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{{short description|2018 social movement started in France}}
{{
{{use British English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
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| title = Other countries:
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| {{flagu|Bulgaria}}<ref name="lci.fr"/>
| {{flagu|Burkina Faso}}<ref name="france1"/>
| {{flagu|Central African Republic}}<ref name="france1"/>
| {{flagu|Croatia}}<ref name=Croatia/>
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| {{flagu|Finland}}<ref name="talouselämää-yellow-vests"/>
| {{flagu|Germany}}<ref name="rfi11"/>
| {{flagu|Greece}}
| {{flagu|Iraq}}<ref name="NBCiraq"/>
|{{flagu|Israel}}<ref name="JPost"/>
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| {{flagu|Italy}}<ref name=Italy/>
| {{flagu|Jordan}}<ref name=Taylor/>
| {{flagu|Latvia}}
| {{flagu|Lebanon}}<ref name="abc11"/>
| {{flagu|Libya}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Libyan 'yellow vests' accuse France and Macron of backing Tripoli assault |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20190420/libyan-yellow-vests-slam-france-and-macron-for-backing-tripoli-assault |access-date=17 May 2019 |work=[[The Local]] |date=20 April 2019}}</ref>
| {{flagu|Netherlands}}<ref name="Netherlands"/>
| {{flagu|Nigeria}}<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite web |title=El-Zakzaky: IMN Shiites protest in Lagos |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdBk8p-3kks&t=24s |
| {{flagu|Pakistan}}<ref name=PAGE/>
| {{flagu|Portugal}}<ref name=Portugal/>
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| {{flagu|Spain}}<ref name="bah11"/>
| {{flagu|Sudan}}
| {{flagu|Sweden}}<ref name="Oscan">{{cite news |last1=Oscan |first1=Yusuf |last2=Asiran |first2=Abdullah |last3=Altuntas |first3=Atila |title=Yellow Vests continue protests across Europe |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/yellow-vests-continue-protests-across-europe/1382047 |access-date=22 March 2019 |
| {{flagu|Taiwan}}<ref name="cnn11"/>
| {{flagu|Tunisia}}<ref name="inde0090967"/>
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| {{flagu|United Kingdom}}<ref name=busybees/>
| {{flagu|United States}}
}}
| coordinates
| causes = * Rise of [[crude oil]] prices in 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Matamoros |first1=Cristina Abellan |title=What are the gilets jaunes so upset about? |url=https://www.euronews.com/2018/11/16/what-s-all-the-fuss-about-the-french-fuel-tax-hikes-euronews-answers |website=[[Euronews]] |access-date=8 August 2019 |date=16 November 2018 |quote=A rise in crude oil prices in 2018 is the first reason why fuel prices have been high this year. [...] this increase has been strongly felt by motorists.}}</ref>
* [[Fuel tax]]<ref name="local3010"/>
* [[Traffic enforcement camera]]s<ref name=radar/>
* [[Austerity]] measures<ref name=Spire/>
* 2017 [[
* Opposition to [[neoliberalism]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Cayla |first=David |date=2021 |title=Populism and Neoliberalism |url=https://www.routledge.com/Populism-and-Neoliberalism/Cayla/p/book/9780367427702 |___location= |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=10, 41–42 |isbn=978-0367427702}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Callison |editor-first1=William |editor-last2=Manfredi|editor-first2=Zachary |date=2019 |title=Mutant Neoliberalism: Market Rule and Political Rupture |url=https://www.fordhampress.com/9780823285723/mutant-neoliberalism/ |___location= |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |page=15 |isbn=978-0823285709}}</ref>
| goals = * Increase of [[Minimum wage law#France|minimum wage in France]]<ref name="MacronBlinks"/>
* End to austerity measures<ref name=42_Directives/>
* Improved [[standard of living]]<ref name=42_Directives/>
* Government transparency and accountability<ref name=42_Directives/>
* Improved government services for [[rural
* 42 demands in total<ref name=42_Directives/>
* Constitutional proposal for a [[Citizens' initiative referendum (France)|citizens' initiative referendum]], including constitutional, legislative, abrogative, and recall initiatives<ref name="fr234"/>
| concessions = * Cancellation of fuel tax and six-month moratorium on diesel and petrol price changes<ref name=theguardian/>
* Announcement that price of [[Électricité de France]] blue tariffs would not increase before March 2019<ref name="durand"/>
* Elimination of tax on overtime and end-of-year bonuses<ref name="npr11"/>
* Decrease of fuel and motor taxes<ref name="Mercury"/>
* €100 (${{To USD round|100|EUR|sf=3}}) wage increase
| methods = * [[Protest]]s
* [[Civil disobedience]]<ref name="tele11"/>
* [[Traffic obstruction|Blocking traffic]]<ref name="Mercury"/>
* Disabling [[traffic enforcement camera]]s<ref name="radar"/>
'''Other occurrences'''
* [[Violence]]<ref name="forb0212"/>
* [[Property damage]]<ref name="Marlowe"/><ref name="arson"/>
* [[Vandalism]]<ref name="forb0212"/>
* [[Barricades]]<ref name="forb0212"/>
*
*
| status = Ended
| side1 = ''Gilets jaunes''
| side2 = {{Collapsible list
| bullets = yes
| title = {{flagicon|France}} [[Government of France|Government]]|[[National Police (France)|National Police]]
* [[Mobile Gendarmerie]]|[[Garde champêtre|Rural Guards]]|[[French Army]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Mazoue |first=Aude |title=Yellow Vest protests: Macron's 'risky' plan to put army on streets |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190322-france-macron-risky-plan-army-streets-yellow-vests-protests-sentinelle |access-date=23 March 2019 |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref>}}
Pro-government protesters<ref name="ran231"/>
| leadfigures1 = [[Jacline Mouraud]]<br/>[[Étienne Chouard]]<ref>{{cite web |author1=LutonsContreLeFn |title=Qui est vraiment Etienne Chouard ? |url=https://blogs.mediapart.fr/luttonscontrelefn/blog/290115/qui-est-vraiment-etienne-chouard |website=Le Club de Mediapart |access-date=1 August 2019 |language=fr |date=9 January 2015}}</ref><br/>[[Priscillia Ludosky]]<br/>[[Maxime Nicolle]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Gilets jaunes. Qui est Fly Rider, dont les vidéos douteuses font un tabac sur Facebook ? |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/societe/gilets-jaunes/gilets-jaunes-qui-est-fly-rider-dont-les-videos-font-un-tabac-sur-facebook-6113435 |website=[[Ouest-France]] |access-date=1 August 2019 |language=fr |date=6 December 2018}}</ref><br/>[[Éric Drouet]]<br/>[[Jérôme Rodrigues]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Qui est Jérôme Rodrigues, blessé à l'œil lors de la mobilisation de Gilets jaunes à Paris ? |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/societe/qui-est-jerome-rodrigues-blesse-l-oeil-lors-de-la-mobilisation-de-gilets-jaunes-paris-6198103 |website=[[Ouest-France]] |access-date=7 June 2019 |language=fr |date=27 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Willsher">{{cite news |last1=Willsher |first1=Kim |title=Gilets jaunes leader hit in eye during protest 'will be disabled for life' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/27/gilets-jaunes-leader-hit-in-eye-during-protest-will-be-disabled-for-life |access-date=17 March 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=27 January 2019}}</ref><br/>Christophe Chalençon<ref>{{cite web |last1=Houel |first1=Jean-Charles |title=Christophe Chalençon, gilet jaune, aspire à une dictature militaire en France |url=https://blogs.mediapart.fr/jeancharleshouel201/blog/160219/christophe-chalencon-gilet-jaune-aspire-une-dictature-militaire-en-france |website=Le Club de Mediapart |access-date=1 August 2019 |language=fr |date=15 February 2019}}</ref><br/>[[François Boulo]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Qui est François Boulo, l'avocat porte-parole des Gilets jaunes à Rouen |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/societe/qui-est-francois-boulo-l-avocat-porte-parole-des-gilets-jaunes-a-rouen-06-01-2019-2283618_23.ph |author1=lepoint.fr |access-date=30 January 2020 |language=fr |date=6 January 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020}}</ref>
| leadfigures2 = {{flagicon|France}} [[Emmanuel Macron]]<br/>President of the French Republic<br/>{{flagicon|France}} [[Édouard Philippe]]<br/>Prime Minister of France (2017–2020)<br/>
{{flagicon|France}} [[Christophe Castaner]]<br/>Minister of Interior (2018–2020)<br/>
{{flagicon|France}} [[Jean Castex]]<br/>Prime Minister of France (2020–2022)<br/>{{flagicon|France}} [[Gérald Darmanin]]<br/>Minister of Interior (2020–2024)
| howmany1 = 287,710 protesters (peak, according to the Ministry of the Interior)<ref name="R1"/>
| howmany2 = 8,000 police (15 Dec 2018: Paris)
| injuries = {{formatnum:4439}} (police and civilians)
| damage
| fatalities = 11 people, including 3 yellow vests, were killed in traffic accidents caused by yellow vests roadblocks in Belgium and France, 2 yellow vests, both aged over 50, died during the demonstrations due to heart problems unrelated to the protests, 1 woman died of a surgical shock at the hospital after
| notes =
}}
{{Emmanuel Macron sidebar}}
The '''yellow vests protests''' or '''yellow-jacket protests''' ({{langx|fr|Mouvement des gilets jaunes}}, {{IPA|fr|muvmɑ̃ de ʒilɛ ʒon|pron}}) were a series of [[Populism|populist]],<ref name=populist/> [[grassroots]]<ref name=grassroots/> weekly protests in France that began on 17 November 2018 and ended on 28 June 2020. Some minor protests started again after the restrictions linked to [[COVID-19 pandemic in France|COVID-19]] were lifted.
The movement
{{cite web |last1=Dormagen |first1=Jean-Yves |last2=Pion |first2=Geoffrey |title='Gilets jaunes', combien de divisions ? |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2021/02/DORMAGEN/62755 |website=[[Le Monde diplomatique]] |access-date=20 March 2021 |language=fr |date=1 February 2021}}</ref>
==Background==
The issue on which the French movement centered at first was the projected 2019 increase in fuel taxes, particularly on diesel fuel.<ref name="cnn345"/> The yellow vest was an accessible symbol for the protests, as all French drivers have been required to have one in their vehicles since 2008.<ref name=NYTFashion/>
===General discontentment===
Already low in early 2018 (47% approval in January 2018),<ref>{{cite web |title=Les Français boudent Macron, pas ses réformes |url=https://www.slate.fr/story/157837/politique-sondages-enquetes-popularite-confiance-emmanuel-macron-reformes-mesures |website=slate.fr |access-date=31 July 2019|date=19 February 2018
Late in June 2017, Macron's Minister of Justice, [[François Bayrou]], came under pressure to resign, due to the ongoing investigation into the financial arrangements of the political party ([[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]]) he leads.<ref name="lemo435"/><ref name="rfi3455"/> During a radio interview in August 2018, [[Nicolas Hulot]] had resigned from the Ministry of the Environment, without telling either the President or the Prime Minister of his plans to do so.<ref name="lemo544"/> Criticized for his role in the [[Benalla affair]], [[Gérard Collomb]] tried to resign in October 2018 as Minister of the Interior—leaving himself with only two jobs, as a senator and mayor of Lyon—but saw his resignation initially refused, then finally accepted.<ref name="nouve11"/><ref name="nouv22"/>
===Diesel===
In the 1950s, [[diesel engine]]s were used only in [[heavy equipment]].
