Shimazu Hisamitsu: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 03:44, 14 January 2007

Latest revision as of 22:34, 5 June 2025

(113 intermediate revisions by 66 users not shown)

Line 1:

{{Short description|Japanese samurai}}

'''Shimazu Hisamitsu''' (島津久光) ([[November 28]], [[1817]] – [[December 6]], [[1887]]) Also known as Shimazu Saburō 島津三郎. Younger brother of [[Shimazu Nariakira]] (島津斉彬), 11th generation [[daimyo]] of Satsuma. While he himself was never officially daimyo of Satsuma, he served as regent for his underage son Tadayoshi (島津忠義), who became the 12th and last daimyō. Held the court title of ''Ōsumi no Kami'' 大隈守.

{{refimprove|date=May 2024}}

{{family name hatnote|Shimazu|lang=Japanese}}{{Infobox military person

| honorific_prefix = [[Kazoku|Prince]]

| name = Shimazu Hisamitsu

| image = File:Shimazu_Hisamitsu.jpg

| birth_date = November 28, 1817

| death_date = December 6, 1887

| battles = [[Namamugi Incident]]

}}

[[Kazoku|Prince]] '''{{nihongo|Shimazu Hisamitsu'''|島津 久光||November 28, 1817 – December 6, 1887}}, also known as '''{{nihongo|Shimazu Saburō|島津 三郎}}''', was a Japanese [[samurai]] of the late [[Edo period]]. The younger brother of [[Shimazu Nariakira]], Hisamitsu was the virtual sovereign and strongman of [[Satsuma Domain]] while serving as regent for his underage son [[Shimazu Tadayoshi (2nd)|Tadayoshi]], who became the 12th and last {{transliteration|ja|daimyō}} of [[Satsuma Domain]]. Hisamitsu was instrumental in the efforts of the southern Satsuma, [[Chōshū Domain|Chōshū]], and [[Tosa Domain|Tosa]] clans to bring down the [[Tokugawa Shogunate]]. He held the court title of {{nihongo||大隈守|[[Kokushi (officials)|Ōsumi no Kami]]}}.

==Biography==

Hisamitsu was instrumental in the efforts of the southern [[Satsuma]], [[Chōshū]], and [[Tosa]] clans to bring down the [[Tokugawa Shogunate]].

[[File:Shimazu Hisamitsu 島津久光.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait by [[Harada Naojirō]].]]

Hisamitsu was born in [[Kagoshima Castle]] in 1817, the son of [[Shimazu Narioki]], the 10th ''daimyō''; Hisamitsu's name at birth was Kanenoshin; his mother was Yura, Narioki's concubine. He was briefly adopted by the [[Tanegashima clan]] as an heir, but was returned to the Shimazu family while still a child. At age eight, he was adopted into the Shigetomi-Shimazu, a branch family of the main Shimazu house. Kanenoshin, now named Matajirō, came of age in 1828, and took the adult name {{nihongo|Tadayuki|忠教}}.

At age 22, following his marriage to the daughter of the previous Shigetomi lord, Tadakimi, he inherited family headship. He was supported as a candidate for succession to the main Shimazu house during the {{nihongo|[[O-Ie Sōdō|Oyura Disturbance]]|お由羅騒動|Oyura sōdō}}. His half-brother [[Shimazu Nariakira|Nariakira]] won the dispute and succeeded their father as lord of Satsuma; however, following Nariakira's death in 1858, Tadayuki's young son Mochihisa (later known as Tadayoshi) was chosen as the next lord of Satsuma. Tadayuki gained a position of primacy in Satsuma, due to his status as the lord's father. He returned to the main Shimazu house in 1861, and it was then that he changed his name to Hisamitsu.

==See also==

*[[Shimazu]]

In 1862, Hisamitsu went to Kyoto, and took part in the increasingly Kyoto-centered politics of the 1860s; he was a part of the [[Kōbu Gattai|''kōbu-gattai'']] political faction. It was during Hisamitsu's return from a stay in [[Edo]], when three Englishmen on horseback offended his retainers by refusing to dismount or stand aside. Their failure to observe proper etiquette resulted in some argument, a chase, and one was killed, in what came to be known as the [[Namamugi Incident]]. Hisamitsu remained at the core of the ''kōbu-gattai'' movement in Kyoto, until Satsuma's secret alliance with men of [[Chōshū Domain|Chōshu]]. He supported the Satsuma ___domain's military actions in the [[Boshin War]], and retired soon after the [[Meiji Restoration]]. In the Meiji era, he was given the rank of duke ({{nihongo|''kōshaku''|公爵}}), the highest of the newly created ''kazoku'' nobility and which was awarded for his clan's participation during the Restoration. After this, the government struggled with the treatment of Hisamitsu, but treated him with the highest class in ordination, honours, and conferrals.

The government was careful about Hisamitsu, but that too disappeared after the deaths of Saigo and Okubo. It is said that Hisamitsu continued to say until the end, "Saigo was deceived by Okubo."

===After the Meiji Restoration ===

After the [[Meiji Restoration]], Hisamitsu continued to hold real power in the [[Satsuma Domain]] (Kagoshima Domain). In the 4th year of Meiji (1871), the imperial government officials led by [[Saigo Takamori]] and [[Ōkubo Toshimichi|Okubo Toshimichi]], who held government positions, issued an order to abolish the domains, which angered Hisamitsu in Kagoshima, and set off fireworks for an entire day in protest. In the old daimyo, Hisamitsu was the only one who was dissatisfied with the abolition of the ___domain. The "conspiracy of Choshu" was also outraged by the setting of the capital.

