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'''Dan Kelly''' ([[1861]] - [[28th June]] [[1880]]) was the youngest brother of [[Australian]] [[Bushranger]] [[Ned Kelly]]. He was a member of the Kelly Gang and was killed at the siege at [[Glenrowan]].
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'''Masturbation''' is the manual excitation of the [[sex organs|sexual organs]], most often to the point of [[orgasm]]. It can refer to excitation either by oneself or by another (see [[mutual masturbation]]), but commonly refers to such activities performed alone. It is part of a larger set of activities known as [[autoeroticism]], which also includes the use of [[sex toy]]s and non-genital stimulation. There are also masturbation [[machine]]s used to simulate intercourse. Masturbation and [[sexual intercourse]] are the two most common [[sexual practices]], but they are not mutually exclusive (for example, many people find the sight of their partner masturbating highly erotic). Some people are able to achieve orgasm solely by masturbation and without sexual intercourse. [[animal sexuality|In the animal kingdom]], masturbation has been observed in many [[mammal]]ian species, both in the wild and in captivity.
== Etymology ==
Born in 1861, Dan grew up with his brothers and sisters and their widowed [[Ellen Kelly|mother]] near [[Greta, Victoria|Greta]] in the state of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]. He first came into trouble with the law when aged ten. He and his brother Jim, aged twelve, were arrested by Constable Flood for riding a horse that did not belong to them. In fact they had been doing some work for a local farmer and he had lent the boys the horse to ride home on. Flood did not accept this explanation and the boys were forced to spend a night in the cells before the matter was cleared.
The word '''masturbation''' is believed by many to derive from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''mezea''
(''μεζεα'', "penises") and the Latin ''turbare'' ("to disturb"). A competing [[etymology]] based on the [[Latin]] ''manu stuprare'' ("to defile with the hand") is said by the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] to be an "old conjecture". The esoteric and little-used synonym ''manustupration'' is similarly derived from ''manus stuprare''.
In [[1873]], fourteen-year-old Jim Kelly was jailed for five years for dealing in stolen cattle. He and his family always claimed that he had simply been helping some relatives, unaware that not all the cattle was theirs.
== Masturbation techniques ==
On [[April 15]] [[1878]] Constable [[Alexander Fitzpatrick]] arrived at the Kelly home and asked for Dan, who was wanted on suspicion of horse theft. While he was there Fitzpatrick made a pass at Dan's sister [[Kate Kelly|Kate]]. The other members of the household reacted by throwing him to the floor and his wrist was slightly cut.
Ways of masturbating common to members of both sexes include pressing or rubbing the [[genital]] area, either with the fingers or against an object such as a [[pillow]]; inserting fingers or an object into the [[anus]] (see [[anal masturbation]]); and stimulating the penis or vulva/clitoris with electric [[vibrator|vibrators]], which may also be inserted into the vagina or anus. Members of both sexes may also enjoy touching, rubbing, or pinching the [[nipple]]s or other [[erogenous zones]] while masturbating. Both sexes sometimes use [[personal lubricant|lubricating]] substances to intensify sensation.
Fitzpatrick later claimed that the Kellys had attacked him with revolvers and that Ned Kelly was also involved. In fact the only other men in the house were Dan, William Williamson and Bill Skillion. Ned Kelly always maintained that at the time of the incident he had in fact been in [[New South Wales]].
Reading or viewing [[pornography]], or [[sexual fantasy]], are common adjuncts to masturbation in adolescence and adulthood. Masturbation activities are often [[ritualization|ritualised]]. Various [[sexual fetishism|fetishes]] and [[paraphilia]]s can also play a part in the masturbation ritual; potentially harmful or fatal activities include [[autoerotic asphyxiation]] and [[self-bondage]].
Dan's mother was arrested along with Williamson and Skillion for the attempted murder of Fitzpatrick. Although his account of events was believed in court, Fitzpatrick was later dismissed from the force for drunkenness and perjury.
=== Female ===
[[Image:Canard vibrant.jpg|thumb|A vibrating duck. By de-dramatising the nature of a vibrator, this kind of toy has gained wider acceptance.]]
Dan and Ned went into hiding. In October [[1878]], at [[Stringybark Creek]], they were joined by their friends [[Joe Byrne]] and [[Steve Hart]]. They came across a group of policemen and in the confrontation that followed three of the officers were shot dead.
Female masturbation techniques are numerous and perhaps more varied than those of males. They are influenced by a number of factors and personal preferences.
Techniques include stroking or rubbing of the [[vulva]], especially the [[clitoris]], with the middle, index and/or second fingers. Sometimes one or more fingers may be inserted into the vagina to repeatedly stroke the frontal wall of the vagina where the [[Gräfenberg spot|g-spot]] is located. Masturbation aids such as a [[vibrator]], [[dildo]] or [[Ben Wa balls]] can also be used to stimulate the vagina and clitoris. Many women will caress the breasts or stimulate a nipple with the free hand. Anal stimulation is also enjoyed by some because of the thousands of sensitive [[nerve]]s located there.
Now certain to hang if they were captured, the gang turned to bank robbery. Raids were carried out at [[Euroa]] in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], and [[Jerilderie]] in [[New South Wales]].
[[Personal lubricant|Lubrication]] is sometimes used during masturbation, especially when [[Sexual penetration|penetration]] is involved, but this is by no means universal and many women find their natural lubrication sufficient—some even produce more lubricant alone than with a partner, though the reasons for this seem to be primarily psychological.
The raid on Jerilderie is particularly noteworthy. The gang arrived in the town in early February [[1879]]. They broke into the local police station and imprisoned police officers Richards and Devine in their own cell. The outlaws then changed into the police uniforms and mixed with the locals, claiming to be reinforcements from [[Sydney]]. On Monday the gang rounded up various people and forced them into the back parlour of the Royal Mail Hotel. While Dan and Steve Hart kept the hostages busy, Ned and Joe Byrne raided the local bank of about two thousand pounds.
