the top grossing movie for 3 consecutive weeks in [[Egypt]] [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/egypt/2004/], [[Lebanon]] [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/lebanon/2004/] and [[Turkey]] [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/turkey/2004/] and also at least 2 consecutive weeks in [[United Arab Emirates]] [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/uae/]. It also broke the record for the top grossing opening week for a non-Egyptian movie in Egypt [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/egypt/2004/13.htm] and as of 21st February 2005 was number 11th in the all-time Egyptian box office for non-Egyptian movies [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/alltime/egypt.htm].
==Source material==
There is no unique narration of the Passion in the Gospels. According to John, Jesus was arrested (Nisan 14) by Jewish aides of the [[Sanhedrin]], but then was only questioned by Anas and Caiaphas (no trial), while according to the Synoptics, he (Nisan 15) was only arrested by the Jewish aides, and condemned by the Sanhedrin.
Gibson intended the movie to be faithful to the [[New Testament]], but did use elements culled from extra-biblical sources to flesh out the screenplay. Arguably, the most controversial of those was ''[http://www.jesus-passion.com/DOLOROUS_PASSION_OF_OUR_LORD_JESUS_CHRIST.htm The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ]'' from the meditations of the [[Augustinian]] nun Blessed [[Anne Catherine Emmerich]] (1774-1824) as recorded in the journal of [[Clemens Brentano]]. Dictated to a writer by a [[Stigmata|stigmatic]] [[Germans|German]] [[nun]] of the [[Augustinian Order]] named [[Anne Catherine Emmerich]], the book chronicled Emmerich's visions of Christ’s Passion, which sometimes depicted the Jews as even more vicious and bloodthirsty than the oppressive [[Roman Empire|Romans]] who ruled [[Judaea]] at the time. The film also incorporates material from ''The Mystical City of God'' by [[Maria de Agreda]](1602-1665) (a 17th century Spanish [[nun]]). Some scenes, however, are purely poetic license.
Many critics contend that the [[Religious habit|habit]]s worn by [[Maia Morgenstern]] and [[Monica Bellucci]], who portrayed [[Mary Magdalene]] in the film, are similar to the habits worn by the nuns of the [[Augustinian Order]], and were a tribute to Emmerich.
===Differences from the New Testament===
{{POV-section}}
<!--Where possible, please indicate the source of these details in parentheses after the entry.-->
Many religious scholars [http://seethepassion.com/article.php?id=27] state that the movie often departs from the New Testament in significant ways.
{{spoiler}}
* During Jesus' distress in the [[Garden of Gethsemane]], [[Satan]] is shown speaking to him. (In the account of the [[Temptation of Christ]] at {{bibleverse||Luke|4:13}}, it is said that the Devil left Jesus ''for a time'', and many theologians reason that Satan’s moment was in the Garden, but this encounter is not recorded in the Gospel.) The presence of Satan may be symbolic, but it is reasonable to assume that Satan would appear when Jesus was at his most vulnerable moment. In one close up shot, a close observation reveals a maggot wriggling into Satan's nostril, an enduring symbol of sin and corruption.
* In the Garden, Jesus crushes a serpent's head. This was a reference to [[Genesis]] [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%203:15;&version=31; 3:15], the ''Protoevangelion''.[http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2/4262apol_v2-1994.asp#OldTestament]
* A Jewish Temple guard, sent to apprehend Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane, drops him from a small bridge suspended from a chain. (Taken from [[Anne Catherine Emmerich]], ''The Dolorous Passion of our Lord Jesus Christ'', chapter 3.)
* Judas is tormented by “children” whose morphing facial features suggest they are demons, driving him to suicide. [[Matthew]] reports that Judas committed suicide by strangulation, presumed to be from hanging. [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] states that his body also fell, causing him to burst open and spill out his bowels. (Emmerich reports that he “fled as if a thousand furies were at his heel” and later mentions Satan standing at his side to drive him to despair, chapter 14.)<blockquote>In other words, the rope or branch of the tree probably broke due to the weight and his body fell down and his bowels spilled out.<p>Also, notice that {{bibleref|Matthew|27:3–8}} tells us specifically how Judas died, by hanging. Acts 1:16-19 merely tells us that he fell headlong and his bowels gushed out. Acts does not tell us that this is the means of his death where Matthew does.</blockquote>[http://www.carm.org/diff/Matt27_3.htm]
* The movie depicts some Jews as opposing the absence of the [[Sanhedrin]]’s [[quorum]], thereby challenging the legality of the trial and intimating that Jesus was not being treated fairly by Jewish leadership. (Emmerich mentions a similar event in chapter 13.)
