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[[:en:Edgar Ætheling]] oldid=1156646053から翻訳。
{{short description|11th-century claimant to the throne of England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
|image = Edgar the Ætheling.jpg
|caption = Edgar, from an [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminated]] tree of the family of [[Edmund Ironside]]
|succession = [[King of the English]] (aspirant)
|reign = 1066年10月14日～12月初頭ごろ
|predecessor = [[ハロルド・ゴドウィンソン]]
|successor = [[ウィリアム征服王]]
|birth_date = 1052年ごろ<ref name=ONDBEdgar>{{Cite ODNB|id= 8465|title= Edgar Ætheling }}</ref>
|birth_place = [[ハンガリー王国]]
|death_date = 1125年内、若しくは1125年以降
|death_place =
|house = [[ウェセックス家]]
|father = [[エドワード・アシリング]]
|mother = {{仮リンク|アガサ (エドワード・アシリングの王太子妃)|label=アガサ|en|Agatha (wife of Edward the Exile)}}
|type = 君主制
}}
'''エドガー・アシリング'''([[英語]]：'''Edgar Ætheling''', [[古英語]]：'''Æþeling'''・ '''Aetheling'''・ '''Atheling'''若しくは '''Etheling'''){{efn| ''{{仮リンク|アシリング|en|Ætheling}}とは、正当な王族でまだ王位についていない者を指す'' }} または '''エドガー2世''' (1052年ごろ– 1125年、もしくはそれ以降) was the {{仮リンク|ウェセックス王の一覧|label=最後のウェセックス王族|en|House of Wessex family tree}}である。エドガーは1066年に[[賢人会議]]によってイングランド王として認められたものの、生涯にわたって戴冠されることはなかった。
==家族と初期==
エドガーは[[ハンガリー王国]]で誕生した。彼の父親は[[エドワード・アシリング]]、祖父は[[エドマンド剛勇王]]であり、エドマンド王の死後、1016年に[[イングランド]]を征服したデーン人ヴァイキングの[[クヌート大王]]により追放処分を受けたエドワード王子がハンガリー王国にて亡命生活を送っているさなかに誕生したとされる。エドガーの祖父エドマンド・曾祖父[[エゼルレッド2世]]・高祖父[[エドガー (イングランド王)|エドガー王]]といったエドガー・アシリングの直系の一族は皆、クヌート大王がイングランド征服以前のイングランド王であった{{sfn|Ronay|1989|p=10}}。エドガー・アシリングの母親は{{仮リンク|アガサ (エドワード・アシリングの王太子妃)|label=アガサ|en|Agatha (wife of Edward the Exile)}}である。アガサは[[神聖ローマ皇帝]]の親族であったとも、[[ハンガリー王]][[イシュトヴァーン1世 (ハンガリー王)|聖イシュトヴァーン1世]]の親族であったとも伝わっている<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/saxon_26.html|title=The House of Wessex.|website=www.englishmonarchs.co.uk|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref>が、実際のところ彼女の素性については謎に満ちている。エドガーはエドワードの唯一の息子であったが、代わりに２人の姉妹がいた。[[マーガレット・オブ・スコットランド|マーガレット]]・{{仮リンク|クリスティーナ (エドワード・アシリングの娘)|label=クリスティーナ|en|Cristina, daughter of Edward the Exile}}の2人である.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://historytheinterestingbits.com/2016/12/10/edgar-the-boy-who-wouldnt-be-king/|title=Edgar – The Boy Who Wouldn't Be King|last=Connolly|first=Sharon Bennett|date=2016-12-10|website=History... the interesting bits!|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref>。
1057年、当時のイングランド王であったエドワード・アシリングの大叔父[[エドワード懺悔王]]の王位後継者候補にエドワード・アシリングが選出されたことにより、エドガーを含むエドワード一族はハンガリーからイングランドに帰還した。エドワードにとっては実に30年ぶりの母国への帰還であった。しかし帰国直後、エドワード・アシリングは病死してしまった<ref name=ONDBEdgar/>。父親の病死を受けてエドガーは唯一生存するウェセックス家の男系王位継承候補者となった<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zpwtg82/revision/2|title=Claimants to the English throne in 1066|website=www.bbc.com|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref>。
==王位をめぐる争い==
1066年1月にエドワード懺悔王が崩御した際、エドガーはまだ10代前半であった。この若さゆえに、エドガーはまだ十分にイングランド軍を率いることができるほどの能力を有していないと目されていた<ref name=":0" />。次期国王が若すぎるという点は本来であれば王位継承に際して乗り越えがたい弊害ではなかった。しかし、エドガーの場合は当時の状況的に即位に際する大きな障害となった。なぜならば、懺悔王は1057年まで自身の後を継ぐ王位継承者を定めていなかったため、そのすきを狙った北ヨーロッパの諸侯らがこぞってイングランド王位獲得を狙うようになり、また懺悔王はエドガーに正式に王位を譲渡する仕度すら整えていなかったためだ。このような情勢により、平和裏に王位を継承することは困難となり、戦争は避けられない状況に陥った。このような状況に加え、エドガーを支援する有力な大人の親族がいなかったために、エドガーは来る王位継承戦争で一派閥として戦うことすら困難な立場に置かれることとなった。以上のような情勢の中で、[[賢人会議]]は外国諸侯の挑戦に立ち向かえる経験豊富な有力貴族[[ハロルド・ゴドウィンソン]](エドワード懺悔王の義兄)をイングランド王に選出した<ref name=":2" />。