Women may masturbate in the [[bathtub]], shower and hot tub, sometimes including the use of warm running water to stimulate the [[clitoris]]. Lying face down, one may straddle a pillow, the corner or edge of the bed, a partner's leg or some scrunched-up clothing and 'hump' the vulva and clitoris against it. Standing up, the corner of an item of furniture, or even a washing machine, can be used to stimulate the clitoris through the labia and clothing.
Aside from these raids, the outlaws remained in hiding for the sixteen months that they were at large, mainly in the area of the Greta Swamps.
Some reach orgasm merely by crossing their legs tightly and clenching the muscles in their legs, which creates pressure on the genitals. This can potentially be done in public without observers noticing. Some prefer to use only pressure, applied to the clitoris without direct contact, for example by pressing the palm or ball of the hand against underwear or other clothing.
The gang knew that an old friend of theirs, [[Aaron Sherritt]], was a police informer. On the [[26th June]] [[1880]] Dan and Joe Byrne went to Sherritt's house and murdered him. The four policemen who were with him at the time hid under the bed and did not report the murder until late the following morning. This delay was to prove crucial since it upset Ned's timing for an ambush.
A few women can orgasm spontaneously, after experiencing prior sexual arousal, due to intellectual stimulation alone, for instance listening to certain pieces of music. Often, these mental triggers have associations with previous instances of arousal and orgasm. Some women claim to be able to orgasm spontaneously by force of will alone, but that ability, if it exists at all, may not strictly qualify as masturbation as no physical stimulus is involved.
The outlaws knew that a train loaded with police was on its way to find them. At [[Glenrowan]], on the 27th, they pulled up the tracks in order to cause a derailment. They then rounded up a number of hostages in a local pub.
Those who have difficulty reaching orgasm through [[sexual intercourse]] may find it easier to achieve an orgasm through masturbation. Sometimes sex therapists will recommend that female patients take time to masturbate to orgasm, especially if they have not masturbated before.
A schoolteacher called Curnow escaped and got the train to stop before it reached the pulled-up tracks. In the siege that followed, Ned put on his home-made armour and attempted to take on the police at close range. But he was shot in his unprotected legs and captured.
=== Male ===
[[Image:Masturbationlinedraw.jpg|thumb|A male masturbating]]
Although they had similar suits of armour, the other three remained in the pub with the hostages while the battle continued. The police later set fire to the building and Dan Kelly's and Steve Hart's bodies were burnt by the flames. They had committed suicide earlier that day (unknown to police when they set fire to the hotel). Joe Byrne had been killed earlier by a stray bullet but his body was dragged from the burning building before it was burnt down.
Male masturbation techniques are also influenced by a number of factors and personal preferences. Techniques may also differ between circumcised and uncircumcised males, as some techniques which may work for one can often be quite painful for the other.
Two of the hostages were also killed during the battle by police fire.
The most common technique is to simply hold the [[penis]] with a loose fist and then to move the hand up and down the shaft until orgasm is achieved. When uncircumcised, stimulation of the penis comes from the pumping of the [[foreskin]]. This [[gliding action|gliding motion]] of the foreskin reduces friction. When circumcised the stimulation is sometimes from direct contact with the hand. Many massage (with some using a [[personal lubricant]] to reduce friction) the glans, the rim thereof and the notched indent left over from the removal of the [[frenulum]].
Dan's body was claimed by his sisters, Maggie and Kate, and was later buried. He was nineteen.
Another technique is to place just the index finger and thumb around the penis about halfway along the shaft and move the skin up and down. A variation on this is to place the fingers and thumb on the penis as if playing a flute, and then shuttle them back and forth.
==References==
* [[Alec Brierley]], ''An Illustrated History of the Kelly Gang'' (1979)
A Short Life, by Ian Jones
{{Australian crime}}
A less common technique is to lie face down on a comfortable surface such as a mattress or pillow and rub the penis against it until orgasm is achieved. Some people claim such masturbation may result in pain, irritation, or abrasion if performed too roughly. Other techniques include the use of an [[artificial vagina]] or simulacrum for masturbation. Many fondle their [[testicles]], nipples or other parts of their body with the other hand while masturbating. Some may use vibrators and other sexual devices more commonly associated with female masturbation.
[[Category:1880 deaths|Kelly, Dan]]
The [[prostate]] gland is one of the organs that contributes fluid to [[semen]]. As the prostate is touch-sensitive, some directly stimulate it using a well-lubricated finger or [[dildo]] inserted through the [[anus]] into the [[rectum]]. Stimulating the prostate from outside, via pressure on the [[perineum]], can be pleasurable as well.
[[Category:Australian murderers|Kelly, Dan]]
[[Category:Australian bank robbers|Kelly, Dan]]
[[Ejaculation]] of [[semen]] is sometimes controlled by wearing a [[condom]] or by ejaculating onto a [[facial tissue | tissue]] or other item. A controversial ejaculation control technique is to put pressure on the [[perineum]], about half way between the [[scrotum]] and the [[anus]], just before ejaculating. This can, however, redirect semen into the bladder and the technique may cause long term damage due to the pressure put on the nerves and blood vessels in the perineum. A [[dry orgasm]] is one that is reached by withholding ejaculation. Proponents of [[tantric sex]] say that this is a learnable skill that can shorten the [[refractory period]]. Drugs, such as prolactin inhibitors, may also shorten the [[refractory period]] for a male. An example of this is the prescription drug [[Dostinex]].
[[Category:Bushrangers|Kelly, Dan]]
[[Category:Australian outlaws]]
Males who can reach and stimulate their penis with their tongue or lips are said to be capable of [[autofellatio]]. Some men may taste or [[semen swallowing|swallow their semen]].