* Meetings of the Sanhedrin were required to take place during the day with all the members of the council present. These were the two objections brought forward by the rabbis in the movie. These unusual elements have led some scholars to conclude that it was not the Sanhedrin at all, but an alternative assembly (Sanhedrin) handpicked by Caiaphas to quickly advance his policy of destroying the new anti-establishment sect.
* When Jesus is first brought before Pontius Pilate, Pilate beholds his bloody, bruised condition and asks members of the Sanhedrin (the high council of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem) if they always beat prisoners prior to trial. (Emmerich, chapter 17.)
* [[Herod Antipas]] is portrayed as a mincing, lisping, [[effeminate]] [[homosexual]], complete with a “boy-toy”. Although this was a common caricature of Herod in [[Middle Ages|medieval]] Passion plays and even in ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]'', it does not appear in the Gospels and is contrary to [[Josephus]]'s accounts regarding the womanising Antipas.
* [[Mary Magdalene]] is shown as “the woman taken in adultery” saved from execution by Jesus’ famous “let him who is without sin cast the first stone” statement. The identification of Mary Magdalene with the adulterous woman is not explicit in the text, nor is it official Catholic dogma, and modern scholars have contended that the [[pericope adulterae|passage about the adulterous woman]] wasn't in the Bible originally. It has been a matter of contention between [[Traditionalist Catholics]] and other parties both inside and outside the Church.
* Pilate is shown discussing with his [[Saint Procula|wife]] the fragility of his relationship with [[Tiberius]] Caesar, emphasizing orders Caesar gave him to avoid uprisings in Judea. (Cf. Emmerich, chapter 19. The gospel of Matthew only mentions a message from Pilate’s wife delivered while Pilate is hearing the case.)
* Caiaphas is the one to answer Pilate's questions ("What shall I do with this man?", etc) while the Gospels only record "the chief priests", "the crowd", or "the Jews" as answering (never a specific character). This may have been done to make the responses clearly heard; however, subtitles would have made the answers obvious even if a crowd was shouting them.
* Barabbas is called a "murderer" in the subtitles, but the Gospels are not conclusive on this. {{bibleref|Matthew|27:16}} records him as a robber, as does John 18:40. It is in Mark 15:7 and Luke 23:19 that he is in jail for rioting and murder in "the insurrection."
* During the scourging scene Jesus is nearly flayed alive, back and front, by a variety of torture implements, some with embedded shells, glass and nails. The Gospels state only that he was [[flagellation|scourged]] (Matthew 27:26, Mark 15:15, John 19:1).
* After the scourging, Mary wipes up the blood of Jesus with towels provided by Pilate’s wife. (Emmerich, chapter 23.)
* Along the [[Via Dolorosa]], Jesus is repeatedly rope-whipped by a trailing Roman soldier.
* [[Simon of Cyrene]], who helps Jesus carry the cross and puts his arm around him, is debased, treated poorly by a Roman soldier, and called ''Jew'' with a sneer. Only Simon’s name, place of origin, and the fact that he helped Jesus carry the cross are in all three [[Synoptic Gospels]]. (Cf. Emmerich, chapter 36.)
* Along the Via Dolorosa, the image of Jesus' face is transferred to a cloth given to him by a woman. This event does not appear in any Bible narrative, but is a depiction of the Roman Catholic tradition of [[Veronica's Veil]]. (Emmerich, chapter 34, which also includes her offering Jesus a drink.)
* While travelling along the Via Dolorosa, Jesus falls under the weight of the cross three times. Also, Mary goes to Jesus so that she may comfort him. Though these events are traditionally accepted in the Roman Catholic Church as part of the [[Stations of the Cross]], they are never mentioned in the Gospels; however, Simon of Cyrene was compelled to complete the task of carrying Jesus' cross (which is mentioned in the Gospels). (Emmerich describes seven falls and also the encounter with Mary, chapters 31–36.)
