Joara e Savino Melillo: differenze tra le pagine

Versione delle 18:40, 19 mag 2009

Versione delle 05:09, 8 apr 2018

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{{Carica pubblica

<noinclude>{{WIP|Jalo}}</noinclude>

|nome = Savino Melillo

[[Image:NCMap-doton-Joara.png|thumb|250px|Posizione geografica di Joara nell'attuale [[contea di Burke (Carolina del Nord)]]]]

|immagine = Savino Melillo.jpg

|didascalia =

'''Joara''' era un grande insediamento dei [[nativi americani]] appartenenti alla [[cultura del Mississippi]], in quella che oggi è la [[contea di Burke (Carolina del Nord)|contea di Burke]], nella [[Carolina del Nord]]. Joara ha un importante significato [[archeologia|archeologico]] e storico, trattandosi del primo insediamento europeo nell'entroterra del continente.<ref> David G. Moore, Robin A. Beck, Jr. e Christopher B. Rodning, [http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/moore/index.html "Joara and Fort San Juan: culture contact at the edge of the world"], ''Antiquity'', Vol. 78, No. 229, marzo 2004</ref>

|carica = [[Camera dei deputati|Deputato della Repubblica Italiana]]

|mandatoinizio =

Recenti scoperte hanno dimostrato la presenza di una solida cultura nativa e di una prolungata presenza spagnola durante il XVI secolo in Carolina del Nord. Joara era il centro più importante della zona. Era anche il luogo in cui sorse ''Fort San Juan'', primo avamposto spagnolo (1567-1568) nell'entroterra della Carolina del Nord. Nacque infatti 40 anni prima dell'inglese [[Jamestown]], e 20 prima della "[[Colonia di Roanoke|Colonia Perduta]]" di [[Roanoke]].<ref> David G. Moore, Robin A. Beck, Jr. e Christopher B. Rodning, [http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/moore/index.html "Joara and Fort San Juan: culture contact at the edge of the world"], ''Antiquity'', Vol. 78, No. 229, marzo 2004</ref>

|mandatofine =

|legislatura = [[IX legislatura della Repubblica Italiana|IX]], [[X legislatura della Repubblica Italiana|X]], [[XI legislatura della Repubblica Italiana|XI]]

Situata a nord-ovest di [[Morganton]], parte del [[sito archeologico]] è stato scavato dall'Upper Catawba Valley Archaeology Project. Questo progetto era composto soprattutto da [[archeologo|archeologi]] provenienti da [[Warren Wilson College]], [[Southern Illinois University]] e [[Università della Carolina del Nord a Chapel Hill]], ma comprendeva anche archeologi della [[Università dell'Oklahoma]]. Durante gli scavi estivi vengono organizzati eventi diretti al pubblico.

|gruppo parlamentare = Misto - Liberale italiano

|coalizione =

Joara fu fondata attorno al [[1000]], ed era fiorente quando i soldati [[Conquista delle Americhe|spagnoli]] giunsero nel gennaio del 1567, guidati da capitan [[Juan Pardo]]. Essi si insediarono qui durante l'inverno chiamando il villaggio ''Cuenca''. Vi costruirono Fort San Juan. Dopo 18 mesi, i nativi uccisero i soldati dal forte bruciandone la struttura. Lo stesso anno uccisero tutti i 120 uomini di Pardo tranne uno, distruggendo tutti i 6 forti costruiti nell'entroterra sud-orientale. Dopo questo avvenimento gli spagnoli interruppero l'esplorazione di questa regione.

|circoscrizione =

|collegio = Bari-Foggia

Gli effetti delle malattie e della conquista europea, e l'assimilazione di numerose tribù native, portò all'abbandono da parte degli indigeni dell'insediamento molto prima che gli esploratori inglesi e scozzesi, e gli immigrati tedeschi, giungessero secoli dopo.

|tipo nomina =

|incarichi =

==Insediamento==

|sito = http://legislature.camera.it/chiosco.asp?cp=1&position=XI%20Legislatura%20/%20I%20Deputati&content=deputati/legislatureprecedenti/Leg11/framedeputato.asp?Deputato=d23920

|partito = [[Partito Liberale Italiano]]

Si pensa che Joara sia nata poco dopo il [[1000]]. Fu edificata sulla riva occidentale dell'Upper Creek ed in vista di Table Rock. I nativi di Joara erano composti dalla parte orientale del popolo stanziato nelle vallate dei fiumi [[Mississippi (fiume)|Mississippi]] ed [[Ohio (fiume)]]. Al tempo dei primi contatti europei con i nativi che abitavano le pendici degli [[Appalachi]], Joara era già cresciuta diventando il centro indiano più popoloso di quelli presenti nell'odierna Carolina del Nord. La città era il centro politico di un regno che controllava molti insediamenti circostanti.