[[Category:Australian folklore|Kelly, Dan]]
[[Category:People from Victoria|Kelly, Dan]]
Historically, some have seen a connection between circumcision and masturbation frequency, which remains a debated topic. In a 1410-man survey in the United States in 1992, [http://www.circs.org/library/laumann/index.html Laumann] found that: "A total of 47% of circumcised men reported masturbating at least once a month vs 34% for their uncircumcised peers."
[[Category:Irish Australians|Kelly, Dan]]
== Masturbation frequency, age and sex ==
Frequency of masturbation is determined by many factors, eg. one's ability to resist transient sexual tension, hormones levels influencing sexual arousal (Physiology & Behavior, 2005 Oct 15; Vol. 86 (3), pp. 356-68), one's attitude to masturbation formed by culture. E. Heiby and J. Becker examined the latter[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7396686&query_hl=21&itool=pubmed_docsum]. "Forty-eight female college students were asked to complete a sexual attitudes questionnaire in which a frequency of masturbation scale was embedded. Twenty-four of the women (the experimental group) then individually viewed an explicit modeling film involving female masturbation. One month later, all subjects again completed the same questionnaire. Subjects in the experimental group also completed a questionnaire evaluating aspects of the film. Results indicated that the experimental group reported a significant increase in the average monthly frequency of masturbation, as compared to the control group. This same group, however, reported that the film had no effect on sexual attitudes or behavior."
It is thought that most people begin masturbating when reaching [[adolescence]]. Many scholarly and clinical studies have been done on the matter, and many informal surveys have asked the question. A [[2004]] survey by [[Toronto]] magazine ''NOW'' was answered by an unspecified number of thousands. [http://www.nowtoronto.com/minisites/loveandsex/2004/s_survey_results.php] The results show that an overwhelming majority of the males — 81% — began masturbating between the ages of 10 and 15. Among females, the same figure was a more modest majority of 55%. (Note that surveys on sexual practices are prone to ''self-[[selection bias]]''.) It is not uncommon however to begin much earlier, and this is more frequent among females: 18% had begun by the time they turned 10, and 6% already by the time they turned 6. Being the main outlet of [[child sexuality]], masturbation has been observed in very young children. In the book ''Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary America'', by Strong, Devault and Sayad, the authors point out, "A baby boy may laugh in his crib while playing with his erect penis (although he does not ejaculate). Baby girls sometimes move their bodies rhythmically, almost violently, appearing to experience [[orgasm]]."
According to the Canadian survey of Now magazine readers cited above, the frequency of masturbation declines after the age of 17. However, most males masturbate daily or even more frequently well into their 20s and sometimes way beyond. This decline is more drastic among females, and more gradual among males. While females aged 13-17 masturbated almost once a day on average (and almost as often as their male peers), adult women only masturbated 8-9 times a month, compared to the 18-22 among men. It is also apparent that the ability to masturbate declines with age. Adolescent youths report being able to masturbate to ejaculation six or more times per day, while men in middle age report being hard pressed to ejaculate even once per day. The survey does not give a full demographic breakdown of respondents, however, and the sexual history of respondents to this poll, who are readers of an urban Toronto lifestyle magazine, may not extend to the general population.
In part this is due to the fact that females are less likely to masturbate while in a sexual relationship than men. Both sexes occasionally engage in this activity, however, even when in sexually active relationships. In general it is believed that individuals of either sex who are not in sexually active relationships tend to masturbate more frequently than those who are; however, much of the time this is not true as masturbation alone or with a partner is often a feature of a healthy relationship.
== Health and psychological effects ==
It is held in many mental health circles that masturbation can relieve [[clinical depression|depression]] and lead to a higher sense of [[self-worth]]. Masturbation can also be particularly useful in relationships where one partner wants more sex than the other — in which case masturbation provides a balancing effect and thus a more harmonious relationship.
Both from the standpoint of avoiding unwanted [[pregnancy]] and that of avoiding [[sexually transmitted diseases]], masturbation is the safest of sexual practices. There is no credible scientific or medical evidence that manual masturbation is damaging to either one's mental or physical health.
On [[July 16]], [[2003]], an Australian research team led by [[Graham Giles]] of [[The Cancer Council]] published a medical study [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04319.x/abs/] which concluded that frequent masturbation by males may help prevent the development of [[prostate cancer]]. The study also indicated that this would be more helpful than ejaculation through sexual intercourse because intercourse can transmit diseases that may increase the [[Cervical cancer#Risk factors|risk of cancer]] instead.
Solitary masturbation carries no risk of pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases. Masturbation involving both a man and a woman can result in pregnancy only if [[semen]] contacts the [[vulva]]. Any masturbation with a partner can theoretically result in transmission of sexually transmitted disease by contact with bodily fluids, and such contact should be avoided with any partner whose disease status is uncertain. Objects inserted into the vagina or anus should be clean and of a kind that will not scratch or break. Care should be taken not to fully insert anything into the anus—any object used should have a flared or flanged base; otherwise retrieval can require a visit to the emergency room. Most modern [[dildo]]s and [[Butt plug|anal plugs]] are designed with this feature.
A man whose penis has suffered "an invasive procedure, blunt trauma or injury during intercourse"[http://www.aafp.org/afp/990800ap/549.html] may suffer later in life from [[Peyronie's disease]]. There is the rare event of penile fracture[http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3415.htm] which may occur. [[Phimosis]] is "a contracted foreskin (that) may cause trouble by hurting when an attempt is made to pull the foreskin back"[http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/phimosis.htm]. In these cases, overly aggressive manipulation of the penis can be problematic.