* When Jesus’ right arm does not extend far enough to reach a nail hole on the cross, a Roman soldier dislocates the arm at the shoulder by pulling it with a rope until the palm is over the hole. (Emmerich chapter 38.)
* After Jesus is nailed to the cross but before it has been raised, Roman soldiers turn the cross and Jesus over. When they are turned face-down, Jesus and the cross seem to levitate above the ground, and when turned face-up, both land with high impact on the ground. (A miraculous act intended to represent that God is in control of the events; Mary Magdalene is the only one to witness it)
* The names assigned to the thieves crucified with Christ, [[Dismas]] and Gesmas (also [[Gestas]]), are traditional but are not given in Scripture. (Cf. Emmerich, chapter 43, and the apocryphal ''[[Acts of Pilate]]'', also known as the ''[[Gospel of Nicodemus]]''.)
* The crucified criminal who mocked Jesus was shown being pecked at mercilessly by a raven.
* In the film Jesus builds a table in a rather modern style — one that one would sit at using chairs, but his mother tells him that it "will never catch on."
* Caiaphas and his aide watch Christ's scourging by the Romans.
* Satan (in the guise of a woman) rouses the rabble to shout, "Crucify him! Crucify him!"
* The devil is shown carrying a [[Demon]] Baby during Christ’s flogging. Mel Gibson is [http://www.christianitytoday.com/movies/news/040301-passion.html reported to have said] <blockquote>it's evil distorting what’s good. What is more tender and beautiful than a mother and a child? So the Devil takes that and distorts it just a little bit. Instead of a normal mother and child you have an androgynous figure holding a 40-year-old ‘baby’ with hair on his back. It is weird, it is shocking, it's almost too much–just like turning Jesus over to continue scourging him on his chest is shocking and almost too much, which is the exact moment when this appearance of the Devil and the baby takes place.</blockquote>
* The earthquake described by Matthew causes a huge fissure to split the Temple down the center. In the Gospels it is only reported that the curtain at the [[Holy of Holies]] was split. It is a deviant version of Matthew, known as the [[Gospel of the Ebionites]], that reports that it was the lintel of the Temple that had split. At the moment of Jesus' death, the power of nature is unleashed and Satan is shown raging in Hell because he has been defeated; the redemptive act is accomplished.
* The final scene of the movie shows Jesus leaving the tomb after the [[Death and Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]]. This detail is not present in the Bible — it only tells of the arrival of the women at the tomb, where Jesus is nowhere to be found, though it can be assumed from the later Resurrection appearances where Jesus is described as having "the mark of the nails in his hands". ({{bibleverse||John|20:25-27}}). It is, however, semi-present in the apocryphal [[Gospel of Peter]], where two angels drag Jesus' body from the tomb.¨
===Historicity===
*In the film, Jesus and Pilate converse in Latin. This is historically unlikely, although not impossible. Some Jews, under Roman occupation, would have been able to converse to some extent in Latin. A more likely common language would have been the [[Hellenistic Greek]] (or ''[[Koine]]''=common) spoken somewhat widely around the Mediterranean, and in the remnant of a former Greek empire. However, the conversation is started in Aramaic by Pilate, while the switch to Latin is made by Jesus.
*Pilate is depicted not only as sympathetic to Jesus (as the gospels maintain) but as fearing the reaction of Rome, should complaints of brutality reach the capital. There is no direct evidence supporting the view, but the depiction is not unrealistic. Pilate and the Jews had had several fierce disagreements, and the Jewish authorities had also complained of Pilate to Tiberius in Rome.
*The two criminals on either side of Jesus carried only the horizontal piece of the cross, which is the historical method of Roman crucifixion; however, Jesus carries the whole cross, both pieces, which is neither historically supported nor physically possible for a man so badly beaten. Even with the help of Simon of Cyrene, it would not be likely that such a cross could be carried a considerable distance.
*Jesus' route follows the fourteen [[Stations of the Cross]] of Catholic tradition, although some claim that many of them are not historical.
