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{{Short description|Largest city in New Zealand}}
{{About|the urban area|the wider region|Auckland Region|other uses|Auckland (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect-synonym|Tāmaki Makaurau|[[Tāmaki Makaurau (New Zealand electorate)]]}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Auckland
| official_name = <!--Not applicable-->
| native_name = {{native name|mi|Tāmaki Makaurau}}
| settlement_type = [[Urban areas of New Zealand|Metropolitan city]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|total_width = 280
|border = infobox
|perrow = 1/3/2/1
|caption_align = center
|image1 = Auckland skyline - May 2024 (2).jpg
|alt1 = Auckland CBD in 2025
|caption1 = [[Auckland CBD]]
|image2 = 00 0399 Auckland City Hall, New Zealand.jpg
|alt2 = Auckland Town Hall
|caption2 = [[Auckland Town Hall]]
|image3 = Cathedral of Saint Patrick and Saint Joseph (cropped).jpg
|alt3 = St Patrick's Cathedral
|caption3 = [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Auckland|St Patrick's Cathedral]]
|image4 = One Tree Hill, Auckland NZ (2).jpg
|alt4 = One Tree Hill
|caption4 = [[Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill|One Tree Hill]]
|image5 = Auckland War Memorial Museum, NZ (2).jpg
|alt5 = Auckland War Memorial Museum
|caption5 = [[Auckland War Memorial Museum|War Memorial Museum]]
|image6 = NZ AK Renall Street (1).jpg
|alt6 = Auckland Art Gallery
|caption6 = Renall Street
| image7 = Auckland Harbour Bridge Sunset (cropped).jpg
|alt7 = Auckland Harbour Bridge
|caption7 = [[Auckland Harbour Bridge]]
}}
| image_caption =
| nicknames = City of Sails<br />Queen City
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = New Zealand#Oceania
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in New Zealand##Location in Oceania
| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q37100|region:NZ-AUK_city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = New Zealand
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of islands of New Zealand|Island]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[North Island]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Auckland Region|Auckland]]
| established_title = Settled by Māori
| established_date = {{Circa|1350}}
| established_title1 = Settled by Europeans
| established_date1 = 1840
| named_for = [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland]]
| parts_type = Local boards
| p1 = [[Hibiscus and Bays Local Board|Hibiscus and Bays]]
| p2 = [[Upper Harbour Local Board|Upper Harbour]]
| p3 = [[Kaipātiki Local Board|Kaipātiki]]
| p4 = [[Devonport-Takapuna Local Board|Devonport-Takapuna]]
| p5 = [[Waitākere Ranges Local Board|Waitākere Ranges]]
| p6 = [[Henderson-Massey Local Board|Henderson-Massey]]
| p7 = [[Whau Local Board|Whau]]
| p8 = [[Albert-Eden Local Board|Albert-Eden]]
| p9 = [[Puketāpapa Local Board|Puketāpapa]]
| p10 = [[Waitematā Local Board|Waitematā]]
| p11 = [[Ōrākei Local Board|Ōrākei]]
| p12 = [[Maungakiekie-Tamaki Local Board|Maungakiekie-Tamaki]]
| p13 = [[Māngere-Ōtāhuhu Local Board|Māngere-Ōtāhuhu]]
| p14 = [[Otara-Papatoetoe Local Board|Otara-Papatoetoe]]
| p15 = [[Howick Local Board|Howick]]
| p16 = [[Manurewa Local Board|Manurewa]]
| p17 = [[Papakura Local Board|Papakura]]
| p18 = [[Franklin Local Board|Franklin]]
| p19 = [[Rodney Local Board|Rodney]]
| total_type =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_footnotes = <ref name="Area"/>
| area_metro_km2 = 3358.8
| elevation_max_m = 196
| area_urban_km2 = 605.67
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m = 0
| population_as_of = {{NZ population data 2018|||y}}
| population_footnotes = <ref name="NZ_population_data_2018"/>
| population_urban = {{NZ population data 2018||y}}
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro = {{NZ population data 2018|Auckland FUA|y}}
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_blank1_title = [[Auckland Region]]
| population_blank1 = {{NZ population data 2018|Auckland council|y}}
| population_blank2_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank2 = Aucklander
| population_note =
| postal_code_type = Postcode(s)
| postal_code = 0600–2699
| area_code = 09
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Auckland Council]]
| leader_title2 = MPs
| leader_name2 = {{hidden|Representatives|[[Andrew Bayly]] ([[New Zealand National Party|National]])<br/>[[Simeon Brown]] (National)<br/>[[Judith Collins]] (National)<br/>[[Mariameno Kapa-Kingi]] ([[Te Pāti Māori]])<br/>[[Dan Bidois]] (National)<br/>[[Rima Nakhle]] (National)<br/>[[Christopher Luxon]] (National)<br/>[[Hana-Rawhiti Maipi-Clarke]] (Te Pāti Māori)<br/>[[Mark Mitchell (New Zealand politician)|Mark Mitchell]] (National)<br/>[[Brooke Van Velden]] ([[Act New Zealand|ACT]])<br/>[[Chris Penk]] (National)<br/>[[Greg Fleming (politician)|Greg Fleming]] (National)<br/>[[Paulo Garcia (New Zealand politician)|Paulo Garcia]] (National)<br/>[[Jenny Salesa]] ([[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour]])<br/>[[Carmel Sepuloni]] (Labour)<br/>[[David Seymour]] (ACT)<br/>[[Lemauga Lydia Sosene]] (Labour)<br/>[[Erica Stanford]] (National)<br/>[[Chlöe Swarbrick]] ([[Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand|Green]])<br/>[[Phil Twyford]] (Labour)<br/>[[Cameron Brewer]] (National)<br/>[[Simon Watts]] (National)<br/>[[Arena Williams]] (Labour)<br/>[[Carlos Cheung]] (National)<br/>[[Helen White (politician)|Helen White]] (Labour)}}
| timezone = [[Time in New Zealand|NZST]]
| utc_offset = +12:00
| timezone_DST = NZDT
| utc_offset_DST = +13:00
| blank_name = Local [[iwi]]
| blank_info = [[Ngāti Whātua]], [[Tainui]], [[Ngāti Ākarana]] (pan-tribal)
| translit_lang1 =
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Auckland|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Wayne Brown (New Zealand politician)|Wayne Brown]]
| leader_name1 = [[Desley Simpson]]
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor of Auckland#Role of deputy mayor|Deputy Mayor]]
| seat_type = [[New Zealand Parliament|NZ Parliament]]
| seat = {{hidden|Electorates|[[Auckland Central (New Zealand electorate)|Auckland Central]]<br/>[[Botany (New Zealand electorate)|Botany]]<br/>[[East Coast Bays (New Zealand electorate)|East Coast Bays]]<br/>[[Epsom (New Zealand electorate)|Epsom]]<br/>[[Hauraki-Waikato]] ([[Māori electorates|Māori]])<br/>[[Kaipara ki Mahurangi]]<br/>[[Kelston (New Zealand electorate)|Kelston]]<br/>[[Māngere (New Zealand electorate)|Māngere]]<br/>[[Manurewa (New Zealand electorate)|Manurewa]]<br/>[[Maungakiekie (New Zealand electorate)|Maungakiekie]]<br/>[[Mount Albert (New Zealand electorate)|Mount Albert]]<br/>[[Mount Roskill (New Zealand electorate)|Mount Roskill]]<br/>[[New Lynn (New Zealand electorate)|New Lynn]]<br/>[[North Shore (New Zealand electorate)|North Shore]]<br/>[[Northcote (New Zealand electorate)|Northcote]]<br/>[[Pakuranga (New Zealand electorate)|Pakuranga]]<br/>[[Panmure-Ōtāhuhu]]<br/>[[Papakura (New Zealand electorate)|Papakura]]<br/>[[Port Waikato (New Zealand electorate)|Port Waikato]]<br/>[[Takanini (New Zealand electorate)|Takanini]]<br/>[[Tāmaki (New Zealand electorate)|Tāmaki]]<br/>[[Tāmaki Makaurau (New Zealand electorate)|Tāmaki Makaurau]] ([[Māori electorates|Māori]])<br/>[[Te Atatū (New Zealand electorate)|Te Atatū]]<br/>[[Te Tai Tokerau]] ([[Māori electorates|Māori]])<br/>[[Upper Harbour (New Zealand electorate)|Upper Harbour]]<br/>[[Whangaparāoa (New Zealand electorate)|Whangaparāoa]]}}
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="Stats NZ">{{cite web |url=https://qem.infometrics.co.nz/auckland/indicators/gdp?compare=new-zealand |access-date=1 July 2022 |title=Quarterly Economic Monitor | Auckland | Gross domestic product |archive-date=24 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224152149/https://qem.infometrics.co.nz/auckland/indicators/gdp?compare=new-zealand |url-status=live }}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Auckland Region]]
| demographics2_info1 = [[New Zealand dollar|NZ$]] 139.5 billion (2022)
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = NZ$ 80,300 (2022)
| website = {{URL|https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/|aucklandcouncil.govt.nz}}
}}
'''Auckland''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɔː|k|l|ə|n|d}} {{respell|AWK|lənd}};<ref>{{cite web |title=Auckland |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001/m-en_nz-msdict-00001-0003407 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001 |editor-first1=Tony |editor-last1=Deverson |editor-first2=Graeme |editor-last2=Kennedy |year=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-558451-6 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121001914/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001/m-en_nz-msdict-00001-0003407 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{langx|mi|Tāmaki Makaurau, Ākarana}}) is a large metropolitan city in the [[North Island]] of [[New Zealand]]. It has an urban population of about {{NZ population data 2018|Auckland|y|y|y|(|).}} It is located in the greater [[Auckland Region]], the area governed by [[Auckland Council]], which includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the [[Hauraki Gulf]], and which has a total population of {{NZ population data 2018|Auckland council|y|}} as of {{NZ population data 2018|||y|y||.}} It is the [[List of cities in New Zealand|most populous city]] of New Zealand and the [[List of cities in Oceania by population|fifth-largest city]] in Oceania.
The city lies between the [[Hauraki Gulf]] to the east, the [[Hunua Ranges]] to the south-east, the [[Manukau Harbour]] to the south-west, and the [[Waitākere Ranges]] and smaller ranges to the west and north-west. The surrounding hills are covered in [[rainforest]] and the landscape is dotted with 53 volcanic centres that make up the [[Auckland Volcanic Field]]. The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow [[isthmus]] between the Manukau Harbour on the [[Tasman Sea]] and the [[Waitematā Harbour]] on the Pacific Ocean. Auckland is one of the few cities in the world to have a harbour on each of two separate major bodies of water.
The [[Auckland isthmus]] was first settled {{circa|1350}} and was valued for its rich and fertile land. The [[Māori people|Māori]] population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans.<ref name="Hochstetter18672">{{Cite book |author=Ferdinand von Hochstetter |url=http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/1867_-_von_Hochstetter%2C_Ferdinand._New_Zealand/CHAPTER_XI%3A_The_Isthmus_of_Auckland |title=New Zealand |year=1867 |page=243 |author-link=Ferdinand von Hochstetter |access-date=19 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112062218/http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/1867_-_von_Hochstetter%2C_Ferdinand._New_Zealand/CHAPTER_XI%3A_The_Isthmus_of_Auckland |archive-date=12 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> After a [[Colony of New Zealand|British colony]] was established in New Zealand in 1840, [[William Hobson]], then Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand, chose Auckland as its new [[Capital of New Zealand|capital]]. [[Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei]] made a strategic gift of land to Hobson for the new capital. Māori–European conflict over land in the region led to war in the mid-19th century. In 1865, Auckland was replaced by [[Wellington]] as the capital, but continued to grow, initially because of its port and the logging and gold-mining activities in its hinterland, and later because of pastoral farming (especially dairy farming) in the surrounding area, and manufacturing in the city itself.<ref>Margaret McClure, Auckland region, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/auckland-region {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105032116/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/auckland-region|date=5 November 2013 }}</ref> It has been the nation's largest city throughout most of its history. Today, [[Auckland CBD|Auckland's central business district]] is New Zealand's leading economic hub.
While [[European New Zealanders|Europeans]] continue to make up the plurality of Auckland's population, the city became multicultural and [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] in the late 20th century, with [[Asian New Zealanders|Asians]] accounting for 34.9% of the city's population in 2023.<ref name="Census 2023"/> Auckland has the fourth largest [[Foreign born|foreign-born]] population in the world, with 39% of its residents born overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peacock |first=Alice |date=17 January 2016 |title=Auckland a melting pot – ranked world's fourth most cosmopolitan city |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/75964986/auckland-a-melting-pot---ranked-worlds-fourth-most-cosmopolitan-city |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021192405/https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/75964986/auckland-a-melting-pot---ranked-worlds-fourth-most-cosmopolitan-city |url-status=live }}</ref> With its sizable population of [[Pasifika New Zealanders]], the city is also home to the largest ethnic [[Polynesians|Polynesian]] population in the world.<ref name="AAAROUND">{{cite web |title=Auckland and around |url=http://www.roughguides.com/website/travel/destination/content/?titleid=83&xid=idh185804920_0099 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227085220/http://www.roughguides.com/website/travel/destination/content/?titleid=83&xid=idh185804920_0099 |archive-date=27 February 2008 |access-date=16 February 2010 |work=[[Rough Guides|Rough Guide]] to New Zealand, Fifth Edition }}</ref>
The [[University of Auckland]], founded in 1883, is the largest university in New Zealand. The city's significant tourist attractions include national historic sites, festivals, performing arts, sports activities and a variety of cultural institutions, such as the [[Auckland War Memorial Museum]], the [[Museum of Transport and Technology]], and the [[Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki]]. Its architectural landmarks include the [[Auckland Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]], the [[Auckland Town Hall|Town Hall]], the [[Auckland Ferry Terminal|Ferry Building]] and the [[Sky Tower (Auckland)|Sky Tower]], which is the second-tallest building in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] after [[Thamrin Nine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2013 |title=Tallest building in southern hemisphere approved |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-03-18/melbourne27s-tallest-building-plan-gets-green-light/4578666 |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=24 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224152146/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-03-18/melbourne27s-tallest-building-plan-gets-green-light/4578666 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is served by [[Auckland Airport]], which handled 18.5 million passengers in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FY24 results: Solid performance as international airlines return to AKL |url=https://corporate.aucklandairport.co.nz/news/latest-media/news-articles/fy24-results-solid-performance-as-international-airlines-return-to-akl |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=AIACorporate |language=en}}</ref> Auckland is one of the world's [[most liveable cities]], ranking fifth in the 2024 Mercer Quality of Living Survey and at ninth place in a 2024 ranking of the [[Global Liveability Ranking]] by ''[[The Economist]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Global Liveability Index 2024 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/vienna-secures-its-position-as-the-worlds-most-liveable-city-for-third-consecutive-year/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2023 |title=Quality of Living City Ranking |url=https://www.mercer.com/insights/total-rewards/talent-mobility-insights/quality-of-living-city-ranking/ |access-date=25 Nov 2024 |work=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]}}</ref>
==Toponymy==
The [[Māori language|Māori-language]] name for Auckland is ''{{lang|mi|Tāmaki Makaurau}}'', meaning "Tāmaki desired by many", in reference to the desirability of its natural resources and geography.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Auckland |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/plans-projects-policies-reports-bylaws/our-plans-strategies/auckland-plan/about-the-auckland-plan/Pages/about-auckland.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117195911/https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/plans-projects-policies-reports-bylaws/our-plans-strategies/auckland-plan/about-the-auckland-plan/Pages/about-auckland.aspx |archive-date=17 January 2019 |access-date=3 January 2019 |work=The Auckland Plan 2050 }}</ref> There are various theories of the origin of the name "[[Tāmaki]]", which is also used to refer to an eastern suburb of Auckland. It is regarded by some to be the isthmus between the two harbours of the area, which is variously said to be named after a son of Maruiwi from [[Taranaki]], a line of chiefs from the southern Taranaki, or a female leader of [[Ngāti Te Ata]]. Other versions of the name include ''Tāmakinui'' (great Tāmaki) or ''Tāmaki-herehere-ngā-waka'' (Tāmaki that binds many canoes).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taonui |first1=Rāwiri |title=Tribal history and places |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/tamaki-tribes/page-1 |website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=20 January 2025 |language=en |date=8 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McClure |first1=Margaret |title=The Tāmaki estate |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/ephemera/16220/the-tamaki-estate |website= Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=20 January 2025 |language=en |date=5 August 2016}}</ref>
[[William Hobson]] named the area after [[George Eden, Earl of Auckland]], British [[First Lord of the Admiralty]]. The Earldom of Auckland was named after [[West Auckland, County Durham|West Auckland]], a village in [[County Durham]], [[Northern England]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Chisholm, Hugh, (22 Feb. 1866–29 Sept. 1924), Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica (10th, 11th and 12th editions) |date=2007-12-01 |work=Who Was Who |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u194658 |access-date=2025-01-18 |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u194658 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The name "Auckland" in West Auckland is thought to originate from the [[Cumbric language|Cumbric]] word "''Alclud''", which was the [[Kingdom of Strathclyde]]'s alternative name meaning "cliff on the Clyde". It is thought 'Clyde' may be the [[river Gaunless]]' old name.<ref name="Gelling">{{Citation |last=Gelling |first=Margaret |title=The names of towns and cities in Britain |page=53 |year=1970 |publisher=Batsford |author2=W. F. H. Nicolaisen |author3=Melville Richards}}</ref><ref name="Oxford">{{Citation |last=Ekwall |first=Eilert |title=The concise Oxford dictionary of place names |pages=18–19 |year=1960 |edition=4 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref name="heroicage.org">{{cite journal |first=Bethany |last=Fox |date=2007 |title=The P-Celtic Place-Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland |url= https://jemne.org/issues/10/fox.html |journal=The Heroic Age |volume=10 }}</ref>
Auckland is popularly nicknamed the "City of Sails" or the "Queen City".<ref name="City_of_Sails" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rawlings-Way |first1=Charles |last2=Atkinson |first2=Brett |title=New Zealand |date=2010 |publisher=Lonely Planet |___location=Footscray, Vic. |isbn=978-1742203645 |page=125 |edition=15th |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1742203647 |access-date=6 October 2020 }}</ref>
==History==
{{Main|History of Auckland}}
{{For timeline}}
===Early history===
[[File:One Tree Hill, Auckland, March 2015.jpg|thumb|left|[[Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill]], with Auckland city in the background, showing terraces of the Māori pā<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mackintosh |first=Lucy |title=Shifting Grounds: Deep Histories of Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland |publisher=[[Bridget Williams Books]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-988587-33-2 |pages=125 }}</ref>]]