同年9月、イングランド王位請求権を主張してノルマンディーからイングランドに侵攻してきた[[ウィリアム征服王|ノルマンディー公ギヨーム2世]]の軍勢とハロルド・ゴドウィンソンの軍勢が[[ヘイスティングズの戦い|ヘイスティングズで衝突]]し、ハロルド王が戦死した。ハロルド王の戦死を受け、残されたアングロサクソン人貴族たちはエドガーの新国王としての選出を思案した<ref>{{cite book |author= Douglas, David C. |author-link= David C. Douglas |title= William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England |url= https://archive.org/details/williamconqueror00dougrich |url-access= registration |year=1964 |publisher= University of California Press |___location= Berkeley |oclc= 399137 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/williamconqueror00dougrich/page/204 204–205]|isbn= 9780520003484 }}</ref>。このとき作り上げられたイングランド統治体制では生存している有力貴族らによって政権運営がなされた。{{仮リンク|スティガンド|label=カンタベリー大司教スティガンド|en|Stigand}}・{{仮リンク|アルドレッド (ヨーク大司教)|label=ヨーク大司教アルドレッド|en|Ealdred (archbishop of York)}}・[[エドウィン (マーシア伯)|マーシア伯エドウィン]]・{{仮リンク|モーカー (ノーサンブリア伯)|label=ノーサンブリア伯モーカー|en|Morcar}}といったアングロサクソン貴族たちがその体制の中枢を担った。しかし、これらの有力貴族たちはかつてエドガーが王位継承候補から外された際に何の非難もなしにその取り決めに従った面々であり、新体制は結成当時から雲行きが怪しかった。またヘイスティングズの戦いの後も侵攻を続けるノルマン軍に対して軍事抵抗を続けようとする新体制の決議にも疑念も存在した。結局、彼らのノルマン軍に対する反攻は功をなさず、ノルマンディー公ギヨーム2世が{{仮リンク|ウォリングフォード (オックスフォードシャー)|label=ウォリングフォード|en|Wallingford, Oxfordshire}}で[[テムズ川]]を渡河した際、スティガンド大司教はエドガーを見捨てギヨームに降伏した。そしてノルマン軍がロンドンに差し掛かった際には、エドガーを支援していたロンドン市民がギヨームとの協議を開始した。12月初頭、ロンドンに残っていた賢人会議の構成員たちはいまだに戴冠されていない若き王エドガーを連れて{{仮リンク|バーカムステッド|en|Berkhamsted}}でギヨーム公に謁見し服従を誓うことを取り決めた。結果、エドガーのイングランド王選出の取り決めは静かに見送られ、ギヨーム公がウィリアム1世として新たにイングランド王に即位した<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hook |first1=Walter Farquhar |title=Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, Vol. 1: The Anglo-Saxon Period |date=1860 |___location=London |pages=515–16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zMytoV6-DUC&q=Witenagemot+1066+edgar+william+stigand&pg=PA515 |access-date=27 June 2017}}</ref>12月25日、ウィリアム王の戴冠に際して、エドガーとその他のアングロサクソン諸侯たちがウィリアム王に臣従した。
==Exile and war against the Normans==
William kept Edgar in his custody and took him, along with other English leaders, to his court in [[Normandy]] in 1067, before returning with them to England. Edgar may have been involved in the abortive rebellion of the Earls Edwin and Morcar in 1068, or he may have been attempting to return to Hungary with his family and been blown off course; in any case, in that year he arrived with his mother and sisters at the court of King [[Malcolm III of Scotland]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edgar-the-Aetheling|title=Edgar The Aetheling {{!}} Anglo-Saxon prince|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref> Malcolm married Edgar's sister Margaret, and agreed to support Edgar in his attempt to reclaim the English throne.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tyler |first1=Moses Coit |title=Library of Universal History |date=1899 |___location=New York |page=1841 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9RAAQAAMAAJ&q=malcolm+iii+canmore+edgar&pg=PA1841 |access-date=27 June 2017}}</ref> When the rebellion that resulted in the [[Harrying of the North]] broke out in [[Northumbria]] at the beginning of 1069, Edgar returned to England with other rebels who had fled to Scotland, to become the leader, or at least the figurehead, of the revolt. However, after early successes the rebels were defeated by William at [[York]] and Edgar again sought refuge with Malcolm.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rollason |first1=David |title=Northumbria, 500–1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge UP |___location=Cambridge |page=283 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mSogG6ZqN4C&q=1069+edgar+revolt+northumbria&pg=PA283 |access-date=27 June 2017|isbn=9780521813358 }}</ref> In late summer that year, the [[Danish attacks on Norman England|arrival of a fleet]] sent by King Sweyn of Denmark triggered a fresh wave of English uprisings in various parts of the country. Edgar and the other exiles sailed to the [[Humber]], where they linked up with Northumbrian rebels and the Danes. Their combined forces overwhelmed the Normans at York and took control of Northumbria, but a small seaborne raid which Edgar led into the [[Kingdom of Lindsey]] ended in disaster, and he escaped with only a handful of followers to rejoin the main army. Late in the year, William fought his way into Northumbria and occupied York, buying off the Danes and devastating the surrounding country.