Repeated masturbation usually leads to a reduced interest in further sexual activity, tiredness and sometimes even some soreness. These tend to make frequent masturbation self-limiting for almost all men and women. [[Compulsive masturbation]] can be part of a sexual addiction syndrome.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/relationships/sex_and_sexual_health/probs_sexaddiction.shtml]
===Possible issues with prone masturbation ("Traumatic masturbatory syndrome")===
Lawrence I. Sank (1998) speculated that the habit of masturbating prone (i.e. lying face downward) was responsible for serious sexual problems, including [[anorgasmia]] and [[erectile dysfunction]], suffered by four men he examined. He coined the term ''traumatic masturbatory syndrome'' to describe the effect. Sank reported that his patients were cured of their sexual dysfunction merely by abandoning prone masturbation and learning to masturbate in a supine position, using their hands.
[[As of 2006]] there has been no follow-up research and the idea that prone masturbation causes male sexual dysfunction is not familiar or widely-held within the medical community.
Some sources, however, do give credence to the idea. One sex therapist (Margolies, 1994) has condemned masturbation by rubbing against a pillow or mattress. Lipsith et al (2003) suggest that masturbation could play in male psychogenic sexual dysfunction (MPSD), citing Sank as their authority. A sex guide (Joannides, 2004) quotes an unidentified urologist as saying, "It seems possible that some men who always masturbate face down have erection problems when trying to have sex with a woman."
== Masturbation in history and society ==
=== Antiquity ===
[[Image:MORONOBU.JPG|right|thumb|300px|'''[[Samurai]] being masturbated by his [[kagema]] prostitute'''<br>Early [[ukiyo-e]] print in the [[shunga]] (erotic) style. [[Moronobu Hishikawa]], ca. [[1680]]; Private collection.]]
There are depictions of male masturbation in prehistoric [[rock painting]]s around the world, though these are all entirely matters of interpretation. Most early people seem to have connected human sexuality with abundance in nature. A clay figurine of the 4th millennium BC from a temple site on the island of [[Malta]], depicts a woman masturbating. However, in the ancient world depictions of male masturbation are far more common.
Male masturbation became an even more important image in [[ancient Egypt]]: when performed by a god it could be considered a creative or magical act: the god [[Atum]] was believed to have created the universe by masturbating to ejaculation, and the ebb and flow of the Nile was attributed to the frequency of his ejaculations. The ancient [[Greeks]] had a more natural attitude toward masturbation than the Egyptians did, regarding the act as a normal and healthy substitute for other forms of sexual pleasure. They considered masturbation a safety valve against destructive sexual frustration. The Greeks also dealt with female masturbation in both their art and writings.
=== Religion ===
In many religions, such as Conservative [[Protestantism]], [[Catholicism]], [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Mormonism]] and [[Islam]] masturbation is regarded as a [[sin]]ful practice.
In the Buddhist tradition, under the [[Pancasila|Five Precepts]] and the [[Noble Eightfold Path|Eightfold Path]], one should neither be attached to nor crave sensual pleasure. Masturbation is therefore neither forbidden nor encouraged[http://www.buddhanet.net/winton_s.htm].
====Catholicism====
The ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' [http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a6.htm#2352 lists] masturbation as one of the "Offenses Against [[Chastity]]" and calls it "an intrinsically and gravely disordered action" because "use of the sexual faculty, for whatever reason, outside of [[marriage]] is essentially contrary to its purpose." It is considered a [[mortal sin]][http://www.catholic.org/frz/examen/mortal_main.htm], however, factors taken into account during the [[Confession|sacrament of reconciliation]] are social factors, psychological factors (i.e. anxiety), immaturity, and the force of an acquired habit, which can lessen the moral culpability for masturbation.[http://www.catholicexchange.com/vm/index.asp?vm_id=6&art_id=22857]
====Protestantism====
Protestant theologians only began shunning these teachings toward the middle of the [[20th century]] with some today even taking pro-masturbation viewpoints. Masturbation, however, is still viewed in Catholic [[dogma]] and by many denominations as an act of self indulgence and a sin of the flesh, making it a contentious issue to this day.
It has been reported by [[Rolling Stone]] [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/_/id/7418688/?pageid=rs.News&pageregion=single1&rnd=1119561057312&has-player=false] that a small [[Christian]]-[[Right-wing politics|right]] group in [[North_America|America]] is encouraging people to wear a [[masturband]] to indicate a commitment to abstinence from masturbation.
====Islam====
In the broadest understanding scholars of [[Islam]] consider masturbation to be forbidden ([[haraam]]), except in extenuating circumstances.
:Ayatollah Sistani, of Iraq, writes: "Yes, this is forbidden for man to stimulate his genitals for ejaculation, as well as for woman it is forbidden to stimulate genitals for orgasm." {{fact}}
=====Extenuating Circumstances=====
Masturbation is permissible for the sake of medical tests, or if medically necessary. Doctors make the decision on its necessity in all cases, not legal scholars.
:For example Sistani remarks on fertility tests, "As long as it isn't an absolute necessity, masturbation is forbidden."[http://www.al-islam.org.pl/fatwa.html]
Muslims should not engage in sex outside of marriage. Yet if one's desire is so overwhelming one might perform a greater wrong by having sex prior to marriage, masturbation becomes permissible.
:"And those who are not married should try to live in chastity, until God enriches them with His Grace" (Qur'an, 24:33)
Masturbation may be permissible so that men and women have a healthy knowledge of their own bodies, and so that they may be able to communicate with their marital partner about their sexual needs.
:For a discussion of this see [http://progressiveislam.org/women/index.php/Sex%2C_Birth_Control_and_Pregnancy "Sex"] on [http://progressiveislam.org ProgressiveIslam.Org's] [http://progressiveislam.org/women Women's Health Project].