[[File:Auckland, 1853 SLNSW FL3270469.jpg|thumb|Auckland, 1853]]
The [[Auckland isthmus]] was settled by [[Māori people|Māori]] around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many [[Pā (Māori)|pā]] (fortified villages) were built, mainly on the volcanic peaks. By the early 1700s, [[Te Waiohua]], a confederation of tribes such as [[Ngā Oho]], Ngā Riki and Ngā Iwi, was the main tribal group on the Auckland isthmus,<ref name="Rawhiri">{{cite web |title=The tribes of Tāmaki |first=Rāwiri |last=Taonui |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/tamaki-tribes/page-3 |website=Te Ara |date=8 February 2005 |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054256/https://teara.govt.nz/en/tamaki-tribes/page-3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AucklandCouncil">{{cite web |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/UnitaryPlanDocuments/pc43-technical-report-cva-te-akitai-waiohua.pdf |title=CULTURAL VALUES ASSESSMENT BY TE ĀKITAI WAIOHUA for MATUKUTŪREIA QUARRY PRIVATE PLAN CHANGE |author=[[Te Ākitai Waiohua]] |publisher=Auckland Council |access-date=4 February 2021 |date=24 August 2010}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> with major pā at [[Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill]], [[Māngere Mountain]] and [[Maungataketake]].<ref name="MJ_0015">{{cite web |title=ca 1720 |at=MJ_0015 |work=Manukau's Journey – Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau |publisher= Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/986 |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210704010539/https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/986 |url-status=live }}</ref> The confederation came to an end around 1741, when [[paramount chief]] [[Kiwi Tāmaki]] was killed in battle by Te Waha-akiaki, a chief of the [[Ngāti Whātua]] [[hapū]] [[Te Taoū]].<ref name="AileenFox">{{Cite Q|Q58677038 }}</ref> From the 1740s, [[Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei|Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei]] were the main tribe on the Auckland isthmus.<ref name="Rawhiri"/> The Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans.<ref name="Hochstetter1867">{{Cite book |title=New Zealand |author=Ferdinand von Hochstetter |year=1867 |page=243 |url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/1867_-_von_Hochstetter%2C_Ferdinand._New_Zealand/CHAPTER_XI%3A_The_Isthmus_of_Auckland |author-link=Ferdinand von Hochstetter |access-date=19 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112062218/http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/1867_-_von_Hochstetter%2C_Ferdinand._New_Zealand/CHAPTER_XI%3A_The_Isthmus_of_Auckland |archive-date=12 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arkeologi.uu.se/afr/projects/BOOK/Bulmer/bulmer.pdf |title=''City without a state? Urbanisation in pre-European Taamaki-makau-rau (Auckland, New Zealand)'' |author=Sarah Bulmer |access-date=3 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609204236/http://www.arkeologi.uu.se/afr/projects/BOOK/Bulmer/bulmer.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The introduction of firearms at the end of the eighteenth century, which began in [[Northland region|Northland]], upset the balance of power and led to devastating [[Musket Wars|intertribal warfare]] beginning in 1807, causing [[iwi]] who lacked the new weapons to seek refuge in areas less exposed to coastal raids. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when settlement by [[European New Zealanders]] began.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Rāwiri |last=Taonui |url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/ngati-whatua/page-3 |title=Ngāti Whātua – European contact |encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Penguin History of New Zealand |author=Michael King |isbn=0-14-301867-1 |year=2003 |page=135 |publisher=Penguin Books |___location=Auckland, N.Z. |author-link=Michael King (historian) }}</ref>
[[File:HURSTHOUSE(1857) p225 AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND.jpg|thumb|left|Print of a painting of Auckland port, 1857]]
On 20 March 1840 in the [[Manukau Harbour]] area where Ngāti Whātua farmed, paramount chief [[Apihai Te Kawau]] signed the [[Treaty of Waitangi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Āpihai Te Kawau |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/apihai-te-kawau |website=New Zealand History |publisher=NZ Government |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508003439/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/apihai-te-kawau |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngāti Whātua sought British protection from [[Ngāpuhi]] as well as a reciprocal relationship with the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Crown]] and the [[Christian Church|Church]]. Soon after signing the treaty, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei made a strategic gift of {{cvt|3,500|acres}} of land on the [[Waitematā Harbour]] to the new Governor of New Zealand, [[William Hobson]], for the new [[Capital of New Zealand|capital]], which Hobson named for [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|George Eden, Earl of Auckland]], then [[Viceroy of India]].<ref name="Apihai">{{cite web |title=Apihai Te Kawau |url=http://ngatiwhatuaorakei.com/apihai-te-kawau/ |publisher=Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei |access-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811062406/http://ngatiwhatuaorakei.com/apihai-te-kawau/ |archive-date=11 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Values">{{cite web |title=Cultural Values Assessment in Support of the Notices of Requirement for the Proposed City Rail Link Project |url=https://at.govt.nz/media/1168412/aeeappendix6culturalvalues.pdf |publisher=Auckland Transport |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211224318/https://at.govt.nz/media/1168412/aeeappendix6culturalvalues.pdf |archive-date=11 December 2019 |pages=14–16 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_68494556/ReportonOrakeiW.pdf |title=Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on the Orakei Claim |date=November 1987 |publisher=The Waitangi Tribunal |___location=Wellington, New Zealand |edition=1991 |page=23 |isbn=0-86472-084-X |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127014719/https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_68494556/ReportonOrakeiW.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Auckland was founded on 18 September 1840 and was officially declared New Zealand's capital in 1841,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Brief history of Auckland's urban form |author=Social and Economic Research and Monitoring team |publisher=Auckland Regional Council |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-877540-57-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stone |first1=R. C. J. |author-link1=Russell Stone (historian) |title=From Tamaki-makau-rau to Auckland |publisher=Auckland University Press |date=2001 |isbn=1869402596 }}</ref> and the transfer of the administration from Russell (now [[Okiato|Old Russell]]) in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 [[Port Nicholson]] (later renamed [[Wellington]]) was seen as a better choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the [[South Island]], and Wellington became the capital in 1865. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the principal city of the [[Auckland Province]] until the provincial system was abolished in 1876.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/colonial-and-provincial-government/page-4 |title=Colonial and provincial government – Julius Vogel and the abolition of provincial government |encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=20 October 2021 |editor-last=McKinnon |editor-first=Malcolm |archive-date=30 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830142105/https://teara.govt.nz/en/colonial-and-provincial-government/page-4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Mid Queen Street.jpg|thumb|Queen Street ({{circa}} 1889); painting by [[Jacques Carabain]]. Most of the buildings depicted were demolished in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |title=The long lost diorama of Auckland which reveals the city of 1939 |work=[[The Spinoff]] |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/auckland/25-03-2018/the-long-lost-diorama-of-auckland-which-reveals-the-city-of-1939/ |date=25 March 2018 |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819114358/https://thespinoff.co.nz/auckland/25-03-2018/the-long-lost-diorama-of-auckland-which-reveals-the-city-of-1939/ |archive-date=19 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
In response to the ongoing rebellion by [[Hōne Heke]] in the mid-1840s, the government encouraged retired but fit British soldiers and their families to migrate to Auckland to form a defence line around the port settlement as garrison soldiers. By the time the first [[Fencibles]] arrived in 1848, the [[Flagstaff War|Northern War]] had concluded. Outlying defensive towns were then constructed to the south, stretching in a line from the port village of [[Onehunga]] in the west to [[Howick, New Zealand|Howick]] in the east. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers; the men were fully armed in case of emergency, but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
In the early 1860s, Auckland became a base against the [[Māori King Movement]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/treaty/the-treaty-in-practice/slide-to-war |title=Slide to war – The Treaty in practice | NZHistory, New Zealand history online |publisher=Nzhistory.net.nz |access-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024182015/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/treaty/the-treaty-in-practice/slide-to-war |archive-date=24 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the 12,000 Imperial soldiers stationed there gave a strong boost to local commerce.<ref name="Essay Vincent"/> This, and [[Great South Road, New Zealand|continued road building towards the south]] into the [[Waikato]] region, enabled [[Pākehā]] (European New Zealanders) influence to spread from Auckland. The city's population grew fairly rapidly, from 1,500 in 1841 to 3,635 in 1845,<ref name="Essay Vincent">{{cite web |last=O'Malley |first=Vincent |title='The great war for NZ broke out less than 50 km from Queen St': Vincent O'Malley on the Waikato War and the making of Auckland |url=http://thespinoff.co.nz/society/06-12-2016/the-great-war-for-nz-broke-out-less-than-50-km-from-queen-st-vincent-omalley-on-the-waikato-war-and-the-making-of-auckland/ |website=Spinoff |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=30 December 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161230230937/http://thespinoff.co.nz/society/06-12-2016/the-great-war-for-nz-broke-out-less-than-50-km-from-queen-st-vincent-omalley-on-the-waikato-war-and-the-making-of-auckland/ |archive-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> then to 12,423 by 1864. The growth occurred similarly to other [[Commerce|mercantile]]-dominated cities, mainly around the port and with problems of overcrowding and pollution. Auckland's population of ex-soldiers was far greater than that of other settlements: about 50 per cent of the population was Irish, which contrasted heavily with the majority English settlers in Wellington, [[Christchurch]] or [[New Plymouth]]. The majority of settlers in the early period were assisted by receiving cheap passage to New Zealand.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=The Aotearoa History Show Episode 4 – Te Tiriti o Waitangi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xc7GySsFuA |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=13 April 2024 |publisher=YouTube, [[Radio New Zealand|RNZ]] & [[NZ on Air]] |time=4:50 to 5:10 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408203400/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xc7GySsFuA |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Modern history===
[[File:Auckland CBD And Waterfront In The 1950s.jpg|thumb|left|Looking east over the area that became [[Wynyard Quarter]] with the [[Auckland CBD]] in the middle distance, {{circa|1950s}}]]
Trams and railway lines shaped Auckland's rapid expansion in the early first half of the 20th century. However, after the Second World War, the city's transport system and urban form became increasingly dominated by the motor vehicle.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} Arterial roads and motorways became both defining and geographically dividing features of the urban landscape. They also allowed further massive expansion that resulted in the growth of suburban areas such as the [[North Shore, New Zealand|North Shore]] (especially after the construction of the [[Auckland Harbour Bridge]] in the late 1950s), and [[Manukau City]] in the south.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Manakau will look like in the future |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/plans-projects-policies-reports-bylaws/our-plans-strategies/auckland-plan/development-strategy/future-auckland/Pages/what-manukau-look-like-future.aspx |website=aucklandcouncil.govt.nz |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117014449/https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/plans-projects-policies-reports-bylaws/our-plans-strategies/auckland-plan/development-strategy/future-auckland/Pages/what-manukau-look-like-future.aspx }}</ref>
Economic deregulation in the mid-1980s led to very dramatic changes to Auckland's economy, and many companies relocated their head offices from Wellington to Auckland. The region was now the nerve centre of the entire national economy. Auckland also benefited from a surge in tourism, which brought 75 per cent of New Zealand's international visitors through its airport. Auckland's port handled 31 per cent of the country's container trade in 2015.<ref name="teara.govt.nz">{{cite web |title=Auckland Region – Driving the Economy: 1980s Onwards |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/auckland-region/page-11 |publisher=Te Ara, Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=3 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031003507/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/auckland-region/page-11 |archive-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The face of urban Auckland changed when the government's immigration policy began allowing immigrants from Asia in 1986. This has led to Auckland becoming a multicultural city, with people of all ethnic backgrounds. According to the 1961 census data, Māori and Pacific Islanders comprised 5 per cent of Auckland's population; Asians less than 1 per cent.<ref>"[http://auckland.royalcommission.govt.nz/web/part2/2_auckland_now.html Auckland Now] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120708105508/http://auckland.royalcommission.govt.nz/web/part2/2_auckland_now.html |date=8 July 2012 }}". Royal Commission on Auckland Governance.</ref> The city became home to the world's largest Polynesian population by the 1990s.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} By 2006, the Asian population had reached 18.0 per cent in Auckland, and 36.2 per cent in the central city. New arrivals from Hong Kong, [[Taiwan]] and [[Korea]] gave a distinctive character to the areas where they clustered, while a range of other immigrants introduced mosques, [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temples, [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temples, [[halal]] and [[kosher]] butchers and ethnic restaurants to the suburbs.<ref name="teara.govt.nz"/>
==
{{Main|Geology of the Auckland Region}}
[[File:Auckland Region map EN.png|thumb|Map of the Auckland Region showing major transport routes]]
===Scope===
{{Further|List of suburbs of Auckland|South Auckland|East Auckland|West Auckland, New Zealand{{!}}West Auckland|North Shore, New Zealand{{!}}North Shore}}
The boundaries of Auckland are imprecisely defined. The Auckland [[Urban areas of New Zealand|urban area]], as it is defined by [[Statistics New Zealand]] under the ''Statistical Standard for Geographic Areas 2018'' (SSGA18), spans {{convert|607.07|sqkm}} and extends to [[Long Bay, New Zealand|Long Bay]] in the north, [[Swanson, New Zealand|Swanson]] in the north-west, and Runciman in the south.<ref name="Area"/> Auckland's [[Larger urban zone|functional urban area]] (commuting zone) extends from just south of [[Warkworth, New Zealand|Warkworth]] in the north to [[Meremere]] in the south, incorporating the [[Hibiscus Coast]] in the northeast, [[Helensville]], [[Parakai]], [[Muriwai]], [[Waimauku]], [[Kumeū]]-[[Huapai]], and [[Riverhead, New Zealand|Riverhead]] in the northwest, [[Beachlands, New Zealand|Beachlands-Pine Harbour]] and [[Maraetai]] in the east, and [[Pukekohe]], [[Clarks Beach]], [[Patumahoe|Patumāhoe]], [[Waiuku]], [[Tuakau]] and [[Pōkeno]] (the latter two in the Waikato region) in the south.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Functional urban areas – methodology and classification {{!}} Stats NZ |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/methods/functional-urban-areas-methodology-and-classification |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=www.stats.govt.nz |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628170309/https://www.stats.govt.nz/methods/functional-urban-areas-methodology-and-classification |url-status=live }}</ref> Auckland forms [[List of New Zealand urban areas by population|New Zealand's largest urban area]].{{NZ population data 2018||||y}}
The Auckland urban area lies within the [[Auckland Region]], an administrative region that takes its name from the city. The region encompasses the city centre, as well as suburbs, surrounding towns, nearshore islands, and rural areas north and south of the urban area.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=McClure |first1=Margaret |title=Auckland region – Landforms |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/auckland-region/page-3 |encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=1 June 2019 |language=en |date=6 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503122201/https://teara.govt.nz/en/auckland-region/page-3 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Auckland central business district]] is the most built-up area of the region. The CBD covers {{convert|433|ha}} in a triangular area,<ref name="CBD">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=McClure |first1=Margaret |title=Auckland places – Auckland central business district |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/auckland-places/page-10 |encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=27 May 2019 |date=6 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526162151/https://teara.govt.nz/en/auckland-places/page-10 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is bounded by the [[Auckland waterfront]] on the Waitematā Harbour<ref>{{cite web |title=Auckland's CBD at a glance |url=http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/auckland/economy/cbd/glance.asp |publisher=Auckland City Council |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416021220/http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/auckland/economy/cbd/glance.asp |archive-date=16 April 2009 }}</ref> and the inner-city suburbs of [[Ponsonby, New Zealand|Ponsonby]], [[Newton, New Zealand|Newton]] and [[Parnell, New Zealand|Parnell]].<ref name="CBD"/>
{{clear}}
{{Wide image|AucklandPano MC.jpg|1280px|Auckland cityscape viewed from Maungawhau / Mount Eden. The nearer body of water is the [[Waitematā Harbour]] and the further one is the [[Hauraki Gulf]].}}
===
[[File:Auckland isthmus and Waitemata Harbour.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of the [[Auckland isthmus]] with Manukau (lower) and Waitematā (upper) Harbours]]
[[File:Harbour Bridge from Chelsea.JPG|thumb|A view over [[Chelsea Sugar Refinery]]'s lower dam towards [[Auckland Harbour Bridge]] and the CBD]]
The central areas of the city are located on the [[Auckland isthmus]], less than two kilometres wide at its narrowest point, between [[Māngere Inlet]] and the [[Tāmaki River]]. There are two harbours surrounding this isthmus: [[Waitematā Harbour]] to the north, which extends east to the [[Hauraki Gulf]] and thence to the Pacific Ocean, and [[Manukau Harbour]] to the south, which opens west to the [[Tasman Sea]].