===Fuel prices===
The price of petrol (SP95-E10) decreased during 2018, from €1.47 per
Prices of petrol and diesel fuel increased by 15
The taxes collected on
* The domestic consumption tax on energy products (TICPE, ''la Taxe intérieure de consommation sur les produits énergétiques''), which is not calculated based on the price of oil, but rather at a fixed rate by volume. Part of this tax, paid at the pump, goes to regional governments, while another portion goes to the national government. Since 2014, this tax has included a [[carbon tax|carbon]]
* [[Value added tax]] (VAT), calculated on the sum of the price excluding tax and the TICPE. Its rate has been stable at 20
The protest movement against fuel prices mainly concerns individuals, as a number of professions and activities benefit from partial or total exemptions from TICPE.<ref name="local3010"/><ref name=OTRE/>
Diesel prices in France increased by 16
===Speed limit reduction===
The government decided in 2017 to cut the speed limit on country roads
===Economic reforms===
Sparked by claims that the fuel tax was intended to finance tax cuts for big business<ref name="reut11"/> (a characterization that French President [[Emmanuel Macron]] has objected to, stating that the fuel tax was intended to discourage [[fossil fuel]] use as a way to [[climate change mitigation|combat climate change]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Felix|first=Bate|date=2 December 2018|title=France's Macron learns the hard way: green taxes carry political risks|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-france-protests/frances-macron-learns-the-hard-way-green-taxes-carry-political-risks-idUSKBN1O10AQ|url-status=
===Yellow vest symbol===
[[File:Warnweste gelb-2.jpg|thumb|right|A [[High-visibility clothing|high-visibility vest]], the key symbol of the protests]]
No one knows how the high-visibility yellow vest came to be chosen as the symbol and uniform for the movement, and no one has claimed to be its originator.<ref name="NYTFashion"/> The movement originated with French motorists from rural areas who had long commutes protesting against an increase in fuel taxes, wearing the yellow vests that, under a 2008 French law, all motorists are required to keep in their vehicles and
==Origin==
[[File:Occitanie réfractaire Résistons !.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''Gilets jaunes'' protest in [[Occitania]]]]
[[Éric Drouet]] and a businesswoman named [[Priscillia Ludosky]] from the [[Seine-et-Marne]] [[Departments of France|department]] started a petition on the [[change.org]] website in May 2018 that had reached 300,000 signatures by mid-October and close to 1 million a month later.<ref name=Ludosky/><ref name=Guardian190209>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/09/who-really-are-the-gilets-jaunes|title=Just who are the gilets jaunes?|last=Lichfield|first=John|date=9 February 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 February 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=LObs190115>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/politique/20190115.AFP0781/priscillia-ludosky-la-force-tranquille-des-gilets-jaunes.html|title=Priscillia Ludosky, la force tranquille des 'gilets jaunes'|date=15 January 2019|website=L'Obs|language=fr|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> Parallel to this petition, two men from the same Department launched a [[Facebook]] event for 17 November to "block all roads" and thus protest against an increase in fuel prices they considered excessive, stating that this increase was the result of the tax increase. One of the viral videos around this group launched the idea of using yellow jackets.<ref name=Bianchi/>
[[File:ManifGiletsJaunesVesoul 17nov2018 (cropped).jpg|thumb|The first ''gilets jaunes'' protest in [[Vesoul]], 17 November 2018]]
The movement is
The yellow vests movement has been described as a [[Populism|populist]],<ref name="populist"/><ref name=Rose/> [[grassroots]]<ref name="grassroots"/> movement for [[Economic Justice|economic justice]],<ref name="economicjustice"/> opposing what it sees as the wealthy urban elite and [[the establishment]].<ref name="reut5755"/> Many of the protesters live in tight financial circumstances, often in rural or outer-urban areas where there is "weak economic growth and high unemployment", and where depending on a car for transport is "essential, and increasingly costly".<ref name=Rose/> According to the [[BBC]], "
The movement has drawn supporters from across the political spectrum.<ref name=populist/><ref name=grassroots/><ref name=Rose/> An opinion poll published by the Elabe Institute showed that in the presidential election in May 2017, 36% of the participants voted for far-right candidate [[Marine Le Pen]] and 28% for far-left candidate [[Jean-Luc
Some media outlets were shocked at the hostility they felt from the very beginning of the yellow vest
International media have also reported on the disproportionate violence used by the French police response against the protestors, including the use of explosive grenades and [[flashball]] weapons resulting in multiple
[[File:Bd StGermain 5.jpg|thumb|A ''gilets jaunes'' demonstration on boulevard [[Boulevard Saint-Germain|Saint-Germain]], [[Paris]], 5 January 2019]]
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A significant number of misleading images and information have been circulated on social media concerning the protests. According to Pascal Froissart, the leaderless, horizontal aspect of the movement contributes to the dissemination of disinformation, as nobody is in charge of public relations or social media messaging.<ref name="lefi1321"/>
One of the goals of the yellow jackets is to obtain the right to [[Popular initiative|direct initiative]], in other words, the right to petition the government at any time to propose or repeal a law,
==Timeline (first phase)==
===2018===
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In addition to roads, protesters also blocked as many as ten fuel depots.<ref name="fra876"/>
On this first day of protests, a 63-year-old pensioner was run over by a motorist in [[Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin, Savoie|Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin]] while she was demonstrating at a roundabout at the entrance to a commercial zone.<ref name="Bianchi"/><ref name="Mazet"/> A motorcyclist died after being struck the same day by a van trying to get around a barricade.<ref name="Monde_RoadSafety"/>
By 21 November casualties had climbed to 585 civilians and 115 police injured, with 16 civilians and 3 police severely wounded.<ref name="lemonde2111">{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2018/11/21/barrages-filtrants-et-evacuations-le-point-sur-la-cinquieme-journee-des-gilets-jaunes_5386374_3224.html|title=
Protests also occurred in the French [[overseas region]] of [[Réunion]], where the situation developed into looting and riots. Schools on the island were closed for three days after protesters blocked access to roads. On 21 November, President Macron ordered the deployment of troops to the island to calm the violence.<ref name="ABC">{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=French troops deployed amid protests on Reunion island |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/french-troops-deployed-amid-protests-reunion-island-59359264 |access-date=22 November 2018 |
====24 November: "Act II"====
With the protests in Paris having raised tensions the previous week, the Interior Ministry agreed to allow a gathering on 24 November at the [[Champ de Mars]].<ref name="ABC"/> The protests attracted 106,000 people all across France,<ref name="Guardian"/> only 8,000 of whom were in Paris, where the protests turned violent. Protesters lit fires in the streets, tore down signs, built barricades, and pulled up cobblestones. Police resorted to [[tear gas]] and water cannons to disperse the protesters.<ref name=bbc2/>
On 26 November, an official estimated that the riots in Paris during the two previous days had cost up to €1.5m (${{To USD round|1500000|EUR|sf=3}}) in damage. Two hundred additional workers were assigned to assist with the cleanup and repair work.<ref name="Guardian2">{{cite news |last1=Willsher |first1=Kim |title=Macron: Paris protest 'battle scenes' could hurt France's image |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/26/paris-begins-clean-up-after-gilets-jaunes-clash-protest-with-police |access-date=27 November 2018 |work=
====1 December: "Act III"====
[[File:2018-12-01 14-37-38 manif-GJ-Belfort.jpg|thumb|A ''gilets jaunes'' demonstration in [[Belfort]] on 1 December]]
A protest called "{{Interlanguage link
Yellow
It is during a strike by railway workers, in Amiens, that the yellow vests protesters first sung ''[[On est là !]]'', a song that has since become the "hymn" of the movement.<ref>{{cite web|title='On est là !', la genèse|url=https://fakirpresse.info/on-est-la-la-genese|work=Fakir|date=24 February 2020|access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref>
In Marseille, where demonstrations had been frequent since the 5 November [[2018 collapse of the rue d'aubagne|collapse of a building]] and the evacuation of the surrounding neighborhoods,<ref name="oues576">{{cite news|newspaper=OuestFrance|title='Sang sur les mains'. À Marseille, des milliers de manifestants en colère réclament la démission du maire|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/provence-alpes-cote-dazur/marseille-13000/marseille-marche-de-la-colere-apres-l-effondrement-meurtrier-de-noailles-6070055|date=15 November 2018|access-date=5 December 2018|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116062925/https://www.ouest-france.fr/provence-alpes-cote-dazur/marseille-13000/marseille-marche-de-la-colere-apres-l-effondrement-meurtrier-de-noailles-6070055|archive-date=16 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> {{ill|Zineb Redouane|fr|Affaire_Zineb_Redouane}}, an 80-year-old Algerian woman, was fatally wounded by shards from a police tear gas canister while trying to close her shutters.<ref name="bbc0312"/><ref name="IGPN"/> Farther north, a second motorist was killed after crashing his van into stopped lorries at a barricade on the [[A54 autoroute|Arles bypass]].<ref name=Monde_RoadSafety/>
More than 100 cars were burned in Paris during the protest on 1 December, and the [[Arc de Triomphe]] was vandalised.<ref name="local0212"/> A man fell into a coma and several people were seriously injured after the yellow vests tore down a 15 ft cast iron railing from the Tuilerie garden.<ref>{{cite web |title=Des gilets jaunes défont une grille du Jardin des Tuileries, un homme dans le coma |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/entry/des-gilets-jaunes-defont-une-grille-du-jardin-des-tuileries-un-homme-dans-le-coma_fr_5c92b7e6e4b0ab349ef73cde |website=Huffington Post |date=December 2018 |access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref> On the following Monday, [[List of mayors of Paris|Paris Mayor]] [[Anne Hidalgo]] estimated the property damages at €3–4 million (${{To USD round|3000000|EUR|sf=4}}-{{To USD round|4000000|EUR|sf=3}}).<ref name="bbc0312"/>
====8 December: "Act IV"====
[[File:2018-12-08 Gilets jaunes acte 4.jpg|thumb|left|A ''gilets jaunes'' demonstration in [[Paris]] on 8 December 2018]]
Protests turned violent for the second week in a row in [[Le Puy-en-Velay]]. Civil unrest marred the [[Festival of Lights (Lyon)|Festival of Lights]] in both Lyon and Saint-Étienne.<ref name="tvin445">{{cite news|author=Sofiane Aissaoui|newspaper=France3 Regions|title=Gilets jaunes
In Bordeaux, after two hours of skirmishes between the police and protesters, rioters took advantage of the situation to set fires and pillage the local [[Apple Store]].<ref name="lemo976">{{cite news|author=Claire Mayer|newspaper=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2018/12/09/gilets-jaunes-a-bordeaux-je-n-ai-jamais-vu-un-tel-niveau-de-violence_5394714_3224.html|title='Gilets jaunes' à Bordeaux
Paris experienced protests for the fourth consecutive week. Many shops were boarded up in anticipation of violence, with The Louvre, Eiffel Tower and the Paris Opera also closed.<ref name="Reuters8th">{{cite news |title=France's 'yellow vests' clash with police in Paris |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-protests-idUKKBN1O7001 |access-date=9 December 2018 |
====10 December: Macron's televised address====
In his 10 December speech to the French people in response to the movement, Macron pledged a €100 per month increase in the minimum wage in 2019, the exclusion of charges and taxes on overtime hours in 2019, and on any 2018 end-of-year bonuses paid to employees. Macron likewise announced that pensioners on low incomes would be excluded from an increase in the [[General social contribution|CSG]] in 2019. He stood by his replacement of the solidarity tax on wealth with increases in property taxes.<ref name="bbcSpeech"/><ref name="lemo008">{{cite news|author1=Emmanuel Macron|title=Verbatim: Le discours d'Emmanuel Macron face aux
On 11 December, after having declared a state of economic and social emergency the day before, Macron invited representatives of the French banks to the Elysée to announce that the banks had agreed to freeze their prices in 2019 and to permanently limit incident-related fees to €25 a month (${{To USD round|25|EUR|sf=2}}/month) for people in extreme financial difficulty, as determined by the [[Bank of France]].<ref name="LCI_GeldeFrais">{{cite news|newspaper=LCI|title=Gel des tarifs bancaires et plafonnement des frais d'incidents
====15 December: "Act V"====
In the wake of the [[2018 Strasbourg attack]], the government asked protesters to stay off the streets. According to the Paris prefecture estimates, there were 8,000 police for 2,200 demonstrators in Paris.<ref name="Willsher"/> The Minister of the Interior estimated that 66,000 people protested in France on 15 December.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |last1=Breeden |first1=Aurelien |title=Fifth Week of Protest Sweeps a Calmer Paris |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 December 2018 |page=8}}</ref> Conflict arose in Bordeaux, [[Toulouse]], Marseille, Lyon and the capital. [[Priscillia Ludosky]], in front of the [[Paris Opera]], said over [[megaphone]]: "We are exhausted by the colossal pressure of [[taxation]] that takes away the energy of our country, of our entrepreneurs, of our [[artisan]]s, of our small businesses, of our creators and of our workers, while a small elite constantly [[Tax dodge|dodges taxes]]."<ref name=NYT/>
At the end of the day, the Interior Minister called for the roundabouts, occupied since 17 November, to be liberated.<ref name="lemo800">{{cite news|newspaper=Le Monde|title=
====22 December: "Act VI"====
[[File:2018-12-22 14-38-11 manif-GJ-Belfort.jpg|thumb|A ''gilets jaunes'' demonstration in Belfort on 22 December]]
Demonstrations continued throughout the country. The Ministry of the Interior announced a participation figure almost half that of the previous week with 38,600 demonstrators throughout France, including 2,000 in Paris according to the [[Prefecture of Police of Paris|Prefecture of Police]].<ref name="afp245">{{cite web|url=https://www.afp.com/en/news/15/frances-yellow-vests-block-borders-ahead-christmas-doc-1bs1cj3|title=France's 'yellow vests' block borders ahead of Christmas|
Protesters blocked border traffic to Switzerland at Cluse-et-Mijoux. They were dispersed after one hour by police.<ref name="Swiss1">{{cite news|work=[[France 3]]|language=fr|author1=ML|author2=LT|date=22 December 2018|title=Haut-Doubs: des gilets jaunes ralentissent la circulation à la frontière suisse|url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/bourgogne-franche-comte/doubs/haut-doubs/hauts-doubs-gilets-jaunes-ralentissent-circulation-frontiere-suisse-1596817.html|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222153928/https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/bourgogne-franche-comte/doubs/haut-doubs/hauts-doubs-gilets-jaunes-ralentissent-circulation-frontiere-suisse-1596817.html|archive-date=22 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar operations were conducted at the Spanish, Italian, German, and Belgian borders.<ref name="Swiss1"/> Two distribution platforms were blocked in [[Montélimar]]: EasyDis ([[Groupe Casino]]) and [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]].<ref name="leda673">{{cite news|newspaper=Le Dauphiné|date=22 December 2018|access-date=22 December 2018|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/drome/2018/12/22/gilets-jaunes-operation-peage-gratuit-a-montelimar-sud|title=Gilets jaunes
Overall, at least 220 people were arrested in the country, including 142 in Paris.<ref name="lci9837">{{cite web|url=https://www.lci.fr/social/en-direct-gilets-jaunes-38-600-personnes-mobilisees-dans-toute-la-france-castaner-condamne-les-manifestants-animes-par-la-haine-des-institutions-2103673.html|title=EN DIRECT
====29 December: "Act VII"====
