Anti-Americanism and Yume no Uta/Futari de...: Difference between pages

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'''Anti-American sentiment''' is a hostility towards or disapproval for the [[Government of the United States|government]], [[Culture of the United States|culture]], [[History of the United States|history]], and/or [[Demographics of the United States|people]] of the [[United States of America]].

{{Infobox Single |

| Name = Yume no Uta / Futari de..." <br/> "夢のうた / ふたりで...

| Cover = Yfcd.jpg

| Artist = [[Kumi Koda]]

| from Album = [[Black Cherry (Kumi Koda album)|Black Cherry]]

| B-side =

| Released = [[October 18]], [[2006]]

| Format =

| Recorded =

| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]

| Length =

| Label = Rhythm Zone

| Writer =

| Producer =

| Certification =

| Chart position =

| Last single = ''[[4 hot wave]]'' <br /> (2006)

| This single = ''夢のうた / ふたりで...'' <br /> ([[2006]])

| Next single = ''[[Cherry Girl / Unmei]]'' <br /> ([[2006]])

| Misc = {{Extra album cover

| Upper caption = Alternate cover

| Cover = Yfdvd.jpg

| Lower caption = The CD + DVD Cover

}}

}}

"'''Yume no Uta / Futari de...'''" is [[Kumi Koda]]'s 33rd single under the [[Rhythm Zone]] label. "Yume no Uta / Futari de..." hit #1 and debuted with sales of 175,643 copies. This is the 2nd highest debut sales by Koda Kumi and the 2nd highest debut sales for a female artist in 2006. The first two positions for both are held by Kumi's previous single, [[4 hot wave]].

Both songs each have two different covers - one for the CD-only version, one for the CD + DVD version.

The nature and effects of anti-American sentiments are hotly debated. Some see them as pure [[Anti-Americanism]]. Others argue that those sentiments are an expression of legitimate criticism leveled towards the US, particularly in regards to its [[foreign policy]]. This article discusses history and merits of such criticism.

Unusually enough, the songs both use the same melody. The arrangements differ, as well as the lyrics and vocals - 'Yume no Uta' is sadder and more of a power ballad, while 'Futari de...' is quieter and a bit happier - but the melody is shared between songs. This was done because the single is set as a two-story ballad, with each song representing different sides and outcomes of the same love story.

==Causes==

Some anti-American sentiments started to appear as America entered the competition for influence in the [[Pacific]], and anti-Americanism was widespread in the [[Central Powers]] after the U.S. entered [[World War I|First World War]]. These sentiments became even more widespread during the [[interbellum]] and [[Great Depression|depression]]. The belief that America was ruled by a [[Jew]]ish conspiracy emerged in countries ruled by [[national socialism|national socialists]]. After the [[Second World War]] anti-Americanism grew within the influence of the [[Soviet Union]], and spread to other parts of the world to some extent. Paradoxically the fall of the Soviet Empire may have brought an increase in anti-Americanism, because the US was left as the world's only superpower, and people who formerly saw the US as a bastion against Communism no longer felt the need to support the US for this reason.

==Track listing==

Some people believe anti-Americanism is rooted in [[envy]] as much as in any legitimate grievance; these people claim that similar feelings have been held towards every other nation that has gained prominence over its contemporaries. Examples include [[Spain]] ([[Black Legend]]), [[Great Britain]], Imperial [[China]], and the [[Roman Empire]].

===CD Version===

# "{{nihongo|Yume no Uta|夢のうた|}}"

# "{{nihongo|Futari de...|ふたりで…|}}"

# "Yume no Uta (Quartet Version)"

# "Futari de... (WHOOSH MIX)"

# "Yume no Uta (instrumental)"

# "Futari de... (instrumental)"

===DVD Version===

# Yume no Uta

# Futari de...

# Yume no Uta/Futari de... [MAKING CLIP]

== Charts ==

For this reason, criticism of America does not necessarily fall into the category of [[xenophobia]]. However, many people have specific criticisms of the United States, which are explained below.

Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)

=== American economic philosophy ===

{| class="wikitable" width="650px"

America is usually perceived as having a [[free market]] economy with a strong focus on competitive markets, [[privatization]], and self-sufficiency, based in part on [[individualism]]. Some opponents, for example [[socialist]]s, believe American [[capitalism]] is a deeply flawed system that creates massive inequalities. They accuse America of perpetuating and promoting this economic system across the globe, and fighting against the forces of [[socialism]], [[Marxism]], and [[communism]]. During the [[Cold War]] this was often a primary criticism of the United States by Communist and pro-Communist.

!align="left"|Release

Earlier, workers protested the industrial methods of [[Taylorism]] seen as dehumanizing.

!align="left"|Chart

America-based [[multinational]]s like [[United Fruit]] are felt to use the strength of the American government to unfairly trade with small countries, that end as [[banana republic]]s.

!align="left"|Peak Position

The European Parliament has accused American firms of using the [[Echelon]] spy network to outbid European competitors.

!align="left"|First Week Sales

!align="left"|Sales Total

!align="left"|Chart Run

|-

|align="left"|October 18, 2006

|align="left"|Oricon Daily Charts

|align="left"|#'''1'''

|

|

|

|-

|align="left"|October 18, 2006

|align="left"|Oricon Weekly Charts

|align="left"|#'''1'''

|align="left"|175,643

|align="left"|292,258

|align="left"|9 (still charting)

|-

|align="left"|October 18, 2006

|align="left"|Oricon Monthly Charts

|align="left"|#2

|align="left"|

|align="left"|

|align="left"|

|-

|align="left"|October 18, 2006

|align="left"|Oricon Yearly Charts

|align="left"|#26

|align="left"|

|align="left"|

|align="left"|

|-

|}

==Controversy==

American firms are seen as imposing a [[globalization|uniform way-of-life]] around the world.

Not long before the release of Yume No Uta / Futari De..., Japanese internet forums starting booming with news of plagiarism. Samples of music were linked to compare the similarities between the chorus of Yume No Uta to Oku Hanako's "Yasashii Hana". This topic was greatly disputed and continued to arise when another clip claiming to be plagiarised by Koda Kumi. The melody of the first verse shows striking resemblance to Harumi Tsuyuzaki (aka [[Lyrico]])'s song Still Believe.

The term [[Coca-colonization]] is sometimes used to describe this, because of the [[Coca-Cola|beverage]] sold by the [[Coca-Cola Company]] worldwide. Fast-food franchises like [[McDonalds]], [[Burger King]], [[supermarket]] and [[mall]]s are seen as symbols of the American way of life substituting the traditional local businesses.

However, consumers (especially teenagers) often have accepted the American products happily.

Anti-Americanism is sometimes used in promoting alternative products like [[Mecca-Cola]].

Although internet fans continually point the finger at Koda Kumi, it will be never known whether the background was actually plagiarised or was legally takens rights of, as there were no signs of crediting to either artists within the CD booklet. While some may argue it is Koda Kumi who has plagiarised as both songs were released before her song, but Koda Kumi has no part on the melody as it was "composed" by famous music composer Hiroo Yamaguchi.

However, not all criticism of American economic philosophy is rooted in support for Marxism/socialism/communism. Some see America's high level of military spending as government support for a large sector of the U.S. economy. Cf. also below [[Anti-American_sentiment#international_trade_and_trade_embargoes|international trade and trade embargoes]].

This topic lead to further arguements against [[Avex]] as to how powerful the company is and how it can simply ignore such claims as it has done so for artists such as [[Ai Otsuka]], [[Ayumi Hamasaki]] etc...

=== American domestic policy ===

In some countries, particularly in [[Europe]], American retention of [[capital punishment]] contributes to the general view that the United States continued to engage in barbarous practices, which is perceived as a contradiction to America's insistence on [[human rights]]. Europeans often profess being shocked by the widespread popular support the death penalty continues to have in the United States, where as of [[May 2004]] all but 12 U.S. states (as well as all U.S. territories, such as [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[Puerto Rico]]) have the death penalty. A minority of American states allows people under 18 years old to be sentenced to death for capital crimes &mdash; something allowed in only a handful of the world's countries.

[[Category:2006 singles]]

All European countries except [[Belarus]] have adopted the Sixth Protocol to the [[European Convention on Human Rights]], which abolishes capital punishment during peacetime. [[Japan]] is general considered the only industrialized nation with a good human rights record that [[Use of death penalty worldwide|retains capital punishment]].