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aird|first1=William M.|title=St Cuthbert and the Normans: The Church of Durham, 1071–1153 |date=1998 |publisher=Boydell |___location=Woodbridge |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqFWcZvE9H8C&q=1069+edgar+revolt+northumbria+danes&pg=PA75 |access-date=27 June 2017|isbn=9780851156156}}</ref> Early in 1070, he moved against Edgar and other English leaders who had taken refuge with their remaining followers in a marshy region, perhaps [[Holderness]] or the [[Isle of Ely]], and put them to flight. Edgar returned to Scotland.<ref name=":2" />
He remained there until 1072, when William invaded Scotland and forced King Malcolm to submit to his overlordship.<ref name=":1" /> The terms of the agreement between them included the expulsion of Edgar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Oram |first1=Richard |title=Domination and Lordship: Scotland, 1070–1230 |date=2011 |publisher=Edinburgh UP |___location=Edinburgh |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1c9vAAAAQBAJ&q=1072+william+malcolm+edgar&pg=PA17 |access-date=27 June 2017|isbn=9780748687688 }}</ref> He therefore took up residence in [[County of Flanders|Flanders]], whose count, [[Robert I, Count of Flanders|Robert the Frisian]], was hostile to the Normans. However, he was able to return to Scotland in 1074. Shortly after his arrival there, he received an offer from [[Philip I of France|Philip I, King of France]], who was also at odds with William, of a castle and lands near the borders of Normandy from where he would be able to raid his enemies' homeland. He embarked with his followers for France, but a storm wrecked their ships on the English coast. Many of Edgar's men were hunted down by the Normans, but he managed to escape with the remainder to Scotland by land. Following this disaster, he was persuaded by Malcolm to make peace with William and return to England as his subject, abandoning any ambition of regaining his ancestral throne.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clemoes |first1=Peter |last2=Keynes |first2=Simon |last3=Lapidge |first3=Michael |title=Anglo-Saxon England, Volume 14 |date=1985 |publisher=Cambridge UP |___location=Cambridge |page=205 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qY87DJqOPBQC&q=1074+edgar+william+philip+I+France&pg=PA205 |access-date=27 June 2017|isbn=9780521038386 }}</ref>
==Italian venture==
Disappointed at the level of recompense and respect he received from William, in 1086 Edgar renounced his allegiance to the Conqueror and moved with a retinue of men to Norman Apulia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clemoes |title=Anglo-Saxon |page=206}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The [[Domesday Book]], compiled that year, records Edgar's ownership of only two small estates (Barkway and Hermead) in [[Hertfordshire]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hale |first1=Betty |title=History of Prince Edgar & his Claim to the English Throne |url=http://www.britannia.com/history/articles/edgar.html |website=Britannia |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210200929/http://www.britannia.com/history/articles/edgar.html |archive-date=10 December 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is probably because Edgar had given up his English properties when he left for Italy, not intending to return. In that case the recording of the Hertfordshire estates under his name is likely to be an anomaly, reflecting a situation which had recently ceased to apply.<ref>Donald Henson, ''The English Elite in 1066: gone but not forgotten'' (Thetford 2001), pp. 24–6</ref> The venture in the Mediterranean was evidently not a success; within a few years Edgar returned to England.