Much quieter than in the first weeks on a national level, there was a significant confrontation in [[Rouen]], [[Normandy]], after fires were set in front of the local branch of the [[Banque de France|Bank of France]].<ref name="actu38754">{{cite news|url=https://actu.fr/normandie/rouen_76540/acte-vii-gilets-jaunes-violence-scenes-surrealistes-rouen_20575898.html|language=fr|title=Acte VII des Gilets jaunes: de la violence et des scènes surréalistes à Rouen |work=76actu|author=Jérôme Mornière|date=30 December 2018|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106055211/https://actu.fr/normandie/rouen_76540/acte-vii-gilets-jaunes-violence-scenes-surrealistes-rouen_20575898.html|archive-date=6 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
In Paris, the protesters demonstrated in front of the headquarters of BFM-TV, Libération and France Télévisions. Victor Glad suggests that the same crisis of representation motivating the citizens' initiative
===2019===
====5 January: "Act VIII"====
According to the French Ministry of the Interior, the first demonstrations of 2019 brought 50,000 people into the streets across France. A door to Rennes' city hall was damaged, while government Spokesman [[Benjamin Griveaux]] was evacuated from his office on Rue de Grenelle (Paris) through the garden, after rioters hijacked a [[forklift]] to break down the door to the Ministry. There were also skirmishes in Bordeaux, Nantes, [[Caen]] & [[Rennes]].<ref name="nyt049874">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/05/world/europe/yellow-vests-protests-france-paris.html|language=en|title=Violence Surges as Yellow Vests Attack French Government Ministry|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Adam Nossiter|date=5 January 2019|access-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106000034/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/05/world/europe/yellow-vests-protests-france-paris.html|archive-date=6 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Women in the yellow vests movement|Women's role]], both in defining the movement's objectives<ref name=Ludosky/><ref name="Lehut">{{Cite news|author=Thibaut Lehut|author2=France Bleu|author3=France Blue Pays d'Auvergne|title=DOCUMENT
A civil servant and former light-heavyweight boxing champion was filmed fighting with two gendarmes on a footbridge about one of the gendarmes' use of force. One month later the civil servant was sentenced to serve one year of sleeping in jail, which allowed him to continue to work.<ref name="Dettinger">{{cite web|
The interior minister announced that over 60% of the traffic enforcement cameras in the country had been
====12 January: "Act IX"====
Attendance increased in the ninth straight weekend of protests, with at least 84,000 demonstrating on 12 January for economic reform across France, including 8,000 in Paris, 6,000 in Bourges, 6,000 in Bordeaux, and 2,000 in Strasbourg.<ref name="Carcenac">{{Cite news|author=Paul Carcenac|title=
On the streets of Paris, protesters marching "noisily but mostly peacefully",<ref name=Reuters190112/> singing the French national anthem, were met by 5,000 riot police officers, armored vehicles and barricades.<ref name=AFP190112/> Citing 5 January attack on the [[Dijon]] [[gendarmerie]] and terror threats, the police communication service said that some CRS agents were authorized to carry semi-automatic weapons. This was confirmed by the Paris prefecture.<ref name="20min33">{{cite news|newspaper=20 minutes|author=Mathilde Cousin|title=Acte 9 des
A "massive"<ref name=Reuters190112/> gas explosion caused by an apparent gas leak in a bakery in northern Paris killed four people, including two firefighters already at the scene investigating the leak, and injured dozens more.<ref name=Reuters190112/><ref name="cnbc190112">{{Cite news|
====19 January: "Act X"====
[[File:Acte10hommage.jpg|thumb|Tribute to the dead during the movement (Paris, act 10)]]
As in week IX, police estimated that 84,000 people demonstrated across France, including a peak of 10,000 in Toulouse for a short period, 7,000 in Paris (where protesters demonstrated on the Left Bank for the first time), 4,000 in Bordeaux, and 2,500 in both Marseille and [[Angers]].<ref name="lefi9873">{{Cite news
====26 January: "Act XI"====
{{See also|Jérôme Rodrigues#Eye loss incident}}
Nationwide demonstrations continued for an eleventh straight week on Saturday, 26 January. The French interior ministry estimated crowds of 69,000 across the country, and local police estimated 4,000 in Paris. A high-profile member of the protest movement, [[Jérôme Rodrigues]], was maimed after being shot in the face by police with a [[flash-ball]] launcher, resulting in the loss of his right eye. Dozens of people have been similarly injured during the course of the yellow vests protests.<ref name="Guardian190127">{{Cite news |issn=0261-3077 |last=Willsher |first=Kim |title=Gilets jaunes leader hit in eye during protest 'will be disabled for life' |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 January 2019 |date=27 January 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/27/gilets-jaunes-leader-hit-in-eye-during-protest-will-be-disabled-for-life |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128053641/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/27/gilets-jaunes-leader-hit-in-eye-during-protest-will-be-disabled-for-life |archive-date=28 January 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> "I was deliberately targeted. I am a figure of the movement, at least in the Paris protests, and police pointed their fingers at me many times during previous demonstrations, so I think they knew very well who they were shooting at," Rodrigues told the media.<ref name="CNN190127">{{Cite web |last1=Fox |first1=Kara |last2=Amiel |first2=Sandrine |title=Yellow vest protester seriously wounded during 11th week of marches |publisher=CNN |access-date=28 January 2019 |date=27 January 2019 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/27/europe/france-yellow-vest-protester-loses-eye-riot-police-intl/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127195332/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/27/europe/france-yellow-vest-protester-loses-eye-riot-police-intl/index.html |archive-date=27 January 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The following day, an estimated 10,000 people marched in Paris in a ''[[#Foulards rouges (red scarves)|foulards rouges]]'' ("red scarves") counter-protest in opposition to the yellow vests.<ref name="Guardian190127"/><ref name="CNN190127"/>
====2 February: "Act XII"====
On Friday, 1 February 2019, [[Edouard Philippe]] went to Bordeaux and informed merchants that an agreement had been found with insurers to treat insurance damage claims in successive weeks as part of a single event (with a single deductible). He also announced that the ten cities most affected by degradations, including Bordeaux, would receive €300,000 (${{To USD round|300000|EUR|sf=3}}).<ref name="lemo3467">{{cite news|last=Mayer|first=Claire|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/02/02/edouard-philippe-et-alain-juppe-au-chevet-des-commercants-bordelais_5418240_823448.html|title=Edouard Philippe et Alain Juppé au chevet des commerçants bordelais|date=2 February 2019|access-date=3 February 2019|language=fr|newspaper=Le Monde}}</ref>
On Saturday, 2 February, between 10,000 and 13,800 people protested in Paris,<ref name="Reut20190202">{{Cite news
[[File:Paris rue de Rennes GJ.jpg|thumb|upright|A ''Gilets jaunes'' protest in Paris, 9 February 2019]]
The demonstrations of "Act XII" focused on denouncing the number of serious injuries caused by police violence during anti-government demonstrations.<ref name=AFP20190202/><ref name="AP20190202">{{Cite
Earlier in the week, France's highest court denied a request to ban police from using "flash balls" or "defensive ball launchers", known as LBDs, that shoot {{convert|40|mm|in}} rubber projectiles, which have been blamed for a number of serious injuries.<ref name=AFP20190202/> French Interior Minister [[Christophe Castaner]] admitted in media interviews that the weapon could cause injuries and had been used more than 9,000 times since yellow vests demonstrations began.<ref name=AFP20190202/> The day before the Act XII protests, the government warned the public that police would not hesitate to use
Most of the demonstrations during Act XII were peaceful.<ref name=AP20190202/> As in prior weeks, 80,000 security officials had been mobilized, including 5,000 in Paris.<ref name=Reut20190202/> In Paris, police used tear gas and water cannons at Place de la Republique in the city
The twelfth week of protests occurred as the French parliament was considering a new law proposed by Macron's governing party restricting the right to protest. The proposed law would outlaw covering one's face during a street demonstration (whether with a helmet, mask, or scarf), punishable by a €15,000 (${{To USD round|15000|EUR|sf=3}}) fine or imprisonment,<ref name="Guard20190202">{{Cite news
====16 February: "Act XIV"====
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About 41,500 protesters (5,000 in Paris) took to the streets again on Saturday 16 February, for the 14th consecutive weekend.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
In Paris, a group of individuals involved in the march confronted the high-profile Jewish philosopher and [[Académie française|academician]] [[Alain Finkielkraut]] with anti-Semitic verbal abuse. Police stepped in to protect him, and Macron later said that this
====3 March: "The True Debate"====
{{Excerpt|The True Debate (France)|only=paragraphs|paragraphs=1-2}}
====16 March: "Act XVIII"====
[[File:Yellow vests - Place de la République, 2019.08.03.png|thumb|Act XVIII]]
Leaders of the movement stated on 8 March 2019 that a protest (which had already been dubbed "The Ultimatum") was planned for the following weekend of 16 March.<ref>{{cite news |title='Decisive act': Yellow vests plan Paris sit-in and protest at CDG airport |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20190308/yellow-vests-plan-sit-in-near-eiffel-tower-and-flash-mob-at-cdg-airport-this-saturday |website=[[The Local]] |access-date=9 March 2019 |date=8 March 2019}}</ref>
200 people were taken into custody in Paris after the Champs-Elysées was again targeted by rioters. Luxury stores including [[Fouquet's]], [[Hugo Boss]] and [[Xiaomi]] were among the 80 businesses damaged, pillaged or set ablaze. [[Anne Hidalgo]], the Mayor of Paris, called upon the government to do something about the political and social fracture.<ref name="AFP_monde_reuters">{{cite web|website=[[Le Monde]]|language=fr|title=Gilets jaunes
In response, the French government announced it would deploy the military, in addition to extra police and gendarmery forces. The soldiers were drafted from [[Opération Sentinelle|Operation Sentinelle]], active since the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|January 2015 terror attacks in Paris]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Willsher |first1=Kim |title=France drafts in troops to prevent further gilets jaunes violence |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/22/france-drafts-in-troops-to-prevent-further-gilets-jaunes-violence |access-date=22 March 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=22 March 2019}}</ref>
====7 September: "Act XLIII"====
New protests were held in cities, including Montpellier, Rouen
====21 September: "Act XLV"====
A new wave of yellow vest protests was initiated in Paris for the 45th consecutive week.
===2020===
====14 March: "Act LXX" ====
People participated in the protests of 14 March 2020 in spite of the imminent COVID-19 national lockdown, but leaders of the movement, like Maxime Nicolle and Jérôme Rodrigues, called on staying safe at home.<ref>{{cite web |agency=Reuters |title=Des centaines de 'gilets jaunes' ont manifesté à Paris malgré le coronavirus |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/des-centaines-de-gilets-jaunes-manifestent-a-paris-malgre-le-coronavirus-20200314 |website=Le Figaro |access-date=10 July 2021 |language=fr |date=14 March 2020}}</ref> The lockdown effectively put an end to the weekly protests.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}
==Fatalities and injuries==
[[File:Jérôme Rodrigues 16 février 2019.jpg|thumb|upright|Gilets jaunes leader Jérôme Rodrigues lost an eye after a police intervention on 26 January 2019<ref name="Willsher"/><ref>{{cite news |title=
According to an [[Anadolu Agency|AA]] report published on 3 May 2019, the French [[Mediapart]] documented 11 fatalities, with five individuals losing their hands as a result of police use of grenades, and 23 people losing their eyesight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casualties from Yellow Vest protests rise |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/casualties-from-yellow-vest-protests-rise/1469388 |access-date=2024-05-03 |publisher=Anadolu Agency}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
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By late December 2018, over 1,843 protesters and 1,048 police had been injured.<ref name="bfm9874983"/> Injuries included tens of [[facial trauma]]
As of 14 January 2019, 94 had been reported as seriously injured, including 14 with monocular blindness and one who had to be treated for a brain
==Impact==
===Adama Committee and Nuit Debout===
On 29 November, [[François Ruffin]], the founder of
===Students protesting against the government's educational reforms===
Angered by Macron's education reforms and plans to change the [[baccalauréat]] (a secondary-school [[List of secondary school leaving qualifications|leaving exam]]), students protested in cities across France.<ref name="bbc99298982"/> Students expressed concern that these reforms will lead to further inequalities of access to higher education between students in urban, peri-urban, and rural areas.<ref name="Parcoursup"/><ref name="lanou29872"/><ref name="belly09092"/>
On 6 December, over 140 students were arrested outside a school in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]]. A video of the mass arrest—showing students kneeling with their hands behind their heads—inspired indignation.<ref name="fra276276"/> [[Jean-Michel Blanquer]], the French Education Minister, said that although he was "shocked" by the scene, it needed to be viewed "in context".<ref name="lemo15427398"/><ref name="bbc28716412"/> [[Amnesty International]] issued a report about the incident.<ref name=AI/> On the same day, ''France Bleu'' reported that [[Saint-Étienne]] was "under siege".<ref name="fra87172653"/> It was in this context that the mayor of Saint-Étienne suggested, first by tweet then by press release, that the [[Festival of Lights (Lyon)|Festival of Lights]] in
University students have reportedly joined the movement, denouncing the planned increase of tuition fees for foreign students from non-[[European Union|EU]] countries.<ref name="fra56583475"/>
===Christmas shopping season===
[[File:2018-12-29 14-50-04 manif-GJ-Belfort.jpg|thumb|A ''Gilets jaunes'' protest in December 2018]]
A
===Vinci growth===
[[Vinci SA]], which operates roughly half of France's highway concessions, stated in its annual report to investors that traffic had dropped nine
===Tourism===
The riots
===Cultural impact===
A video of comedian Anne-Sophie Bajon, known as La Bajon, in the role of Emmanuel Macron's lawyer wearing a yellow vest, has been seen several million times on social networks.<ref name="lepa998373562"/> Dancer Nadia Vadori-Gauthier improvised
==Reactions and counter-protest==
[[File:On en a marre (46235506661).jpg|thumb|Riot police in Brussels in December 2018]]
In late November 2018, polls showed that the movement had widespread support in France (ranging from 73<ref name="news2972"/> to 84
Truckers were targeted by protesters, and the industry made their displeasure with the situation known to the government in an open letter.<ref name="OTRE"/> Two labor unions, [[General Confederation of Labour (France)|CGT]] and [[Workers' Force|FO]] who had initially called on truckers to start striking on 9 December,<ref name="lemo03873763"/> retracted their call on 7 December, after having consulted the government and their membership.<ref name="lepa28837364"/>
Line 400 ⟶ 376:
In early December 2018, the prime minister announced that the price of the [[Électricité de France]] blue tariffs would not increase before March 2019.<ref name="durand"/>
On Sunday, 9 December, the Elysée called trade unions and employers' organizations to invite them to meet on Monday 10 December so Macron could "present the measures" he intended to announce later in the day.<ref name="lepa111122334"/> On 10 December, Macron condemned the violence but acknowledged the protesters' anger as "deep, and in many ways legitimate".<ref name="BBC10.12.2018"/> He subsequently promised a minimum wage increase of €100 per month from 2019,
Amnesty International called on police to "end use of excessive force against protesters and high school children in France".<ref name="AI"/><ref name="thel000958"/>
Police, unlike other public sector employees, either saw their wages raised by €120–150 per month (${{To USD round|120|EUR|sf=3}}-{{To USD round|150|EUR|sf=3}}) by an agreement signed on 20 December,<ref name="police_raise"/> or received an annual €300 (${{To USD round|300|EUR|sf=3}}) bonus by an amendment voted into law the previous day.<ref name="fra22248967587"/> Nicolas Chapuis, writing for ''Le Monde'', says this was likely due to 85% turnout in recent police union elections and the exceptional levels of activity.<ref name=police_raise/>