Masturbation, like any form of sex in which seminal or vaginal fluids have been released, breaks one's fast if performed during the daylight hours and requires a major [[wudu|ablution]] if any seminal or vaginal fluids were released.
:According to Sheikh Hamed Al-Ali: "Masturbation during the daytime of [[Ramadan]] breaks the fast, based on the [[Hadith]] that a fasting [[Muslim]] gives up eating, drinking, and sexual desire for the sake of [[Allah]]. Since masturbation is a kind of sexual desire, a fasting Muslim must avoid it. Therefore, masturbation invalidates the fast as does food and as it is one of the [[Sin#Muslim_views_of_sin | sins]] that if someone does it he or she would be violating the sanctity of this month." {{fact}}
=== Philosophical arguments regarding masturbation ===
[[Immanuel Kant]] regarded masturbation as a violation of the moral law. In the ''[[Metaphysics of Morals]]'' ([[1797]]) he made the ''[[a posteriori]]'' argument that 'such an unnatural use of one’s sexual attributes' strikes 'everyone upon his thinking of it' as 'a violation of one’s duty to himself', and suggested that it was regarded as immoral even to give it its proper name (unlike the case of the similarly undutiful act of [[suicide]]). He went on, however, to acknowledge that 'it is not so easy to produce a rational demonstration of the inadmissability of that unnatural use', but ultimately concluded that its immorality lay in the fact that 'a man gives up his personality ... when he uses himself merely as a means for the gratification of an animal drive'.
Subsequent critics of masturbation tended to argue against it on more physiological grounds, however (see [[Masturbation#Medical attitudes|medical attitudes]]).
=== Medical attitudes ===
[[Image:Sexpatent01-excerpt.png|thumb|225px|Excerpt from United States [[patent]] number 745264, filed on May 29, 1903 by Albert V. Todd. It describes a device designed to prevent masturbation by inflicting electric shocks upon the perpetrator, by ringing an alarm bell, and through spikes at the inner edge of the tube into which the penis is inserted. The entire patent document: [[Media:Sexpatent01.png|Page 1]], [[Media:Sexpatent02.png|2]], [[Media:Sexpatent03.png|3]], [[Media:Sexpatent04.png|4]].]]
[[Image:Chastity_belt_Heyser_0.png|thumb|right|225px|Excerpt from [[United States|US]] [[Patent]] [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=995600.WKU.&OS=PN/995600&RS=PN/995600 995600] by Jonas E. Heyser. The entire patent document: [[:Image:Chastity_belt_Heyser_1.png|Page 1]], [[:Image:Chastity belt_Heyser_2.png|2]], [[:Image:Chastity_belt_Heyser_3.png|3]], [[:Image:Chastity_belt_Heyser 4.png|4]], [[:Image:Chastity_belt_Heyser_5.png|5]], [[:Image:Chastity_belt_Heyser_6.png|6]]]]
The first use of "[[onanism]]" to consistently and specifically refer to masturbation appears to be ''Onania'', an anonymous pamphlet first distributed in London in 1716. In it was a bombastic but novel tirade, drawing on familiar themes of sin and vice, this time in particular against the "heinous sin" of "self-pollution". After dire warnings that those who so indulged would suffer [[impotence]], [[gonorrhea]], [[epilepsy]] and a wasting of the faculties (included were letters and testimonials supposedly from young men ill and dying from the effects of compulsive masturbation) the pamphlet then goes on to recommend as an effective remedy a "Strengthening Tincture" at 10 shillings a bottle and a "Prolific Powder" at 12 shillings a bag, available from a certain shop in London.
One of the many horrified by the descriptions of malady in ''Onania'' was the notable Swiss physician [[Samuel-Auguste Tissot]]. In [[1760]], he published ''L'Onanisme'', his own comprehensive medical treatise on the purported ill-effects of masturbation. Citing case studies of young male masturbators amongst his patients in [[Lausanne]], [[Switzerland]] as basis for his reasoning, Tissot argued that semen was an "essential oil" and "stimulus" that, when lost from the body in great amounts, would cause "a perceptible reduction of strength, of memory and even of reason; blurred vision, all the nervous disorders, all types of [[gout]] and [[rheumatism]], weakening of the organs of generation, blood in the urine, disturbance of the appetite, headaches and a great number of other disorders."
Though Tissot's ideas are now considered [[hypothesis|conjectural]] at best, his treatise was presented as a scholarly, scientific work in a time when experimental physiology was practically nonexistent. The authority with which the work was subsequently treated—Tissot's arguments were even acknowledged and echoed by luminaries such as [[Kant]] and [[Voltaire]]—arguably turned the perception of masturbation in Western medicine over the next two centuries into that of a debilitating illness.
This continued well into the [[Victorian Era]], where such medical censure of masturbation was in line with the widespread social [[conservatism]] and opposition to open sexual behavior common at the time. [http://www.noharmm.org/paige.htm] There were recommendations to have boys' pants constructed so that the genitals could not be touched through the pockets, for schoolchildren to be seated at special desks to prevent their crossing their legs in class and for girls to be forbidden from riding horses and bicycles because the sensations these activities produce were considered too similar to masturbation. Many "remedies" were devised, including eating a bland, meatless diet. This approach was promoted by [[John Harvey Kellogg|Dr. John Harvey Kellogg]] (inventor of [[corn flakes]]) and [[Sylvester_Graham|Rev. Sylvester Graham]] (inventor of [[Graham cracker]]s). The medical literature of the times describes procedures for electric shock treatments, [[infibulation]], restraining devices like [[chastity belt|chastity belts]] and [[straitjacket|straitjackets]], [[cauterization]] or—as a last resort—wholesale surgical [[excision]] of the genitals. Routine neonatal [[circumcision]] was widely adopted in the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom|UK]] at least partly because of its believed preventive effect against masturbation (see also [[History of male circumcision#Male_circumcision_to_prevent_masturbation|History of male circumcision]]). In later decades, the more drastic of these measures were increasingly replaced with psychological techniques, such as warnings that masturbation led to blindness, hairy hands or stunted growth. Some of these persist as myths even today.