[[Category:Kumi Koda songs|Yume no Uta / Futari de...]]

{{Kumi Koda singles & albums}}

Foreigners, especially Europeans, are often perplexed by America's liberal laws on gun ownership, and interpret this, along with the relatively high rates of murder and violent crime, plus the often violent content of American films and television programs, as meaning that American society had widespread tolerance and acceptance of violence. [[Gun politics]] are vigorously debated in the United States by both advocates of the [[right to bear arms|gun-rights advocates]] like the [[National Rifle Association]] and gun-control advocates such as [[James Brady]] or [[Michael Moore]].

[[ja:夢のうた/ふたりで…]]

The [[War on Drugs]] is also considered an oppressive activity by many who are socially [[liberalism|liberal]], both within and outside of the United States. It has resulted in a large prison population, much of it composed of nonviolent drug offenders, who are often economically lower-class. A significant minority of the American population views the War on Drugs as a second [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Prohibition]]. It has also resulted in damaging international pressure and intervention directed against other countries involved in the [[Illegal drug trade|drug trade]], such as [[Colombia]].

{{2000s-single-stub}}

Some criticize the United States for the low rates of women with important political positions, for example, in the [[108th United States Congress]] only 14 percent of congressmen were women. Several countries have twice these rates ([[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[New Zealand]], [[the Netherlands]]) and some have three times the percentage of women in legislative assemblies ([[Sweden]], 42 percent). The U.S. figures are far above the world average, and higher than some other industrialized countries, notably those with a typically patriarchal culture ([[Italy]], nine percent; [[Japan]], two percent).

All of this contributes to the perceived image of some that the United States was generally more "backwards" and "regressive" than other [[First World]] nations, in the sense that it kept old attitudes and values alive which are largely being outphased in Europe and elsewhere.

===American foreign policy===

US foreign policy has often led to anti-American sentiments, and some American commentators use the term anti-Americanism to denote opposition to US foreign policy. See [[opposition to US foreign policy]]

===Religion and America===

[[Religion]], especially in its more conservative or fundamentalist forms, is stronger in America than in much of the rest of the Western world. People who fear or dislike religious extremism, conservatism, or religion in general may have anti-American attitudes as a result.

Some resent hearing Americans preach a perceived American moral superiority over the rest of the world. They reject the vision of American leaders who consider the role of America to be responsible for defending the world from "Evil," and strongly disapprove of such initiatives as "[[Project for the New American Century]]." Further concern is generated by the US Congress's adoption of a day of prayer for the protection of America and its soldiers against terrorism. These policies question the [[separation of church and state]], causing some to view Bush as leading a religious crusade. Proponents of separation of church and state site evidence of this hypocritical behavior over the years, such as the national motto ''[[In God We Trust]]'' or the addition of "under God" to the [[Pledge of Allegiance]], and would favor a more rigid separation.

During the [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] administration, the United States government repeatedly alleged that some of its European allies, such as [[France]] and [[Germany]], did not respect [[freedom of religion]] by unfairly discriminating against some minority religions, such as the [[Church of Scientology]], and pressured the government of those countries to adopt different rules. Those countries consider that some of these religions are not ''bona fide'' religions, but rather [[cult]]s with criminal activities; in those countries, the Church of Scientology is widely considered a mafia-like organization practicing [[extortion]] from its members and [[influence peddling]] with politicians. The American pressures were widely criticized in Europe as unwarranted and uninformed meddling of the American government into the internal affairs of independent countries. Since the coming of the [[George W. Bush|Bush]] administration, American criticism on those issues has largely receded.

In contrast, people from cultures that have still stronger religious beliefs, Islamic cultures in particular, find offensive the notion of a country of religious tolerance and diversity, with an official [[separation of church and state]].

Worldwide, some in the [[Catholic Church]] consider [[#American popular culture|American popular culture]] opposed to Catholic values. Further, the preaching of religious ideologies founded in the United States, such as [[Christian Fundamentalism]], [[Jehovah's Witness]] and [[Mormonism]] in traditionally Catholic lands add weight to these feelings.

===Perceived American hypocrisy===

US politicians and industrial leaders frequently cite principles such as [[free trade]], [[free speech]] and [[democracy]], which are held to be universally beneficial; but in practice their actions can sometimes be interpreted as contradicting these principles.