In May 2019, Édouard Philippe changed his view on his main political decision for saving lives, allowing a {{convert|90|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} speed limit, agreeing that the speed limit of local roads become managed at local level ([[département]]) rather than decided by the Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bost |first1=Olivier |title=80 km/h
===Comparisons===
[[Adam Gopnik]] writes that ''gilets jaunes'' can be viewed as part of a series of French street protests stretching back to at least [[1995 strikes in France|the strikes of 1995]]. Citing historian [[Herrick Chapman]], he suggests [[General de Gaulle]]'s
[[File:2018-12-08 Gilets jaunes acte 4.jpg|thumb|A ''gilets jaunes'' demonstration in [[Paris]] in December 2018]]
1 December riots in [[Paris]] were widely acknowledged to have been the most violent since [[May 1968 events in France|May 1968]].<ref name="Libé68"/> Paris-based journalist John Lichfield said that the 1968 events had a joyous side to them, largely absent from the yellow vest movement, but that both movements were similar in that they lacked recognized leaders, much as the [[2005 French riots|banlieues riots of 2005]] had.<ref name="guard0312b"/>
According to French scholar Béatrice Giblin, comparisons between the ''gilets jaunes'' and the ''[[Bonnets Rouges]]''
Some have compared the yellow vests to other modern populist movements such as the [[Occupy movement]] in the United States,<ref name=Rose/><ref>{{Cite news
===''Foulards rouges'' (red scarves)===
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===Concerns about extremist elements in the movement===
Concerns that the yellow vests movement
Finkielkraut, interviewed by BFM-TV, was especially concerned with the viral nature of what he called a new type of "anti-racist" anti-Semitism, which he says consists of comparing the "Israeli colonization of Palestine" with Nazism. He named [[Dieudonné
According to a study conducted in February 2019, half of all yellow vest protesters (50%) said they believed in a "global Zionist conspiracy".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vandoorne |first1=Saskya |title=Yellow Vest protesters fan flames of anti-Semitism in France |url=http://www.cnn.com/2019/03/08/europe/gilet-jaunes-france-anti-semitism-intl/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=28 May 2019 |date=8 March 2019}}</ref>
The [[Gilets noirs]] movement arose partly in response to perceived racist, anti-immigrant, and pro-fascist sentiment among the Gilets jaunes.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}
==Timeline (second phase)==
===France (afterwards)===
====2020====
=====25 July=====
After the government change on Saturday 25 July 2020, several dozen people protested in Toulouse.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gilets jaunes à Toulouse: ils étaient peu nombreux, mais motivés ce samedi |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2020/07/25/gilets-jaunes-a-toulouse-ils-etaient-peu-nombreux-mais-motives-ce-samedi-8994452.php |website=La Depeche |access-date=27 July 2020 |language=fr |date=25 July 2020}}</ref>
=====12 September=====
For the first time after the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns|Coronavirus lockdown]], protesters returned to the streets; more than 250 protesters were arrested by the police. Some of the protesters wore black clothes and carried the flag of an anti-fascist movement, suggesting the presence of radical demonstrators dubbed "[[black bloc]]s" often blamed for violence at street marches in France.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clashes and arrests as 'yellow vest' protests return in France |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/clashes-arrests-yellow-vest-protests-return-france-200912161751866.html |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=14 September 2020 |language=en |date=12 September 2020}}</ref>
=====10–12 October=====
Yellow vests launched fireworks at a police station in Paris and struck the building with metal bars. No injuries occurred. This protest is suspected to be linked to the disapproval of French [[police brutality]] issues. Delinquent youth also appeared in the group of around 40 people, some unrelated to the cause.<ref>{{cite web |title=French police station attacked with fireworks, metal bars |url=https://apnews.com/article/paris-police-archive-france-fe487a6a8fba829ac6acf816bd271784 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=12 October 2020 |date=11 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=[[Agence France-Presse]] |title=Police station outside Paris targeted in fireworks attack |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/10/11/police-station-outside-paris-targeted-fireworks-attack/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/10/11/police-station-outside-paris-targeted-fireworks-attack/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=12 October 2020 |date=11 October 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
====2020–2021====
=====Anti-security protests=====
Demonstrations (sometimes called "marches of freedom" or "marches of freedom and justice") gathered several thousand people (including yellow vests) in several French cities on the evening of 17 November, at the initiative of a union of journalists and human rights defense associations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Des milliers de personnes manifestent contre la proposition de loi de 'sécurité globale' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/police-justice/article/2020/11/17/des-centaines-de-personnes-manifestent-contre-la-proposition-de-loi-de-securite-globale_6060094_1653578.html |website=[[Le Monde]] |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=17 November 2020}}</ref> Violence breaks out in Paris. Several employed journalists are handled by police officers, photographer Taranis News and French journalist 3 Paris Ile-de-France have been taken into police custody (receive a reminder of the law), provoking strong criticism from the audiovisual group and journalists' unions – who also see effects national law enforcement plan published two months ago.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Masseron |first1=Thibault Izoret |title=Loi 'sécurité globale': plusieurs milliers de manifestants en France, des violences dans le cortège parisien |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/plusieurs-milliers-de-manifestants-contre-les-violences-policieres-et-la-loi-securite-globale-20201117 |website=[[Le Figaro]] |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pour Gérald Darmanin, les journalistes 'peuvent, sans en avoir l'obligation', se rapprocher des autorités avant de couvrir des manifestations |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2020/11/18/les-journalistes-doivent-se-rapprocher-des-autorites-avant-de-couvrir-des-manifestations-affirme-gerald-darmanin_6060265_3236.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=18 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Agence France-Presse |title='Sécurité globale': un journaliste de France 3 gardé à vue 12 heures, un rappel à la loi contre lui |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/fil-dactualites/181120/securite-globale-un-journaliste-de-france-3-garde-vue-12-heures-un-rappel-la-loi-contre-lui |website=[[Mediapart]] |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=18 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Manifestations contre la loi 'sécurité globale': ONG, syndicats et sociétés de journalistes dénoncent des 'agressions honteuses contre la liberté d'informer' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2020/11/19/manifestations-contre-la-proposition-de-loi-securite-globale-ong-syndicats-et-societes-de-journalistes-denoncent-des-agressions-honteuses-contre-la-liberte-d-informer_6060390_3232.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=19 November 2020}}</ref>
Other demonstrations were being held on 21 November in about 20 cities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Les opposants à la loi 'sécurité globale' restent mobilisés |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Mobilisation-rue-contre-loi-securite-globale-2020-11-21-1301125849 |website=[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]] |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr-FR |date=21 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Plusieurs milliers de personnes rassemblées en France contre la proposition de loi de sécurité globale |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2020/11/21/plusieurs-manifestations-en-france-contre-la-proposition-de-loi-securite-globale_6060647_3224.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=21 November 2020}}</ref> This is also the case on 28 November,<ref>{{cite web |title=Nouvelle journée de mobilisation dans toute la France contre la loi 'sécurité globale' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2020/11/27/la-manifestation-parisienne-de-samedi-contre-la-loi-securite-globale-autorisee-par-la-justice_6061422_3224.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=27 November 2020}}</ref> this time in more than seventy cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Loi 'sécurité globale': revivez notre direct sur les manifestations en France |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/live/2020/11/28/loi-securite-globale-suivez-en-direct-les-manifestations-en-france_6061490_3224.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr-FR |date=28 November 2020}}</ref> Between 46,000 (Interior Ministry) and 200,000 people (organizers) demonstrated that day in Paris, between 133,000 and 500,000 in France.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bonnet |first1=François |last2=Delaporte |first2=Lucie |last3=Godin |first3=Romaric |last4=Rouget |first4=Antton |title=Loi Sécurité: les colères enfin déconfinées |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/281120/loi-securite-les-coleres-enfin-deconfinees |website=[[Mediapart]] |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Loi 'sécurité globale': 133 000 manifestants, selon le ministère de l'intérieur; 500 000, selon les organisateurs |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2020/11/28/plus-de-cent-mille-manifestants-partout-en-france-contre-la-proposition-de-loi-securite-globale_6061513_3224.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=28 November 2020}}</ref> Syrian photojournalist Ameer Al Halbi was wounded in the face with a baton.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bernard |first1=Marie-Violette |last2=Magnenou |first2=Fabien |title=Loi 'sécurité globale': Gérald Darmanin 'condamne des violences inacceptables contre les forces de l'ordre' |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/proposition-de-loi-sur-la-securite-globale/direct-loi-securite-globale-une-centaine-de-rassemblements-dans-toute-la-france-apres-de-nouvelles-violences-policieres_4199145.html |publisher=[[France Info (TV channel)|Franceinfo]] |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Loi 'sécurité globale': un photographe syrien blessé, RSF dénonce des 'violences policières' |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/marches-des-libertes-un-photographe-syrien-blesse-rsf-denonce-des-violences-policieres-20201128 |website=Le Figaro |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Franque |first1=Adrien |title='Marche des libertés' à Paris: un photographe syrien blessé par la police |url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/11/29/marche-des-libertes-a-paris-un-photographe-syrien-blesse-pendant-une-charge-de-la-police_1807088 |website=[[Libération]] |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=29 November 2020}}</ref> The Reporter Without Borders filed a complaint for intentional violence by a person with public authority106. According to the Ministry of the Interior, several dozen police officers and gendarmes were wounded, and one of them, in Paris, was pushed to the ground and then severely beaten.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manifestations. Loi 'sécurité globale': 98 policiers et gendarmes blessés, 81 interpellations |url=https://www.dna.fr/faits-divers-justice/2020/11/29/loi-securite-globale-62-policiers-et-gendarmes-blesses-81-interpellations |website=[[Les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace|DNA]] |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=FR-fr |date=29 November 2020}}</ref>
On 5 December, about 90 parades parade across France and gather, according to the Interior Ministry, about 50,000 people; clashes with police took place in Paris, Dijon, Nantes and Lyon, which, according to Gerald Darmanin, led to 95 arrests and resulted in 67 injuries among police, including 48 in Paris. In addition, the protester was severely wounded in the arm, probably by a GM2L bomb.<ref>{{cite web |title=EN DIRECT – 'Sécurité globale: le Conseil de l'Europe tacle à son tour l'article 24 |url=https://www.lci.fr/societe/en-direct-loi-securite-globale-95-interpellations-et-67-membres-des-forces-de-l-ordre-blesses-2172022.html |website=[[La Chaîne Info|LCI]] |date=18 December 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Loi 'sécurité globale': le sentiment d'un dialogue impossible après les violences dans la manifestation à Paris |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2020/12/05/loi-securite-globale-a-paris-les-revendications-des-manifestants-eclipsees-par-les-violences_6062341_3224.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=5 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=95 interpellations après les manifs contre la loi 'sécurité globale' |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/2925639-20201206-loi-securite-globale-95-personnes-interpellees-lors-manifestations-samedi-annonce-gerald-darmanin |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Un manifestant a eu les doigts arrachés par une grenade samedi |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/societe/2926659-20201208-loi-securite-globale-manifestant-doigts-arraches-grenade-samedi |website=20 minutes |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=8 December 2020}}</ref>
The Paris demonstration on 12 December 2020, gathered 5,000 protesters against the police<ref>{{cite web |title=Des associations et des syndicats dénoncent des 'arrestations arbitraires' lors de la manifestation parisienne contre la loi sécurité globale |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2020/12/13/des-associations-et-des-syndicats-denoncent-des-arrestations-arbitraires-lors-de-la-manifestation-parisienne-contre-la-loi-securite-globale_6063252_3224.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=13 December 2020}}</ref> and took place "without major incidents" against Le Monde113, but MPs, associations and unions during the demonstrations condemned "arbitrary arrests". Gerald Darmanin mentions 142 arrests and welcomes the position of the forces security that would enable the avoidance of violence.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manifestations sous tension à Paris et dans le reste de la France contre la loi 'sécurité globale' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2020/12/12/manifestation-sous-tension-a-paris-contre-la-proposition-de-loi-securite-globale_6063178_3224.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=12 December 2020}}</ref> Police have been in prison several times (32 times according to Mediapart<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bourdon |first1=Sébastien |last2=Polloni |first2=Camille |last3=Rouget |first3=Antton |last4=Schirer |first4=Antoine |title=Comment les forces de l'ordre ont saboté la manifestation du 12 décembre 2020 |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/030121/comment-les-forces-de-l-ordre-ont-sabote-la-manifestation-du-12-decembre-2020 |website=Mediapart |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=12 December 2020}}</ref>) to arrest potentially violent people;<ref>{{cite web |title=Stratégie des forces de l'ordre à Paris: 'Efficace d'un point de vue technique, mais inquiétant d'un point de vue politique', selon un sociologue |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/proposition-de-loi-sur-la-securite-globale/strategie-des-forces-de-l-ordre-a-paris-c-est-efficace-d-un-point-de-vue-technique-mais-d-un-point-de-vue-politique-je-suis-assez-inquiet-sociologue_4217397.html |website=Franceinfo |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr-FR |date=12 December 2020}}</ref> but according to footage broadcast by Mediapart, these attacks occur "for no apparent reason".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pair |first1=Stéphane |title=Franceinfo – Actualités en temps réel et info en direct |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/proposition-de-loi-sur-la-securite-globale/manifestation-contre-la-loi-securite-globale-le-temoignage-d-une-mineure-placee-24-heures-en-garde-a-vue-contredit-la-parole-des-policiers_4219489.html|website=Franceinfo|language=fr-FR|access-date=11 January 2021 |date=14 December 2020}}</ref> Of the 142 arrested, 5 were convicted, including only two for acts of violence.