|tendenza =

|titolo di studio = laurea in giurisprudenza

I [[Catawba]] sono probabilmente i discendenti dei nativi di Joara.<ref> Robin Beck et al., [http://www.tulane.edu/~crodning/nsfaward0542120.pdf ''Joara and Fort San Juan: Colonialism and Household Practice at the Berry Site, North Carolina''], Tulane University, National Science Foundation grant abstract, 7 settembre 2006</ref>

|alma mater =

|professione = avvocato

==Esplorazione spagnola==

|firma =

[[Image:DeSoto Map Leg 2 HRoe 2008.jpg|thumb|right|350px|MAppa raffigurante il tracciato dell'esplorazione di [[Hernando de Soto]], attraverso [[Georgia (USA)|Georgia]], [[Carolina del Sud]], [[Carolina del Nord]], [[Tennessee]] ed [[Alabama]]. Basata sulla mappa disegnata da [[Charles Hudson]] nel 1997]]

===Hernando de Soto===

Nel 1540 [[Hernando de Soto]] guidò una spedizione spagnola sul versante orientale degli Appalachi in quelle che oggi sono [[Georgia (USA)|Georgia]], [[Carolina del Sud]] e del Nord. La spedizione registrò i primi contatti documentati tra europei ed abitanti di Joara, che i cronici di Soto chiamarono "Xuala".<ref>Charles Hudson, ''The Juan Pardo Expeditions: Explorations of the Carolinas and Tennessee, 1566-1568'', Tuscaloosa, Ala, University of Alabama Press, 2005, 25</ref> Gli spagnoli ripartirono subito per continuare l'esplorazione dell'entroterra della [[Florida spagnola]]. Sarebbero dovuti passare altri 26 anni prima che gli spagnoli facessero le prime rivendicazioni sulla proprietà di questa terra.

===Captain Juan Pardo's first expedition===

[[Image:Chiaves-map-xuala-1584.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Detail of Joara (spelled Xuala) and neighboring villages on Chiaves' 1584 map of La Florida]]

On [[December 1]], [[1566]], Captain [[Juan Pardo (explorer)|Juan Pardo]] and 125 men departed from [[Santa Elena, la Florida|Santa Elena]], a center of [[Spanish Florida]] (located on present-day [[Parris Island, South Carolina|Parris Island]], [[Beaufort County, South Carolina|Beaufort County]], South Carolina) under orders from Governor [[Pedro Menéndez de Avilés]] to claim the interior for [[Spain]]. Pardo was to pacify native inhabitants, convert natives to [[Catholicism]], and establish a route to Spanish silver mines near [[Zacatecas]], [[Mexico]]. The Spanish thought they were much closer to the mines than they were in fact.

To stay close to food sources on their journey through the foothills, the Spanish traveled northwest where there were friendly natives who would help to feed them. The small Spanish force stopped at [[Otari]] (near present day [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], [[Mecklenburg County, North Carolina|Mecklenburg County]], North Carolina) and [[Yssa]] (near present day [[Denver, North Carolina|Denver]], [[Lincoln County, North Carolina|Lincoln County]], North Carolina) before arriving at Joara.

Captain Pardo and his men arrived at Joara in January 1567. He renamed it Cuenca after his hometown [[Cuenca, Spain]]. Snow in the Appalachian Mountains forced the Spanish to establish a winter base in the foothills at Joara. The explorers built a wooden fort at the north end of Joara and named it Fort San Juan. The fort became the first European settlement of present-day North Carolina, predating the establishment of the first English colony at [[Roanoke Island]] by 18 years and Jamestown by 40 years.

The Spanish kept a base in Fort San Juan and claimed sovereignty over several other settlements in the region, including ''Guaquiri'' (near present-day [[Hickory, North Carolina|Hickory]], [[Catawba County]], North Carolina) and ''Quinahaqui'' (in present-day Catawba County, North Carolina). In February 1567, Captain Pardo established Fort Santiago at ''[[Guatari]]'', a smaller town of Guatari (also called [[Wateree]]) natives located in present-day [[Rowan County, North Carolina|Rowan County]], North Carolina.