In September of the same year, the separation family was created Tamagi Shimazu house。

In Meiji 6 (1873), he served as a cabinet adviser to the government. For 7 years, he served as Minister of left and proposed to restore old customs, but he was completely excluded from the government's policy decision.

In the 8th year of Meiji (1875), he resigned as Minister of left and lived a secluded life in [[Kagoshima]], concentrating on compiling and collecting the history books handed down by the Shimazu family.

==Death==

Hisamitsu died on December 6, 1887, at age 70. He was accorded a [[state funeral]].

He is buried in [[Kagoshima Prefecture]].

==Honours==

*Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] (15 July 1881)

*Prince (7 July 1884)

*[[Order of the Chrysanthemum#Ordinary awards of the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum]] (5 November 1887)

===Order of precedence===

*Junior fourth rank (March 1864)

*Fourth rank (16 May 1864)

*Third rank (Sixth day, third month of the second year of Meiji (1869))

*Second rank (13th day, ninth month of the fourth year of Meiji (1871))

*Senior second rank (17 June 1879)

*[[List of Japanese court ranks, positions and hereditary titles|Junior first rank]] (21 September 1887)

==Published works==

*''Shimazu Hisamitsu rireki'' 島津久光履歴.

*''Shimazu Hisamitsu-kō jikki'' 島津久光公実紀 (1977). Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai 東京大学出版会. (published posthumously)

==Family tree==

{{Tree chart/start}}

{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | YRA |y| OKI |y| IYO | | TNA |IYO=Iyohime|OKI=[[Shimazu Narioki]]|YRA=Oyura|TNA=[[Tokugawa Nariatsu]]}}

{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| | |}}

{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | HIS | | NRI |~|~|~| EIJ | | NRI=[[Shimazu Nariakira|Nariakira]]|HIS='''Hisamitsu'''|EIJ=Tsunehime}}

{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}

{{Tree chart| SAI | | | | | | | | TDA | |SAI=[[Saigō Takamori]]|TDA=[[Shimazu Tadayoshi (2nd)|Tadayoshi]]}}

{{Tree chart| |!| | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.|}}

{{Tree chart| UMA | | FMI | | TAD | | CHI |y| KNI | |UMA=Umajirō|FMI=[[Fumimaro Konoe|Konoe Fumimaro]]|TAD=[[Shimazu Tadashige|Tadashige]]|CHI=Chikako|KNI=[[Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi]]}}

{{Tree chart| |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| }}

{{Tree chart| RYU | | AKI |y| HID | | | | JUN |y| SHO |RYU=Ryūichi|AKI=Akiko|HID=Tadahide|JUN=[[Empress Kōjun]]|SHO=[[Hirohito|Emperor Hirohito]]|KNI=[[Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi]]}}

{{Tree chart| |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}

{{Tree chart| IZU |~|y|~| NOB | | | | | | | | AKI |~|y|~|MIC |IZU=Izuko|NOB=Nobuhisa|AKI=[[Akihito|Emperor Akihito]]|MIC=[[Empress Michiko]]}}

{{Tree chart| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}

{{Tree chart| | | | TRO | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NRU | | | | | | |TRO=Tadahiro|NRU=[[Naruhito|The Present Emperor]]}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

== Ancestry ==

The below are the ancestors of Shimazu Hisamitsu:<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%b3%b6%e6%b4%a5%e6%b0%8f%ef%bc%88%e5%88%86%e5%ae%b6%e3%83%bb%e4%b9%85%e5%85%89%e5%ae%b6%ef%bc%89#hisamitu887|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|access-date=9 November 2017|language=ja}}</ref>

{{ahnentafel

|collapsed=yes |align=center

|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;

|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;

|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;

|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;

|1= 1. '''Prince Shimazu Hisamitsu'''

|2= 2. [[Shimazu Narioki]], 10th Lord of [[Satsuma Domain|Satsuma]] (1791-1859)

|3= 3. Okada Yura (1795-1866)

|4= 4. [[:ja:島津斉宣|Shimazu Narinobu]], 9th Lord of [[Satsuma Domain|Satsuma]] (1774-1841)

|5= 5. Suzuki

|6= 6. Okada Toshitake

|7=

|8= 8. [[:ja:島津重豪|Shimazu Shigehide]], 8th Lord of [[Satsuma Domain|Satsuma]] (1745-1833)

|9= 9. [[:ja:春光院 (島津重豪側室)|Tsutsumi Shunkōin]] (1747-1811)

|10=10. Suzuki Katsunori

|11=

|12=

|13=

|14=

|15=

}}

==Works dealing with Hisamitsu==

*NHK Taiga Drama

**[[Atsuhime]] (2008) Played by: [[:ja:山口祐一郎|Yuichiro Yamaguchi]]

== See also ==

{{Commons category|Shimazu Hisamitsu}}

*[[Shimazu family]]

*[[Namamugi Incident]]

==References==

{{Daimyo-stub}}

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1817 births|Hisamitsu, Shimazu]]

[[Category:1887 deaths|Hisamitsu, Shimazu]]

[[Category:Daimyo]]

==Further reading==

[[ja:島津久光]]

*Kanbashi Norimasa 芳即正 (2002). ''Shimazu Hisamitsu to Meiji ishin: Hisamitsu wa naze, tōbaku wo ketsui shita ka'' 島津久光と明治維新 : 久光はなぜ, 討幕を決意したか. Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha 新人物往来社.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shimazu, Hisamitsu}}

[[Category:1817 births]]

[[Category:1887 deaths]]

[[Category:Daimyo]]

[[Category:Kazoku]]

[[Category:People of the Meiji era]]

[[Category:Shimazu clan]]

[[Category:People from Satsuma Domain]]

[[Category:People from Kagoshima]]