On 22 December 2020, the State Council, seized by La Quadrature du Net, ruled that the monitoring of these demonstrations by the Paris police prefecture using drones was illegal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Conseil d'Etat suspend l'usage de drones sur les manifestations |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/societe/2937871-20201222-conseil-etat-suspend-usage-drones-surveiller-manifestations |website=20 minutes |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=fr |date=22 December 2020}}</ref>
Tens of thousands of protesters marched across France on 16 January 2021, to condemn a security law that critics say would restrict police filming and posting pictures on social media, especially to document cases of police brutality.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thousands in France stage fresh protests against law that would restrict filming of police |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210116-thousands-in-france-stage-fresh-protests-against-law-that-would-restrict-filming-of-police |publisher=[[France 24]] |access-date=19 January 2021 |language=en |date=16 January 2021}}</ref> A new rally against the protection of police officers was held on 30 January, with significantly fewer demonstrators than in November and December 2020. In the afternoon and evening, there were occasional incidents between the police and the demonstrators. Police used batons, tear gas and water cannons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Les nouvelles mobilisations en France contre la loi 'Sécurité globale ne font pas le plein |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20210130-nouvelle-journ%C3%A9e-de-mobilisation-en-france-contre-la-loi-s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9-globale |publisher=[[France 24]] |access-date=31 January 2021 |language=fr |date=30 January 2021}}</ref> The following Saturday, 6 February 2021, three protests took place in Bordeaux. Fabienne Buccio, the prefect, has issued a new prefecture decree banning all processions, parades and gatherings on the streets of the inner city. She is especially afraid that she will "join these declared demonstrations of individuals who are openly hostile to the police and who want to create disturbances in the public order in the city center."<ref>{{cite web |title=Bordeaux: ce samedi, il sera interdit de manifester dans le centre-ville, la préfète craignant des troubles à l'ordre public |url=https://actu.fr/nouvelle-aquitaine/bordeaux_33063/bordeaux-ce-samedi-il-sera-interdit-de-manifester-dans-le-centre-ville-la-prefete-craignant-des-troubles-a-l-ordre-public_39263713.html |website=actu.fr |access-date=7 February 2021 |language=fr |date=6 February 2021}}</ref> Protests were also held in Nantes, Toulouse, Paris and Nancy, where occasional incidents took place at the end of the procession.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nancy: les gilets jaunes reviennent dans la rue, quelques incidents en fin de cortège |url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/grand-est/meurthe-et-moselle/nancy/nancy-les-gilets-jaunes-reviennent-dans-la-rue-quelques-incidents-en-fin-de-cortege-1944373.html |website=[[France 3]] |access-date=7 February 2021 |language=fr-FR |date=6 February 2021}}</ref>
====Vaccination obligation, sanitary pass====
{{Main|Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{Missing information|section|mention of yellow vests.|date=May 2022}}
The announcement of president [[Emmanuel Macron|Macron]] on 12 July 2021 of a [[COVID-19 vaccination in France|COVID-19 vaccination]] obligation for all health care workers by 15 September, as well as the obligation for people older than twelve to show a "[[COVID-19 vaccine card#France|sanitary pass]]" as of August for admittance to cafés, restaurants, cinemas, hospitals,<ref name=nrc,14jul>{{cite news |title=Fransman die zich niet wil laten prikken, moet maar voelen |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2021/07/13/fransman-die-zich-niet-wil-laten-prikken-moet-maar-voelen-a4050923#/handelsblad/2021/07/14/#106 |website=[[NRC Handelsblad|NRC]] |access-date=26 October 2021 |language=nl |date=13 July 2021 |last1=Hensen |first1=Chris }}</ref> senior citizens' homes, trains,<ref name=nrc,27jul>{{cite news |title=Frans parlement stemt in met coronapaspoort en verplichte vaccinatie voor het zorgpersoneel |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2021/07/26/frans-parlement-stemt-in-met-nieuwe-covid-maatregelen-a4052430#/handelsblad/2021/07/27/#114 |website=NRC |access-date=26 October 2021 |language=nl |date=26 July 2021 |last1=Langendonck |first1=Gert Van }}</ref> shopping malls,<ref>{{cite web |last1=De Fournas |first1=Marie |title=Coronavirus: Comment ça va se passer avec la fin des tests PCR et antigéniques gratuits ? |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/sante/3083303-20210713-coronavirus-comment-ca-va-passer-fin-tests-pcr-antigeniques-gratuits |website=20 Minutes|date=13 July 2021 |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> and other public venues led to protests across France. The 'sanitary pass' should prove that someone is either vaccinated, has recently [[COVID-19 testing|tested negative]],<ref name=nrc,14jul/> or has recovered from [[COVID-19]].<ref name=nrc,11Aug>{{cite news |title=Coronapaspoort in Frankrijk: 'Wij houden ons hart vast' |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2021/08/11/wij-houden-ons-hart-vast-voor-volgende-week-a4054487#/handelsblad/2021/08/12/#104 |website=NRC |access-date=26 October 2021 |language=nl |date=11 August 2021 |last1=Langendonck |first1=Gert Van }}</ref> Macron's motivation was: "We are in a new race against time", "Vaccination is the only way to protect yourself and others".<ref name=nrc,14jul/>
[[Marine Le Pen]], challenger of Macron in the [[2022 French presidential election]], immediately condemned the vaccination obligation as "indecent insolence" attesting to "ingratitude" towards the health care workers.<ref name=nrc,14jul/> On Wednesday 14 July, the French [[National day]] called '[[Bastille Day]]', in [[Paris]] some 2,250 people protested against these new corona restrictions. Demonstrations were also held in Toulouse, Bordeaux, Montpellier, Nantes and 48 other places, totalling around 19,000 protesters. Slogans chanted: "Down with dictatorship", "Down with the health pass". A demonstrator equated the health pass with "segregation". Objects and fireworks were thrown at the police, who answered with tear gas and arrests.<ref>{{cite web |title=French police fire tear gas as anti-vaccine protest turns violent |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/15/french-police-tear-gas-as-anti-vaccine-protest-turns-violent |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=24 July 2021|date=15 July 2021}}</ref>
On Saturday 17 July, nationwide some 114,000 people protested against the two new measures.<ref name=nrc,1Aug>{{cite news |title=Gele hesjes lopen te hoop tegen 'pasdictatuur' |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2021/08/01/gele-hesjes-lopen-te-hoop-tegen-sanitaire-dictatuur-a4053244#/handelsblad/2021/08/02/#104 |website=NRC |access-date=26 October 2021 |language=nl |date=1 August 2021 |last1=Langendonck |first1=Gert Van }}</ref> On 24 July, some 160,000 people around France protested against the measures. Protesters chanted: "Liberty! Liberty!" Projectiles including chairs were thrown at the police in Paris, who reacted with tear gas and water cannons.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 July 2021|title=French protesters reject virus passes, vaccine mandate|url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-health-coronavirus-pandemic-dc03061cb033cb4181ff5424acb9ed63|access-date=25 July 2021|publisher=Assocated Press |language=en}}</ref>
On 25 July, the [[Senate (France)|French Senate]] nevertheless agreed to the measures except the pass obligation for children under 18 years old.<ref>''[[Dagblad van het Noorden]]'', 26 July 2021.</ref>
On 31 July, over 200,000 people nationwide protested against these plans. Thousands around [[Place de la Bastille]] in [[Paris]] chanted: ''"Liberté!"'' [Freedom!]. Signs accused Macron of being a dictator.<ref>{{cite web |title=Protesters Say France's Anti-Virus Pass Is A Threat To Personal Freedoms |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/02/1023637209/protesters-say-frances-anti-virus-pass-is-a-threat-to-personal-freedoms |first1=Rebecca |last1=Rosman |publisher=NPR |access-date=20 August 2021 |language=en |date=2 August 2021}}</ref> A bus driver motivated his protest as: "I'm not an anti-vaxxer [...] But this is going to fast, I want to wait and see". A hospital worker said: "These [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy|vaccines are experimental]]; there's no way I'm gonna take it".<ref name=nrc,1Aug/> A placard in [[Paris]] cited Macron: ' ''"Je ne rendrai pas la vaccination obligatoire", Emmanuel Macron, Novembre 2020'' ' ["I will not make vaccination obligatory", Macron, Nov. 2020]. Another: ' ''De la démocratie à la dictature il n'y a qu'un <<PASS>>'' ' [From democracy to dictatorship is only one step [or] one pass].<ref>''[[Dagblad van het Noorden]]'', 5 August 2021.</ref> Another: '<small>VACCINÉ A LA LIBERTÉ'</small> [<small>VACCINATED FOR FREEDOM</small>].<ref name=nrc,10Aug>{{cite news |title=Gedwongen vaccinatie: demonstraties in Frankrijk, applaus in Italië |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2021/08/10/gedwongen-vaccinatie-demonstraties-in-frankrijk-applaus-in-italie-a4054305#/handelsblad/2021/08/11/#114 |website=NRC |access-date=26 October 2021 |language=nl |date=10 August 2021 |last1=Gruyter |first1=Caroline de }}</ref>
On Saturday 7 August, 237,000 people protested on 198 locations in France, the authorities reported. In Paris, [[Lyon]], [[Toulouse]], rioters pelted the police with all sorts of things, police reacted with tear gas and charges and arrests.<ref>''[[Dagblad van het Noorden]]'', 9 August 2021.</ref> The sanitary pass obligation came into effect on 9 August, civilians risk a fine of 135 euros for disobedience, and business owners risk a 45,000 euro fine or one year in prison and the closure of their business.<ref name=nrc,11Aug />
On 14 August 2021, between 200,000 and 250,000 people according to the police and the organizers have again demonstrated, in more than 200 locations in France, against the ''pass sanitaire'' and the obligated vaccination of health care personnel. Placards compared the sanitary pass with '[[Apartheid]]', and people chanted slogans about the "health dictatorship". Police in Lyon used pepper spray against rioters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weer massale protesten tegen Franse 'gezondheidsdictatuur' |url=https://www.telegraaf.nl/nieuws/456452706/live-weer-massale-protesten-tegen-franse-gezondheidsdictatuur |website=[[Telegraaf]] |access-date=18 August 2021 |language=nl |date=14 August 2021}}</ref>
Thousands of people demonstrated again on the streets of France on Saturday, 21 August, against the government's policy of vaccination against Covid-19 amid concerns from human rights groups over the anti-Semitic mood in the protest movement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Another weekend of protests against France's 'health pass' restrictions |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210821-another-weekend-of-protests-against-france-s-health-pass-restrictions |publisher=[[France 24]] |access-date=26 October 2021 |language=en |date=21 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Another weekend of protests against France's 'health pass' restrictions |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210821-another-weekend-of-protests-against-france-s-health-pass-restrictions |publisher=[[France 24]] |language=en |date=21 August 2021}}</ref>
More than 141,000 people marched the following Saturday, 4 September, against the health pass this weekend, which is another drop in the number of the eighth consecutive Saturday of protests. There were 215 marches across France, five of them in Paris, attracting 18,000 people to the capital, according to the Interior Ministry. The total number of people – 141,655 – is down from last weekend, when nearly 160,000 people came out across the country/<ref name="Jackson">{{cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=Fraser |title=Turnout down slightly for French protests against Covid-19 health pass |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210911-turnout-down-slightly-for-french-protests-against-covid-19-health-pass |publisher=[[France 24]] |access-date=26 October 2021 |language=en |date=11 September 2021}}</ref>
More than 120,000 people demonstrated on Saturday, 11 September, in France, according to official data, in protest against health passes.<ref name="Jackson"/>
Since then, these protests grew smaller; on Saturday, 18 September 2021, the demonstrators in France against the sanitary pass and obligated vaccination counted 80,000.<ref>''[[Dagblad van het Noorden]]'', 23 September 2021.</ref>
About 20,000 people gathered on 16 October across France for the same reasons. There were occasional clashes between police and protesters in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Debuire |first1=Coretin |title=Près de 700 manifestants contre le pass sanitaire et la hausse du prix du carburant à Pau |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/societe/pres-de-700-manifestants-contre-le-pass-sanitaire-et-la-hausse-du-prix-du-carburant-a-pau-1634388520 |website=[[France Bleu]] |access-date=26 October 2021 |language=fr |date=16 October 2021}}</ref>
About 800 people paraded on Saturday, 23 October in Nantes in the afternoon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manifestation anti-passe. Environ 800 personnes défilent, ce samedi, à Nantes |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/pays-de-la-loire/nantes-44000/manifestation-anti-passe-environ-800-personnes-defilent-ce-samedi-a-nantes-304962ae-3403-11ec-93e6-f21d64093ef2 |website=[[Ouest France]] |access-date=26 October 2021 |language=fr |date=23 October 2021}}</ref>
====Social unrest in the French West Indies====
{{Main|2021–2022 social unrest in the French West Indies}}
{{Missing information|section|mention of yellow vests.|date=May 2022}}
The [[2021–2022 social unrest in the French West Indies|2021–2022 French West Indies unrest]] is a social conflict that has been taking place since November 17, 2021, in the [[French West Indies]], particularly in [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Martinique]]. Unrest has also been reported in other [[Overseas France|Overseas Territories]] like [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid pass protesters attack French MP Stéphane Claireaux with seaweed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-59935998 |access-date=29 May 2022 |publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2022}}</ref>
Following the French government's decision to introduce compulsory vaccination for health care workers and the health pass in several public places, acts of vandalism, a general strike, and demonstrations began, first in Guadeloupe and then in Martinique.<ref>{{cite news |title=Les tensions persistent en Guadeloupe, appel à la grève générale en Martinique |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20211122-les-tensions-persistent-en-guadeloupe-appel-%C3%A0-la-gr%C3%A8ve-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale-en-martinique |access-date=29 May 2022 |publisher=France 24 |date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123000749/https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20211122-les-tensions-persistent-en-guadeloupe-appel-%C3%A0-la-gr%C3%A8ve-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale-en-martinique |archive-date=23 November 2021 |language=fr}}</ref>
====France convoy protest====
{{Main|France convoy protest}}
{{Missing information|section|mention of yellow vests.|date=May 2022}}
The French convoy protest '''''le Convoi de la Liberté''''' ("the liberty convoy") is an ongoing protest in [[Paris]] inspired by the [[Canadian convoy protests]]. They are protesting COVID-19 restrictions as well as president [[Emmanuel Macron]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=Reuters |title=French 'freedom convoys' head towards Paris police checkpoints |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/11/french-freedom-convoys-head-towards-paris-police-checkpoints |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=11 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Macron urges calm as French 'Freedom Convoy' motorists close in on Paris |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220211-macron-urges-calm-as-french-freedom-convoy-motorists-close-in-on-paris |publisher=[[France 24]] |access-date=29 May 2022 |language=en |date=11 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lough |first1=Richard |last2=Paone |first2=Antony |title=Macron urges calm as French "Freedom Convoys" approach Paris |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/french-freedom-convoys-head-towards-paris-police-checkpoints-2022-02-11/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |publisher=Reuters |date=11 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Schrader |first1=Adam |title=French police tear gas 'Freedom Convoy' protesters in Paris |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2022/02/12/france-french-police-tear-gas-freedom-convoy-protesters-paris/5001644691622/ |publisher=[[United Press International|UPI]] |access-date=29 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
Officials in [[Paris]] and [[Brussels]] banned protests relating to the Freedom Convoy, following information from organizers of a similar event opposed to [[Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic#France|France's Health Pass]] that five convoys from across [[France]] are due to reach Paris between February 11 and 14.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ataman |first1=Joseph |last2=Kolirin |first2=Lianne |last3=Krever |first3=Mick |last4=Khalidi |first4=Aliza Kassim |title=Paris and Brussels ban protests linked to French 'Freedom Convoy' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/10/europe/paris-freedom-convoy-banned-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=29 May 2022 |language=en |date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Paris police ban 'Freedom Convoy' protest against COVID restrictions |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/02/10/paris-police-ban-canada-style-freedom-convoy-protest-against-french-covid-restrictions |website=[[Euronews]] |access-date=29 May 2022 |language=en |date=10 February 2022}}</ref>
====2022 French presidential election protests====
{{Main|2022 French presidential election}}
{{Missing information|section|mention of yellow vests.|date=May 2022}}
On April 16, after Macron's victory in the first round of presidential voting, left-wing demonstrators clashed with police. French security forces fired tear gas as the anti-right-wing demonstrators marched, before allowing the protests to resume.<ref>{{cite web |title=French police fire tear gas as anti far-right protesters march in Paris |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/french-police-fire-tear-gas-anti-far-right-protesters-march-paris-2022-04-16/ |publisher=Reuters |access-date=29 May 2022 |language=en |date=16 April 2022}}</ref>
On April 24, after Macron's victory in the second round of presidential voting, protests broke out in many departments. In the area of [[Châtelet (Paris Métro)|Chatelet]], riot police charged and sprayed tear gas on demonstrators. Students protested outside of the [[Sorbonne (building)|Sorbonne]], expressing their disillusionment with the lack of choice in second-round voting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Police teargas Paris protestors after Macron re-elected |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/police-teargas-paris-protestors-after-macron-re-elected-2022-04-24/ |publisher=Reuters |access-date=29 May 2022 |language=en |date=24 April 2022}}</ref>
[[File:17 04 2023 Narbonne Occitanie.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Gilets jaunes'' in a protest in [[Occitania]] ([[Narbonne]])]]
===Other countries or regions===
[[File:Drapeaux de la France libre à Londre.jpg|thumb|upright|A ''gilets jaunes'' protest in [[London]], United Kingdom]]
[[File:YellowVestsLocations.svg|thumb|Locations of yellow vests protests]]
The largest "yellow vest" protest outside France was held in [[Taipei]] with over 10,000 demonstrating on 19 December. Their principal concern was tax justice.<ref name=Everington/><ref name="udn092090982"/> Some protests in other countries are related to the central concerns of the French movement (taxation, high-living costs, representation, and income disparity). Others are related primarily by the use of the readily-available symbol.