Bridges span parts of both harbours, notably the [[Auckland Harbour Bridge]] crossing the Waitematā Harbour west of the central business district. The [[Māngere Bridge (bridges)|Māngere Bridge]] and the [[Upper Harbour Bridge]] span the upper reaches of the Manukau and Waitematā Harbours, respectively. In earlier times, [[Portages of New Zealand|portage]]s crossed the narrowest sections of the isthmus.<ref name="Furey">{{Cite Q|Q58677261 }}</ref><ref name="TeKawerau">{{Cite web |date=22 February 2014 |title=Te Kawerau ā Maki Deed of Settlement Schedule |url=https://www.govt.nz/assets/Documents/OTS/Te-Kawerau-a-Maki/Te-Kawerau-a-Maki-Deed-of-Settlement-Documents-22-Feb-2014.pdf |author1=[[Te Kawerau ā Maki]] |author2=The Trustees of Te Kawerau Iwi Settlement Trust |author3=[[New Zealand Government|The Crown]] |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115160632/https://www.govt.nz/assets/Documents/OTS/Te-Kawerau-a-Maki/Te-Kawerau-a-Maki-Deed-of-Settlement-Documents-22-Feb-2014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Several islands of the Hauraki Gulf are administered as part of the Auckland Region, though they are not part of the Auckland urban area. Parts of [[Waiheke Island]] effectively function as Auckland suburbs, while various smaller islands near Auckland are mostly zoned 'recreational open space' or are nature sanctuaries.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
===Climate===
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Auckland has an [[oceanic climate]] (Köppen climate classification ''Cfb''). However, under the [[Trewartha climate classification]] and according to the [[National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research]] (NIWA), the city's climate is classified as [[humid subtropical climate]] with warm summers and mild winters (Trewartha climate classification ''Cfbl'').<ref name="Peel">{{cite journal |last1=Peel |first1=M. C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=B. L. |last3=McMahon |first3=T. A. |date=11 October 2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |issn=1027-5606 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2012 |access-date=29 April 2015 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niwa.co.nz/education-and-training/schools/resources/climate/overview/map_north |title=Overview of New Zealand Climate—Northern New Zealand |date=28 February 2007 |publisher=National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research |access-date=29 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119095227/http://www.niwa.co.nz/education-and-training/schools/resources/climate/overview/map_north |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the warmest main centre of New Zealand. The maximum recorded temperature is {{convert|34.0|C}} on 12 February 2009, while the minimum is {{convert|-5.7|C}} recorded at [[Riverhead Forest]] in June 1936.<ref name=":1" />
[[Snowfall]] is extremely rare: the most significant fall since the start of the 20th century was on 27 July 1939, when snow fell just before dawn and {{convert|5|cm|in|0|spell=in}} of snow reportedly lay on [[Maungawhau|Mount Eden]].<ref name=snow1>{{cite journal |last=Brenstrum |first=Erick |date=June 2003 |title=Snowstorms |url=http://www.civildefence.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/publications/tephra-june-2003.pdf |journal=Tephra |publisher=Ministry of Civil Defence |volume=20 |pages=40–52 |access-date=22 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124030411/http://www.civildefence.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/publications/tephra-june-2003.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The snows of '39 |url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/the-snows-of-39/ |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=New Zealand Geographic |language=en-NZ |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116042847/https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/the-snows-of-39/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Snowflakes were also seen on 28 July 1930 and 15 August 2011.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brenstrum |first=Erick |date=November 2011 |title=Snowed in |journal=New Zealand Geographic |publisher=Kowhai Publishing |issue=112 |pages=26–27 }}</ref><ref name=snow2>{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10745187 |title=Snow falls in Auckland for first time in decades |author=Wade, Amelia |date=15 August 2011 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=17 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905233824/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10745187 |archive-date=5 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Snow in Auckland? It happened at this time 7 years ago |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/snow-in-auckland-it-happened-at-this-time-7-years-ago/T5NN44ZGM5W4RPHTFVZRZZA3HQ/ |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=15 August 2018 |language=en-NZ |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116042836/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/snow-in-auckland-it-happened-at-this-time-7-years-ago/T5NN44ZGM5W4RPHTFVZRZZA3HQ/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Frost]]s in Auckland are infrequent and often localised. Henderson Riverpark receives an annual average of 27.4 [[ground frost]]s per year, while Auckland Airport receives an annual average of 8.7 ground frosts per year.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Chappell |first1=P.R. |url=https://niwa.co.nz/static/Auckland%20ClimateWEB.pdf |title=The Climate and Weather of Auckland |edition=2 |access-date=25 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225011143/https://niwa.co.nz/static/Auckland%20ClimateWEB.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2024 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
Average [[Sea surface temperature|sea temperature]] around Auckland varies throughout the year. The water temperature is warmest in February when it averages {{convert|21|C}}, while in August, the water temperature is at its coolest, averaging {{convert|14|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Auckland |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/144891/Average-Weather-in-Auckland-New-Zealand-Year-Round |website=Weather Spark |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124215237/https://weatherspark.com/y/144891/Average-Weather-in-Auckland-New-Zealand-Year-Round |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Prevailing winds]] in Auckland are predominantly from the southwest. The
[[Fog]] is a common occurrence for Auckland, especially in autumn and winter. Whenuapai Airport experiences an average of 44 fog days per year.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chappell |first1=P.R. |title=The Climate and Weather of Auckland |edition=2 |url=https://niwa.co.nz/static/Auckland%20ClimateWEB.pdf |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124215232/https://niwa.co.nz/static/Auckland%20ClimateWEB.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Auckland occasionally suffers from air pollution due to [[Atmospheric particulate matter|fine particle]] emissions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arc.govt.nz/albany/index.cfm?6901EAA9-14C2-3D2D-B939-BF1991A4D1E7 |title=Air pollutants – Fine particles (PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>) |publisher=[[Auckland Regional Council]] |access-date=3 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430193427/http://www.arc.govt.nz/albany/index.cfm?6901EAA9-14C2-3D2D-B939-BF1991A4D1E7 |archive-date=30 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are also occasional breaches of guideline levels of [[carbon monoxide]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arc.govt.nz/environment/air-quality/air-pollutants/carbon-monoxide.cfm |title=Air pollutants – Carbon monoxide (CO) |publisher=[[Auckland Regional Council]] |access-date=3 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514053244/http://arc.govt.nz/environment/air-quality/air-pollutants/carbon-monoxide.cfm |archive-date=14 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> While maritime winds normally disperse the pollution relatively quickly it can sometimes become visible as smog, especially on calm winter days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arc.govt.nz/environment/air-quality/aucklands-air-quality/aucklands-air-quality_home.cfm |title=Auckland's air quality |publisher=[[Auckland Regional Council]] |access-date=3 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415001727/http://www.arc.govt.nz/environment/air-quality/aucklands-air-quality/aucklands-air-quality_home.cfm |archive-date=15 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Weather box
|collapsed = yes
|___location = [[Auckland Airport]] (17km S of Auckland, 7m ASL, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1962–present)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 30.0
|Feb record high C = 30.5
|Mar record high C = 29.8
|Apr record high C = 26.5
|May record high C = 24.6
|Jun record high C = 23.8
|Jul record high C = 20.8
|Aug record high C = 21.0
|Sep record high C = 23.0
|Oct record high C = 23.6
|Nov record high C = 25.9
|Dec record high C = 28.3
|year record high C = 30.5
|Jan record low C = 5.6
|Feb record low C = 8.7
|Mar record low C = 6.6
|Apr record low C = 3.9
|May record low C = 0.9
|Jun record low C = −1.1
|Jul record low C = −3.9
|Aug record low C = −1.7
|Sep record low C = 1.7
|Oct record low C = −0.6
|Nov record low C = 4.4
|Dec record low C = 7.0
|year record low C = −3.9
| Jan avg record high C = 27.4
| Feb avg record high C = 27.8
| Mar avg record high C = 26.0
| Apr avg record high C = 24.0
| May avg record high C = 21.2
| Jun avg record high C = 18.9
| Jul avg record high C = 17.7
| Aug avg record high C = 18.2
| Sep avg record high C = 19.9
| Oct avg record high C = 21.3
| Nov avg record high C = 23.3
| Dec avg record high C = 25.8
| year avg record high C = 28.3
|Jan high C = 23.9
|Feb high C = 24.4
|Mar high C = 22.9
|Apr high C = 20.4
|May high C = 17.7
|Jun high C = 15.5
|Jul high C = 14.6
|Aug high C = 15.2
|Sep high C = 16.5
|Oct high C = 17.9
|Nov high C = 19.6
|Dec high C = 22.0
| year high C = 19.2
|Jan mean C = 20.0
|Feb mean C = 20.5
|Mar mean C = 18.9
|Apr mean C = 16.6
|May mean C = 14.2
|Jun mean C = 12.1
|Jul mean C = 11.2
|Aug mean C = 11.7
|Sep mean C = 13.1
|Oct mean C = 14.6
|Nov mean C = 16.2
|Dec mean C = 18.5
| year mean C = 15.6
|Jan low C = 16.1
|Feb low C = 16.6
|Mar low C = 14.9
|Apr low C = 12.8
|May low C = 10.8
|Jun low C = 8.7
|Jul low C = 7.7
|Aug low C = 8.3
|Sep low C = 9.7
|Oct low C = 11.3
|Nov low C = 12.8
|Dec low C = 15.0
| year low C = 12.1
| Jan avg record low C = 11.6
| Feb avg record low C = 12.4
| Mar avg record low C = 10.6
| Apr avg record low C = 7.4
| May avg record low C = 4.9
| Jun avg record low C = 2.6
| Jul avg record low C = 2.0
| Aug avg record low C = 3.2
| Sep avg record low C = 4.6
| Oct avg record low C = 6.7
| Nov avg record low C = 8.3
| Dec avg record low C = 10.5
| year avg record low C = 1.5
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 58.1
|Feb rain mm = 63.1
|Mar rain mm = 75.0
|Apr rain mm = 87.1
|May rain mm = 119.8
|Jun rain mm = 119.4
|Jul rain mm = 136.9
|Aug rain mm = 117.2
|Sep rain mm = 100.1
|Oct rain mm = 91.6
|Nov rain mm = 68.9
|Dec rain mm = 81.7
|year rain mm =
| Jan rain days = 6.8
| Feb rain days = 6.5
| Mar rain days = 7.7
| Apr rain days = 9.6
| May rain days = 13.0
| Jun rain days = 14.3
| Jul rain days = 15.2
| Aug rain days = 14.7
| Sep rain days = 12.5
| Oct rain days = 11.5
| Nov rain days = 9.3
| Dec rain days = 9.0
| unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan sun = 240.3
|Feb sun = 203.4
|Mar sun = 200.8
|Apr sun = 169.3
|May sun = 149.1
|Jun sun = 126.1
|Jul sun = 133.9
|Aug sun = 153.7
|Sep sun = 159.0
|Oct sun = 180.5
|Nov sun = 203.8
|Dec sun = 201.9
|year sun =
| Jan percentsun =54
| Feb percentsun =53
| Mar percentsun =53
| Apr percentsun =51
| May percentsun =47
| Jun percentsun =43
| Jul percentsun =44
| Aug percentsun =46
| Sep percentsun =45
| Oct percentsun =45
| Nov percentsun =48
| Dec percentsun =45
| year percentsun =
| Jan light = 14.4
| Feb light = 13.5
| Mar light = 12.3
| Apr light = 11.1
| May light = 10.2
| Jun light = 9.7
| Jul light = 9.9
| Aug light = 10.8
| Sep light = 11.9
| Oct light = 13.0
| Nov light = 14.1
| Dec light = 14.6
| year light=
| Jan humidity = 76.8
| Feb humidity = 80.1
| Mar humidity = 82.1
| Apr humidity = 83.1
| May humidity = 86.5
| Jun humidity = 87.7
| Jul humidity = 87.7
| Aug humidity = 85.0
| Sep humidity = 80.7
| Oct humidity = 79.7
| Nov humidity = 76.1
| Dec humidity = 76.6
|Jan uv = 12
|Feb uv = 11
|Mar uv = 8
|Apr uv = 5
|May uv = 3
|Jun uv = 2
|Jul uv = 2
|Aug uv = 3
|Sep uv = 5
|Oct uv = 7
|Nov uv = 10
|Dec uv = 12
|source 1 = NIWA Climate Data<ref name = NIWA>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520001949/https://niwa.co.nz/climate-and-weather/climate-data-and-activities |archive-date=20 May 2024 |url=https://niwa.co.nz/climate-and-weather/climate-data-and-activities |title=Climate data and activities |publisher=NIWA |access-date=20 May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cliflo.niwa.co.nz/ |title=CliFlo -The National Climate Database (Agent number: 1962) |publisher=NIWA |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310121410/https://cliflo.niwa.co.nz/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://niwa.co.nz/climate-and-weather/monthly|title = Monthly climate summaries from December 2001 to the present.|publisher = NIWA|access-date = 13 Jul 2025}}</ref>|source 2 = MetService<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metservice.com/towns-cities/locations/auckland/past-weather |title=MetService Auckland historical averages |access-date=7 April 2020 |publisher=Metservice |archive-date=16 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216093638/https://www.metservice.com/towns-cities/locations/auckland/past-weather |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=93110&ano=2022&mes=4&day=20&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30 |title=93110: Auckland Aerodrome Aws (New Zealand) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=19 April 2022 |website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |access-date=20 April 2022 |quote= |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415181106/https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=93110&ano=2022&mes=4&day=20&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=93110&ano=2022&mes=8&day=20&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30 |title=93110: Auckland Aerodrome Aws (New Zealand) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=20 August 2022 |website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |access-date=22 August 2022 |quote= |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822200752/https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=93110&ano=2022&mes=8&day=20&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30 |url-status=live }}</ref> Weather Spark<ref>{{cite web|url = https://weatherspark.com/y/144891/Average-Weather-in-Auckland-New-Zealand-Year-Round|title = Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Auckland|publisher = WeatherSpark|access-date = 10 Dec 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
| collapsed = yes
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| ___location = Henderson North (13km W of Auckland, 7m ASL, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1985–present)
<!-- Average high temperatures -->
| Jan record high C = 31.8
| Feb record high C = 34.0
| Mar record high C = 30.1
| Apr record high C = 29.4
| May record high C = 24.1
| Jun record high C = 24.5
| Jul record high C = 20.9
| Aug record high C = 25.5
| Sep record high C = 27.0
| Oct record high C = 26.0
| Nov record high C = 28.4
| Dec record high C = 30.8
| year record high C = 34.0
| Jan avg record high C = 29.3
| Feb avg record high C = 29.3
| Mar avg record high C = 27.8
| Apr avg record high C = 25.9
| May avg record high C = 22.4
| Jun avg record high C = 19.7
| Jul avg record high C = 18.7
| Aug avg record high C = 19.6
| Sep avg record high C = 21.4
| Oct avg record high C = 23.5
| Nov avg record high C = 25.4
| Dec avg record high C = 27.8
| year avg record high C = 30.1
| Jan high C =25.5
| Feb high C =25.9
| Mar high C =24.2
| Apr high C =21.5
| May high C =18.7
| Jun high C =16.2
| Jul high C =15.5
| Aug high C =16.3
| Sep high C =17.9
| Oct high C =19.4
| Nov high C =21.3
| Dec high C =23.5
| year high C =
| Jan mean C =19.9
| Feb mean C =20.3
| Mar mean C =18.6
| Apr mean C =16.2
| May mean C =13.8
| Jun mean C =11.5
| Jul mean C =10.6
| Aug mean C =11.3
| Sep mean C =12.9
| Oct mean C =14.5
| Nov mean C =16.2
| Dec mean C =18.5
| year mean C =
| Jan low C =14.4
| Feb low C =14.8
| Mar low C =13.0
| Apr low C =10.9
| May low C =8.9
| Jun low C =6.8
| Jul low C =5.6
| Aug low C =6.3
| Sep low C =7.9
| Oct low C =9.6
| Nov low C =11.2
| Dec low C =13.4
| year low C =
| Jan avg record low C = 8.8
| Feb avg record low C = 9.5
| Mar avg record low C = 7.4
| Apr avg record low C = 4.3
| May avg record low C = 1.9
| Jun avg record low C = -0.4
| Jul avg record low C = -1.4
| Aug avg record low C = 0.0
| Sep avg record low C = 1.3
| Oct avg record low C = 3.5
| Nov avg record low C = 5.2
| Dec avg record low C = 7.6
| year avg record low C = -2.0
|Jan record low C = 5.6
|Feb record low C = 4.9
|Mar record low C = 2.3
|Apr record low C = -1.0
|May record low C = -2.3
|Jun record low C = -4.3
|Jul record low C = -4.1
|Aug record low C = -2.3
|Sep record low C = -1.5
|Oct record low C = 0.2
|Nov record low C = 2.5
|Dec record low C = 4.4
|year record low C = -4.3
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm =70.7
| Feb rain mm =74.1
| Mar rain mm =90.7
| Apr rain mm =110.4
| May rain mm =140.3
| Jun rain mm =158.5
| Jul rain mm =178.3
| Aug rain mm =151.5
| Sep rain mm =133.0
| Oct rain mm =103.8
| Nov rain mm =88.7
| Dec rain mm =99.4
| year rain mm =
|source = NIWA<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cliflo.niwa.co.nz/ |title=Welcome to the Climate Database |publisher=NIWA |access-date=18 May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cliflo.niwa.co.nz/ |title=CliFlo -The National Climate Database (Agent numbers: 1423, 12327, 22166) |publisher=NIWA |access-date=9 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = https://niwa.co.nz/climate-and-weather/monthly
|title = Monthly climate summaries
|publisher = NIWA
|access-date = 5 Sep 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|___location = Ardmore Airport (27km SE of Auckland, 41m ASL, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1969–present)
| Jan record high C = 31.5
| Feb record high C = 31.2
| Mar record high C = 30.0
| Apr record high C = 27.6
| May record high C = 24.1
| Jun record high C = 22.9
| Jul record high C = 19.8
| Aug record high C = 21.9
| Sep record high C = 22.0
| Oct record high C = 24.2
| Nov record high C = 28.0
| Dec record high C = 32.8
| year record high C = 32.8
| Jan avg record high C = 28.3
| Feb avg record high C = 28.5
| Mar avg record high C = 27.2
| Apr avg record high C = 24.9
| May avg record high C = 21.7
| Jun avg record high C = 19.5
| Jul avg record high C = 18.2
| Aug avg record high C = 18.3
| Sep avg record high C = 20.1
| Oct avg record high C = 21.7
| Nov avg record high C = 24.0
| Dec avg record high C = 26.7
| year avg record high C = 29.1
| Jan high C = 24.8
| Feb high C = 25.4
| Mar high C = 23.8
| Apr high C = 21.1
| May high C = 18.4
| Jun high C = 15.9
| Jul high C = 15.2
| Aug high C = 15.7
| Sep high C = 17.1
| Oct high C = 18.5
| Nov high C = 20.4
| Dec high C = 22.8
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = 19.0
| Feb mean C = 19.5
| Mar mean C = 17.8
| Apr mean C = 15.5
| May mean C = 13.3
| Jun mean C = 11.1
| Jul mean C = 10.3
| Aug mean C = 10.7
| Sep mean C = 12.3
| Oct mean C = 13.8
| Nov mean C = 15.4
| Dec mean C = 17.7
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 13.2
| Feb low C = 13.6
| Mar low C = 11.8
| Apr low C = 9.9
| May low C = 8.1
| Jun low C = 6.2
| Jul low C = 5.4
| Aug low C = 5.7
| Sep low C = 7.5
| Oct low C = 9.1
| Nov low C = 10.3
| Dec low C = 12.6
| year low C =
| Jan avg record low C = 7.6
| Feb avg record low C = 7.6
| Mar avg record low C = 5.8
| Apr avg record low C = 2.9
| May avg record low C = 1.1
| Jun avg record low C = -1.1
| Jul avg record low C = -1.5
| Aug avg record low C = 0.0
| Sep avg record low C = 1.3
| Oct avg record low C = 3.2
| Nov avg record low C = 4.2
| Dec avg record low C = 6.6
| year avg record low C = -2.3
|Jan record low C = 5.1
|Feb record low C = 3.8
|Mar record low C = 0.6
|Apr record low C = -1.5
|May record low C = -2.9
|Jun record low C = -4.0
|Jul record low C = -4.0
|Aug record low C = -3.5
|Sep record low C = -1.9
|Oct record low C = -1.5
|Nov record low C = 1.1
|Dec record low C = 3.4
|year record low C = -4.0
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 68.2
|Feb rain mm = 66.6
|Mar rain mm = 80.3
|Apr rain mm = 105.4
|May rain mm = 123.9
|Jun rain mm = 140.4
|Jul rain mm = 144.0
|Aug rain mm = 136.5
|Sep rain mm = 113.8
|Oct rain mm = 101.7
|Nov rain mm = 88.6
|Dec rain mm = 90.4
|year rain mm =
|source = NIWA (rain 1990–2016)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cliflo.niwa.co.nz/ |title=CliFlo -The National Climate Database (Agent numbers: 1965, 41484) |publisher=NIWA |access-date=12 July 2024 }}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
| collapsed = yes
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes <!-- Any entry in this line will display metric and imperial units in the same cell. Leave blank or remove this line for separate table rows. -->