===English language===

The prominence of [[English language]] around the world is seen as a mark of [[cultural colonization]] by Americans (with other countries of the [[Anglosphere]] playing a role).

English is used for communication among people of different languages (and even sometimes among people of the same language).

Thus, native English speakers do not have to learn other languages, saving effort and expense, and those who can't speak English are disadvantaged no matter how qualified they are otherwise.

The issue of whether English should become the [[official language of the European Union]] raises vocal opposition, since it is spoken natively by a minority of Europeans.

There are those who feel that electing English would mean imposing the American domination on a part of the European identity. The alternative, Turkish (after the accession of Turkey) would be even more unpopular.

In [[Wikipedia]] itself, the followers of [[Enciclopedia Libre]] chose to work independently of the [[Spanish language]] Wikipedia since they perceived that English language Wikipedia was given unfair preponderance.

===American popular culture===

Popular culture -- contemporary music, films, books, advertising, web sites and other computer-based media, and especially [[television]] -- is America's most visible and one of its most pervasive exports. There is an enormous American "trade surplus" in cultural matters. In countries without strong cultural protection laws, American music, films, and television programs appear far more frequently than other countries' music, films, and television programs appear in the United States. The home-grown film industries in at least some countries (such as [[Australia]]) were bought out and closed down by American interests. The United States has a history of using "free trade" negotiations to open up foreign markets to its cultural products. Many in the US, as well as non-Americans, fear the growing [[Americanization]] of the world. Others look at foreign influences in the US as a form of continuing vitality in the US culture, and imagine that American influence on other cultures could likewise form a source of vitality.

In many countries, such media carry a large body of material that embodies values considerably different from those of much of the viewing public. Some find that most American dramatic narratives were overly violent, hypocritical about sex (combining [[prudery]] and [[exploitation]]), and portrayed simplistic attitudes to good and evil.

Another concern is the sheer volume of American cultural export, irrespective of any specific concerns with content, which has profound homogenizing effects on societies, limiting opportunities for diverse and original perspectives. Many contend that the market for films and television programs is an uneven playing field; for instance, foreign movies are less frequently imported into the US for show in major theater circuits than imports are shown in other [[Western countries]]. Some Americans answer that this was a sign of the high quality of [[Cinema of the United States|American movies]] with respect to movies from other countries, and that Americans are not interested in seeing unknown foreign actors in movies, or movies shot in a foreign language. Such explanations are often considered a sign of [[arrogance]], [[American exceptionalism|exceptionalism]] and [[provincialism]] on the part of the United States.

Meanwhile, other societies, notably [[Islam|Islamic]] societies see popular [[Western culture]], and popular [[American culture]] above all, as [[propaganda]] for a [[secular]], sexually, and socially libertine society. As such, they also object to [[American values]] portrayed in [[popular culture]]. In other societies some find [[American culture]] to be too prudish.

Some non-Americans see trade barriers as a means of protecting their cultures, and view America's lobbying to remove them as insensitivity to this and as [[cultural imperialism]]. Many believe that America's political and business establishment viewed culture as a commodity to be freely traded just like any other.

At least in part because popular culture products have become such a significant export industry for the United States, the United States has been steadily increasing the restrictiveness of its [[copyright]] laws to help support its entertainment industry at the expense of several previously protected rights. Examples include enforcing the use of [[DVD]] [[region coding]] to restrict the import of DVDs from foreign markets (permitted by "first sale" doctrine) or the use of "copy prevention" techniques on [[compact disc|compact discs]] to prevent music from being converted to other formats for use by the CD's owner. There has been significant pressure on other nations to do likewise, to such an extent that in January [[2002]] the U.S. imposed punitive economic sanctions on [[Ukraine]] because they failed to pass stricter domestic copyright laws. China, on the other hand, continued to retain most-favored-nation trading status despite being widely recognized as the largest center of intellectual property violation in the world. See also: [[WIPO]], [[Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act]]

In the summer of [[2004]], the [[Germany|German]] franchises of the [[Subway (sandwich)|Subway]] sandwich chain, in co-promotion with the film ''[[Super Size Me]]'', included tray liners with an image of a fat [[Statue of Liberty]], and the caption, "Warum sind die Amis so fett?" ("Why are Americans so fat?") The implication was that Americans are, in general, overweight because they eat too much [[fast food]].