====Belgium====
[[File:2018-12-08 Gele hesjes (Pelle De Brabander).jpg|thumb|right|A ''gilets jaunes'' protest in [[Brussels]], Belgium]]
Riot police in Brussels were pelted with [[billiard ball]]s, [[cobblestone]]s, and rocks on 30 November, and responded with water cannons; 60 arrests were made for disturbing the public order.<ref name="merc23282762652"/> Several oil depots had been blocked in [[Wallonia]] as of 16 November 2018, though protesters' attempts to block the Russian [[Lukoil]] depot in Brussels were quickly thwarted by police.<ref name="Monde_Wallonie"/> Some members of the movement began working to form a party for the [[2019 Belgian federal election|Belgian federal elections in 2019]] under the name ''Mouvement citoyen belge''.<ref name="Monde_Wallonie"/><ref name="leso1129872872"/> On 8 December, when protesters calling for the resignation of Prime Minister [[Charles Michel]] tried to breach a riot barricade, police used tear gas and water cannons to disperse the demonstrators. The protesters involved were throwing stones, flares and other objects at police, resulting in around 100 arrests.<ref name="BelfastT8th"/>
As of 12 January, three people had died during ''gilets jaunes'' protests in Belgium: two drivers were killed in mid-December by sudden traffic queues caused by roadblocks and one protester was fatally hit by a truck when his group tried to block the [[European route E25|E25]] highway between [[Liège]] and [[Maastricht]] on 11 January.<ref name="SudinfoBelga"/>
====Canada====
{{main|Yellow vests movement (Canada)}}
Starting in late 2018 after the France protests, the Canadian Yellow Vests groups began to gain popularity. The Canadian group incorporates a [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]] message,<ref name="Canadaland20190128">{{cite web |last1=Crosbie |first1=David |title=The Far-Right Grassroots Movement Taking Over Canada |url=https://www.canadalandshow.com/far-right-yellow-vests-taking-over-canada/ |website=Canadaland |date=28 January 2019 |access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref> is against the federal [[Carbon pricing in Canada|Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act]], and is [[Pipelines in Canada|pro-petrochemical-pipeline]]. <ref name="Vice20190508">{{cite web |last1=Mussett |first1=Ben |title=What It's Like Monitoring Canada's Yellow Vest Movement Every Day |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/what-its-like-monitoring-canadas-yellow-vest-movement-every-day/ |website=Vice |date=8 May 2019 |access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="HamiltonSpec20190106">{{cite news |title=Groups protest against each other at Hamilton's City Hall |url=https://www.thespec.com/news-story/9111457-groups-protest-against-each-other-at-hamilton-s-city-hall/ |newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator |date=6 January 2019 |access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref>
Beginning in late December 2018, various yellow-vest-wearing protest movements have been seen across the country. This protest movement, known as Yellow Vests Canada, does not follow the same goals as the French movement.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Latimer |first1=Kendall |title=Canadian yellow vest protests unlike French movement, despite similar attire: U of S prof |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/yellow-vest-protest-different-france-1.4950839 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=4 May 2019 |date=19 December 2018}}</ref> Protests have had occasional outbreaks of violence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McMillan |first1=Anna |title=Punches thrown in Edmonton as protest groups clash |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-anti-immigration-yellow-vest-protest-violence-fight-1.4948100 |publisher=CBC News |access-date=4 May 2019 |date=15 December 2018}}</ref> Groups of various protesters wearing yellow vests have taken place in at least a 30 cities and towns across Canada as of January 2019.
An early yellow vest protest, which included "hundreds of vehicles", was held in [[Medicine Hat|Medicine Hat, Alberta]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2018 |title=Yellow Vest movement continues in southern Alberta |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/calgary/article/yellow-vest-movement-continues-in-southern-alberta/ |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=Calgary |language=en}}</ref> organized by [[Tamara Lich]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=chatnewstoday@socastdigital.com |title=Following death-threats to Trudeau, Yellow-Vest Medicine Hat looks to change their name |url=https://chatnewstoday.ca/2019/01/12/following-death-threats-to-trudeau-yellow-vest-medicine-hat-looks-to-change-their-name/ |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=CHAT News Today |language=en}}</ref> who was later arrested for alleged mischief pertaining to the 2022 [[Canada convoy protest|convoy protest]] in Ottawa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ballingall |first=Alex |date=7 March 2022 |title=Tamara Lich, co-organizer of Ottawa protests, released on bail to await trial |language=en-CA |work=The Toronto Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2022/03/07/tamara-lich-co-organizer-of-ottawa-protests-released-on-bail-to-await-trial.html |access-date=8 March 2022 |issn=0319-0781}}</ref>
A controversial event in February 2019 known as the "United We Roll" truck convoy attracted several Yellow Vest participants to the grounds of [[Parliament Hill]] in Ottawa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/united-we-roll-protest-what-to-expect-downtown-this-week|title=United We Roll protest: Truck convoy ends Hill rally, gears up for Day 2|last=Blewett|first=Taylor|date=21 February 2019|website=Ottawa Citizen|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref> Prominent political officials such as federal [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party]] leader [[Andrew Scheer]] and [[People's Party of Canada|People's Party]] leader [[Maxime Bernier]] addressed the crowd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/truck-convoy-red-deer-ottawa-arnprior-1.5024229|title='We believe in you,' Scheer tells controversial pro-pipeline movement|date=19 February 2019|publisher=CBC News|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref> Scheer and Bernier drew criticism<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2019/02/27/scheer-and-bernier-should-denounce-extremists-in-ottawa-convoy.html|title=Scheer and Bernier should denounce extremists in Ottawa convoy|last=Farber|first=Bernie|date=27 February 2019|website=Toronto Star|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/andrew-scheer-criticized-for-support-of-united-we-roll-convoy/|title=Andrew Scheer Criticized For Support of United We Roll Convoy|last=Khandaker|first=Tamara|date=20 February 2019|website=Vice Canada|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2019/03/26/andrew-scheers-problematic-approach-to-his-populist-supporters.html|title=Andrew Scheer's problematic approach to his populist supporters|last=Patriquin|first=Martin|date=26 March 2019|website=Toronto Star|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Maher |first=Stephen |user=stphnmaher |number=1097984651862437888 |date=19 February 2019 |title=Scheer is playing with fire. Most Canadian conservatives are not white nationalists. |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref> for appearing at the United We Roll event when it was revealed that alt-right personality [[Faith Goldy]], formerly of controversial Internet outlet [[The Rebel Media|Rebel Media]], was also in attendance<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Goldsbie |first=Jonathan |user=goldsbie |number=1097976630222438400 |date=19 February 2019 |title=The convergence of Canada's mainstream right and far right is occurring right on schedule. |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref> and made a presentation to the participants, several of whom carried signs and chanted slogans accusing [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Justin Trudeau]] of "treason"<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=((North99)) |user=wearenorth99 |number=1097939765511548928 |date=19 February 2019 |title=In this photo of Andrew Scheer embracing the far-right, anti-immigrant Yellow Vests convoy, you can see a convoy billboard that says "charge Trudeau with treason". Scheer fully supports the convoy – does he support this as well? |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref> and demanding that Canada withdraw from the non-binding [[United Nations]] [[Global Compact for Migration|Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration]] (GCM).<ref name=":0" /> Conservative Senator [[David Tkachuk]] was also at the rally and was criticized for his remarks calling upon truck drivers to "roll over every Liberal left in the country".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2019/02/20/david-tkachuk-united-we-roll-ottawa-convoy_a_23674517/|title=Tory Senator Tells Truckers To 'Roll Over Every Liberal Left In The Country'|last=Lum|first=Zi-Ann|date=20 February 2019|website=Huffington Post Canada|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref> [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] Minister of Natural Resources [[Amarjeet Sohi]] and [[New Democratic Party|NDP]] MP [[Nathan Cullen]] were among the members of Parliament who expressed concern that the presence of mainstream political leaders at the rally was lending legitimacy to the movement.<ref name=":2" /> Anti-racism activist Evan Balgord, director of the Canadian Anti-Hate Network, condemned Scheer for his support of an organization whose members have repeatedly promulgated conspiracy theories and made death threats against Muslims, immigrants, members of Parliament, and Prime Minister Trudeau.<ref name=":0" /> A spokesperson for Scheer denied that the Conservative leader intended to lend support to racist and/or violent groups, telling columnist Martin Patriquin that "We can't control who shows up to these events."<ref name=":1" />
On 15 June 2019, a number of Yellow Vests Canada protesters joined groups protesting [[LGBT]] individuals at a [[Pride parade|Pride Festival]] in [[Hamilton, Ontario]],<ref name="CBC20190615">{{cite web |last1=Carter |first1=Adam |title='Hateful' protest at Hamilton Pride event condemned |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-pride-festival-altercation-police-1.5177439 |publisher=CBC |date=15 June 2019 |access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="CBC20190622">{{cite web |last1=Howells |first1=Laura |title='No more hate in the Hammer': Anti-hate demonstration meets yellow vest protest outside city hall |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/no-more-hate-in-the-hammer-anti-hate-demonstration-meets-yellow-vest-protest-outside-city-hall-1.5186461 |publisher=CBC |date=22 June 2019 |access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref> and several people were injured.<ref name="CBC20190620">{{cite web |last1=Craggs |first1=Samantha |title=City looks at how to ban yellow vests from 'a public space like no other' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/yellow-vests-1.5182632 |publisher=CBC |date=20 June 2019 |access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref>
According to the [[Canadian Anti-Hate Network]] (CAHN), there is a direct link between the Yellow vests protesters in Canada and 2022 [[Canada convoy protests]], also known as the Freedom Convoy 2022.<ref name="CAHN_20220127">{{cite web |title=The 'Freedom Convoy' Is Nothing But A Vehicle For The Far Right |url=https://www.antihate.ca/the_freedom_convoy_is_nothing_but_a_vehicle_for_the_far_right |publisher=[[Canadian Anti-Hate Network]] |access-date=26 February 2022 |language=en |date=27 January 2022}}</ref> Associates of the Yellow vest protests in Canada also organized the much smaller 2019 convoy "United We Roll" (UWR) convoy.<ref name="CAHN_20220127"/> Starting in 2018, [[Tamara Lich]], attended Yellow vests events and promoted the movement as early as 2018, before becoming one of its organizers. Lich was the Freedom Convoy's main fundraiser and organizer.<ref name="CAHN_20220127"/> [[Pat King (activist)|Pat King]], who was another Freedom Convoy organizer, was also active in the Yellow vest protests, the Wexit separation movement, and United We Roll.<ref name="CAHN_20220127"/> CAHN said that Yellow vest Facebook groups posts contained "calls for Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's arrest and execution" which was also a major theme of the Canada convoy protests.<ref name="CAHN_20220127"/>
====Rest of the world====
* '''Australia''': Australian Liberty Alliance, a minor far-right political party, rebranded itself as [[Australian Liberty Alliance|Yellow Vest Australia]] on 9 April.<ref>{{cite news |title=Far-right party rebrands as 'Yellow Vest Australia' for elections |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/far-right-party-rebrands-as-yellow-vest-australia-for-elections |access-date=5 May 2019 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |date=9 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Bulgaria''': Anti-government protesters in Bulgaria began wearing high-visibility vests from 16 November.<ref name="lci.fr"/>
* '''Croatia''': On 15 December 2018, "Yellow Vests Croatia" (''Žuti prsluci Hrvatske'') held demonstrations in [[Zagreb]] ([[Ban Jelačić Square]]), [[Pula]], [[Čakovec]] and [[Rijeka]].<ref name="Croatia"/> They highlighted the "fight against corruption, the reform of the judiciary and the adoption of a new enforcement law and the law on the origin of property" as goals.<ref>{{cite web|language=hr|url=https://vijesti.hrt.hr/hrvatska/zuti-prsluci-hrvatska-prosvjedovali-u-zagrebu-puli-rijeci-cakovcu-697561|title='Žuti prsluci Hrvatska' prosvjedovali u Zagrebu, Puli, Rijeci, Čakovcu...|date=15 December 2018|publisher=Radio Television of Croatia|website=vijesti.hrt.hr}}</ref>
* '''Egypt''': In December 2018, a temporary one-month restriction on the sale of yellow reflective vests was introduced in an attempt to prevent the incidence of protests closely mimicking the then-ongoing yellow vest protests in France.<ref>{{cite web |title=Egypt restricts sales of yellow vests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46522605 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=12 March 2019 |date=11 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="jpos22009384"/><ref name="seat22989282"/><ref name="theg22009092982"/>
* '''Finland''': Anti-immigration protesters, who had begun demonstrations before the rise of the yellow vests movement, have adopted the yellow vest symbol, beginning with a demonstration on 17 December.<ref name="talouselämää-yellow-vests"/>
* '''Germany''': The yellow vests symbol was used both by the left and right-wing groups, including [[Pegida]] and [[Aufstehen]], who demonstrated at the [[Brandenburg Gate]], [[Dresden]], [[Munich]] and in [[Stuttgart]].<ref name="lemo9968986985"/><ref name="SPON-1243957"/>
* '''Iraq''': On 5 December 2018, yellow-vest-inspired [[2015–2018 Iraqi protests|protesters]] demonstrated in [[Basra]], Iraq, for more job opportunities and better services. They were reportedly fired upon with live ammunition.<ref name="NBCiraq"/>