When Captain Pardo received word of a possible French invasion of Santa Elena, he left 30 soldiers to occupy Joara, and four soldiers and his chaplain Father Sebastian Montero to occupy Guatari. He departed the area with the remainder of his force. Pardo appointed sergeant [[Hernando Moyano]] to command the force stationed at Fort San Juan.

===Hernando Moyano's raids===

During the spring of 1567, Hernando Moyano led a combined force of natives and Spanish north. The force attacked and burned the [[Chiska]] tribe's village of ''[[Maniateque]]'' (near present-day [[Saltville, Virginia|Saltville]], [[Virginia]]) before returning to Joara.

After resting and supplying his force, Moyano led his force to ''[[Guapere]]'' (thought to be on the upper [[Watauga River]] in present day Tennessee). The Spanish and native force attacked and burned Guapere and marched west to ''[[Chiaha]]'' (also in present day Tennessee). Moyano's force built a fort in Chiaha and waited for Captain Juan Pardo to return.

===Captain Juan Pardo's second expedition===

Captain Juan Pardo returned to Fort San Juan in September of 1567 to find the local inhabitants angered by the Spanish raids and demands for food, women, and canoes. The effect of newly introduced diseases was also destabilizing the community, causing resentment towards the Spanish. Instead of continuing his mission to Mexico, Captain Pardo left a garrison at Fort San Juan and marched the remainder of his troops westward to resupply Sgt. Hernando Moyano's troops.

Pardo first took his troops to the native village of ''[[Tocae]]'' (near present day [[Asheville, North Carolina]]), then continued to ''[[Cauchi]]'' (near present day [[Canton, North Carolina]]. The force continued on to ''[[Tanasqui]]'' and then to ''Chiaha'' where they found Hernando Moyano's troops in need of supply. After resupplying Moyano's troops, Pardo returned to Santa Elena.

==Native uprising and end of Spanish colonization==

Shortly after May 1568, news reached Santa Elena that the native population had burned the six Spanish forts established by Juan Pardo and killed all but one of the 120 Spanish men stationed in those garrisons. Captain Pardo never returned to the area, and Spain ended all attempts to conquer and colonize the southeastern interior. Captain Juan Pardo's narrative of his travels and settlement at Joara, written by his scribe Bandera, were discovered and translated in the 1980s. They have contributed to a reassessment of the history of Spanish colonization in the interior of North America.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20041011072128/http://www.newsobserver.com/news/story/1488717p-7640935c.html Catherine Clabby, "Dig finds evidence of Spanish fort"], ''News Observer'', 1 Aug 2004, accessed 26 Jun 2008</ref>

===Demise and abandonment===

At the time of the first Spanish contact, the native people of the area were identified by their villages of residence and were not part of large tribes. Death from European diseases and conquest and assimilation by large tribes such as the [[Catawba (tribe)|Catawba]] and [[Cherokee]] caused many of these smaller native groups to disappear. By the time most [[England|English]], [[Moravian Church|Moravian]], [[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Irish]], and [[German People|German]] settlers arrived in the area in the 18th century, Joara and many of the other native towns in the region had been abandoned.

Although the ___location of Joara and Fort San Juan were forgotten, local inhabitants found numerous native artifacts in certain areas of the upper Catawba River Valley. Unlike areas in which mounds were protected, during the early 1950s farmers bulldozed Joara's twelve-foot-high earthen platform mound to make way for cultivation.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20041011072128/http://www.newsobserver.com/news/story/1488717p-7640935c.html Catherine Clabby, "Dig finds evidence of Spanish fort"], ''News Observer'', 1 Aug 2004, accessed 26 Jun 2008</ref> The ___location of the mound is now recognizable only as a two-foot rise in the field but current owners vow to protect the site.

==Rediscovery at the Berry site==

During the 1960s and 1970s, several archaeological surveys were conducted in Burke County to determine possible locations of Joara and Fort San Juan. By the 1980s, archaeologists had reduced the number of possible locations and began limited excavations. These surveys and excavations showed that the upper Catawba River Valley did have a sizable native population during the 14th to 16th centuries.