| ___location = North Shore (Albany) (12km N of Auckland, 64m ASL, 1991–2020)
| Jan high C =23.3
| Feb high C =23.8
| Mar high C =22.4
| Apr high C =20.2
| May high C =17.9
| Jun high C =15.5
| Jul high C =14.5
| Aug high C =15.1
| Sep high C =16.3
| Oct high C =17.7
| Nov high C =19.4
| Dec high C =21.3
| year high C =
| Jan mean C =19.1
| Feb mean C =19.8
| Mar mean C =18.2
| Apr mean C =16.0
| May mean C =13.8
| Jun mean C =11.8
| Jul mean C =10.6
| Aug mean C =11.2
| Sep mean C =12.6
| Oct mean C =13.8
| Nov mean C =15.4
| Dec mean C =17.4
| year mean C =
| Jan low C =15.0
| Feb low C =15.7
| Mar low C =14.0
| Apr low C =11.8
| May low C =9.8
| Jun low C =8.0
| Jul low C =6.6
| Aug low C =7.2
| Sep low C =8.8
| Oct low C =9.9
| Nov low C =11.3
| Dec low C =13.5
| year low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm =67.0
| Feb rain mm =65.4
| Mar rain mm =87.5
| Apr rain mm =92.6
| May rain mm =118.0
| Jun rain mm =134.0
| Jul rain mm =145.4
| Aug rain mm =125.9
| Sep rain mm =106.4
| Oct rain mm =88.8
| Nov rain mm =70.9
| Dec rain mm =87.5
| year rain mm =
| Jan sun =268.6
| Feb sun = 229.1
| Mar sun =217.9
| Apr sun =180.5
| May sun =156.7
| Jun sun =127.8
| Jul sun =148.3
| Aug sun =151.7
| Sep sun =174.3
| Oct sun =208.0
| Nov sun =233.6
| Dec sun =248.7
| year sun =
|source = NIWA<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://cliflo.niwa.co.nz/|title = CliFlo -The National Climate Database (Agent number: 37852)|publisher = NIWA|access-date = 25 Sep 2024}}</ref>
}}
===Volcanoes===
{{Further|Auckland volcanic field}}
[[File:Rangitoto Island as seen from Mount Victoria Reserve in Devonport, North Shore City 20100128 1.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.25|The volcanic [[Rangitoto Island]] in the Hauraki Gulf, with the remnant of [[Mount Cambria|Takaroro / Mount Cambria]] in the foreground (yellow, grassy reserve). Viewed from [[Mount Victoria (Auckland)|Takarunga / Mount Victoria]] over [[Devonport, New Zealand|Devonport]].]]
The city of Auckland straddles the [[Auckland Volcanic Field]], an area which in the past, produced at least 53 small [[Volcano|volcanic]] centres over the last ~193,000 years, represented by a range of surface features including [[maars]] (explosion craters), [[tuff ring]]s, [[scoria]] cones, and [[lava]] flows.<ref name="Hopkins et al (2020)">{{cite journal |last1=Hopkins |first1=J.L |last2=Smid |first2=E.R |last3=Eccles |first3=J.D |last4=Hayes |first4=J.L |last5=Hayward |first5=B.W |last6=McGee |first6=L.E |last7=van Wijk |first7=K |last8=Wilson |first8=T.M |last9=Cronin |first9=S.J |last10=Leonard |first10=G.S |last11=Lindsay |first11=J.M |last12=Németh |first12=K |last13=Smith |first13=I.E.M |title=Auckland Volcanic Field magmatism, volcanism, and hazard: a review |journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |date=2020 |volume=64 |issue=2–3 |pages=213–234 |doi=10.1080/00288306.2020.1736102 |s2cid=216443777 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00288306.2020.1736102 |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611021134/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00288306.2020.1736102 |url-status=live |hdl=2292/51323 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Hayward (2019)">{{cite book |last1=Hayward |first1=B.W |title=Volcanoes of Auckland: A field guide |date=2019 |publisher=Auckland University Press |___location=Auckland |isbn=9781869409012 |pages=344 |url=https://aucklanduniversitypress.co.nz/volcanoes-of-auckland-a-field-guide/ |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208113944/https://aucklanduniversitypress.co.nz/volcanoes-of-auckland-a-field-guide/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is fed entirely by [[basaltic]] [[magma]] sourced from the [[Earth's mantle|mantle]] at a depth of 70–90 km below the city,<ref name="Hopkins et al (2020)" /> and is unrelated to the explosive, [[subduction]]-driven volcanism of the [[Taupō Volcanic Zone]] in the Central North Island region of Aotearoa, New Zealand, ~250 km away. The Auckland Volcanic Field is considered to be a [[monogenetic volcanic field]], with each volcano erupting only a single time, usually over a timeframe of weeks to years before cessation of activity.<ref name="Hayward (2019)" /> Future eruptive activity remains a threat to the city, and will likely occur at a new, unknown ___location within the field.<ref name="Hopkins et al (2020)" /> The most recent activity occurred approximately 1450 AD at the [[Rangitoto Island|Rangitoto Volcano]].<ref name="Hopkins et al (2020)" /> This event was witnessed by [[Māori people|Māori]] occupants of the area, making it the only eruption within the Auckland Volcanic Field thus far to have been observed by humans.
The Auckland Volcanic Field has contributed greatly to the growth and prosperity of the Auckland Region since the area was settled by humans. Initially, the [[maunga]] (scoria cones) were occupied and established as [[pā]] (fortified settlements) by Māori due to the strategic advantage their elevation provided in controlling resources and key [[portages]] between the [[Waitematā Harbour|Waitematā]] and [[Manukau Harbour|Manukau]] harbours.<ref name="Hayward (2019)" /> The rich volcanic soils found in these areas also proved ideal for the cultivation of crops, such as [[Sweet potato#Oceania|kūmara]]. Following European arrival, many of the maunga were transformed into quarries to supply the growing city with aggregate and building materials, and as a result were severely damaged or entirely destroyed.<ref name="Hayward (2019)" /> A number of the smaller maar craters and tuff rings were also removed during earthworks. Most of the remaining volcanic centres are now preserved within recreational reserves administered by [[Auckland Council]], the [[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]], and the [[Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau|Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority]].
==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Auckland}}
[[File:Auckland population pyramid in 2022.svg|thumb|Auckland population pyramid in 2022]]
The Auckland urban area, as defined by Statistics New Zealand, covers {{cvt|605.67|km2|}}.<ref name="Area">{{Cite web |title=ArcGIS Web Application |url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787 |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324152440/https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787 |url-status=live }}</ref> The urban area has an estimated population of {{NZ population data 2018||y}} as of {{NZ population data 2018|||y}}, {{Decimals|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018||y}}|R}}/{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|New Zealand|y}}|R}}*100|1}} percent of [[Demographics of New Zealand|New Zealand's population]]. The city has a population larger than the entire [[South Island]] ({{NZ population data 2018|South Island regions|y}}).<ref name="NZ_population_data_2018"/>
{{Historical populations|2013|1,223,541|2018|1,345,833|2023|1,402,275|percentages=pagr|align=left|source=<ref name="Census 2023"/>}}
The urban area had a population of 1,402,275 in the [[2023 New Zealand census]], an increase of 56,442 people (4.2%) since the [[2018 New Zealand census|2018 census]], and an increase of 178,734 people (14.6%) since the [[2013 New Zealand census|2013 census]]. There were 692,490 males, 704,607 females and 5,178 people of [[non-binary gender|other genders]] in 454,239 dwellings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://explore.data.stats.govt.nz/vis?fs[0]=2023%20Census%2C0%7CTotals%20by%20topic%23CAT_TOTALS_BY_TOPIC%23&pg=0&fc=Variable%20codes&bp=true&snb=9&df[ds]=ds-nsiws-disseminate&df[id]=CEN23_TBT_005&df[ag]=STATSNZ&df[vs]=1.0&dq=doTotal%2Bdo1.1108.2023&ly[rw]=CEN23_TBT_DWD_003|publisher=Stats NZ – Tatauranga Aotearoa – Aotearoa Data Explorer|access-date=3 October 2024|title=Totals by topic for dwellings, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses}}</ref> 4.9% of people identified as [[LGBTQ|LGBTIQ+]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=Census 2023: First-ever Census data on NZ's rainbow communities released |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/529738/census-2023-first-ever-census-data-on-nz-s-rainbow-communities-released |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}</ref> The median age was 35.1 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 270,384 people (19.3%) aged under 15 years, 307,065 (21.9%) aged 15 to 29, 651,645 (46.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 173,178 (12.3%) aged 65 or older.<ref name="Census 2023"/>
Of those at least 15 years old, 290,814 (25.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 464,022 (41.0%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 298,851 (26.4%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $44,600, compared with $41,500 nationally. 160,164 people (14.2%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 605,601 (53.5%) people were employed full-time, 132,180 (11.7%) were part-time, and 39,441 (3.5%) were unemployed.<ref name="Census 2023">{{Cite web|url=https://explore.data.stats.govt.nz/vis?fs[0]=2023%20Census%2C0%7CTotals%20by%20topic%23CAT_TOTALS_BY_TOPIC%23&pg=0&fc=Variable%20codes&bp=true&snb=9&df[ds]=ds-nsiws-disseminate&df[id]=CEN23_TBT_008&df[ag]=STATSNZ&df[vs]=1.0&dq=hq011%2Bhq010%2Bhq009%2Bhq008%2Bhq007%2Bhq006%2Bhq005%2Bhq004%2Bhq003%2Bhq002%2Bhq001%2Bhq000%2Bws1%2Bsp99%2Bra80%2Bra08%2Bra07%2Bra06%2Bra05%2Bra01%2Bra04%2Bra03%2Bra02%2Bra00%2Brb1%2Bls66%2Bls03%2Bls02%2Bls05%2Bls04%2Bls01%2Beg6%2Beg5%2Beg4%2Beg3%2Beg2%2Beg1%2BbiTotal%2Bbi0%2Bbi1%2BasTotalLG%2Bas4%2Bas3%2Bas2%2Bas1%2Bws4%2Bws3%2Bws2%2Bge3%2Bge2%2Bge1%2Brc%2BasMed%2BegTotal%2BlsTotal%2BgeTotal%2BrbTotal%2BraTotal%2BhqTotal%2BibTotal%2Bibmed%2BwsTotal.1108.2013%2B2018%2B2023&to[TIME]=false&ly[rw]=CEN23_TBT_IND_003&ly[cl]=CEN23_YEAR_001|publisher=Stats NZ – Tatauranga Aotearoa – Aotearoa Data Explorer|access-date=3 October 2024|title=Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses|at=Auckland (1108)}}</ref>
=== Culture and identity ===
[[File:Lion dancers at the Auckland lantern festival 2010.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Asians are Auckland's fastest growing ethnic group. Here, [[lion dance]]rs perform at the Auckland [[Lantern Festival]].|alt=Lion dancers wearing bright red and yellow costumes]]
[[List of ethnic origins of New Zealanders|Many ethnic groups]], since the late 20th century, have had an increasing presence in Auckland, making it by far the country's most [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] city. Historically, Auckland's population has been of majority [[European New Zealanders|European]] origin, though the proportion of those of Asian or other non-European origins has increased in recent decades due to the [[Immigration to New Zealand|removal of restrictions directly or indirectly based on race]]. Europeans continue to make up the plurality of the city's population, but no longer constitute a majority after decreasing in proportion from 54.6% to 48.1% between the 2013 and 2018 censuses. [[Asian New Zealanders|Asians]] now form the second-largest ethnic group, making up nearly one-third of the population. Auckland is home to the largest ethnic [[Polynesia]]n population of any city in the world, with a sizeable population of [[Pacific Islander]]s ([[Pasifika New Zealanders|Pasifika]]) and indigenous [[Māori people]].<ref name="AAAROUND"/><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Age and sex by ethnic group (grouped total response), for census usually resident population counts, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (urban rural areas) |url=http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8318 |access-date=13 September 2020 |website=nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009205114/http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8318 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the 2023 census, where people could identify as more than one ethnicity, the results were 44.0% [[European New Zealanders|European]] ([[Pākehā]]); 12.2% [[Māori people|Māori]]; 18.7% [[Pasifika New Zealanders|Pasifika]]; 34.9% [[Asian New Zealanders|Asian]]; 2.9% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 1.7% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 91.5%, Māori language by 2.7%, Samoan by 5.3% and other languages by 32.0%. No language could be spoken by 2.4% (e.g. too young to talk). [[New Zealand Sign Language]] was known by 0.4%. The percentage of people born overseas was 44.9, compared with 28.8% nationally.<ref name="Census 2023"/>
At the [[2023 New Zealand census|2023 census]] the Pasifika population formed the majority in the [[Māngere-Ōtāhuhu|Māngere-Ōtāhuhu local board area]] and the plurality in the [[Ōtara-Papatoetoe]] and [[Manurewa (local board area)|Manurewa]] local board areas. The Asian population formed the majority in the [[Howick (local board area)|Howick]] and [[Puketāpapa (local board area)|Puketāpapa]] local board areas and the plurality in the [[Whau (local board area)|Whau]] local board area. Europeans formed the plurality in the [[Henderson-Massey]], [[Maungakiekie-Tāmaki]] and [[Papakura (local board area)|Papakura]] local board areas, and formed the majority in the remaining 11 local board areas. Māori did not form a majority or plurality in any local board area but are in the highest concentrations in the Manurewa and Papakura local board areas.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |title=2023 Census population counts (by ethnic group, age, and Māori descent) and dwelling counts {{!}} Stats NZ |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2023-census-population-counts-by-ethnic-group-age-and-maori-descent-and-dwelling-counts/ |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=www.stats.govt.nz |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605165521/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2023-census-population-counts-by-ethnic-group-age-and-maori-descent-and-dwelling-counts/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Immigration to New Zealand is heavily concentrated towards Auckland (partly for job market reasons). This strong focus on Auckland has led the immigration services to award extra points towards immigration visa requirements for people intending to move to other parts of New Zealand.<ref>[http://www.immigration.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/4DAD508D-CC26-425A-A57B-D2AF557C8510/0/1003.pdf Residence in New Zealand] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614211315/http://www.immigration.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/4DAD508D-CC26-425A-A57B-D2AF557C8510/0/1003.pdf |date=14 June 2007 }} (Page 8, from the [[Immigration New Zealand]] website. Accessed 18 January 2008.)</ref> Immigration from overseas into Auckland is partially offset by the net emigration of people from Auckland to other regions of New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand's population is drifting north – Population mythbusters |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/mythbusters/the-drift-north.aspx |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |date=22 June 2012 |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910114913/http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/mythbusters/the-drift-north.aspx |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021 and 2022, Auckland recorded its only decreases in population, primarily due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand|COVID-19 pandemic]] and the associated lack of international migration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Adam |date=21 October 2021 |title=Covid-19 blamed for Auckland's population declining for the first time |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/126761590/covid19-blamed-for-aucklands-population-declining-for-the-first-time |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |language=en |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026020805/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/126761590/covid19-blamed-for-aucklands-population-declining-for-the-first-time |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional population growth slows {{!}} Stats NZ |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/regional-population-growth-slows/ |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=www.stats.govt.nz |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024232211/https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/regional-population-growth-slows/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:St Matthew In The City Auckland.jpg|thumb|[[St Matthew's, Auckland|St Matthew-in-the-City]], a historic [[Anglican]] church in the [[Auckland CBD]]]]
At the 2018 Census, in the local board areas of Upper Harbour, Waitematā, Puketāpapa and Howick, overseas-born residents outnumbered those born in New Zealand.<ref name="quickstats_culture">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/tables.xls |title=2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity – data tables |date=15 April 2014 |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524102811/http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/tables.xls |archive-date=24 May 2014 |access-date=29 January 2016 }}</ref> The most common birthplaces of overseas-born residents were mainland China (6.2%), India (4.6%), England (4.4%), Fiji (2.9%), Samoa (2.5%), South Africa (2.4%), Philippines (2.0%), Australia (1.4%), South Korea (1.4%), and Tonga (1.3%).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Birthplace (detailed), for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB) |url=http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8279 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617015705/http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8279 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz }}</ref> A study from 2016 showed Auckland has the fourth largest [[Foreign born|foreign-born]] population in the world, only behind [[Dubai]], Toronto and [[Brussels]], with 39% of its residents born overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peacock |first=Alice |date=17 January 2016 |title=Auckland a melting pot – ranked world's fourth most cosmopolitan city |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/75964986/auckland-a-melting-pot---ranked-worlds-fourth-most-cosmopolitan-city |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019011750/https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/75964986/auckland-a-melting-pot---ranked-worlds-fourth-most-cosmopolitan-city |url-status=live }}</ref>
===
Religious affiliations in the 2023 census were 35.7% [[Christianity in New Zealand|Christian]], 6.1% [[Hinduism in New Zealand|Hindu]], 3.3% [[Islam in New Zealand|Islam]], 0.9% [[Māori religious beliefs]], 2.1% [[Buddhism in New Zealand|Buddhist]], 0.3% [[New Age]], 0.2% [[Judaism in New Zealand|Jewish]], and 2.8% other religions. People who answered that they had [[Irreligion in New Zealand|no religion]] were 42.7%, and 6.0% of people did not answer the census question.<ref name="Census 2023"/>
Recent{{when|reason=How recent? "Recent" shouild never be used in this context, a specific timeframe should be used|date=October 2021}} immigration from Asia has added to the religious diversity of the city, increasing the number of people affiliating with [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]] and [[Sikhism]], although there are no figures on religious attendance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/D5B067F9-7A06-483D-A6B9-D438E81ABAC2/0/AucklandCity.pdf |title=What we look like locally |page=7 |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124230639/http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/D5B067F9-7A06-483D-A6B9-D438E81ABAC2/0/AucklandCity.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2007 }}</ref> There is also a small, [[History of the Jews in New Zealand|long-established]] Jewish community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ahc.org.nz/intro.php |title=Auckland Hebrew Community ~ Introduction page |access-date=18 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526162039/http://www.ahc.org.nz/intro.php |archive-date=26 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Future growth===
{{See also|Demographics of Auckland#Future growth}}