* '''Ireland''': Initially, at least three rival groups claimed the "Yellow Vest" name in Ireland, and varied from general opposition to the government to far-right/alt-right and xenophobic views.<ref name="Fitzgerald">{{cite news |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Cormac |title=A look inside the angry, fractured world of Ireland's 'yellow vests' |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/yellow-vest-ireland-4440420-Jan2019/ |access-date=15 December 2019 |work=[[TheJournal.ie]] |date=19 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In December 2018, hundreds attended yellow vests protests in the centre of Dublin against 'the perceived failures of the Government',<ref>{{cite news |title=Yellow vest demo in Dublin shows solidarity for French protestors |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/yellow-vest-demo-in-dublin-shows-solidarity-for-french-protestors-892311.html |access-date=24 March 2019 |work=[[Irish Examiner]] |date=15 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="risex33983983"/> and also the use of fluoride in the public water supply.<ref name="Fitzgerald"/> In January 2019 minor protests were held in Dublin, Belfast,<ref>{{cite news |title='Yellow vest' protests held in Dublin |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/yellow-vest-protests-held-in-belfast-and-dublin-897180.html |access-date=24 March 2019 |work=Irish Examiner |date=12 January 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324174837/https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/yellow-vest-protests-held-in-belfast-and-dublin-897180.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Galway, Limerick, Wicklow, Waterford and Donegal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yellow Vest protesters issue 18 demands, including Taoiseach's resignation |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/yellow-vest-protesters-issue-18-demands-including-taoiseachs-resignation-897231.html |access-date=24 March 2019 |work=Irish Examiner |date=12 January 2019}}</ref> On 16 November
* '''Israel''': Economic uncertainty and corruption led to a yellow vest rally at the [[Azrieli Center|Azrieli Centre Mall]] in [[Tel Aviv]] on 14 December.<ref name="JPost"/>
* '''Italy''': The yellow vests symbol has been used by multiple protest groups in Italy. In November 2018, a pro-Italian government, anti-EU protest group launched a Facebook page with thousands of online supporters, stating it was "inspired by the French ''gilet jaunes''".<ref name="guard3uh"/> On 15 December, several thousand people wearing yellow vests marched in Rome to protest against Italy's "tough new anti-migrant law".<ref name="Italy"/> In January 2019, the leaders of [[Conte I Cabinet|Italy's ruling government coalition]] announced their support for the ''gilet jaunes'' protests in France. [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] reported that it is "extremely rare for European leaders to back anti-government protesters in a fellow member state".<ref name="loca0098408598"/>
* '''Latvia''': Foundation "[https://www.facebook.com/TautasVarasFronte Tautas varas fronte] " ("Front of the people power"). On 20 January leaders of this foundation started the campaign of yellow vests, protesting against oil prices.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}
* '''Libya''': During the [[2019 Western Libya offensive#Street protests|2019 Western Libya Offensive]], during which the capital city Tripoli was militarily attacked by the [[Libyan National Army]] under the command of [[Khalifa Haftar]], regular Friday street demonstrations against Haftar in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] and [[Misrata]], included (on 19 April and 3 May 2019) protestors wearing yellow vests to symbolise their opposition to perceived French support for Haftar's attack on Tripoli.<ref name="AJE_2000_MSquare_190419" /><ref name="AFP_yellowvests_190419" /><ref name="Tripolidemo_190503" />
* '''Netherlands''': On 1 December, a small number of yellow vest demonstrators protested in Dutch cities. Further demonstrations occurred on 8 December, where peaceful protesters marched through [[Rotterdam]].<ref name="Netherlands"/><ref name="BelfastT8th"/>
* '''Nigeria''': A yellow vest protester
* '''Pakistan''': Hundreds of engineers staged a day long protest at [[Lahore]] wearing yellow vests.<ref name="PAGE"/><ref name="then8787666"/>
* '''Poland''': On 12 December, a group of farmers blocked the [[A2 autostrada (Poland)|A2 motorway]] 30 kilometers outside of [[Warsaw]], demanding compensation for pigs they were required to slaughter, and protesting the importation of Ukrainian agricultural products unlabeled with respect to their country of origin. The agricultural minister Jan Krzysztof Ardanowski met with the protesters to explain that their demands were met already.<ref name="nyt8787848744"/>
* '''Portugal''': On 21 December 2018, a ''coletes amarelos'' (yellow vest) rally was held under the slogan ''Vamos Parar Portugal'' ("Let's Bring Portugal to a Halt").<ref name="Portugal"/>
* '''Russia''': On 23 December 2018, [[Society of Blue Buckets|Blue Bucket]] demonstrators at [[Sokolniki Park]] wore yellow vests at a rally against parking fee increases in Moscow.<ref name="Russia"/> Yellow vests are also common in protests in the [[Arkhangelsk region]] against a plan to build landfill in [[Shiyes railway station|Shiyes]], which is the smallest station and a village in the region.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Luxmore |first1=Matthew |title=State of decay: Moscow's rubbish prompts protests in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/state-decay-moscow-trash-prompts-protests-russia-190605140940553.html |
* '''Serbia''': A civil rights
* '''Spain''': During the taxi driver strike of January in Madrid and Barcelona, many protesters used yellow vests.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}
* '''Taiwan''': The Tax and Legal Reform League, demonstrating for tax justice since December 2016,<ref name="Maxon"/> organized a yellow vests march on 19 December.<ref name="Everington"/>
* '''Tunisia''': A derivative group, the ''gilets rouges'' ("red vests"), emerged on Facebook, calling for protests against the economic situation in the country.<ref name="inde0090967"/>
* '''United Kingdom''': Pro-Brexit groups involved in small-scale protests in London and other UK cities have
* '''United States''': In Vermont, a group called "No Carbon Tax Vermont" held a rally at the Vermont Statehouse on 9 January 2019.<ref name=Goswami/><ref name=Gribkoff/>
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==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[2022 French protests]]
* [[2012 Sicilian protests]]
* [[2013 Italian social protests|2013 Italian Pitchfork social protests]]
* [[Bonnets Rouges]] (2013)
* [[Anti-austerity movement in Spain|Indignados]] (2011)
* [[List of historical acts of tax resistance]]
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<ref name="cour1">{{cite news|work=Courier Mail|url=https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/queensland-government/yellow-vest-movement-has-launched-in-australia/news-story/6da06a97dd7c7b2cc585464f35f7c632|title=Yellow Vest movement has launched in Australia|date=2 January 2019}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
<ref name="lci.fr">{{cite web|url=https://www.lci.fr/international/gilets-jaunes-la-belgique-et-la-bulgarie-ont-elles-aussi-leurs-gilets-jaunes-2105106.html|title=Gilets jaunes
<ref name="france1">{{Cite news|author=Rémi Carlier|
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<ref name="Reiger">{{cite news|publisher=CBC|author=Sarah Rieger|title=Alberta yellow vest protests lack violence seen in Paris, but anti-immigration anger simmers|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-yellow-vest-protests-1.4938333|date=8 December 2018|access-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214190552/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-yellow-vest-protests-1.4938333|archive-date=14 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="rfi11">{{cite news|url=http://www.rfi.fr/europe/20181128-allemagne-connecte-phenomene-gilets-jaunes|title=L'Allemagne se connecte au phénomène des
<ref name="NBCiraq">{{cite news|author1=Linda Givetash|title=France's 'Yellow Jackets' inspire protesters in Iraq|date=5 December 2018|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/france-s-yellow-jackets-inspire-protesters-iraq-n943996|
<ref name="iri11">{{cite news|newspaper=Irish Times|date=15 December 2018|access-date=16 December 2018|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/dozens-gather-in-dublin-for-yellow-vests-protest-1.3732924|title=Dozens gather in Dublin for 'yellow vests' protest|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215232448/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/dozens-gather-in-dublin-for-yellow-vests-protest-1.3732924|archive-date=15 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name=Taylor>{{cite news|author=Taylor Luck|title=Jordanian protesters don yellow vests as demonstrations spread|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/jordanian-protesters-don-yellow-vests-as-demonstrations-spread-1.802525|date=13 December 2018|newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|access-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022113/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/jordanian-protesters-don-yellow-vests-as-demonstrations-spread-1.802525|archive-date=15 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="abc11">{{Cite news|author=Sarah El Deeb|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/lebanese-yellow-vests-protest-political-gridlock-59983821|title=Lebanese, some in yellow vests, protest political gridlock|
<ref name="Netherlands">{{cite news|newspaper=NLtimes.nl|title=Limited turnout for 'yellow vests' protests in Netherlands; only three arrests|author=Janene Pieters|date=10 December 2018|access-date=22 December 2018|url=https://nltimes.nl/2018/12/10/limited-turnout-yellow-vests-protests-netherlands-three-arrests}}</ref>
<ref name="Neda Kurjački">{{cite news
<ref name="bah11">{{cite news|work=[[Daily Sabah]]|title=French 'yellow vests' spark copycat protests worldwide |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2018/12/17/french-yellow-vests-spark-copycat-protests-worldwide |date=17 December 2018 |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115234349/https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2018/12/17/french-yellow-vests-spark-copycat-protests-worldwide|archive-date=15 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="cnn11">{{cite news |last1=Cheung |first1=Eric |title='Yellow vest' protest movement spreads to Taiwan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/21/asia/taiwan-yellow-vest-protest-intl/ |
<ref name="alar11">{{cite news|work=[[Al-Arabiya]]|title='Yellow vests' reach Turkey as thousands protest cost of living |date=17 December 2018 |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/world/2018/12/17/-Yellow-vests-reach-Turkey-as-thousands-protest-cost-of-living.html |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110133746/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/world/2018/12/17/-Yellow-vests-reach-Turkey-as-thousands-protest-cost-of-living.html|archive-date=10 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=busybees>{{cite web|publisher=BBC News |title=Are the Yellow Vests Spreading beyond France?|date=14 December 2018|access-date=15 December 2018|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-46559203/yellow-vests-is-the-symbol-spreading-across-europe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214134807/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-46559203/yellow-vests-is-the-symbol-spreading-across-europe|archive-date=14 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=radar>{{cite news|author1=Jean-Gabriel Bontinck|author2=les éditions départementales|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/info-paris-ile-de-france-oise/transports/les-radars-cibles-privilegiees-des-gilets-jaunes-03-12-2018-7960116.php|title=Les radars, cibles privilégiées des Gilets jaunes|trans-title=Radars, privileged targets of yellow vests|newspaper=Le Parisien|date=3 December 2018|access-date=5 December 2018|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204142027/http://www.leparisien.fr/info-paris-ile-de-france-oise/transports/les-radars-cibles-privilegiees-des-gilets-jaunes-03-12-2018-7960116.php|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="lemo11">{{cite news|title=Les 'gilets jaunes' ciblent la suppression de l'ISF, 'péché originel' de Macron|trans-title=The 'yellow vests' target the removal of the ISF, 'original sin' of Macron|first1=Alexandre|last1=Lemarié|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2018/12/04/les-gilets-jaunes-ciblent-la-suppression-de-l-isf-peche-originel-de-macron_5392241_3224.html|newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|date=4 December 2018|access-date=5 December 2018|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205074916/https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2018/12/04/les-gilets-jaunes-ciblent-la-suppression-de-l-isf-peche-originel-de-macron_5392241_3224.html|archive-date=5 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<!--unused<ref name="atla11">{{cite news|first1=Rémi|last1=Bourgeot|date=26 November 2018|title=La mondialisation a enfanté des gilets jaunes|trans-title=Globalization has given birth to the yellow vests|url=https://www.atlantico.fr/decryptage/3559666/comment-la-mondialisation-a-enfante-des-gilets-jaunes-remi-bourgeot|access-date=4 December 2018|work=Atlantico|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204101937/https://www.atlantico.fr/decryptage/3559666/comment-la-mondialisation-a-enfante-des-gilets-jaunes-remi-bourgeot|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>-->
<ref name="theguardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/04/french-government-to-suspend-fuel-tax-increase-say-reports|title=Gilets Jaunes protests in France to continue despite fuel tax U-turn|newspaper=The Guardian|date=4 December 2018|access-date=5 December 2018|last1=Willsher|first1=Kim|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204234141/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/04/french-government-to-suspend-fuel-tax-increase-say-reports|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="Mercury">{{cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/11/20/gilets-jaunes-yellow-vest-gas-tax-protest-france/|title=The Yellow Vests: Who they are and why their tax protest is a big deal|agency=Associated Press|date=20 November 2018|work=The Mercury News|access-date=21 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072659/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/11/20/gilets-jaunes-yellow-vest-gas-tax-protest-france/|archive-date=21 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="bbcSpeech">{{cite news|date=10 December 2018|title=France yellow vest protests: Macron promises wage rise|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46513189|
<ref name="durand">{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2018/12/05/pourquoi-il-est-complique-de-geler-les-tarifs-reglementes-de-l-electricite_5393032_4355770.html|title=Pourquoi il est compliqué de geler les tarifs réglementés de l'électricité|newspaper=Le Monde|first=Anne-Aël|last=Durand|date=5 December 2018|access-date=10 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209175342/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2018/12/05/pourquoi-il-est-complique-de-geler-les-tarifs-reglementes-de-l-electricite_5393032_4355770.html|archive-date=9 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="npr11">{{cite news |title=Macron Promises Minimum Wage Hike And Tax Cuts To End 'Yellow Vest' Protests |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/12/10/675425153/macron-promises-minimum-wage-hike-and-tax-cuts-to-end-yellow-vest-protests |access-date=11 December 2018 |