In 1986, a breakthrough occurred at the Berry excavation site (named for the family who own the property). Archaeologists discovered 16th-century Spanish artifacts. This evidence, supported by Bandera's narrative, caused a reevaluation of Pardo's route through the Upper Catawba Valley. Further evidence suggests the Berry Site is the ___location of Joara and Fort San Juan.<ref>[http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~arch/berrysitepress/amerarchspring2008.pdf Constance E. Richards, "Contact and Conflict"], ''American Archaeologist'', Spring 2008, p.14</ref> It has also demonstrated the extent to which the Spanish attempted to establish a colonial foothold in the interior of the Southeast. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20041011072128/http://www.newsobserver.com/news/story/1488717p-7640935c.html Catherine Clabby, "Dig finds evidence of Spanish fort"], ''News Observer'', 1 Aug 2004, accessed 26 Jun 2008</ref>

Further excavations at the Berry site throughout the 1990s and 2000s have yielded remains of native Joara settlement and burned Spanish huts, and more 16th century Spanish artifacts, including olive jar fragments, a spike, and a knife. In 2007, the team excavated Structure 5 and found a Spanish iron scale, as well as evidence of Spanish building techniques. These artifacts were not trade goods but objects used by the Spanish in settlements. Joara is particularly interesting for the interaction between Native Americans and Spanish, who were relatively few in number and depended on the natives for food. Archaeologists expect to find evidence that will reveal more about events there. <ref>[http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~arch/berrysitepress/amerarchspring2008.pdf Constance E. Richards, "Contact and Conflict"], ''American Archaeologist'', Spring 2008, p.14</ref> <ref>[http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~arch/berrysitepress/raleighnewsobserver02012008 Martha Quillin, "Trove from Fort San Juan delights archaeologists"], ''The News Observer'', 31 Jan 2008, accessed 26 Jun 2008</ref>

Archaeologists familiar with the area have concluded this is the site of Joara and Fort San Juan. It supports documented Spanish settlement of 1567&ndash;1568, as well as the natives' burning of the fort. The discovery is requiring a reassessment of the history of European contact with Native Americans.<ref>[http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~arch/fs2004/background.html David Moore, Robin Beck and Christopher Rodning, "In Search of Fort San Juan: Sixteenth Century Spanish and Native Interaction in the North Carolina Piedmont"], Warren Wilson College Archaeology Home Page, 2004, accessed 26 Jun 2008,</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition]]

* [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex]]

* [[Mississippian culture]]

==Citations==

{{reflist}}

==References==

*{{Cite journal

| volume = 16

| issue = 2

| pages = 162–169

| last = Beck

| first = Robin A., Jr.

| title = From Joara to Chiaha: Spanish Exploration of the Appalachian Summit Area, 1540-1568

| journal = Southeastern Archaeology

| date = Winter 1997

}}

{{Bio

|Nome = Savino Girolamo Benedetto

*{{Cite journal

| doiCognome = Melillo

| issnSesso = 0734578XM

|LuogoNascita = Cerignola

| volume = 21

|GiornoMeseNascita = 21 marzo

| issue = 2

|AnnoNascita = 1939

| pages = 192–205

| lastLuogoMorte = Beck

|GiornoMeseMorte =

| first = Robin A., Jr.

|AnnoMorte =

| coauthors = David G. Moore

|Epoca = 1900

| title = The Burke Phase: A Mississippian Frontier in the North Carolina Foothills

|Epoca2 = 2000

| journal = Southeastern Archaeology

|Attività = avvocato

| date = Winter 2002

|Attività2 = politico

|Nazionalità = italiano

}}

== Biografia ==

*{{Cite journal

Laureato in giurisprudenza. Di professione fa l'avvocato. Viene eletto per la prima volta deputato nel [[1983]] con il [[Partito Liberale Italiano]] (nel Collegio di Bari)<ref>[http://legislature.camera.it/chiosco.asp?cp=1&position=IX%20Legislatura%20/%20I%20Deputati&content=deputati/legislatureprecedenti/Leg09/framedeputato.asp?Deputato=d23920 Camera - IX legislatura]</ref>. Sarà rieletto anche nelle due successive legislature.

| doi =

| issn = 0734578X

| volume = 25

| issue = 1

| pages = 65–77

| last = Beck

| first = Robin A., Jr.

| coauthors = David G. Moore, Christopher B. Rodning

| title = Identifying Fort San Juan: A Sixteenth-Century Spanish Occupation at the Berry Site, North Carolina

| journal = Southeastern Archaeology

| date = Summer 2006

}}

===Incarichi parlamentari===

* Clabby, Catherine (Aug. 1, 2004). [http://web.archive.org/web/20041011072128/http://www.newsobserver.com/news/story/1488717p-7640935c.html "Dig finds evidence of Spanish fort"]. ''The News and Observer''. Retrieved Jul. 7, 2005.

Durante i suoi mandati ha fatto parte delle seguenti commissioni parlamentari: Trasporti; Lavori pubblici; Affari sociali; Bilancio e tesoro; Agricoltura.