Medical attitudes toward masturbation began to change at the beginning of the [[20th century]] when [[H. Havelock Ellis]], in his seminal [[1897]] work ''Studies in the Psychology of Sex'', questioned Tissot's premises, cheerfully named famous men of the era who masturbated and then set out to disprove (with the work of more recent physicians) each of the claimed diseases of which masturbation was purportedly the cause. "We reach the conclusion," he wrote, "that in the case of moderate masturbation in healthy, well-born individuals, no seriously pernicious results necessarily follow."
[[Robert Baden-Powell]], the founder of [[The Scout Association]], incorporated a passage in the 1914 edition of ''[[Scouting for Boys]]'' warning against the dangers of masturbation. This passage stated that the individual should run away from the temptation by performing physical activity which was supposed to tire the individual so that masturbation could not be performed. By 1930, however, Dr. [[F. W. W. Griffin]], editor of ''The Scouter,'' had written in a book for Rover Scouts that the temptation to masturbate was "a quite natural stage of development" and, citing [[H. Havelock Ellis|Ellis]]'s work, held that "the effort to achieve complete abstinence was a very serious error."
In [[1994]], when the first black woman [[Surgeon General of the United States]], Dr. [[Joycelyn Elders]], mentioned as an aside that perhaps it ought to be mentioned in school [[curriculum|curricula]] that masturbation was safe and healthy, she was [http://www.jackinworld.com/library/articles/elders.html forced to resign], with opponents asserting that she was promoting the teaching of ''how'' to masturbate. Many believe this was the result of her long history of promoting controversial viewpoints and not due solely to her public mention of masturbation. Her case led to the coining of a new and humorous slang term for masturbation: ''Firing the surgeon general''.
== Law ==
In most countries, masturbation tends to be legal, even by children, as long as nobody else is involved and no image is made. However, a few jurisdictions in the [[United States|U.S.]] do have laws against the distribution of masturbatory aids.[http://appellateblog.blogspot.com/2003_09_01_appellateblog_archive.html#106441269939587429] These laws are largely not enforced.
Masturbation in a [[public place]], and in cases where somebody else is unexpectedly confronted with it, is usually considered "[[lewd]] and [[lascivious]]" or "dissolute" behaviour, or at least [[indecent exposure]], both of which are [[misdemeanor]]s. According to some historic chronicles, it has not always been so.
Laws may vary for [[Auto-erotic performer|masturbation as part of a performance]], as a visitor of a live or screen performance, as a participant in a [[sex party]], etc.
== Euphemisms ==
Because masturbation is often an uncomfortable topic among peers, a huge variety of [[euphemism]]s and [[dysphemism]]s have been invented to describe it. For a complete list of terms, see: "[[Sexual slang]]".
== Humour and masturbation ==
Masturbation, mainly male masturbation, has long been the subject of [[humour]]. Even in the early [[Twentieth Century]], [[Mail Pouch]] Tobacco advertisements in some cases featured a boy baby reaching into his diaper, with the caption, "He's found his mail pouch."
In [[1879]], [[Mark Twain]] gave a humorous talk at the Stomach Club in Paris entitled ''Some Thoughts on the Science of Onanism'', which concluded with the thought "If you must gamble your lives sexually, don't play a lone hand too much." This talk was not published until 1943.
In Chapter Nine of [[James Joyce]]'s masterpiece [[Ulysses]], the character Malachi "Buck" Mulligan reveals a short play he has been working on: ''Every Man His Own Wife'' or ''A Honeymoon in the Hand'', (a national immorality in three orgasms) with characters such as Toby Tostoff (a ruined Pole), Crab (a bushranger), and Medical Dick.
Some famous wits have commented on masturbation, as in [[P. J. O'Rourke]]'s quote: "Sophisticated persons masturbate without compunction. They do it for reasons of health, privacy, thrift and because of the remarkable perfection of invisible partners."
[[Woody Allen]], in the film ''[[Annie Hall]]'', asserts "Don't knock masturbation. It's sex with somebody I love!" Also, in the film ''[[Love and Death]]'', Woody has a wild off-screen, 5-minute encounter with a countess; she tells him, "You are a great lover!" and he answers, "Well, I practice a lot when I'm alone." In ''[[Hannah and Her Sisters]]'', [[Mia Farrow]]'s character suggests that their inability to conceive may be a result of Woody's excessive masturbation, to which Woody responds, "now you're gonna start knocking my hobbies?"
According to one biography, [[Allen Ginsberg]] came up with the idea for his celebrated poem "Howl" while masturbating with a broom.
[[Dorothy Parker]] reportedly said she had a parrot she named "Onan" because it was always "spilling its seed".
Humorous songs have been written about masturbation, such as [[Chuck Berry]]'s hit song, "[[My Ding-a-Ling]]". This song has no sexually explicit lyrics, but is clearly intended as a ''[[double entendre]]'': "This here song / it ain't so bad / the cutest little song / you ever had / Those of you / who will not sing / you must be playin' / with your ''own'' ding-a-ling!" It was in Berry's playlist for years, but was not committed to vinyl until [[1972]], whereupon it shot to number 1 on the [[Billboard magazine|Billboard]] chart.
In one episode of [[the Simpsons]], a young boy is trying out for the talent show and brings up a song targeting his "ding-a-ling" The boy went on singing "My ding-a-ling, my ding-a-ling, I want you to play with my ding-a-ling" which resulted in him getting kicked off the stage.