Auckland is experiencing substantial population growth via immigration (two-thirds of growth) and natural population increases (one-third),<ref name="ouraucklandgovtnz">{{cite web |url=http://ourauckland.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/articles/news/2015/10/aucklands-growing-population/ |title=Auckland's growing population |website=OurAuckland |access-date=14 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114171749/http://ourauckland.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/articles/news/2015/10/aucklands-growing-population/ |archive-date=14 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is set to grow to an estimated 1.9 million inhabitants by 2031<ref name="ARCGRO">[http://www.arc.govt.nz/albany/fms/main/Documents/Auckland/Aucklands%20growth/Auckland%20regional%20growth%20strategy.pdf Executive Summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227102841/http://www.arc.govt.nz/albany/fms/main/Documents/Auckland/Aucklands%20growth/Auckland%20regional%20growth%20strategy.pdf |date=27 February 2008 }} (from the Auckland Regional Growth Strategy document, [[Auckland Regional Council|ARC]], November 1999. Retrieved 14 October 2007.)</ref><ref name="STATSNZPOP">[http://www.stats.govt.nz/Publications/PopulationStatistics/mapping-trends-in-the-auckland-region/population-change.aspx Mapping Trends in the Auckland Region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113145501/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Publications/PopulationStatistics/mapping-trends-in-the-auckland-region/population-change.aspx |date=13 November 2009 }} [[Statistics New Zealand]], 2010. Retrieved 2010</ref> in a medium-variant scenario. This substantial increase in population will have a huge impact on transport, housing and other infrastructure that are, particularly in the case of housing, that are considered to be under pressure already. The high-variant scenario shows the region's population growing to over two million by 2031.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Publications/PopulationStatistics/mapping-trends-in-the-auckland-region/population-change.aspx |title=Mapping Trends in the Auckland Region |work=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |access-date=11 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220004936/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Publications/PopulationStatistics/mapping-trends-in-the-auckland-region/population-change.aspx |archive-date=20 February 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{update inline|date=October 2024|reason=This data comes from 2008 to 2015, which is very old for growth predictions}}
In July 2016, Auckland Council released, as the outcome of a three-year study and public hearings, its Unitary Plan for Auckland. The plan aims to free up to 30 percent more land for housing and allows for greater intensification of the existing urban area, creating 422,000 new dwellings in the next 30 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11682338 |access-date=30 July 2016 |title=Auckland's future unveiled |date=27 July 2016 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811075334/http://m.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11682338 |archive-date=11 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==
===Local===
{{Main|Auckland Region|Auckland Council|Mayor of Auckland}}
[[File:Aucklandtownhallnight.jpg|thumb|[[Auckland Town Hall]] entrance on [[Queen Street, Auckland|Queen Street]]]]
In 1851, Auckland was constituted as an independent borough, the first in the country.<ref name="barr">{{cite book |last1=Barr |first1=John |title=The City of Auckland}}</ref>{{RP|78}} The borough was {{cvt|58,000|acre}} in size and went as far west as the [[Whau River]] and as far east as [[Howick, New Zealand|Howick]]. The large boundary included 4,000 Europeans in the urban areas; 2,500 in the Fencible settlements; and 1,500 in the rural parts. An inability to collect rates and a divide between urban and rural interests led to the borough becoming defunct in 1852. In 1854, the [[Auckland Provincial Council]] established Auckland City under the Auckland City Council Act. This city had boundaries equivalent to the [[City of Auckland (New Zealand electorate)|City of Auckland electorate]]. The legality of this city was challenged and it was later dissolved in March 1855 before finally being repealed by an act in April 1856. An [[Auckland Harbour Board]] was also established and repealed during the same period. In 1863, the Town of Auckland was incorporated within the same boundaries of the East Town, Middle Town, and West Town wards of the borough.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bloomfield | first=Gerald Taylor | title=The Evolution of Local Government Areas in Metropolitan Auckland, 1840–1971 | publisher=[Auckland] : Auckland University Press | publication-place=Auckland | date=1973 | isbn=0-19-647714-X | pages=41, 44–45}}</ref> On 24 April 1871, Auckland became a city under ''The Municipal Corporations Act, 1867''.<ref name="barr"/>{{RP|80}}
The Auckland Council is the [[Regions of New Zealand|local authority]] with jurisdiction over the city of Auckland, along with surrounding rural areas, parkland, and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://governance.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/2-overview/what-is-auckland-council/ |title=Governance manual – What is Auckland Council |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227174654/https://governance.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/2-overview/what-is-auckland-council/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
From 1989 to 2010, Auckland was governed by several city and district councils, with regional oversight by [[Auckland Regional Council]]. In the late 2000s, New Zealand's central government and parts of Auckland's society felt that this large number of councils, and the lack of strong regional government (with the Auckland Regional Council having only limited powers), were hindering Auckland's progress.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
A [[Royal Commission on Auckland Governance]] was set up in 2007;<ref>''[http://www.stuff.co.nz/0a11.html4147429a11.html Auckland governance inquiry welcomed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013042234/http://stuff.co.nz/0a11.html4147429a11.html |date=13 October 2007 }}'' – [[NZPA]], via 'stuff.co.nz', Tuesday 31 July 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2007.</ref><ref>''[http://www.infonews.co.nz/news.cfm?l=1&t=97&id=4113 Royal Commission of inquiry for Auckland welcomed] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229014424/http://www.infonews.co.nz/news.cfm?l=1&t=97&id=4113 |date=29 December 2007 }}'' – [[NZPA]], via 'infonews.co.nz', Tuesday 31 July 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2007</ref> in 2009, it recommended a unified local governance structure for Auckland by amalgamating the councils.<ref>''[http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0903/S00405.htm Minister Releases Report Of Royal Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330005729/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0903/S00405.htm |date=30 March 2009 }}'' – ''[[Scoop.co.nz]]'', Friday 27 March 2009</ref> The government subsequently announced that a "super city" would be set up with a single mayor by the time of New Zealand's local body elections in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10565528 |title='Super city' to be in place next year, Maori seats axed |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |first=Edward |last=Gay |date=7 April 2009 |access-date=7 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820181513/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10565528 |archive-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://media.nzherald.co.nz/webcontent/document/pdf/Making%20Ak%20Greater%20final%20media.pdf |title=Making Auckland Greater |date=7 April 2009 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=7 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525061510/http://media.nzherald.co.nz/webcontent/document/pdf/Making%20Ak%20Greater%20final%20media.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In October 2010, [[Manukau City]] mayor [[Len Brown]] was elected mayor of the amalgamated [[Auckland Council]]. He was re-elected for a second term in October 2013. Brown did not stand for re-election in the [[2016 Auckland mayoral election|2016 mayoral election]], and was succeeded by successful candidate [[Phil Goff]] in October 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11724629 |access-date=9 October 2016 |title=Phil Goff elected Mayor of Auckland |date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010080325/http://m.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11724629 |archive-date=10 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Twenty councillors comprise the remainder of the Auckland Council governing body, elected from thirteen electoral wards.
===National===
[[File:Old Government House in Auckland.jpg|thumb|[[Old Government House, Auckland|Old Government House]], formerly the residence of the [[Governor-General of New Zealand|governor of New Zealand]]]]
Between 1842 and 1865, Auckland was the [[capital of New Zealand|capital city of New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2020 |title=New Zealand's three capitals |url=https://www.waitangi.org.nz/nzs-3-national-capitals/ |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=Waitangi |language=en-US |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116042839/https://www.waitangi.org.nz/nzs-3-national-capitals/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Parliament met in what is now [[Old Government House, Auckland|Old Government House]] on the [[University of Auckland]]'s City campus. The capital was moved to the more centrally located [[Wellington]] in 1865.
Auckland, due to its large population, is covered by 23 general electorates and three [[Māori electorates]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Find my electorate |url=http://www.elections.org.nz/voters/find-my-electorate |publisher=Electoral Commission |access-date=29 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107104824/http://www.elections.org.nz/voters/find-my-electorate |archive-date=7 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> each returning one member to the [[New Zealand House of Representatives]]. The [[New Zealand National Party|National Party]] holds 14 general electorates, the [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour Party]] six, [[ACT New Zealand|ACT]] two and the [[Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand|Greens]] one. Two of the three Māori electorates are held by [[Te Pāti Māori]]; {{as of|June 2025|lc=y}} the remaining Māori electorate is vacant after the death of [[Takutai Tarsh Kemp|Takutai Moana Natasha Kemp]].
==Economy==
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|
{{Expand section|date=July 2020}}
{{Update section|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{seealso|Category:Companies based in Auckland}}
[[File:Auckland skyline 1.jpg|thumb|The twin towers of the [[National Bank of New Zealand|National Bank]] Centre are among the tallest buildings in Auckland.]]
In 1891, the three main items exported from Auckland's port were: [[kauri gum]], gold, and wool. These exports were collectively worth almost a million pounds.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Laurenson |first1=Helen |title=The History of Mt Eden – The District and its People |date=1 May 2019 |publisher=Epsom & Eden District Historical Society |isbn=9780473460013|page=50}}</ref>
Auckland is the major economic and financial centre of New Zealand. It has an advanced [[market economy]] with strengths in finance, commerce, and tourism. Most major international corporations have an Auckland office; the most expensive office space is around lower [[Queen Street, Auckland|Queen Street]] and the [[Viaduct Basin]] in the [[Auckland CBD]], where many financial and business services are located, which constitute a large percentage of the CBD economy.<ref name="GLANCE">[http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/auckland/economy/cbd/glance.asp Auckland's CBD at a glance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624084513/http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/auckland/economy/cbd/glance.asp |date=24 June 2007 }} (CBD website of the [[Auckland City Council]])</ref> The largest commercial and industrial areas of the Auckland Region are Auckland CBD and the western parts of [[Manukau]], mostly bordering the [[Manukau Harbour]] and the [[Tāmaki River]] estuary.
Auckland is classified by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] as a Beta + [[World City]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2018 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2018t.html |website=www.lboro.ac.uk |publisher=GaWC |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503165246/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html |archive-date=3 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> because of its importance in commerce, [[the arts]], and education.
According to the 2013 census, the primary employment industries of Auckland residents are professional, scientific and technical services (11.4 percent), manufacturing (9.9 percent), retail trade (9.7 percent), health care and social assistance (9.1 percent), and education and training (8.3 percent). Manufacturing is the largest employer in the Henderson-Massey, Howick, Māngere-Ōtāhuhu, Ōtara-Papatoetoe, Manurewa and Papakura local board areas, retail trade is the largest employer in the Whau local board area, while professional, scientific and technical services are the largest employer in the remaining urban local board areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 Census QuickStats about work and unpaid activities |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/qs-work-unpaid/2013-census-qs-work-unpaid-activities-tables.xls |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |date=31 March 2015 |access-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115203256/http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/qs-work-unpaid/2013-census-qs-work-unpaid-activities-tables.xls |archive-date=15 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The GDP of Auckland in 2024 was estimated at approximately $159.74 billion NZD, which saw a 2.1% increase from 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional Economic Profile {{!}} Auckland {{!}} Economic growth |url=https://rep.infometrics.co.nz/auckland/economy/growth?compare=new-zealand |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=rep.infometrics.co.nz}}</ref> The per-capita GDP of Auckland was estimated at $88,878 at the end of 2024, the second-highest in the country after the Wellington region, and above the national average of $78,233.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional Economic Profile {{!}} Auckland {{!}} GDP per capita |url=https://rep.infometrics.co.nz/auckland/economy/gdp-per-capita?compare=new-zealand |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=rep.infometrics.co.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional economic activity report |url=https://webrear.mbie.govt.nz/theme/gdp-per-capita/map/timeseries/2024/new-zealand?right-transform=absolute |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=webrear.mbie.govt.nz}}</ref>{{Wide image|AucklandSkyline3Frames4v102.jpg|800px|View of [[Auckland CBD]] from [[North Shore, Auckland|North Shore]]. The skyline is dominated by the [[Sky Tower (Auckland)|Sky Tower]].}}
==Architecture==
{{see also| List of tallest buildings in Auckland| List of category 1 historic places in Auckland}}
{{Expand section|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Landmark House, Auckland 222.JPG|thumb|upright|Landmark House]]
Auckland has a diversity of architectural styles, resulting from its early beginnings as a settlement, the [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] period, the 20th century and through to the contemporary era of the 21st century. Legislation is in effect to protect the remaining heritage, with the key piece being the Resource Management Act of 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage/Pages/legislation-that-protects-heritage.aspx |title=Legislation that protects our heritage |work=Auckland Council |date=8 August 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808062604/https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage/Pages/legislation-that-protects-heritage.aspx |archive-date=8 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Prepared under this legislation is the Auckland Unitary Plan, which indicates how land can be used or developed. Prominent historic buildings in Auckland include the [[Dilworth Building]], the [[Auckland Ferry Terminal]], Guardian Trust Building, Old Customs House, Landmark House, the [[Auckland Town Hall]] and the [[Britomart Transport Centre]] – many of these are located on Queen Street, the main street.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
===Housing===
{{See also|Housing in New Zealand|New Zealand property bubble}}
Housing varies considerably, between suburbs that have [[State housing in New Zealand|state-owned housing]] in lower income neighbourhoods, to larger waterfront homes, especially in areas close to the [[Waitematā Harbour]]. Traditionally, the most common residence of Aucklanders was a standalone dwelling on a '[[quarter acre]]' (1,000 m<sup>2</sup>).<ref name="ARCGRO"/> However, subdividing such properties with 'infill housing' has long been the norm. Auckland's housing stock has become more diverse in recent decades, with many more apartments being built since the 1970s, particularly since the 1990s in the CBD.<ref name=DBHreport>{{cite web |title=Residential Land Supply Reports |url=http://www.dbh.govt.nz/residential-land-supply-reports |publisher=Department of Building and Housing |access-date=15 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226111245/http://www.dbh.govt.nz/residential-land-supply-reports |archive-date=26 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, the majority of Aucklanders live in single dwelling housing and are expected to continue to do so, even with most of future urban growth being through intensification.<ref name="ARCGRO"/>
[[File:Terrace Houses Auckland.jpg|thumb|left|[[Terraced housing]] built in 1897 as residential buildings and associated place houses for [[John Endean]]{{clarify|date=April 2025|reason=What are "place houses"?}}]]
Auckland has been described as having "the most extensive range of timbered housing with its classical details and mouldings in the world", many of them built in the Victorian and Edwardian eras.<ref>[http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/council/documents/district/Part07a.pdf Section 7.6.1.2 – Strategy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326031632/http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/council/documents/district/Part07a.pdf |date=26 March 2009 }} (from the [[Auckland City Council]] District Plan – Isthmus Section)</ref> In some areas, the Victorian [[villa]]s have been torn down to make way for redevelopment. The demolition of the older houses is being combated through increased heritage protection for older parts of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unitary Plan Key Topics: Historic Heritage and Special Character |url=http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/planspoliciesprojects/plansstrategies/unitaryplan/Documents/Key%20topics%20in%20detail/upkeytopicshistoricheritageandspecialcharacterareas.pdf |publisher=Auckland Council |access-date=15 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315130259/http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/planspoliciesprojects/plansstrategies/unitaryplan/Documents/Key%20topics%20in%20detail/upkeytopicshistoricheritageandspecialcharacterareas.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Auckland's housing is amongst the least affordable in the world, based on comparing average house prices with average household income levels<ref>{{cite web |title=Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey |url=http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf |publisher=Demographia |access-date=15 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123080849/http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf |archive-date=23 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NZ house prices are among the most unaffordable in the world: survey |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/110049950/auckland-ranked-among-worlds-least-affordable-cities-in-housing-report |access-date=2 June 2019 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=21 January 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601233839/https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/110049950/auckland-ranked-among-worlds-least-affordable-cities-in-housing-report |archive-date=1 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and house prices have grown way well above the rate of inflation in recent decades.<ref name=DBHreport /> In August 2022, the Real Estate Institute of New Zealand (REINZ) reported the median house price in the Auckland Region was $1,100,000, ranging from $900,000 in the former Papakura District area to $1,285,000 in the former North Shore City area, This is compared to a median price of $700,000 outside of Auckland.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 September 2022 |title=Monthly Property Report |url=https://www.reinz.co.nz/Media/Default/Monthly%20Press%20Release%20Assets/Residential/08%20-%20August/REINZ%20Monthly%20Property%20Report%20-%20August%202022.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001071933/https://www.reinz.co.nz/Media/Default/Monthly%20Press%20Release%20Assets/Residential/08%20-%20August/REINZ%20Monthly%20Property%20Report%20-%20August%202022.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website= |publisher=REINZ }}</ref> There is significant public debate around why Auckland's housing is so expensive, often referring to a lack of land supply,<ref name=DBHreport /> the easy availability of credit for residential investment<ref name=bloomberg>{{cite news |last=Brockett |first=Matthew |title=Auckland's New York House Prices Prompt Lending Curbs: Mortgages |work=Bloomberg.com |date=11 August 2013 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-11/auckland-s-new-york-house-prices-prompt-lending-curbs-mortgages.html |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=15 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315101904/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-11/auckland-s-new-york-house-prices-prompt-lending-curbs-mortgages.html |archive-date=15 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Auckland's high level of liveability.