==Norman and Scottish dynastic strife==
After King William's death in 1087, Edgar supported William's eldest son [[Robert Curthose]], who succeeded him as Duke of Normandy, against his second son, [[William II of England|William Rufus]], who received the throne of England as William II.<ref name=":2" /> Edgar was one of Robert's three principal advisors at this time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aird |first=William M |title=Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy: C. 1050–1134 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |___location=Woodbridge,Suffolk |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84383-310-9 |page=128}}</ref> The war waged by Robert and his allies to overthrow William ended in defeat in 1091. As part of the resulting settlement between the brothers, Edgar was deprived of lands which he had been granted by Robert. These were presumably former possessions of William and his supporters in Normandy, confiscated by Robert and distributed to his own followers, including Edgar, but restored to their previous owners by the terms of the peace agreement. The disgruntled Edgar travelled once again to Scotland, where Malcolm was preparing for war with William.<ref name=":2" /> When William marched north and the two armies confronted one another, the kings opted to talk rather than fight. The negotiations were conducted by Edgar on behalf of Malcolm, and the newly reconciled Robert Curthose on behalf of William. The resulting agreement included a reconciliation between William and Edgar. However, within months Robert left England, unhappy with William's failure to fulfil the pact between them, and Edgar went with him to Normandy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aird |first=William M |title=Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy: C. 1050–1134 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |___location=Woodbridge,Suffolk |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84383-310-9 |pages=144–145}}</ref>
Having returned to England, Edgar went to Scotland again in 1093, on a diplomatic mission for William to negotiate with Malcolm, who was dissatisfied with the Norman failure to implement in full the terms of the 1091 treaty. This dispute led to war, and within the year Malcolm had invaded England and had been killed along with his designated heir Edward, eldest of his sons by Margaret, in the [[Battle of Alnwick (1093)|Battle of Alnwick]]. Malcolm's successor, his brother [[Donald III of Scotland|Donald Bán]], drove out the English and French retainers who had risen high in Malcolm's service and had thus aroused the jealousy of the existing Scottish aristocracy. This purge brought him into conflict with the Anglo-Norman monarchy, whose influence in Scotland had diminished. William helped Malcolm's eldest son [[Duncan II of Scotland|Duncan]], who had spent many years as a hostage at William I's court and remained there when set at liberty by William II, to overthrow his uncle, but Donald soon regained the throne and Duncan was killed.<ref>''Anglo-Saxon Chronicles'', pp. 227–8, 230; Florence of Worcester, pp. 152–4</ref>{{primary source inline|date=January 2016}} Another effort to restore the Anglo-Norman interest through sponsorship of Malcolm's sons was launched in 1097, and Edgar made yet another journey to Scotland, this time in command of an invading army. Donald was ousted, and Edgar installed his nephew and namesake, Malcolm and Margaret's son [[Edgar, King of Scotland|Edgar]], on the Scottish throne.<ref>''Anglo-Saxon Chronicles'', pp. 234; Florence of Worcester, p 157</ref><ref name=":2" />
==First Crusade==
According to Orderic, Edgar was the commander of an English fleet which operated off the coast of the [[region of Syria]] in support of the [[First Crusade]], whose crews eventually burned their dilapidated ships and joined the advance by land to [[Jerusalem]].<ref>Orderic, vol. 5, pp. 270–3</ref>{{primary source inline|date=January 2016}} This is doubtful, for this fleet is known to have arrived off the Syrian coast by March 1098; since Edgar invaded Scotland late in 1097, he could not have made the voyage in the time available. It may be though that he travelled overland to the Mediterranean and joined the fleet en route; this is the view taken by Runciman.