Some other musical references to masturbation are the songs "I Touch Myself" by [[Divinyls]], sung in one of the final scenes in ''[[Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery]]''; the [[Cyndi Lauper]] song "She Bop"; "Pink Thing" by the British new wave group [[XTC]]; The Sun and the Rain" by the British ska band [[Madness (band)|Madness]] (according to sleeve notes); [[Frankie Goes to Hollywood]]'s song "Relax"; (allegedly) [[The Posies]] album title "Frosting On The Beater"; [[Green Day]]'s song "Longview"; the 1970s disco song "Imaginary Lover" by [[Atlanta Rhythm Section]] and the [[Nerf Herder]] song "Doin' Laundry". On the [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-winning [[Purple Rain]] soundtrack, [[Prince (artist)|Prince]] sings "I knew a girl named Nikki/I guess you could say she was a sex fiend/I met her in a hotel lobby masturbating with a magazine." in his song "Darling Nikki." This upset future Second Lady [[Tipper Gore]]. In 1990, rap group [[Digital Underground]] released "Sex Packets." The title track concerns a pill that will give men a sexual fantasy. The rapper states, "No more will I ever have to jack it/ 'Cuz instead, I can just take a packet." One of [[Billy Joel]]'s early tunes, "Captain Jack", contains the line "Your sister's gone out / she's on a date / and you just sit at home / and masturbate." Jackson Brown's song "Rosie" is written from the perspective of a rock & roll roadie who always loses the girl to a member of the band but finds solace by singing, "looks like it's me and you again tonight, Rosie..." The song "It's Only Me (The Wizard of Magicland)" by the [[Barenaked Ladies]] is likely about masturbation, containing lines such as,"I'm the me in monogamy" and "It's only natural, It's only me". The [[Violent_Femmes|Violent Femmes]] song "[[Blister_in_the_sun|Blister In The Sun]]" was widely believed to be about masturbation however the [[Gordon_Gano|songwriter]] disputes this claim. Also in two [[The Who]]'s songs, [[Pictures of Lily]] and [[Mary-Ann With The Shaky Hand]] this subject is sung. "Turning Japanese" by [[The Vapors]] is popularly thought to be about masturbation, although it is unclear if this was intended by the band. [["Weird Al" Yankovic]]'s song "One More Minute" contains the line "'Cause I'm stranded all alone at the gas station of love and I have to use the self-service pumps." [[Jethro Tull]]'s song "Roll Yer Own" on the album [[Catfish Rising]] is specifically about female masturbation.
There are much older songs on the subject, including this old parody on the classic tune "[[Funiculì Funiculà]]".
:Last night, I lay my head upon my pillow,
:But stayed up late, to masturbate.
:Last night, I lay myself upon my bed, but
:I stayed awake, for pleasure's sake.
:You should see me working on the short strokes,
:It's really grand, I use my hand;
:You should see me working on the long strokes,
:It's really neat, I use my feet.
:Smash it! Bash it! Pound it on the floor!
:Smite it! Bite it! Ram it through the door!
:Oh, it's so neat to beat your meat while sitting on the toilet seat,
:Isn't life divine,
:Funiculì, funiculà.
In [[2002]], [[R&B]] [[singer]] [[Tweet]] released a song called ''Oops (Oh My)''. The lyrics seemed to have small hints of masturbation.
In [[2003]], American [[Pop_music|pop]] [[singer]] [[Britney Spears]] released in her ''[[In The Zone]]'' album, which included a song entitled "Touch Of My Hand". The song contains blatant references to masturbation. The lyrics are as follows: "'Cause I just discover / Imagination's taking over / Another day without a lover / The more I come to understand / The touch of my hand" [...] "I'm all in my skin / And I'm not gonna wait / I'm into myself in the most precious way". On her Onyx Hotel World tour, the performance for the song, showed Spears "dancing" naked covered with diamonds in a hot-tub, while her backup dancers were in underwear touching all over in their own beds. Also, in the ''[[In The Zone]]'' DVD, Britney said that it was something natural for people to do, that she had done it, and that she did the song intentionally to see the reaction of the media.
In recent years, there have been many masturbation jokes in [[film|movie]]s, such as in ''[[American Pie (film)|American Pie]]'', where the pie (more or less of the title) is used as a masturbation object to generate humour. The characters believe that by masturbating with a pie, one can imitate a vagina. A famous scene in ''[[There's Something About Mary]]'' has [[Ben Stiller]] "cleaning the pipes" before a big date to calm his nerves.
One of the most famous discussions about masturbation by popular culture was done on the television show [[Seinfeld]]. In it, the four main characters made a bet as to which one could go the longest without masturbating. The episode coined the phrase "[[master of your ___domain]]" to refer to a person who can resist the temptation to masturbate. This episode also wound up winning an Emmy award.
The apparently addictive nature of masturbation has also been the subject of humour. [[Lenny Bruce]], who was well-acquainted with addictions, had this bit of advice: "If you're going to stop masturbating, you can't 'taper off'. You've got to quit, cold jerky!"
There are many popular jokes about masturbation, including one upon which you summon someone across the room by extending and bending your index finger until they walk over, upon which you say, "I knew if I fingered you long enough you would come!"
Comedian [[Richard Jeni]] has made countless jokes about masturbation, claiming he is "the best he has ever had." He claims that 90% of men masturbate, the other 10% have no arms (60% of women masturbate, the other 40% expect people to believe it takes that long to take a bath).