In the lead-up to 2010, a housing crisis began in Auckland, with the market not being able to sustain the demand for affordable homes. The Housing Accords and Special Housing Areas Act 2013 mandated that a minimum of 10 percent of new builds in certain housing areas be subsidised to make them affordable for buyers who had incomes on par with the national average. In a new subdivision at [[Hobsonville|Hobsonville Point]], 20 percent of new homes were reduced to below $550,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/en/ratesbuildingproperty/housingsupply/pages/specialhousingareas.aspx |title=Special Housing Areas |website=www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz |access-date=14 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114171924/http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/en/ratesbuildingproperty/housingsupply/pages/specialhousingareas.aspx |archive-date=14 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of the demand for new housing at this time was attributed to the 43,000 people who moved into Auckland between June 2014 and June 2015.<ref name="ouraucklandgovtnz"/> Research has found that Auckland is set to become even more densely populated in future which could ease the burden by creating higher density housing in the city centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embracing higher density housing is a positive sign that Auckland is growing up :: Kāinga Ora – Homes and Communities |url=https://kaingaora.govt.nz/developments-and-programmes/industry-hub/embracing-higher-density-housing-is-a-positive-sign-that-auckland-is-growing-up/ |access-date=15 April 2021 |website=kaingaora.govt.nz |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415030431/https://kaingaora.govt.nz/developments-and-programmes/industry-hub/embracing-higher-density-housing-is-a-positive-sign-that-auckland-is-growing-up/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Muhammad">{{Cite web |last=Muhammad |first=Imran |title=Future NZ: Better public transport, the only viable future |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/future-nz-better-public-transport-the-only-viable-future/YP3CAVRTBDXKM7YHQEM24XJWIE/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2021 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=14 November 2013 |language=en-NZ |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415030429/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/future-nz-better-public-transport-the-only-viable-future/YP3CAVRTBDXKM7YHQEM24XJWIE/ }}</ref> From around November 2021 to May 2022, house prices dropped 11.68%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=🏡 Auckland House Prices [2022] {{!}} Auckland Property Market |url=https://www.opespartners.co.nz/property-markets/auckland |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=Opes |language=en-US |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914025655/https://www.opespartners.co.nz/property-markets/auckland |url-status=live }}</ref> It has continued to fall since due to inflation, bank interest rates, and a variety of other factors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Miriam |date=10 August 2022 |title=Auckland prices down $200k from peak, another 'soggy month' for market |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/homed/real-estate/129528289/auckland-prices-down-200k-from-peak-another-soggy-month-for-market |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |language=en |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914025656/https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/homed/real-estate/129528289/auckland-prices-down-200k-from-peak-another-soggy-month-for-market |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=House prices drop $40,000 in just a month: First-home buyer demand returns |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/house-prices-drop-40000-in-just-one-month-and-aucklands-down-even-more/S7SSXHHWPLLUTRYFB2JPFPE72M/ |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=11 August 2022 |language=en-NZ |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914025653/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/house-prices-drop-40000-in-just-one-month-and-aucklands-down-even-more/S7SSXHHWPLLUTRYFB2JPFPE72M/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=House prices now dropping rapidly as correction kicks in – Good Returns |url=https://www.goodreturns.co.nz/article/976520479/https//www.goodreturns.co.nz/article/976520479/house-prices-now-dropping-rapidly-as-correction-kicks-in.html |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=www.goodreturns.co.nz |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065210/https://www.goodreturns.co.nz/article/976520479/https//www.goodreturns.co.nz/article/976520479/house-prices-now-dropping-rapidly-as-correction-kicks-in.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=NZ property: House prices continue to slide, Auckland and Wellington leading the charge downwards |language=en |work=[[Newshub]] |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/money/2022/09/nz-property-house-prices-continue-to-slide-auckland-and-wellington-leading-the-charge-downwards.html |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914025656/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/money/2022/09/nz-property-house-prices-continue-to-slide-auckland-and-wellington-leading-the-charge-downwards.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Culture and lifestyle==
{{main|Culture of Auckland}}
{{Update section|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Vulcan Lane, Auckland, 2012.jpg|thumb|Pedestrians on Vulcan Lane in the CBD]]
Positive aspects of Auckland life are its mild climate, plentiful employment and educational opportunities, as well as numerous leisure facilities. Meanwhile, traffic problems, the lack of good public transport, and increasing housing costs have been cited by many Aucklanders as among the strongest negative factors of living there,<ref name=criticisms>[http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/auckland/transport/ctc/theproject.asp Central Transit Corridor Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070522061224/http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/auckland/transport/ctc/theproject.asp |date=22 May 2007 }} ([[Auckland City]] website, includes mention of effects of transport on public satisfaction)</ref> together with crime that has been rising in recent years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/auckland/introduction/safer/crimesafety/police.asp |title=Crime and safety profile – 2003 |publisher=[[Auckland City Council]] |access-date=8 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626092351/http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/auckland/introduction/safer/crimesafety/police.asp |archive-date=26 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nonetheless, Auckland ranked third in a survey of the quality of life of 215 major cities of the world (2015 data).<ref name=top_cities>[http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1173105 Quality of Living global city rankings 2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502132638/http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1173105 |date=2 May 2014 }} ([[Mercer Management Consulting]]. Retrieved 2 May 2009).</ref>
===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 240
| image1 = Two sailboats on the main Takapuna boat ramp.jpg
| caption1 = Sailboats at [[Takapuna]] Beach on the [[North Shore City|North Shore]]
| image2 = Auckland, New Zealand, 11 Nov. 2010 - Flickr - PhillipC.jpg
| caption2 = Yachts docked in [[Westhaven Marina]] on the [[Waitematā Harbour]]
}}
One of Auckland's nicknames, the "City of Sails", is derived from the popularity of sailing in the region.<ref name="City_of_Sails">{{cite news |last1=Ihaka |first1=James |title=Punters love City of Sails – National – NZ Herald News |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10405832 |access-date=20 May 2017 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=13 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929174048/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10405832 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> 135,000 [[yacht]]s and [[Launch (boat)|launches]] are registered in Auckland, and around 60,500 of the country's 149,900 registered yachtsmen are from Auckland,<ref name="Heraldyacht"/> with about one in three Auckland households owning a boat.<ref name="LIVINGGULF">{{cite news |page=4 |title=The Hauraki Gulf Marine Park, Part 2 |work=Inset to [[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=2 March 2010 }}</ref> The [[Viaduct Basin]], on the western edge of the CBD, hosted three [[America's Cup]] challenges ([[2000 America's Cup|2000 Cup]], [[2003 America's Cup|2003 Cup]] and [[2021 America's Cup|2021 Cup]]).{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}
The [[Waitematā Harbour]] is home to several notable yacht clubs and marinas, including the [[Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron]] and [[Westhaven Marina]], the largest of the [[Southern Hemisphere]].<ref name="Heraldyacht">{{cite news |last1=Eames |first1=David |title=Passion for boating runs deep in Auckland |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10365395 |access-date=20 May 2017 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=26 January 2006 |language=en-NZ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016122329/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10365395 |archive-date=16 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Waitematā Harbour has several swimming beaches, including [[Mission Bay, New Zealand|Mission Bay]] and [[Kohimarama]] on the south side of the harbour, and Stanley Bay on the north side. On the eastern coastline of the North Shore, where the Rangitoto Channel divides the inner Hauraki Gulf islands from the mainland, there are popular swimming beaches at Cheltenham and Narrow Neck in [[Devonport, New Zealand|Devonport]], [[Takapuna]], [[Milford, New Zealand|Milford]], and the various beaches further north in the area known as East Coast Bays.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}
The west coast has popular surf beaches such as [[Piha]], [[Muriwai]] and [[Te Henga (Bethells Beach)]]. The [[Whangaparāoa Peninsula]], [[Orewa]], [[Ōmaha]] and [[Pākiri]], to the north of the main urban area, are also nearby. Many Auckland beaches are patrolled by [[surf lifesaving]] clubs, such as [[Piha Surf Life Saving Club]] the home of [[Piha Rescue]]. All surf lifesaving clubs are part of the [[Surf Life Saving Northern Region]].{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}
===
[[File:Sylvia_Park_Parking_And_Mall.jpg|thumb|[[Sylvia Park]]]]
[[Queen Street, Auckland|Queen Street]], [[Britomart Transport Centre|Britomart]], [[Ponsonby, New Zealand|Ponsonby Road]], [[Karangahape Road]], [[Newmarket, New Zealand|Newmarket]] and [[Parnell, New Zealand|Parnell]] are major retail areas. Major markets include those held in [[Ōtara]] and [[Avondale, Auckland|Avondale]] on weekend mornings. A number of shopping centres are located in the middle- and outer-suburbs, with [[Westfield Newmarket]], [[Sylvia Park]], [[Botany Town Centre]] and [[Westfield Albany]] being the largest.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}
===Arts===
A number of arts events are held in Auckland, including the [[Auckland Festival]], the Auckland Triennial, the [[New Zealand International Comedy Festival]], and the [[New Zealand International Film Festival]]. The [[Auckland Philharmonia]] is the city and region's resident full-time symphony orchestra, performing its own series of concerts and accompanying opera and ballet. Events celebrating the city's cultural diversity include the [[Pasifika Festival]], Polyfest, and the [[Lantern Festival|Auckland Lantern Festival]], all of which are the largest of their kind in New Zealand. Additionally, Auckland regularly hosts the [[New Zealand Symphony Orchestra]] and [[Royal New Zealand Ballet]]. Auckland is part of the [[Creative Cities Network|UNESCO Creative Cities Network]] in the category of music.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ourauckland.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/articles/media/council/2017/11/auckland-joins-unesco-creative-cities-network/ |title=Auckland joins UNESCO Creative Cities network |website=OurAuckland |language=en |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003221014/http://ourauckland.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/articles/media/council/2017/11/auckland-joins-unesco-creative-cities-network/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Auckland Art Gallery - Extension.jpg|thumb|left|The modern section of the [[Auckland Art Gallery]], completed in 2011]]
Important institutions include the [[Auckland Art Gallery]], [[Auckland War Memorial Museum]], [[New Zealand Maritime Museum]], [[Torpedo Bay Navy Museum|National Museum of the Royal New Zealand Navy]], and the [[Museum of Transport and Technology]]. The Auckland Art Gallery is the largest stand-alone gallery in New Zealand with a collection of over 17,000 artworks, including prominent New Zealand and Pacific Island artists, as well as international painting, sculpture and print collections ranging in date from 1376 to the present day.
[[File:Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum_Front_View_2023.jpg|thumb|[[Auckland War Memorial Museum]]]]
In 2009, the Gallery was promised a gift of fifteen works of art by New York art collectors and philanthropists [[Julian Robertson|Julian and Josie Robertson]] – including well-known paintings by [[Paul Cézanne]], [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Henri Matisse]], [[Paul Gauguin]] and [[Piet Mondrian]]. This is the largest gift ever made to an art museum in Australasia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Julian and Josie Robertson Collection |url=http://www.aucklandartgallery.com/the-collection/collections-bequests-and-donations/julian-and-josie-robertson-collection |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511061134/http://www.aucklandartgallery.com/the-collection/collections-bequests-and-donations/julian-and-josie-robertson-collection |archive-date=11 May 2013 |access-date=26 June 2013 |publisher=Auckland Art Gallery }}</ref>
Other important art galleries include [[Māngere Arts Centre - Ngā Tohu o Uenuku|Mangere Arts Centre]], [[Tautai Pacific Arts Trust]], [[Te Tuhi]], [[Te Uru Waitākere Contemporary Gallery]], [[Gow Langsford Gallery]], Michael Lett Gallery, Starkwhite, and [[Bergman Gallery]].
{{Further|Toi Ora Live Art Trust}}
=== Parks and nature ===
[[File:Albert Park, Auckland, NZ.jpg|thumb|right|[[Albert Park, Auckland|Albert Park]] in central Auckland]]
[[File:View of Auckland from outside city.jpg|thumb|right|View from the top of [[Maungawhau|Maungawhau / Mount Eden]]]]
While most volcanic cones in the [[Auckland volcanic field]] have been affected by quarrying, many of the remaining cones are now within parks, and retain a more natural character than the surrounding city. Prehistoric earthworks and historic fortifications are in several of these parks, including [[Mount Eden|Maungawhau / Mount Eden]], [[North Head, New Zealand|North Head]] and [[One Tree Hill, New Zealand|Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill]].
Other parks around the city are in [[Western Springs Reserve]], which has a large park bordering the [[MOTAT]] museum and the [[Auckland Zoo]]. The [[Auckland Botanic Gardens]] are further south, in [[Manurewa]].
Ferries provide transport to parks and nature reserves at [[Devonport, New Zealand|Devonport]], [[Waiheke Island]], Rangitoto Island and [[Tiritiri Matangi]]. The [[Waitākere Ranges]] Regional Park to the west of Auckland has relatively unspoiled [[The Bush#New Zealand|bush]] territory, as do the [[Hunua Ranges]] to the south.
==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Auckland|Public transport in Auckland}}
[[File:Britomart Outside Facade.jpg|thumb|left|Railway lines serve the western, southern and eastern parts of the city from the [[Waitematā railway station]], also known as Britomart.]]