<ref>Runciman ''History of the Crusades'' 1968 (1951) Vol 1, p. 227, p. 228 note, and p. 255)</ref> [[William of Malmesbury]] recorded that Edgar made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1102, and it may be that Orderic's report is the product of confusion, conflating the expedition of the English fleet with Edgar's later journey. Some modern historians have suggested that at some point during these years Edgar served in the [[Varangian Guard]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]], a unit which was at that time composed primarily of English emigrants, but this is unsupported by evidence. William of Malmesbury stated that on his way back from Jerusalem Edgar was given rich gifts by both the Byzantine and the German emperors, each of whom offered him an honoured place at court, but that he insisted on returning home instead.<ref>William of Malmesbury, ''A History of the Norman Kings (1066–1125), with the Historia Novella or history of his own times (1126–1142)'', tr. John Sharp (London 1854), pp. 237–8</ref>{{primary source inline|date=January 2016}}
==Later life==
Back in Europe, Edgar again took the side of Robert Curthose in the internal struggles of the Norman dynasty, this time against Robert's youngest brother, who was now [[Henry I of England|Henry I, King of England]]. He was taken prisoner in the final defeat at the [[Battle of Tinchebray]] in 1106, which resulted in Robert being imprisoned for the rest of his life. Edgar was more fortunate: having been taken back to England, he was pardoned and released by King Henry.<ref>''Anglo-Saxon Chronicles'', p. 241</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-36701131 Timpson, Trevor. "'England's darling' and Scotland's saint", ''BBC News'', 20 October 2016]</ref> His niece [[Matilda of Scotland|Edith (renamed Matilda)]], daughter of Malcolm III and Margaret, had married Henry in 1100. Edgar is believed to have travelled to Scotland once more late in life, perhaps around the year 1120. He lived to see [[White Ship|the death]] at sea in November 1120 of [[William Adeling]], the son of his niece Edith and heir to Henry I. Edgar was still alive in 1125, according to William of Malmesbury, who wrote at the time that Edgar "now grows old in the country in privacy and quiet".<ref name=":3" /> Edgar died some time after this contemporary reference, but the exact date and the ___location of his grave are not known.
According to a 1291 [[Huntingdon Priory]] Chronicle, Edgar had one child, Margaret Lovel, who was the wife of firstly Ralph Lovel II, of Castle Cary and secondly of Robert de Londres, both of whom had estates in southern Scotland.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barrow|first=G. W. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cqb9nsvIZGYC&dq=edgar+Atheling+lupellus&pg=PA45|title=Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2002|date=2003|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=978-0-85115-941-6|pages=45|language=en}}</ref>
There are two references to an "Edgar Adeling" found in the ''Magnus Rotulus Pipae Northumberland'' ([[Pipe rolls]]) for the years 1158 and 1167.<ref>Freeman, Edward A. ''The History of the Norman Conquest of England'' (1869), Vol. III p.766 ''citing'' [[John Hodgson (antiquary)|Hodgson, J.]], and Hinde, J. H. ''History of Northumberland'' (1820–1858), Part III, Vol. III, pp. 3, 11</ref> Historian [[Edward Augustus Freeman|Edward Freeman]], writing in ''[[The History of the Norman Conquest of England]]'', says that this was the same Edgar (aged over 100), a son of his, or some other person known by the title ''[[Ætheling]]''. <ref name=":2" />
== Notes ==
{{notelist|60em}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
*{{cite book|first=Gabriel |last=Ronay|title=The lost King of England: the East European adventures of Edward the Exile| ___location=Woodbridge, Suffolk ; Wolfeboro, N.H., USA|publisher=Boydell Press|year=1989|isbn=0-85115-541-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sTuaN3OnNMC&q=terra+britanorum&pg=PA95}}
==External links==
* [https://www.royal.uk/edgar-atheling-r-oct-dec-1066 Edgar Atheling] at the official website of the British monarchy
* {{PASE|18366|Edgar 14}}
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{{s-hou|[[House of Wessex]]|''ca''|1051|''ca''|1126}}
{{s-roy|en}}
{{s-bef |before=[[Harold Godwinson]]}}
{{s-dis|title=[[King of England]] |reason=Proclaimed but not crowned,<br>due to [[Norman conquest of England|Norman Conquest]] |years=1066 }}
{{s-aft |after=[[William the Conqueror]]}}
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{{English, Scottish and British monarchs}}
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