===Sottosegretario di Stato===

* Moore, David G.; Beck, Robin A. Jr.; & Rodning, Christopher B. (March 2004). [http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/moore/index.html "Joara and Fort San Juan: culture contact at the edge of the world"]. ''Antiquity'' (Vol 78 No 299). Retrieved Aug. 2, 2005.

È stato [[Sottosegretario di Stato (ordinamento italiano)|Sottosegretario di Stato]] ai Trasporti ([[Governo Craxi I]]); all'Industristria, commercio e artigianato ([[Governo Craxi II]]); alla Pubblica Istruzione (nel [[Governo Goria]], [[Governo De Mita]], [[Governo Andreotti VI]], [[Governo Andreotti VII]] e nel [[Governo Amato I]]).

== Opere ==

* Moore, David; Beck, Robin; & Rodning, Christopher (Jun. 30, 2004). [http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~arch/fs2004/background.html "In Search of Fort San Juan: Sixteenth Century Spanish and Native Interaction in the North Carolina Piedmont"]. ''Warren Wilson Archaeological Field School''. Retrieved Jul. 7, 2005.

*{{Cita libro|titolo = Riflessioni sulla scuola|anno = 1992|editore = Armando Editore|id = ISBN 9788871442679}}

*{{Cita libro|titolo = L'orgoglio meridionale|anno = 1996|editore = Age - Alfredo Guida Editore|id = ISBN 9788871881171}}

*{{Cita libro|titolo = Scuola libera & società aperta. Dall'autonomia all'abolizione del valore legale dei titoli di studio |anno = 1997|editore = Seam|id = ISBN 9788881790685}}

*{{Cita libro|titolo = L'Italia bipolare. La Destra, la Sinistra e la rivoluzione liberale|anno = 2000|editore = [[Bastogi Editrice Italiana]]|id = ISBN 9788881852826}}

*{{Cita libro|titolo = Foggia un'antica capitale. Storia del capoluogo e della capitanata dalle origini ai giorni nostri|anno = 2002|editore = [[Bastogi Editrice Italiana]]|id = ISBN 9788881855056}}<ref>{{collegamento interrotto|1=[http://www.deastore.com/autore/Savino%20Melillo.html Deastore - Tutti i libri di Savino Melillo] |date=aprile 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==Note==

*{{Cite journal

<references/>

| issn = 0003-5483

| volume = 46

==Voci correlate==

| issue = 4

*[[Bettino Craxi]]

| pages = 359–426

*[[Ciriaco De Mita]]

| last = Rudes

*[[Giulio Andreotti]]

| first = Blair A.

*[[Giuliano Amato]]

| title = Place Names of Cofitachequi

| journal = Anthropological Linguistics

| date = Winter 2004

}}

==Altri progetti==

* Simmons, Geitner (Aug. 15, 1999). [http://www.salisburypost.com/august/081599h.htm "Insight"]. ''The Salisbury Post''. Retrieved Jul. 7, 2005.

{{interprogetto}}

==Collegamenti esterni==

* Simmons, Geitner (Aug. 29, 1999). [http://www.salisburypost.com/august/082999g.htm "Spanish empire failed to conquer Southeast"]. ''The Salisbury Post''. Retrieved Jul. 7, 2005.

*[http://www.senato.it/leg/10/BGT/Schede/Attsen/00001549.htm Senato]>Il Governo>Savino Melillo

{{Controllo di autorità}}

[[Categoria:Nativi americani]]

{{portale|biografie|politica}}

[[Categoria:Conquista spagnola delle Americhe]]

[[Categoria:Storia degli Stati Uniti nel periodo coloniale]]

[[Categoria:Carolina del Nord]]

[[Categoria:Carolina del Sud]]

[[Categoria:Siti archeologici degli Stati Uniti]]

[[Categoria:Deputati della IX legislatura della Repubblica Italiana]]

[[en:Joara]]

[[Categoria:Deputati della X legislatura della Repubblica Italiana]]

[[Categoria:Deputati dell'XI legislatura della Repubblica Italiana]]

[[Categoria:Politici del Partito Liberale Italiano]]

[[Categoria:Governo Craxi I]]

[[Categoria:Governo Craxi II]]

[[Categoria:Governo Goria]]

[[Categoria:Governo De Mita]]

[[Categoria:Governo Andreotti VI]]

[[Categoria:Governo Andreotti VII]]

[[Categoria:Governo Amato I]]