During the 19th century the main forms of transport to and from Auckland were ferries and trains, with horses being used for shorter distances and trips within the city. From 1902 electric trams provided transport for the central isthmus and resulted in residential expansion in the area. Following the First World War car ownership started to increase and concrete and bitumen roads were built to accommodate this.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bloomfield | first=Gerald Taylor | title=The Evolution of Local Government Areas in Metropolitan Auckland, 1840–1971 | publisher=Auckland University Press | publication-place=Auckland | date=1973 | isbn=0-19-647714-X | pages=21–22}}</ref>
[[File:Southern_Motorway_Auckland_traffic_-_copyright-free_photo_released_to_public_domain.jpg|thumb|Traffic on the [[Auckland Southern Motorway|Southern Motorway]]]]
The [[New Zealand state highway network|State Highway network]] connects the different parts of Auckland, with [[State Highway 1 (New Zealand)|State Highway 1]] the major north–south thoroughfare through the city (including both the [[Auckland Northern Motorway|Northern]] and [[Auckland Southern Motorway|Southern Motorways]]) and the main connection to the adjoining regions of [[Northland region|Northland]] and [[Waikato]]. The [[Northern Busway, Auckland|Northern Busway]] runs alongside part of the Northern Motorway on the North Shore. Other state highways within Auckland include [[New Zealand State Highway 16|State Highway 16]] (the Northwest Motorway), [[New Zealand State Highway 18|State Highway 18]] (the Upper Harbour Motorway) and [[New Zealand State Highway 20|State Highway 20]] (the Southwest Motorway). [[New Zealand State Highway 22|State Highway 22]] is a non-motorway rural arterial connecting [[Pukekohe]] to the Southern Motorway at [[Drury, New Zealand|Drury]].<ref name="Waka Kotahi">{{cite web |title=Map list |publisher=Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency |url=https://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/overdimen-veh-route-maps/2-state-highways/map-list.html |website=www.nzta.govt.nz |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206080223/http://nzta.govt.nz/resources/overdimen-veh-route-maps/2-state-highways/map-list.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Auckland Harbour Bridge aerial.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Aerial view of the Auckland Harbour Bridge]]
The [[Auckland Harbour Bridge]], opened in 1959, is the main connection between the [[North Shore, New Zealand|North Shore]] and the rest of Auckland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/auckland-region/news/article.cfm?l_id=117&objectid=10574333 |title=The history of the Auckland Harbour Bridge |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=25 May 2009 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033240/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/auckland-region/news/article.cfm?l_id=117&objectid=10574333 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The bridge provides eight lanes of vehicle traffic and has a moveable median barrier for lane flexibility, but does not provide access for rail, pedestrians or cyclists. The [[Central Motorway Junction]], also called 'Spaghetti Junction' for its complexity, is the intersection between the two major motorways of Auckland (State Highway 1 and State Highway 16).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fonseka |first1=Dileepa |title=Spaghetti junction stadium: Is motorway jungle best fit for Auckland? |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/104495373/spaghetti-junction-stadium-is-motorway-jungle-best-fit-for-auckland |access-date=12 August 2020 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=6 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704010525/https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/104495373/spaghetti-junction-stadium-is-motorway-jungle-best-fit-for-auckland |url-status=live }}</ref>
Two of the longest arterial roads within the Auckland Region are [[Great North Road, Auckland|Great North Road]] and [[Great South Road, New Zealand|Great South Road]] – the main connections in those directions before the construction of the State Highway network.<ref name="Waka Kotahi"/> Numerous arterial roads also provide regional and sub-regional connectivity, with many of these roads (especially on the isthmus) previously used to operate Auckland's [[Trams in New Zealand#Auckland|former tram network]].
Auckland has four railway lines ([[Western Line (Auckland)|Western]], [[Onehunga Line|Onehunga]], [[Eastern Line (Auckland)|Eastern]] and [[Southern Line (Auckland)|Southern]]). These lines serve the western, southern and eastern parts of Auckland from the [[Britomart Transport Centre|Waitematā railway station]] in downtown Auckland, the terminal station for all lines, where connections are also available to ferry and bus services. Work began in late 2015 to provide more route flexibility and connect Britomart, now named Waitematā, more directly to the western suburbs on the Western Line via an underground rail tunnel known as the [[City Rail Link]] project. A plan for a [[Light rail in Auckland|light rail network]] was cancelled in 2024.<ref name="RNZ_1">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2024 |title=National-led government officially cancels Auckland Light Rail plans |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/506674/national-led-government-officially-cancels-auckland-light-rail-plans |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115013806/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/506674/national-led-government-officially-cancels-auckland-light-rail-plans|archive-date=15 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Auckland airport international terminal.jpg|thumb|left|[[Auckland Airport]]'s international terminal]]
[[Auckland Airport]], New Zealand's largest and busiest, is in the southern suburb of Māngere on the shores of the Manukau Harbour. It services both domestic and international flights. There are also several small regional airports.
[[Ports of Auckland|Auckland's ports]] are the second largest in the country, behind the [[Port of Tauranga]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tauranga City – the place to do business! |url=http://www.taurikobusinessestate.co.nz/about_tauranga.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209061531/http://www.taurikobusinessestate.co.nz/about_tauranga.php |archive-date=9 December 2012 |website=Tauriko Business Estate }}</ref> and a large part of both inbound and outbound New Zealand commerce travels through them, mostly via the facilities northeast of Auckland CBD. Freight usually arrives at or is distributed from the port via road, though the port facilities also have rail access. Auckland is a major cruise ship stopover point, with the ships usually tying up at [[Princes Wharf, Auckland|Princes Wharf]]. Auckland CBD is connected to the coastal suburbs, to the North Shore and to outlying islands by ferry.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
===Travel modes===
{{Update section|date=May 2025|reason=Outdated information}}{{multiple image
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| image1 = AMA 103 at Puhinui.jpg
| caption1 = An [[Auckland Transport]] electric train
| image2 = Devonport Wharf Kea Ferry.jpg
| caption2 = Devonport ferry terminal
}}
Private vehicles are the main form of transportation within Auckland, with around seven percent of journeys in the Auckland Region undertaken by bus in 2006,<ref name="TRAPLAN">{{Cite book |title=Auckland Transport Plan – June 2007 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Auckland Regional Transport Authority]] |page=8 |url=http://www.arta.co.nz/assets/arta%20publications/publications%20page/Auckland%20Transport%20Plan%20June%202007%20-%20section%202.pdf |access-date=3 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304085254/http://www.arta.co.nz/assets/arta%20publications/publications%20page/Auckland%20Transport%20Plan%20June%202007%20-%20section%202.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and two percent undertaken by train and ferry.<ref name="TRAPLAN"/> For trips to the city centre at peak times, the use of public transport is much higher, with more than half of trips undertaken by bus, train or ferry.<ref name="arta.co.nz">{{cite web |title=MBR June 2010.pdf |url=https://at.govt.nz/media/imported/4468/AT-ARTA-Report-MBR-June2010.pdf |url-status=live |website=[[Auckland Regional Transport Authority|ARTA]] |access-date=4 July 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214200213/https://at.govt.nz/media/imported/4468/AT-ARTA-Report-MBR-June2010.pdf }}</ref> In 2010, Auckland ranked quite low in its use of public transport, having only 46 public transport trips per capita per year,<ref name="arta.co.nz"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/access-data/tables/subnational-pop-estimates.aspx |title=Subnational population estimates tables |publisher=Stats.govt.nz |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513142947/http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/access-data/tables/subnational-pop-estimates.aspx |archive-date=13 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> while Wellington has almost twice this number at 91, and Sydney has 114 trips.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arta.co.nz/assets/arta%20publications/2009/8-0%20134040%20ART%20RTLP%20Draft%202009_hires.pdf |website=ARTA |title=Auckland's Transport Challenges |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525122705/http://www.arta.co.nz/assets/arta%20publications/2009/8-0%20134040%20ART%20RTLP%20Draft%202009_hires.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2010}} (from the Draft 2009/10-2011/12 Auckland Regional Land Transport Programme), Page 8, [[Auckland Regional Transport Authority|ARTA]], March 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2009.</ref> This strong dependence on roads results in substantial [[traffic congestion]] during peak times.<ref name="NIGHT">{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10454503 |title=Welcome to our traffic nightmare |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=29 July 2007 }}</ref> This car reliance means 56% of the city's energy usage goes towards transportation, and {{CO2}} emissions will increase by 20% in the next 10 years.<ref name="Muhammad"/>
Bus services in Auckland are mostly radial, with few cross-town routes. Late-night services (i.e. past midnight) are limited, even on weekends. A major overhaul of Auckland's bus services was implemented during 2016–18, significantly expanding the reach of frequent bus services: those that operate at least every 15 minutes during the day and early evening, every day of the week.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Network Project |url=https://www.aucklandtransport.govt.nz/improving-transport/new-network/Pages/default.aspx |publisher=Auckland Transport |access-date=15 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315104029/https://www.aucklandtransport.govt.nz/improving-transport/new-network/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=15 March 2014 }}</ref> Auckland is connected with other cities through bus services operated by [[InterCity (New Zealand)|InterCity]].
Rail services operate along four lines between the CBD and the west, south and south-east of Auckland, with longer-distance trains operating to Wellington only a few times each week.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scenic Journeys – Northern Explorer |url=http://www.kiwirailscenic.co.nz/northern-explorer/ |publisher=KiwiRail |access-date=15 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315105029/http://www.kiwirailscenic.co.nz/northern-explorer/ |archive-date=15 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Following the opening of [[Britomart Transport Centre|Waitematā railway station]] in 2003, major investment in Auckland's rail network occurred, involving station upgrades, rolling stock refurbishment and infrastructure improvements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arta.co.nz/xxarta/news/media_releasexx.cfm?entryID=B202280C-BCD4-1A24-99B5-C64E69961830 |title=Auckland Transport Plan landmark for transport sector |date=11 August 2007 |website=ARTA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061241/http://www.arta.co.nz/xxarta/news/media_releasexx.cfm?entryID=B202280C-BCD4-1A24-99B5-C64E69961830 |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}</ref> The rail upgrade has included [[Auckland railway electrification|electrification of Auckland's rail network]], with electric trains constructed by [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles]] commencing service in April 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Electric Trains |url=https://www.aucklandtransport.govt.nz/improving-transport/auckland-rail-upgrade/electric-trains/Pages/default.aspx |publisher=Auckland Transport |access-date=15 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313065123/http://www.aucklandtransport.govt.nz/improving-transport/auckland-rail-upgrade/electric-trains/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2014 }}</ref> A number of proposed projects to further extend Auckland's rail network were included in the 2012 Auckland Plan, including the [[City Rail Link]], the [[Auckland Airport Line]], the [[Avondale-Southdown Line]] and rail to the North Shore.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
Research at [[Griffith University]] has indicated that from the 1950s to the 1980s, Auckland engaged in some of the most pro-automobile transport policies anywhere in the world.<ref name="GRIFF">''[https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/12666/41358.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y Backtracking Auckland: Bureaucratic rationality and public preferences in transport planning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726113200/https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/12666/41358.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |date=26 July 2020 }}'' – Mees, Paul; Dodson, Jago; Urban Research Program Issues Paper 5, [[Griffith University]], April 2006</ref> With public transport declining heavily during the second half of the 20th century (a trend mirrored in most Western countries, such as the US),<ref>[http://www.publicpurpose.com/ut-usptshare45.htm US Urban Personal Vehicle & Public Transport Market Share from 1900] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609123001/http://www.publicpurpose.com/ut-usptshare45.htm |date=9 June 2007 }} (from publicpurpose.com, a website of the [[Wendell Cox]] Consultancy)</ref> and increased spending on roads and cars, New Zealand (and specifically Auckland) now has the second-highest vehicle ownership rate in the world, with around 578 vehicles per 1000 people.<ref name=vehicle_ownership>[http://www.northshorecity.govt.nz/ Sustainable Transport] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808214531/http://www.northshorecity.govt.nz/ |date=8 August 2006 }} North Shore City Council website</ref> Auckland has also been called a very pedestrian- and cyclist-unfriendly city, though some efforts are being made to change this,<ref name="Big steps to change City of Cars">''[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10539171 Big steps to change City of Cars] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406094754/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10539171 |date=6 April 2012 }}'' – ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'', Friday 24 October 2008</ref> with Auckland being a major participant in the government's "Urban Cycleways" initiative, and with the "SkyPath" project for a walk and cycleway on the Auckland Harbour Bridge having received Council support, and planning consent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Auckland Council vote 'yes' on SkyPath |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/82334719/Auckland-Council-vote-yes-on-SkyPath |access-date=30 December 2016 |date=21 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827214154/http://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/82334719/auckland-council-vote-yes-on-skypath |archive-date=27 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SkyPath over Auckland Harbour Bridge gets green light |url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/320580/skypath-over-auckland-harbour-bridge-gets-green-light |access-date=30 December 2016 |agency=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=16 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230160803/http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/320580/skypath-over-auckland-harbour-bridge-gets-green-light |archive-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Infrastructure and services==
===Electricity===
[[File:Otahuhu B combined cycle turbine.jpg|thumb|[[Otahuhu Power Station|Ōtāhuhu Power Station]]'s 404MW combined cycle turbine, known as Ōtāhuhu B, shutdown in 2015]]
[[Vector Limited|Vector]] owns and operates the majority of the distribution network in urban Auckland,<ref>{{Cite web |title=About our network |url=https://www.vector.co.nz/personal/electricity/about-our-network |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=www.vector.co.nz |archive-date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904011540/https://www.vector.co.nz/personal/electricity/about-our-network |url-status=live }}</ref> with Counties Energy owning and operating the network south of central Papakura.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Operations |url=https://www.countiesenergy.co.nz/about/content/our-operations |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=Counties Energy |language=en-US |archive-date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904010038/https://www.countiesenergy.co.nz/about/content/our-operations |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is supplied from [[Transpower New Zealand Limited|Transpower]]'s national grid from thirteen substations across the city. There are no major electricity generation stations located within the city or north of Auckland, so almost all of the electricity for Auckland and Northland must be transmitted from power stations in the south, mainly from [[Huntly Power Station]] and the [[Waikato River]] hydroelectric stations. The city had two natural gas-fired power stations (the 404 MW [[Otahuhu Power Station|Ōtāhuhu B]] and the 175 MW [[Southdown Power Station|Southdown]]), but both shut down in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ireland |first=James |date=6 October 2015 |title=Otahuhu Power Station shut for good |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/72735323/otahuhu-power-station-shut-for-good |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430040122/https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/72735323/otahuhu-power-station-shut-for-good |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2015 |title=Mighty River shutting down Southdown station |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/mighty-river-shutting-down-southdown-station/GAFBS35NUDSEUA32XJVOXHJYME/ |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=[[New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430040132/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/mighty-river-shutting-down-southdown-station/GAFBS35NUDSEUA32XJVOXHJYME/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
There have been several notable power outages in Auckland.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Field |first1=Michael |last2=Walters |first2=Laura |title=Auckland's history of power cuts |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/10583844/Aucklands-history-of-power-cuts |access-date=25 May 2019 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=6 October 2014 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516055438/http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/10583844/Aucklands-history-of-power-cuts |archive-date=16 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The five-week-long [[1998 Auckland power crisis]] blacked out much of the CBD after a cascade failure occurred on the four main underground cables supplying the CBD.<ref>{{cite news |last=Johnston |first=Martin |title=A crisis recalled: The power cuts that plunged the Auckland CBD in darkness for five weeks |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12033654 |access-date=25 May 2019 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=16 April 2018 |language=en-NZ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805122634/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12033654 |archive-date=5 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[2006 Auckland Blackout]] interrupted supply to the CBD and many inner suburbs after an earth wire shackle at Transpower's Otāhuhu substation broke and short-circuited the lines supplying the inner city.
In 2009, much of the northern and western suburbs, as well as all of [[Northland region|Northland]], experienced a blackout when a forklift accidentally came into contact with the Ōtāhuhu to Henderson 220 kV line, the only major line supplying the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/forklift-sparks-blackout-thousands-3102479 |title=Forklift sparks blackout for thousands |publisher=Television New Zealand |date=30 October 2009 |access-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615153906/http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/forklift-sparks-blackout-thousands-3102479 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Transpower spent $1.25 billion in the early 2010s reinforcing the supply into and across Auckland, including a [[Whakamaru to Brownhill Road transmission line|400 kV-capable transmission line]] from the Waikato River to Brownhill substation (operating initially at 220 kV), and 220 kV underground cables between Brownhill and Pakuranga, and between [[North Auckland and Northland grid upgrade project|Pakuranga and Albany via the CBD]]. These reduced the Auckland Region's reliance on Ōtāhuhu substation and northern and western Auckland's reliance on the Ōtāhuhu to Henderson line.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
===Natural gas===
Auckland was one of the original nine towns and cities in New Zealand to be supplied with natural gas when the [[Kapuni|Kapuni gas field]] entered production in 1970 and a 340 km long high-pressure pipeline from the field in Taranaki to the city was completed. Auckland was connected to the [[Maui gas field]] in 1982 following the completion of a high-pressure pipeline from the Maui gas pipeline near [[Huntly, New Zealand|Huntly]], via the city, to Whangārei in Northland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gasindustry.co.nz/dmsdocument/5344 |title=The New Zealand Gas Story |publisher=Gas Industry Company |date=December 2016 |access-date=13 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202151245/http://gasindustry.co.nz/dmsdocument/5344 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The high-pressure transmission pipelines supplying the city are now owned and operated by [[First Gas]], with [[Vector Limited|Vector]] owning and operating the medium and low-pressure distribution pipelines in the city.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
==
[[Rugby union]], [[cricket]], [[rugby league]], [[association football]] (soccer) and [[netball]] are widely played and followed.
There are three [[racecourses]] within the city ([[Ellerslie Racecourse|Ellerslie]] and Avondale for thoroughbred racing, and [[Alexandra Park, Auckland|Alexandra Park]] for [[harness racing]]). A fourth racecourse is located at [[Pukekohe Park Raceway|Pukekohe]], straddling the boundary between Auckland and the neighbouring [[Waikato]] region. [[Greyhound racing]] is held at Manukau Stadium.
Major sporting venues:
[[File:Eden_Park_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Eden Park]], the largest stadium in Auckland by capacity with 50,000 seats]]
* [[Eden Park]] is the city's primary stadium and a frequent home for international rugby union and cricket matches, in addition to [[Super Rugby]] matches where the [[Blues (Super Rugby)|Blues]] play their home games. It is also the home ground of [[Auckland Rugby Football Union|Auckland]] in the [[Mitre 10 Cup]], and [[Auckland Aces|Auckland]] in domestic cricket.