*The Latin used in the film is [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] (the official [[Latin]] pronunciation of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]), which is pronounced similarly to modern [[Italian language|Italian]], rather than the original Latin pronunciation used by the ancient Romans {{fact}}.
*The phrase ''Ma nishtana ha-layla ha-ze me-kol ha-leylot'' ("what makes this night different from all the other nights?") is traditionally said at [[Pesach]] [[Passover seder|seder]]s; but it is written in the [[Haggadah of Pesach|Haggadah]] rather than the [[Tanakh]]. Tradition holds that the Haggadah was written after the fall of the [[Second Temple]], or after [[70 AD]]. The phrase might have been traditional before the Haggadah was written. It is one of the opening lines (spoken by the Virgin Mary), and one of the few [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] lines in the film.
== Critical perceptions ==
=== Charges of anti-Semitism ===
This movie is considered controversial by some Jewish and Christian groups. Some Jewish groups have expressed concern that the film blames the death of Jesus on the Jews as a group, which, they have said, could fan [[anti-Semitism]]. As much as a full year before the film's projected release, a heated controversy arose over whether it would depict Jews as responsible for the death of Jesus in the same way that previous passion plays have done, which has historically incited [[anti-Semitism]]. Members of the [[Anti-Defamation League]] of [[B'nai B'rith]] wrote a number of private letters to Mel Gibson, expressing their concerns that the movie may have unintended consequences for the Jewish community.
The Jewish community was concerned with the charge of [[deicide]], which was the cause of many [[pogrom]]s in history. Many rabbis in [[Orthodox Judaism]], [[Reform Judaism]] and [[Conservative Judaism]] expressed fear that any movie based on traditional passion play forms, and especially incorporating ideas of [[Anne Catherine Emmerich]], could only be interpreted by the audience as encouraging anti-Semitism. Similar concerns were raised by leaders in Jewish communal organizations and in Jewish community newspapers. Fr. [[William Fulco]], S.J. of [[Loyola Marymount University]] (who translated the dialogue of the film into [[Aramaic]]) frequently defended the movie against such charges, stating that the script did not violate the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]]' [[1988]] [[Anti-Semitism#Passion plays|criteria]] for portrayal of Jews in dramatizations of the Passion so as to avoid deliberate or inadvertent [[antisemitism]].[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_26_39/ai_101680926]
Gibson arranged for private screenings of the film; this caused more criticism, as his audiences included prominent [[Christian]]s and Jews known for their political and social [[conservatism]]. Requests for a screening by the ADL were declined. American film reviewer, [[Michael Medved]]—a Jewish columnist and film reviewer—praised the movie's Biblical accuracy; although a February 16, 2004 [[Newsweek]] cover story by [[Jon Meacham]] suggests that there are numerous inaccuracies in the movie. Similarly, one statement by the ADL read:[http://www.adl.org/presrele/mise_00/4275_00.asp]
<blockquote>For filmmakers to do justice to the biblical accounts of the passion, they must complement their artistic vision with sound scholarship, which includes knowledge of how the passion accounts have been used historically to disparage and attack Jews and Judaism. Absent such scholarly and theological understanding, productions such as ''The Passion'' could likely falsify history and fuel the animus of those who hate Jews.</blockquote>
An early version of the script was leaked by an employee of [[Icon Productions]] to a joint committee of the Secretariat for Ecumenical and Inter-religious Affairs of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Department of Inter-religious Affairs of the [[Anti-Defamation League]], who concluded[http://www.unomaha.edu/jrf/2004Symposium/Pawlikowski.htm] that
<blockquote>it was one of the most troublesome texts relative to anti-Semitic potential that any of us had seen in 25 years. It must be emphasized that the main storyline presented Jesus as having been relentlessly pursued by an evil cabal of Jews headed by the high priest [[Caiphas]] who finally blackmailed a weak-kneed [[Pilate]] into putting Jesus to death. This is precisely the storyline that fueled centuries of anti-Semitism within Christian societies. This is also a storyline rejected by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] at [[Vatican II]] in its document [[Nostra Aetate]] and by nearly all mainline Protestant churches in parallel documents. ... Unless this basic storyline has been altered by Mr. Gibson, a fringe Catholic who is building his own church in the Los Angeles area and who apparently accepts neither the teachings of Vatican II nor modern biblical scholarship, The Passion of the Christ retains a real potential for undermining the repudiation of classical Christian anti-Semitism by the churches in the last 40 years.</blockquote>