===Perceived American arrogance===

The American media, educational system, and politicians often tout the real or supposed merits of their country as unique. Although in American debate other nations are often held up by various groups as better embodying certain values the Americans cherish, cultures or lifestyles of other countries are also often derided, and non-Americans often perceive American attitudes on this point as arrogant.

One recent instance was the response in U.S. media opinion forums to certain nations' strong opposition to the [[US-led invasion of Iraq]]. Harshly critical words in opinion pieces appearing even in first class U.S. media, primarily directed against [[France]] and the French president [[Jacques Chirac]], was by many foreign observers perceived as a joint campaign by the US government and the US mass media to express aggressive attitudes, biased reporting, and counterfactual hate speech against those nations whose public opinions voiced their opposition to the proposed war and against their governments. [http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/899082/posts][http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=6005] This influenced the perception of American media, and Americans, in allied countries, including those that were not the subject of such criticism. The emphasis on [[freedom of the press]], perceived to be frequently expressed by Americans as a guarantee for a working democracy, seemed by foreign observers not to be met by the factual conditions. In fact, however, not only did many ''non''-mainstream media outlets strongly and consistently oppose the war, but America's leading newspaper, the ''[[New York Times]]'', editorialized strongly against going to war right up to its onset.

The previous year, at the height of the general election campaigns in allied [[Germany]], [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] [[Gerhard Schröder]] was the first major European leader to warn against attacking Iraq<!-- as it according to him would harm the war on terror-->, vowing that if he was to be re-elected, no Germans would participate, with or without a [[UN Security Council]] mandate; after which the American government unabashedly expressed their support for the opposition<!-- the opposition expressed concern over the contraproductive "public diplomacy" but didn't disagree with Schröder on participating in "wars of aggression"-->. When the German minister of justice [[Herta Däubler-Gmelin]] argued in an election speech that Bush was distracting from domestic concerns by focusing on foreign policy, she reportedly remarked (a distortion of what she actually said) that that was a strategy Germans knew from the times of [[Adolf Hitler]], a comparison observers on both sides of the Atlantic considered inflammatory, the U.S. government pushed for her removal from office. After the elections, the U.S. requested that Germany participate in the war in Iraq, which was perceived by many as in violation of [[Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany|Germany's constitution]]'s prohibition against wars of aggression (Article 26), although whether this war constituted aggression is disputed. As this stipulation was created by the [[Allies|Allied]] victors after [[World War II]], and as the U.S. was perceived as having been its leading proponent, the supposed change in position and perceived disrespect for an allied democracy's constitution and election process caused some consternation in Germany. Public opinion in one of the more pro-American nations of the world thus shifted somewhat in an anti-American direction.

Americans are often perceived as astonishingly proud of their [[standard of living]], compared to other western countries; of their country's achievements in the fields of international science and business; and for their allegiance to at least some of the ideals of the [[Founding Fathers|founders of the country]], now often taken for granted in most of the industrialized world, such as freedom and equal justice under the law. Some say that American [[patriotism]] was the first patriotism founded on a set of political ideals, rather than on [[nationalism]] or [[ethnicity]], although the early Napoleonic era only followed the Americans by a few years on this point. Thomas Jefferson, as ambassador to France was very influential in the development of the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Patriotism in the US often appears offensively arrogant to people from the rest of the world. For example, public persons in America frequently assert America being "the greatest nation that has ever existed on the face of the Earth"; such superlatives may be understood as either diminishing and disparaging the standing of other nations, or as an ignorance that is hard to believe from prominent Americans. While patriotism and nationalism to different degrees exist all throughout the world, no other nation has been as successful, through the modern mass media, in the wholesale export of this view that easily is perceived as less than flattering by international consumers of [[CNN]] and Hollywood motion picture productions.