[[File:Mt_SS.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Smart Stadium]]]]
* [[Mt Smart Stadium]] is used mainly for rugby league and association football matches and is home to the [[New Zealand Warriors]] of the [[NRL]] and [[Auckland FC]] of the [[A-League Men|A-League]], and is also used for concerts, previously hosting the Auckland show of the annual [[Big Day Out]] music festival and the [[1990 Commonwealth Games]].
* [[North Harbour Stadium]] is mainly used for rugby union and football (soccer) matches, but is also used for concerts. It is the home ground for [[North Harbour Rugby Union|North Harbour]] in the [[Bunnings NPC|Mitre 10 Cup]].
* [[ASB Tennis Centre]] is Auckland's primary tennis venue, hosting international tournaments for men and women ([[WTA Auckland Open|ASB Classic]]) in January each year. ASB Bank took over the sponsorship of the men's tournament from 2016, the event formerly being known as the [[Heineken Open (tennis)|Heineken Open]].
[[File:Spark_Arena_20220220_131032.jpg|thumb|[[Spark Arena]]]]
* [[Spark Arena]], previously known as Vector Arena, is an indoor auditorium primarily used for concerts and is the home of the [[New Zealand Breakers]] basketball team. It also hosts international netball.
* [[Trusts Arena]] is an indoor venue which primarily hosts netball matches, and is the home of the [[Northern Mystics]] of the [[ANZ Premiership]]. It is also where the [[2007 World Netball Championships]] were held. Since 2015, an annual event on the [[World Series of Darts (tour)|World Series of Darts]] has been held there.
* [[North Shore Events Centre]] is an indoor arena which is used for a variety of sporting events, as well as concerts and expos. It was formerly home to the [[New Zealand Breakers]] and hosted much of the [[2009 FIBA Under-19 World Championship]].
* [[Vodafone Events Centre]] is an indoor arena which hosts a variety of events, and is the home of the [[Northern Stars]] netball team of the [[ANZ Premiership]].
* [[Pukekohe Park Raceway]] is a thoroughbred horse-racing venue that used to host a leg of the [[V8 Supercars]] series annually, along with other motorsports events. The most important horse-racing meeting is held annually at the end of November, featuring the Group 2 Counties Cup and three other stakes races.
* [[Western Springs Stadium]] has since 1929 hosted [[Dirt track racing in New Zealand|speedway racing]] during the summer. It also hosts concerts, with many of New Zealand's largest-ever concerts having taken place at the stadium. It is also the home of [[Ponsonby RFC]].
Major teams based in Auckland who compete in national or transnational competitions are:
* Formerly Auckland Blues, the [[Blues (Super Rugby)|Blues]] compete in [[Super Rugby]]. Auckland is also home to three [[Mitre 10 Cup]] rugby union teams: [[Auckland Rugby Football Union|Auckland]], [[North Harbour Rugby Union|North Harbour]] and [[Counties Manukau Rugby Union|Counties Manukau]].
* Previously Auckland Warriors, the [[New Zealand Warriors]] are a team in Australia's [[National Rugby League]] competition. They play their home games at Mt Smart Stadium. The [[Akarana Falcons]] and [[Counties Manukau rugby league team|Counties Manukau]] compete in the [[NZRL Men's National Competition|National Competition]].
* Auckland's men's first class cricket team, the [[Auckland Aces]], play their home matches at Eden Park, generally on the outer oval. The women's team, the [[Auckland Hearts]], play at Melville Park in [[Epsom, New Zealand|Epsom]].
* [[Auckland FC]] are a professional football club that compete in the [[A-League Men]] competition, and will join [[A-League Women]] in the 2025–26 season. The football club play their home games at Mt Smart Stadium
* [[Auckland City FC|Auckland City]], [[Auckland United FC|Auckland United]], and [[Eastern Suburbs AFC|Eastern Suburbs]] are football teams play in the [[Northern League (New Zealand)|Northern League]].
* [[Northern Mystics]] and [[Northern Stars]] are netball teams who compete in the [[ANZ Premiership]]. The Mystics play their home games at [[Trusts Stadium]] and the Stars at the [[Vodafone Events Centre]].
* [[New Zealand Breakers]] are a basketball team who compete in the [[Australian National Basketball League]] and play their home games primarily at Spark Arena. The [[Auckland Tuatara (basketball)|Auckland Tuatara]] and [[Franklin Bulls]] play in the [[New Zealand National Basketball League]].
* [[Botany Swarm]] and [[West Auckland Admirals]] compete in the [[New Zealand Ice Hockey League]].
* [[Auckland Tuatara (baseball)|Auckland Tuatara]] had previously competed in the [[Australian Baseball League]].
<!-- Please DO NOT include championships/tournaments where individual games occur in Auckland, unless the finals for example traditionally always occurs in Auckland -->
Annual sporting events include:
* The [[ATP Auckland Open]] and the [[WTA Auckland Open]] (both known for sponsorship reasons as the ASB Classic), are men's and women's tennis tournaments, respectively, which are held annually at the [[ASB Tennis Centre]] in January. The men's tournament has been held since 1956, and the women's tournament since 1986.
* The [[Auckland Super400]] (known for sponsorship reasons as the ITM Auckland Super 400) was a [[Supercars Championship]] race held at [[Pukekohe Park Raceway]]. The race has been held intermittently since 1996
* The [[Auckland Marathon]] (and half-marathon) is an annual marathon It is the largest marathon in New Zealand and draws in the vicinity of 15,000 entrants. It has been held annually since 1992.
* The [[Auckland Anniversary Regatta]] is a sailing regatta which has been held annually since 1840, the year of Auckland's founding. It is held over [[Auckland Anniversary]] weekend and attracts several hundred entrants each year. It is the largest such regatta, and the oldest sporting event, in New Zealand.
* [[Auckland Cup Week]] is an annual [[horse racing]] carnival, which has been held in early March since its inception in 2006. It is the richest such carnival in New Zealand, and incorporates several of New Zealand's major thoroughbred horse races, including the [[Auckland Cup]], held since 1874, and [[New Zealand Derby]], held since 1875.
* The [[Auckland Harbour Crossing Swim]] is an annual summer swimming event. The swim crosses the [[Waitematā Harbour]], from the North Shore to the [[Viaduct Basin]] covering 2.8 km (often with some considerable counter-currents). The event has been held since 2004 and attracts over a thousand mostly amateur entrants each year, making it New Zealand's largest ocean swim.<ref>[http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/whatson/events/harbour/default.asp Harbour Crossing] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014194214/http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/whatson/events/harbour/default.asp |date=14 October 2007 }} (from the [[Auckland City Council]] website. Retrieved 24 October 2007.)</ref>
* Round the Bays is an annual [[road running|fun-run]]. The course travels eastwards along the Auckland waterfront, with the run starting in the [[Auckland CBD|CBD]] and ending in [[Saint Heliers|St Heliers]], the total length being {{cvt|8.4|km|mi}}. It is the largest fun-run in New Zealand and attracts tens of thousands of entrants each year, with the number of entrants reported to have peaked at 80,000 in 1982. It has been held annually since [[Timeline of New Zealand history#1970s|1972]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.roundthebays.co.nz/about-us |title=Ports of Auckland Round the Bays (Official) |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119010112/https://www.roundthebays.co.nz/about-us/ |archive-date=19 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Major events previously held in Auckland include the [[1950 British Empire Games]] and the [[1990 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games in 1990]],<ref name="DOING">''[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEFD6123BF936A15752C1A966958260 What's Doing In; Auckland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124001124/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEFD6123BF936A15752C1A966958260&scp=31&sq=auckland&st=nyt |date=24 January 2009 }}'' – ''[[The New York Times]]'', 25 November 1990</ref> and a number of matches (including the semi-finals and the final) of the [[1987 Rugby World Cup]] and [[2011 Rugby World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzrugbyworldcup.com/RugbyWorldCup.aspx |title=Eden Park to host Final and semi-finals |date=22 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616063119/http://www.nzrugbyworldcup.com/RugbyWorldCup.aspx |archive-date=16 June 2008 }}</ref> Auckland hosted the [[America's Cup]] and [[Louis Vuitton Cup]] in 2000, 2003, and 2021. The [[2007 World Netball Championships]] were held at the Trusts Stadium. The [[ITU World Triathlon Series]] held a Grand Final event in the [[Auckland CBD]] from 2012 until 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.triathlon.org.nz/232 |title=ITU World Championship Series Grand Final |publisher=Triathlon New Zealand |access-date=9 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116053817/http://www.triathlon.org.nz/232 |archive-date=16 January 2013 }}</ref> The [[NRL Auckland Nines]] was a [[rugby league nines]] preseason competition played at Eden Park from 2014 to 2017. The 2017 [[World Masters Games]] were held at a number of venues around Auckland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11847947 |access-date=30 April 2017 |title=Glowing report on World Masters Games |date=30 April 2017 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525054005/http://m.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11847947 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Auckland Darts Masters was held annually at [[The Trusts Arena]] from 2015 to 2018.
==Education==
{{see also|List of schools in the Auckland Region}}
[[File:University of Auckland Clock Tower.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[University of Auckland]] clock tower building is a 'Category I' historic place, completed in 1926.<ref>[http://www.historic.org.nz/aboutus/AucklandBranch/auckland_places2visit_city.html#27 Heritage Sites to Visit: Auckland City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228062118/http://www.historic.org.nz/aboutus/AucklandBranch/auckland_places2visit_city.html#27 |date=28 February 2009 }}. [[Heritage New Zealand]]. Retrieved 6 November 2008.</ref>]]
The Auckland urban area has 340 primary schools, 80 secondary schools, and 29 composite (primary/secondary combined) schools as of February 2012, catering for roughly 250,000 students. The majority are state schools, but 63 schools are state-integrated and 39 are private.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/excel_doc/0004/62572/Directory-Schools-Current.xls |title=Directory of Schools – as at 1 February 2012 |publisher=Ministry of Education New Zealand |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022125459/http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/excel_doc/0004/62572/Directory-Schools-Current.xls |archive-date=22 October 2012 }}</ref>
The city is home to some of the largest schools in terms of students in New Zealand, including [[Mount Albert Grammar School|Mt Albert Grammar School]], the second-largest school in New Zealand with a student population of 3035,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/population/year?district=®ion=&school=69 |title=Ministry of Education – Education Counts |last=Counts |first=Education |website=www.educationcounts.govt.nz |language=en-NZ |access-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603104900/https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/population/year%3Fdistrict%3D%26region%3D%26school%3D69 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Rangitoto College]] in the East Coast Bays area, the largest school in New Zealand with {{NZ school roll data|28|y}} students as of {{NZ school roll data|||y|y||.}}
Auckland has some of the largest [[Tertiary education in New Zealand|universities in the country]]. Five of New Zealand's eight universities and eight of its fifteen polytechnics have campuses in Auckland. The [[University of Auckland]], [[Auckland University of Technology]], [[Manukau Institute of Technology]], and [[Unitec Institute of Technology]] are based in Auckland. Of institutions based in other regions, the [[University of Otago]], [[Victoria University of Wellington]], [[Massey University]] and several polytechnics have satellite campuses in Auckland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search Results Institution |url=https://www.studywithnewzealand.govt.nz/ |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=Study with New Zealand |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208023031/https://www.studywithnewzealand.govt.nz/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Auckland is a major centre of overseas language education, with large numbers of foreign students (particularly East Asians) coming to the city for several months or years to learn English or study at universities – although numbers New Zealand-wide have dropped substantially since peaking in 2003.<ref>[http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/pasfull/pasfull.nsf/4c2567ef00247c6a4c2567be0008d2f8/4c2567ef00247c6acc2571b900127ca3?OpenDocument Survey of English Language Providers – Year ended March 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234407/http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/pasfull/pasfull.nsf/4c2567ef00247c6a4c2567be0008d2f8/4c2567ef00247c6acc2571b900127ca3?OpenDocument |date=27 September 2007 }} (from [[Statistics New Zealand]]. Auckland is assumed to follow national pattern)</ref> {{As of|2007}}, there are around 50 [[New Zealand Qualifications Authority]] (NZQA) certified schools and institutes teaching English in the Auckland area.<ref>[http://www.englishnewzealand.ac.nz/All%20Schools/AUCKLAND.html English Language Schools in New Zealand – Auckland] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501234036/http://www.englishnewzealand.ac.nz/All%20Schools/AUCKLAND.html |date=1 May 2007 }} (list linked from the [[Immigration New Zealand]] website)</ref>
== Cultural references ==
* Advocates of the city sometimes like to quote [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s invocation its remoteness: "Last, loneliest, loveliest, exquisite, apart", from his poem "The Song of the Cities" (1893).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_nz1.htm |url-access= |title=Rudyard Kipling in New Zealand |last=Newsom |first=Margaret |author-link= |date=September 1972 |access-date=9 June 2021 |quote=The remark in the present ''Shell Guide to New Zealand'', that 'there is still no poet as quotable about Auckland as Kipling,' seems correct. Without any prompting, I heard the first line of that verse – which is still true – three times in Auckland last year. (1971) |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609041103/http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_nz1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Different works of [[Robert A. Heinlein|Robert Heinlein]] refer to a fictional human colony on [[Venus]] as "New Auckland".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mycroft.heinleinsociety.org/concordance/N_HC.htm#newauckland |title=A Heinlein Concordance |year=2003 |editor-last=Cowan |editor-first=M. E. |publisher=The Heinlein Society |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609041103/https://mycroft.heinleinsociety.org/concordance/N_HC.htm#newauckland |url-status=live }}</ref>
==International relationships ==
Auckland Council engages internationally through formal sister city relationships, strategic alliances and cooperation arrangements with other cities and countries, and participation in international city networks and forums. Auckland Council maintains [[sister city|relationships]] with the following cities and countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/our-international-relations/Pages/international-relations-strategy.aspx |title=Our international relations strategy |publisher=Auckland Council |access-date=20 November 2021 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120035305/https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/our-international-relations/Pages/international-relations-strategy.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Our International Partnerships"/>
Sister cities:
*[[Los Angeles]], United States (1971)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sistercitiesofla.org/sister-cities/ |title=Sister Cities of Los Angeles |publisher=Sister Cities of Los Angeles |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>
*[[Utsunomiya]], Japan (1982)<ref name="Our International Partnerships">{{cite web |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/our-international-relations/Pages/our-international-partnerships-.aspx |title=Our International Partnerships |publisher=Auckland Council |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>
*[[Fukuoka]], Japan (1986)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fukuoka-now.com/en/fukuokas-seven-sister-cities/ |title=Fukuoka's Seven Sister Cities |publisher=Fukuoka Now Magazine |date=28 July 2016 |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>
*[[Brisbane]], Australia (1988)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-and-strategy/business-in-brisbane/growing-brisbanes-economy/international-business/brisbane-sister-cities/sister-city-auckland |title=Brisbane's Sister City – Auckland |publisher=Brisbane City Council |date=12 April 2022 |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>
*[[Guangzhou]], China (1989)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gz.gov.cn/guangzhouinternational/government/sistercities/index.html |title=Sister Cities of Guangzhou |publisher=The People`s Government of Guangzhou Municipality |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>
*[[Kakogawa, Hyōgo|Kakogawa]], Japan (1992)<ref name="Our International Partnerships"/>
*[[Busan]], South Korea (1996)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfic.kr/new/english/contents/b5.asp |title=Sister Cities and Friendship Cities |publisher=Busan Foundation for International Cooperation |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>
*[[Taichung]], Taiwan (1996)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.taichung.gov.tw/1073586/post |title=Sister City |publisher=Taichung City Government |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>
*[[Ningbo]], China (1998)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ningbo.chinadaily.com.cn/2024-08/22/c_544080.htm |title=Sister Cities – Waitakere, New Zealand |publisher=The Information Office of Ningbo Municipal People's Government |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>
*[[Qingdao]], China (2008)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.qingdao.gov.cn/about/qingdao/202112/t20211224_4133586.shtml |title=Sister Cities |publisher=Qingdao Municipal Government |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>
Friendship and Cooperation cities:
* [[Tomioka, Fukushima|Tomioka]], Japan (1983)
* [[Shinagawa]], Japan (1993)
* [[Galway]], Ireland (2002)
* [[Nadi]], Fiji (2006)
* [[Hamburg]], Germany (2007)
* [[Pohang]], South Korea (2008)
* Shanghai, China (2012)
Cooperation countries:
* [[Cook Islands]] (2012)
* [[Samoa]] (2012)
* [[Tonga]] (2012)
==See also==
{{Portal|New Zealand}}
*[[Jafa]], a sometimes pejorative term for Aucklanders
* [[:Category:People from Auckland]]
<!--
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
-->
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{EB9 Poster|Auckland}}
* [http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/auckland Auckland] in Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061208095244/http://maps.arc.govt.nz/website/maps/default.htm Maps and aerial photos] (from the [[Auckland Regional Council|ARC]] map website)
{{Adjacent communities
| title = Adjacent cities and districts
| Centre = Auckland
| N = [[Kaipara District|Kaipara]]
| E = ''Pacific Ocean''<br/>''[[Firth of Thames]]'' / [[Thames-Coromandel District|Thames-Coromandel]]
| SE = [[Hauraki District|Hauraki]]
| S = [[Waikato District|Waikato]]
| W = ''[[Tasman Sea]]''
}}
{{Auckland}}
{{Governance of Auckland}}
{{Cities and districts of New Zealand}}
{{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}}
{{New Zealand topics}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Auckland| ]]
[[Category:Former national capitals of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Former provincial capitals of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1840]]
[[Category:1840 establishments in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Port cities in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Former colonial capitals]]
[[Category:Populated places around the Hauraki Gulf]]
[[Category:Populated places around the Waitematā Harbour]]
[[Category:Populated places around the Manukau Harbour]]
| |||