When the movie was finally released, although [[#Positive views of Judaism|some Jews were supportive of Gibson]], the overwhelming reaction from within the Jewish community was highly negative. Reviewer [[Katha Pollitt]] of [[The Nation]] observed that "Gibson has violated just about every precept of the (United States Conference of Catholic Bishops) conference's own 1988 "Criteria" for the portrayal of Jews in dramatizations of the Passion (no bloodthirsty Jews, no rabble, no use of Scripture that reinforces negative stereotypes of Jews, etc.)". [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20040329/pollitt] The Jewish community was concerned with a number of issues:
*Many Jews, such as the High Priest, are portrayed as physically ugly. "The priests have big noses and gnarly faces, lumpish bodies, yellow teeth; [[Herod Antipas]] and his court are a bizarre collection of oily-haired, epicene perverts. The "good Jews" look like Italian movie stars (Magdalene is actually played by the Italian movie star [[Monica Bellucci]]); Mary, who would have been around 50 and appeared 70, could pass for a ripe 35." [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20040329/pollitt]
*The [[Kohen Gadol|High Priest]] is shown as if he a were a member in good standing of the Jewish community, and as having control over the Roman occupation; historians note that the Jews were not allowed to appoint their own High Priest according to Biblical law, and that the High Priest at the time was in the service of the Roman government.
*[[Pontius Pilate]] is portrayed as a thoughtful, temperate man who ultimately agrees to crucify Jesus because he does not want to risk a Jewish rebellion on the one hand and a Christian rebellion on the other; but historians, including his contemporary [[Josephus]], describe his savage treatment of Jews in general, crucifying many Jews during his reign.
When Gibson was asked if his movie would be offensive to Jews today, he responded, "It's not meant to. I think it's meant to just tell the truth. I want to be as truthful as possible."
In an interview in the ''[[Globe and Mail]]'', [[February 14]] [[2004]], Gibson said: "If anyone has distorted Gospel passages to rationalize cruelty towards Jews or anyone, it's in defiance of repeated papal condemnation. The Papacy has condemned racism in any form", and, "Jesus died for the sins of all times, and I'll be the first on the line for culpability."
An ADL web page posted on [[August 13]], [[2003]] provided examples of anti-Semitic responses to the ADL's criticism of this project. [http://www.adl.org/anti_semitism/anti-semitic-responses.asp] Critics of the ADL retorted that it couldn't have been the film that caused any hateful e-mails to the ADL because the film had not yet been screened in public; rather, it was the ADL's attacks against a film on the life of Jesus that was the motivation. The [[Catholic League]] responded to the ADL by accusing the organization of "seeking to poison relations between Catholics and Jews", contending that the "attacks on Mel Gibson have little to do with some off-the-cuff quips and everything to do with waging a frontal assault against all those people—Catholics, Protestants, Jews et al.—who have seen ''The Passion'' and love it." [http://www.catholicleague.org/03press_releases/quarter3/030918_adl.htm] Other commentators who have seen the film—such as [[Cal Thomas]] and [[Roger Ebert]]—have also categorically denied that the film contains anti-Semitic material. [http://www.townhall.com/columnists/calthomas/ct20030805.shtml]
Leon Wieseltier stated in ''New Republic'''s March 8, 2004 issue, "In its representation of its Jewish characters, ''The Passion of the Christ'' is without any doubt an anti-Semitic movie, and anybody who says otherwise knows nothing, or chooses to know nothing, about the visual history of anti-Semitism, in art and in film. What is so shocking about Gibson's Jews is how unreconstructed they are in their stereotypical appearances and actions. These are not merely anti-Semitic images; these are classically anti-Semitic images." [https://ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=20040308&s=wieseltier030804]
Adding to the controversy at the time was Gibson's father [[Hutton Gibson]]'s history of [[Holocaust denial]] and somewhat antisemitic remarks, which Gibson himself never publicly unambiguously repudiated nor identified himself with. After the controversy had died down, however, it flared up again on [[July 28]], [[2006]], when Gibson [[Mel Gibson DUI incident|uttered anti-Semitic comments when he was arrested for driving under the influence]].