===Perceived American ignorance===

Many, especially in [[Europe]] and [[Canada]], contend that the American public are generally ignorant of international issues and lack [[history|historical]], [[geography|geographical]], and [[cultural]] knowledge of the world outside of the United States. A [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/geosurvey/highlights.html 2002 study] made for ''[[National Geographic]]'' showed that "US young adults are lagging" in their geographical knowledge compared to young adults in other developed countries. Many contend that such ignorance is reinforced by the [[Americentrism|Americentrist]] coverage of [[Media of the United States|American media]], and by the emphasis given in America's educational system and media to American issues and the benefits of living in America, while supposedly failing to mention that many of these benefits exist in all modern democratic countries. Few Americans hold passports and travel abroad in comparison to their European counterparts. It is argued that international travel is too expensive and inconvenient for most Americans and that someone vacationing within the borders of the United States can experience just as much diversity of climate and terrain as elsewhere. Some non-Americans contend that while this is true, it means that Americans are not exposed to international culture in the same way as people of some other nationalities.

===America and the environment===

The American way of life is regarded by [[environmentalism|environmentalists]] as wasteful and environmentally irresponsible. Americans have the highest per-capita consumption of resources and energy in the world, and the fact that the [[Federal Government of the United States|U.S. government]] does not take decisive action to curb this use creates hostility. For instance, statistics show that the four percent of the world's population that live within the United States creates 25 percent of the world's [[carbon dioxide]] [[greenhouse gas|emissions]], and allegedly overutilize fuel-inefficient [[automobile]]s. Critics point out that the United States uses significant more resources per capita than even other industrialized countries who nonetheless maintain a high [[standard of living]].

In reply to these allegations it is said that the United States does have stringent environmental laws which, unlike those in many countries, are actually enforced; that America itself produces a great many of the items it consumes, and that America pays for the resources it imports. Some Americans also point out that the United States is one of the world's leaders in protecting environmental areas with its [[National Park Service]], and in fact the country invented the concept of a [[national park]].

In [[1997]], the U.S. Senate voted 95-0 aganist ratifying the [[Kyoto Protocol]] unless [[developing nation]]s such as the [[People's Republic of China]] (second in emissions), which are presently exempted, are also subject to scheduled limits or reductions of [[greenhouse gas]]es. This refusal to ratify the Kyoto Protocol is often quoted as an example of America's irresponsibility in this area.

===American values===

Although it's questionable to what degree non-Westerners understand the concept of [[American values]] similar to how it's understood in America, some critics of America point to the [[multicultural]] society as a sign of danger and degeneration that could spread and infest other societies. America is often regarded as an "immigrant country", whose lack of [[apartheid]] some critiques disdain as "[[race-mixing]]". [[Third Reich]] critiques of America fall under this category; the U.S. was a portrayed as a nightmare of [[miscegenation]], riddled with Africans, Asians, and Jews. Radical Islam has also been interpreted as opposing American-style religious tolerance, in which Muslims and non-Muslims are not sufficiently separated.

==By country==

===In Spain===

Anti-Americanism in Spain started with the [[Spanish-American War]].

The sinking of [[USS Maine]] was seen as an accident or even provoked to provide an excuse for the war.

Spanish press promoted the view that America was a "land of lard sellers", no match for Spanish ''caballeros''.

The war ended with the Spanish defeat and the transfer of the last remains of the [[Spanish Empire]].

During the [[Second World War]], the government of General Franco supported the Axis and was opposed to Jews and [[Anti-Masonry|Freemasons]].

However as the Axis was losing, the Spanish orientation changed to neutrality and later friendship with America on the basis of common anti-Communism.

However, war-ruined Spain was not admitted to the [[Marshall Plan]].

The film censure authorized the comedy ''[[Bienvenido Míster Marshall]]'' that expressed the mixed feelings of admiration, fear, and disappointment of Spaniards towards America.

The film has become a common place of Spanish anti-Americanism.

During the 60s and the 70s, the democratic opposition to the dictatorship was often leftist and viewed America as a supported of Franco.

The solidarity with the revolutionary movements in Spanish America also contributed to anti-Americanism.

In spite of a current of vocal disparage of America, Spaniards voted for entering NATO and are fond of many American products.

During the wars against Afghanistan and Iraq in the 2000s, the support given by the government of [[José María Aznar]] to Bush policies has reawaken anti-American feelings among those opposed to the war.

===In Canada===

In [[Canada]], Anti-American sentiment first developed during the [[American Revolution]]. [[French Canadians]] felt that the mainly Protestant thirteen colonies would never recognize French culture and Catholic religion, and [[Aboriginal]] groups feared the loss of the protection they had been granted through treaties with Britain. When the rebelling colonies tried to invade Quebec and "liberate" their neighbors by force, many Canadians began to think Americans were arrogant, violent, and dangerous. These feelings were only escalated by the sudden migration of thousands of British Loyalists from the thirteen colonies.