In [[Neil Labute]]'s 1999 film <i>[[Your Friends and Neighbors]]</i>, masturbation is an important theme that develops to accumulate in a humorous ending for one of the characters. The phrase "Is it me?" is a motivic question, and a metaphor for both sexual and social insecurity, and self-centeredness, repeated by almost all the characters in varying situations. An unnamed corporate executive played by [[Aaron Eckhart]] imposes discussion of his own masturbation on an intern during a lunch in his office. "The best I've ever had?" he speculates to his silent guest, "that would have to be me." When the intern appears incredulous, he continues "don't get me wrong, my wife is great and everything, but...no one makes me come like I do." Later scenes make clear however that the character is unable to please his wife, or excite her much, and comforts himself with masturbation, in what appears to be a "distant second" next-best option. When their relationship eventually dissolves, the character finds himself alone in a hotel room, unable to ejaculate, calling out in frustration, to his own genitals, "Come on! What's going on?" etc., and then finally "Is it me?"
==Masturbation in other animal species==
Masturbatory behavior has now been documented in a very wide range of other species. Some species have had individuals create tools for masturbation purposes.
:''Main article: [[Non-human animal sexuality]]''
== See also ==
* [[List of songs about masturbation]]
* [[Nocturnal emission]]
* [[Handjob]]
* [[Bukakke]]
* [[Sex-positive feminism]]
* [[Die große Nacht im Eimer]] (painting)
== References ==
* DeMartino, Manfred F. ''Human Autoerotic Practices.'' New York: Human Sciences Press, 1979. ISBN 0877053731.
* Joanides, Paul (2004) ''Guide to Getting It On'', p. 396 (Possible issues with prone masturbation)
* Josie Lipsith, Damian McCann, and David Goldmeier. ''Male Psychogenic Sexual Dysfunction: The Role of Masturbation.'' Sexual and Relationship Therapy 18: 448-471 (2003). (Possible issues with prone masturbation)
* Marcus, Irwin M. ''Masturbation: From Infancy to Senescence.'' New York: International Universities Press, 1975. ISBN 0823631508.
* Eva Margolies. ''Undressing the American Male: Men with Sexual Problems and What Women Can Do to Help Them.'' New York: Penguin, 1994.( Possible issues with prone masturbation)
* Stengers, Jean; van Neck, Anne. ''Masturbation: the history of a great terror''. New York: Palgrave, 2001. ISBN 0312224435. (Discusses Victorian attitudes toward masturbation.)
* Lawrence I. Sank. "Traumatic Masturbatory Syndrome." Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 24(1): 37-42 (1998).
== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|Masturbation}}
;General
* [http://home.comcast.net/~lovepredictions/results.html Masturbation Survey Results] Survey dealing with masturbation habits for both sexes
* [http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99993942 Masturbating may protect against prostate cancer], ''New Scientist'', [[July 16]], [[2003]].
* [http://www.masturbationpage.com/index.php Masturbation Page] Masturbation Stories, Photos, Forums and Chat '''-Contains Adult Material-''
* [http://www.aboutmasturbation.com/ Masturbation Guide] Masturbation articles by sexologists
* [http://www.solotouch.com/ SoloTouch] Stories pertaining to masturbational encounters
* [http://www.mymasturbation.com/ Masturbation stories] from readers
* [http://www.sexhealth.org/masturbation/ SexHealth.org] A Brief History of Masturbation
* [http://www.masturbationmenu.com/ Masturbation Techniques] Articles and tips.
* [http://www.healthystrokes.com Healthy strokes] Website with emphasis on possible problems with prone masturbation
;Female
* [http://www.clitical.com/ Clitical - Female Masturbation]
* [http://www.the-clitoris.com/ The-Clitoris.com] About females only
;Male
* [http://www.jackinworld.com JackinWorld] Male Masturbation Website, Educational, with hardly any offensive graphics
* [http://www.clubstroke.net Club Stroke] Male Masturbation Community, Forums, Personals, and stories.
* [http://advancedmasturbation.com Advanced Male Masturbation Techniques] Illustrations and written descriptions.
*[http://www.male101.com Male101]Has much to do with masturbation including stories and surveys
;History
* [http://www.worldwidewank.com/synonyms.html The World's Largest Collection of Masturbation Synonyms]
* [http://koti.mbnet.fi/patli/kuvat/worstsin.jpg Nineteenth century cartoon showing deadly consequences of masturbation]
* [http://www.afraidtoask.com/masturbate/History.htm History of Masturbation]
* [http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/monanism.html What exactly was the sin of Onan?] (from [[The Straight Dope]])
* [http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/272-16.htm Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 272: Section 16. ] ( "Open and gross lewdness and lascivious behavior" )
* [[United States|US]] [[Patent]]s for anti-masturbation devices: [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=14739.WKU.&OS=PN/14739&RS=PN/14739 14739], [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=22796.WKU.&OS=PN/22796&RS=PN/22796 22796], [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=32842.WKU.&OS=PN/32842&RS=PN/32842 32842], [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=33163.WKU.&OS=PN/33163&RS=PN/33163 33163], [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=36314.WKU.&OS=PN/36314&RS=PN/36314 36314], 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[[Category:Masturbation|*]]
[[Category:Habits]]
[[Category:Sexual_acts]]
[[Category:Human_sexuality]]
<!-- The below are interlanguage links. -->
[[bg:Мастурбация]]
[[ca:Masturbació]]
[[cs:Masturbace]]
[[da:Onani]]
[[de:Masturbation]]
[[es:Masturbación]]
[[eo:Sinmasturbado]]
[[fa:استمناء]]
[[fr:Masturbation]]
[[ko:자위행위]]
[[id:Masturbasi]]
[[it:Masturbazione]]
[[he:אוננות]]
[[lt:Masturbacija]]
[[mk:Мастурбација]]
[[nl:Masturbatie]]
[[ja:オナニー]]
[[no:Onani]]
[[pl:Masturbacja]]
[[pt:Masturbação]]
[[ru:Мастурбация]]
[[simple:Masturbation]]
[[fi:Itsetyydytys]]
[[sv:Onani]]
[[tl:Masturbasyon]]
[[vi:Thủ dâm]]
[[zh:手淫]]
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