=== Positive views of Judaism ===
Some [[Orthodox Jew]]s, such as [[Rabbi Daniel Lapin]] and [[Michael Medved]], disagree that the movie was anti-Semitic and have spoken out in support of it. Supporters also point to the many positive portrayals of Jews in the film, such as Simon (who helps Jesus carry the cross), Mary Magdalene, Mary, Peter, John, Veronica (the woman who gives the cloth to Jesus), and of course Jesus himself.
A small number of politically conservative Orthodox Jews have rejected the charges that this movie was anti-Semitic, and in fact have publicly supported this film. Rabbi Steven Pruzansky, religious leader of Congregation Bnai Yeshurun in [[Teaneck, New Jersey]], attacked Jewish critics of the film and even referred to them by the word ''[[rodef]]'', a term used in rabbinic jurisprudence to describe an assailant who threatens Jewish lives and may be killed to preempt the danger. [[Rabbi Daniel Lapin]], head of the Seattle-based Toward Tradition organization, declared that the ADL and its allies were "dangerous organizations, organizations that are driving a wedge between American Jews and Christians." Referring to ADL national director [[Abraham Foxman]], Lapin said that by calling Gibson's film antisemitic, "what he is saying is that the only way to escape the wrath of Foxman is to repudiate your faith." [http://www.forward.com/main/article.php?ref=cattan200403031140]
Darío Cardinal Castrillón Hoyos, a senior Vatican official who has seen the film, addressed the question at length:[http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-gaspari091803.asp]
<blockquote>Anti-Semitism, like all forms of racism, distorts the truth in order to put a whole race of people in a bad light. This film does nothing of the sort. It draws out from the historical objectivity of the Gospel narratives sentiments of forgiveness, mercy, and reconciliation. It captures the subtleties and the horror of sin, as well as the gentle power of love and forgiveness, without making or insinuating blanket condemnations against one group. This film expressed the exact opposite, that learning from the example of Christ, there should never be any more violence against any other human being.</blockquote>
===Christian criticism===
Several [[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalist]] [[Protestant]] groups have criticized the film for its Catholic and [[ecumenism|ecumenical]] overtones.
''Passion'' has been criticized by some Protestant Christian spokesmen for departing from New Testament story lines. A significant number of scenes and details in the movie are ideas from traditional [[passion play]]s and the Emmerich book. Additionally, many scenes and dramatic events are symbolic by nature, serving as groundwork, or support, for the storyline, and reflect events found elsewhere in the Christian scriptures or in the Catholic tradition. On the other hand, in [[New Zealand]], the [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)|Office of Film and Literature Classification]] came under fire from the [[Society for the Promotion of Community Standards]], a small fundamentalist Protestant lobby group, for classifying the film R16. The Society argued that persons under that age should be able to see the film's graphic portrayals of Christ's suffering.
The filmmakers defend that this depiction reflects the spirit and letter of the Christian New Testament Scriptures, though others disagree with that characterization. For example, a scene where soldiers push Jesus off a bridge is in Emmerich's work, but not in the Gospels.
Some argue that the idea of universal culpability of the death of Jesus Christ is one of the principal underlying doctrines of Christianity, and has been fundamental to Catholic teaching since the 1st century. As expressed in the 1570 Catholic handbook ''Catechism of the [[Council of Trent]]'':
<blockquote>In this guilt [for the Crucifixion] are involved all those who fall frequently into sin; for, as our sins consigned Christ the Lord to the death of the Cross, most certainly those who wallow in sin and iniquity crucify to themselves again the Son of God, as far as in them lies, and make a mockery of Him. This guilt seems more enormous in us than in the Jews, since according to the testimony of the same Apostle: If they had known it, they would never have crucified the Lord of glory; while we, on the contrary, professing to know Him, yet denying Him by our actions, seem in some sort to lay violent hands on Him.</blockquote>
Another controversy concerns the line "His blood [is] on us and on our children!" ({{bibleref|Matthew|27:25}}), which has been [[Anti-Semitism#Passion plays|historically interpreted]] by some anti-Semites as a curse on the [[Jewish]] people. For this reason, various Jewish groups requested that this be removed from the film, which was carried out. However, only the [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitle]] was removed, leaving the original line spoken in [[Aramaic]].[http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,4120,1157381,00.html]
[[Cable News Network|CNN]] reported that [[Pope John Paul II]] had a private viewing of the film shortly before its release. [http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/Movies/12/17/pope.gibson/] Supporters of Gibson’s interpretation of the Passion claimed that the Pope allegedly remarked to his good friend, Monsignor [[Stanisław Dziwisz]], "It is as it was." Dziwisz [http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/20040119.htm denied that this ever happened], but it was reported widely that the Pope had, indeed, said those words.