During the [[War of 1812]], Canadians' fears were suddenly realized when an American force invaded [[Upper Canada]]. Many people died, and to this day many Canadians feel the Americans really lost the war, but are too proud to admit they could ever lose to Canada (even though the US was fighting against Britain, and Canada as a distinct identity did not exist).

In fact, the American threat was one of the reasons that Canada was formed in 1867. After many attacks against Canada by the [[Fenian Brotherhood]] stationed in the US, and the expansion of the US westwards, Canadian and British authorities felt their land was threatened. These fears were not unfounded as the American government was pursuing a program of Manifest Destiny, and wished to spread their democratic values to their neighbors to the north. Since Confederation, Canadians have never forgotten the American threat to Canadian culture.

A feeling of companionship with the US arose during [[World War I]] and [[World War II]] that brought Canada and the US closer together politically and economically. The formation of [[NATO]], [[NORAD]], and [[NAFTA]] cemented this relationship.

Today, few Canadians would consider themselves "Anti-American", but more might call themselves anti-American-government, although Canadians jokingly refer to the supposed ignorance of Americans about foreign culture, especially Canada. Canadians generally have more progressive attitudes than most Americans, so it is little surprise that Canadians find American views on the welfare state, feminism, abortion, capital punishment, relations with Cuba, the environment, same-sex rights, the war on drugs, immigration, the Star Wars program, and the war in Iraq as either extremely conservative, or an overreaction.

===In the U.S.===

Many of the criticisms that form the core of world-wide anti-Americanism are shared by a significant portion of the U.S. population itself, (to varying degrees and over specific issues). There is a history in the U.S. of [[Conservatism|conservatives]] charging [[Liberalism|liberals]] of holding ''anti-American'' views. At times, the debate between conservatism and liberalism has lead to serious confrontation, such as happened during the era of [[McCarthyism]] and perhaps best typified by the violence of the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]].

==See also==

* [[Americanism]]

* [[Cultural imperialism]]

* [[Anti-French sentiment in the United States]]

* [[Anti-Australian sentiment]]

* [[Anti-Semitism]]

* [[Hyphenated American]]

* [[List of U.S. foreign interventions since 1945]]

* [[The Ugly American]]

==References==

*''Anti-Americanism'' by Jean-Francois Revel

*''Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire'' by [[Chalmers Johnson]]

*''Anti-Americanism'' by Paul Hollander

*''Occidentalism: The West in the Eyes of Its Enemies'' by Ian Buruma, Avishai Margalit

==External links ==

* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4265809,00.html After the attacks: America's new cold war] by Anatol Lieven, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington DC

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/uk_politics/newsid_1524000/1524014.stm The BBC: BNP questioned over US fund-raising]

* [http://www.netanyahu.org/statofforisp.html Benjamin Netanyahu, former Israeli prime minister, explores the motives of the Islamic extremists hatred of the West and the U.S.]

* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,468151,00.html Guardian article on ''The Great Divide'' between Europe and the United States]

* [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=15632 Tony Judt about "The Paradox of American Power"]

* [http://www.msnbc.com/news/885222.asp?0cv=KA01&cp1=1 Newsweek article explaining Anti-Americanism through history]

* [http://www.cbc.ca/news/america/ CBC News special: How do the world's nations relate to the new American Empire?]

* [http://www.genocidewatch.org/8stages.htm Genocide Watch: 8 Stages of Genocide]

* [http://www.fas.org/irp/world/chile/allende.htm Covert Action in Chile 1963-1973]

* [http://www.ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=18586 Views of U.S. Plummet]

* [http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=206 Pew Research Center : A Year After Iraq War]

*[http://www.snopes.com/politics/business/subwayad.asp Story and image of the fat Statue of Liberty accompanying Subway sandwiches in Germany]

* [http://samvak.tripod.com/pp112.html The historical, cultural, and economic roots of anti-Americanism]

[[Category:Foreign relations of the U.S.]]

[[category:persecution]][[category:politics]][[category:ethnism]]