Most of the criticism from [[liberal]] Jewish and Christian groups and [[secularism|secular]] [[liberals]] has centered around the film's depiction of the Jewish leadership. Other criticisms have centered around Gibson's skewing the last hours of Christ toward his personal views, featuring events that are not purely derived from Biblical references. However, many prominent [[atheist]]s such as [[journalist]] [[Christopher Hitchens]] and [[shock jock]] [[Howard Stern]] (who is of Jewish ancestry), were very vocal in their attacks on the movie and, in many instances, Gibson personally.
===Critical reaction===
Critics were polarised over the film. According to the website [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/ RottenTomatoes.com] only 51% of critics praised the film but 76% of viewers enjoyed it [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/passion_of_the_christ]. Similarly, critics rate it a B- [http://movies.yahoo.com/shop?d=hv&cf=info&id=1808434070], but users of [[Yahoo!]] rate it a B+.
Entertainment Weekly's June 2006 issue named The Passion of the Christ the most controversial film of all time, followed by [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s 1971 film [[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]].
The film has been praised by some influential movie critics, including Roger Ebert. He gave the film four stars out of four. <ref>{{cite news
| last = Ebert
| first = Roger
| coauthors =
| title = Movie Reveiws: The Passion of the Christ
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = Chicago Sun-Times
| date = 2004-02-24
| url = http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20040224/REVIEWS/402240301/1023
| accessdate = 2006-08-02 }}</ref>
===Criticism over graphic violence===
{{unreferenced|date=July 2006}}
Several critics were troubled by the level of graphic violence in the film, and especially cautioned parents to avoid bringing their children to the theatres. Although Jesus' flogging is only mentioned in one sentence in each of three Gospels, and not mentioned in the other, the film devotes ten minutes of detailed scrutiny to the event.
[[Roger Ebert]], who awarded the movie four stars out of four, said in his review:
<blockquote>The movie is 126 minutes long, and I would guess that at least 100 of those minutes, maybe more, are concerned specifically and graphically with the details of the torture and death of Jesus. This is the most violent film I have ever seen.</blockquote>
[[David Ansen]], a critic from ''[[Newsweek]]'', calling the film "relentlessly savage" and a "movie no child can, or should, see", said:
<blockquote>I have no doubt that Mel Gibson loves Jesus. From the evidence of "The Passion of the Christ", however, what he seems to love as much is the cinematic depiction of flayed, severed, swollen, scarred flesh and rivulets of spilled blood, the crack of bashed bones and the groans of someone enduring the ultimate physical agony.</blockquote>
Gibson said in his interview with [[Diane Sawyer]]:
<blockquote>I wanted it to be shocking. And I wanted it to be extreme... So that they see the enormity — the enormity of that sacrifice; to see that someone could endure that and still come back with love and forgiveness, even through extreme pain and suffering and ridicule.</blockquote>
==Music==
Three [[Compact disc|CDs]] were released with [[Mel Gibson|Mel Gibson's]] co-operation: [[The Passion of the Christ - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|film soundtrack]] comprising of [[John Debney|John Debney's]] original orchestral score; [[The Passion of the Christ: Songs (Original Songs Inspired by the Film)]], produced by Mark Joseph and Tim Cook, a GMA-Award winning album which contained original compositions from the likes of [[Lauryn Hill]], [[Scott Stapp]] (formerly of [[Creed]]), [[P.O.D.]], Kirk Franklin, Yolanda Adams, [[MxPx]] & Mark Hoppus of Blink-182, [[Steven Curtis Chapman]], [[Third Day]], Bart Millard of [[Mercy Me]], and finally the similarly-titled [[The Passion of the Christ: Songs Inspired by]].
A preliminary film score was written and recorded by [[Lisa Gerrard]] and [[Patrick Cassidy (composer)|Patrick Cassidy]], but was not completed in time for the release of the film.
== Gibson/CleanFlicks lawsuit ==
In [[November 2005]], Mel Gibson filed a lawsuit alleging that [[CleanFlicks]], an [[American Fork, Utah]] firm owned by Ray Lines, infringed on his ownership of ''The Passion of The Christ'' by illegally editing it for profit. According to Lines, CleanFlicks has edited sex, violence and foul language out of 900 films, and has been in a legal dispute with the film industry for the past three years.
According to Lines, he edited only about three minutes of the most graphic footage out, but noted that Gibson himself did the same thing and released it a year later as ''The Passion Recut''.
== See also ==
* [[Dramatic portrayals of Jesus]]
* [[Stations of the Cross]]
{{Mel Gibson}}
== References ==
# [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/columns/grove_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000464071 Gibson breaks Hollywood’s 10 Commands] - The Hollywood Reporter
# [http://www.thepassionofthechrist.com/ Official site - ''The Passion of the Christ'']
# [http://www.passion-movie.com/english/ Passion-movie.com]
# http://www.adl.org/presrele/mise_00/4275_00.asp
# http://www.adl.org/anti_semitism/anti-semitic-responses.asp
# http://www.catholicleague.org/03press_releases/quarter3/030918_adl.htm
# http://www.townhall.com/columnists/calthomas/ct20030805.shtml
# http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-gaspari091803.asp
# [http://www.apologeticsindex.org/p22a.html Apologetics Index entry on ''The Passion of the Christ'']
# South Park: ''[[The Passion of the Jew]]''[http://www.youtube.com/w/Scientomogy%3A-South-Park-804-Passion-of-the-Jew?v=wyIsACMaPeg] Episode also on the South Park Single-Disc DVD with the same title.
== External links ==
*{{imdb title|id=0335345|title=The Passion of the Christ}}
*[http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/Movies/09/18/passion.vatican.reut/ Vatican Cardinal praises 'Passion'] - [[CNN]]
*[http://www.suntimes.com/output/movies/cst-nws-passion22.html Two thumbs up for 'The Passion'], [[Roger Ebert]] and [[Richard Roeper]]'s take on ''The Passion'' —as reported in the ''[[Sun-Times]]''.
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/08/06/wmel06.xml Mel Gibson Christ film is branded anti-Jewish] - [[Daily Telegraph]]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/3528381.stm First-five days box office income at $125.2 million] [[BBC]]
*[http://www.gracecentered.com/the_passion.htm Grace-Centered Magazine Christian review of The Passion of the Christ]
[[Category:2004 films|Passion of the Christ, The]]
[[Category:Films based on the Bible|Passion of the Christ, The]]
[[Category:Drama films|Passion of the Christ, The]]
[[Category:Dramatic portrayals of Jesus|Passion of the Christ, The]]
[[Category:Hebrew-language films|Passion of the Christ, The]]
[[Category:Independent films|Passion of the Christ, The]]
[[Category:Christian and Jewish interfaith topics|Passion of the Christ, The]]
[[Category:Latin-language films|Passion of the Christ, The]]
[[Category:Aramaic-language films|Passion of the Christ, The]]
[[Category:Religion films|Passion of the Christ, The]]
[[Category:Christian films|Passion of the Christ, The]]
[[Category:Films featuring the Devil|Passion of the Christ, The]]
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[[he:הפסיון של ישו (סרט)]]
[[hu:A passió]]
[[nl:The Passion of the Christ]]
[[ja:パッション (映画)]]
[[pl:Pasja (film)]]
[[pt:The Passion of the Christ]]
[[ro:Patimile lui Hristos (film)]]
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[[zh:受难曲]]
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