<ref name="rioting">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/02/world/europe/france-yellow-vest-protests.html|title='Yellow Vests' Riot in Paris, but Their Anger Is Rooted Deep in France|newspaper=The New York Times|last=Nossiter|first=Adam|date=2 December 2018|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203034619/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/02/world/europe/france-yellow-vest-protests.html|archive-date=3 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="nc2411">{{cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181201-french-police-deployed-amid-new-round-protests-over-taxes|title=Hundreds arrested as police clash with 'Yellow Vest' protesters in Paris|
<ref name="forb0212">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2018/12/02/rioting-in-paris-yellow-vests-violence-vandalism-and-chaos-hits-tourism/#1f2a76ff36ac|title=Riots In Paris: 'Yellow Vests' Violence, Vandalism And Chaos Hitting Tourism|work=Forbes|last=Rodriguez|first=Cecilia|date=2 December 2018|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203122110/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2018/12/02/rioting-in-paris-yellow-vests-violence-vandalism-and-chaos-hits-tourism/#1f2a76ff36ac|archive-date=3 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="tele11">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/12/01/yellow-vest-protesters-clash-police-paris-pictures/|title=Yellow vest protesters clash with police in Paris, in pictures|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=1 December 2018|access-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203200256/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/12/01/yellow-vest-protesters-clash-police-paris-pictures/|archive-date=3 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="thelocal0312">{{cite
<ref name="ran231">{{Cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190126-france-yellow-vests-counter-movements-demonstration-red-scarves-blue-vests-enough |title='Red Scarves' and 'Blue Vests' launch counter-protest against Yellow Vests|first=Louise|last=Nordstrom|date=27 January 2019 |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127123040/https://www.france24.com/en/20190126-france-yellow-vests-counter-movements-demonstration-red-scarves-blue-vests-enough |archive-date=27 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="Leclerc">{{Cite news|author=Aline Leclerc|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2018/11/16/gilets-jaunes-radiographie-d-une-colere_5384349_823448.html|title=Gilets jaunes: anatomie d'une journée de colère|work=Le Monde|access-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119014348/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2018/11/16/gilets-jaunes-radiographie-d-une-colere_5384349_823448.html|archive-date=19 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="guard1611">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/16/gilet-jaunes-yellow-jackets-protesters-france-standstill|title='Gilets jaunes' protesters threaten to bring France to a standstill|last=Willsher|first=Kim|date=16 November 2018|newspaper=
<ref name="nbc231">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/who-are-france-s-yellow-jacket-protesters-what-do-they-n940016|title=The Champs-Élysées in Paris became a blazing battleground. Here's why.|last=Smith|first=Saphora|date=27 November 2018|
<ref name="Dianara">{{cite news|title=We're With the Rebels|author=Aurélie Dianara|newspaper=The Jacobin|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2018/11/yellow-vests-france-gilets-jaunes-fuel-macron|date=30 November 2018|access-date=2 December 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070646/https://jacobinmag.com/2018/11/yellow-vests-france-gilets-jaunes-fuel-macron|archive-date=2 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="fr234">{{Cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181217-france-yellow-vests-battle-popular-referendum-RIC-citizens-initiative-macron-philippe |title=France 24, "'Yellow Vests' open a new front in the battle: Popular referendums", 17/12/2018 |date=17 December 2018 |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102122612/https://www.france24.com/en/20181217-france-yellow-vests-battle-popular-referendum-RIC-citizens-initiative-macron-philippe |archive-date=2 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Rose">{{cite news|
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<ref name="cnn345">{{cite news |last1=Mark Lynas |title=Why President Macron's U-turn is a warning for climate leaders |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/31/opinions/macron-warning-climate-leaders/ |access-date=3 January 2019 |
<ref name="yaho13254">{{Cite web |website=Yahoo News |url=https://news.yahoo.com/macrons-popularity-falls-25-percent-poll-231241851.html |title=Macron's popularity falls to 25 percent: poll |date=17 November 2018 |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121546/https://news.yahoo.com/macrons-popularity-falls-25-percent-poll-231241851.html |archive-date=19 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="lefig234">{{cite news|title=Pour Hollande, Macron est
<ref name="lemo435">{{cite news|author=Service Politique|title=Démission de François Bayrou
<ref name="rfi3455">{{cite web|
<ref name="lemo544">{{cite news|newspaper=Le Monde
<ref name="nouve11">{{cite news|author=L'Obs|title=Démission de Collomb
<ref name="nouv22">{{cite web|author=Serge Rafy|title=Collomb et Macron, un divorce au forceps|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/chroniques/20181002.OBS3280/collomb-et-macron-un-divorce-au-forceps.html|work=l'Obs|date=2 October 2018|access-date=20 January 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121064246/https://www.nouvelobs.com/chroniques/20181002.OBS3280/collomb-et-macron-un-divorce-au-forceps.html|archive-date=21 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="lese11">{{cite web|title=Diesel: les raisons d'une
<ref name="lci556">{{cite web|url=https://www.lci.fr/automobile/prix-des-carburants-l-essence-a-son-plus-bas-de-2018-le-diesel-retrouve-son-niveau-de-mai-gilets-jaunes-2106366.html|title=Prix des carburants
<ref name="lepoint1611">{{cite news|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/automobile/prix-a-la-pompe-la-part-du-brut-la-part-des-taxes-16-11-2018-2271841_646.php|title=Prix à la pompe: la part du brut, la part des taxes|work=Le Point|agency=AFP|date=16 November 2018|access-date=4 December 2018|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200933/https://www.lepoint.fr/automobile/prix-a-la-pompe-la-part-du-brut-la-part-des-taxes-16-11-2018-2271841_646.php|archive-date=23 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="ofce0213">{{cite web|author=Evens Salies|title=Gilets Jaunes: Is the energy transition possible while still reducing inequality?|url=https://www.ofce.sciences-po.fr/blog/gilets-jaunes-is-the-energy-transition-possible-while-still-reducing-inequality/|date=13 February 2019|publisher=OFCE|access-date=15 May 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330214215/https://www.ofce.sciences-po.fr/blog/gilets-jaunes-is-the-energy-transition-possible-while-still-reducing-inequality/|archive-date=30 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="CNN1">{{cite news|author1=Eva Tapiero|author2=Matthew Robinson|author3=Laura Smith-Spark|title=French fuel protests leave 1 dead, dozens injured|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/17/europe/macron-france-fuel-protests-intl/|access-date=20 November 2018|
<ref name="bbc2233">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47042291|publisher=BBC News|title=Europe changes gear over speed limits on country roads|date=29 January 2019|access-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130042323/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47042291|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="thelo22">{{cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180307/france-to-lower-speed-limit-to-80kmh-in-july-despite-opposition|title=France to cut speed limit on roads to 80km/h in July despite opposition|
<ref name="auto00">{{cite web |title=Plus de 6000 radars vandalisés en 2018! |website=radars-auto.com |language=fr |author=Nicolas |url=https://www.radars-auto.com/actualite/actu-radars-general/plus-de-6000-radars-vandalises-en-2018-1495 |quote=Entre janvier et août 2018, 3 932 actes de vandalisme ont été enregistrés sur les radars automatiques. |access-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131040502/https://www.radars-auto.com/actualite/actu-radars-general/plus-de-6000-radars-vandalises-en-2018-1495 |archive-date=31 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="reut11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-protests-idUSKBN1O20UZ|title=France's Macron hunts for way out of 'yellow vest' crisis|last1=Lough|first1=Richard|date=4 December 2018|
<ref name="bloo11">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/macron-exposed-on-twin-fronts-as-french-and-german-risks-collide|title=Macron Fights on Two Fronts as French, German Risks Collide|last=Viscusi|first=Gregory|date=3 December 2018|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204204939/https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2018-12-03/macron-exposed-on-twin-fronts-as-french-and-german-risks-collide|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NYT_Creuse">{{cite news|author1=Adam Nossiter|title='Yellow Vests' Riot in Paris, but Their Anger Is Rooted Deep in France|date=2 December 2018|access-date=7 December 2018|language=en|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/02/world/europe/france-yellow-vest-protests.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203034619/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/02/world/europe/france-yellow-vest-protests.html|archive-date=3 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="nerw11">{{cite news |last=Atkin |first=Emily |date=10 December 2018 |title=France's Yellow Vest Protesters Want to Fight Climate Change |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/152585/frances-yellow-vest-protesters-want-fight-climate-change |
<ref name="nyt1123">{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Alissa J.|last2=Sengupta|first2=Somini|title='Yellow Vest' Protests Shake France. Here's the Lesson for Climate Change.|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 December 2018|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/06/world/europe/france-fuel-carbon-tax.html|quote=There is little doubt among scientists and economists — many of whom are in Poland for the current round of climate negotiations — that putting a price on carbon is essential in the effort to reduce fossil fuel dependence. . . . [However many] analysts say the French tax was not politically deft, falling hardest on people outside French cities who were already feeling the pain of stagnating incomes and who do not have the same mass transportation options as urban residents.|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211120135/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/06/world/europe/france-fuel-carbon-tax.html|archive-date=11 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="NYTFashion">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/04/fashion/yellow-vests-france-protest-fashion.html|title=The Power of the Yellow Vest|last=Friedman|first=Vanessa|date=4 December 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 January 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103013557/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/04/fashion/yellow-vests-france-protest-fashion.html|archive-date=3 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="FT0612">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/7997d508-f8ba-11e8-af46-2022a0b02a6c|title=Barricades in Paris make Brexit bankers think again|work=[[Financial Times]]|author=Henry Mance|date=6 December 2018|access-date=8 December 2018|url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207121924/https://www.ft.com/content/7997d508-f8ba-11e8-af46-2022a0b02a6c|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Walt">{{cite news|last1=Walt|first1=Vivienne|url=
<ref name="populist">
* {{cite news|author=
* {{
* {{Cite news |last=Bell|first=Melissa |title=Macron vowed to fight the populists. Now he's being engulfed by them|publisher=CNN|access-date=17 January 2019 |date=14 January 2019|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/11/europe/france-macron-yellow-vests-populism-intl/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117173449/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/11/europe/france-macron-yellow-vests-populism-intl/index.html|archive-date=17 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="grassroots">
* {{
* {{
* {{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/why-people-in-yellow-vests-are-blocking-french-roads/2018/12/10/272aa4bc-fcbb-11e8-a17e-162b712e8fc2_story.html|title=Why People in Yellow Vests Are Blocking French Roads|last=Viscusi|first=Gregory|date=10 December 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=28 December 2018|quote=What started in November as a grassroots movement against plans to hike gas taxes has spiraled into widespread anger about the rising cost of living and discontent with French President Emmanuel Macron.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031828/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/why-people-in-yellow-vests-are-blocking-french-roads/2018/12/10/272aa4bc-fcbb-11e8-a17e-162b712e8fc2_story.html|archive-date=29 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="economicjustice">
* {{cite web|url=https://
* {{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/frances-yellow-vest-protesters-rage-on-for-fifth-weekend|title=France's 'yellow vest' protesters rage on for fifth weekend|last=McKay|first=Hollie|date=16 December 2018|publisher=Fox News|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031335/https://www.foxnews.com/world/frances-yellow-vest-protesters-rage-on-for-fifth-weekend|archive-date=29 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2018|quote=The movement, which is largely seen as a rallying cry for economic justice from France's working class, takes its name from the yellow safety vests French motorists are mandated to keep in their vehicles.}}</ref>
<ref name="reut5755">{{cite news|date=3 December 2018|
<ref name="elab112">{{cite web|url=https://elabe.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/rapport_20181205_elabe_bfmtv_les-francais-les-gilets-jaunes-et-les-mesures-annoncees-par-edouard-philippe.pdf|title=Les Français, les gilets jaunes et les mesures annoncées par Edouard Philippe|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110020502/https://elabe.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/rapport_20181205_elabe_bfmtv_les-francais-les-gilets-jaunes-et-les-mesures-annoncees-par-edouard-philippe.pdf|archive-date=10 January 2019|publisher=Sondage ELABE pour BFMTV|date=5 December 2018|language=fr|access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref>
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<ref name="42_Directives">{{cite web|author=Gilets Jaunes|publisher=France Bleu|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/394450377/Les-revendications-des-gilets-jaunes|title=Les revendication des gilets jaunes|date=29 November 2018|access-date=12 December 2018|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212055005/https://www.scribd.com/document/394450377/Les-revendications-des-gilets-jaunes|archive-date=12 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="en42demands">{{cite web |author1=France Bleu |title=Demands of France's yellow vests as uploaded by France Bleu, November 29 |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/demands-of-frances-yellow-vests-as-uploaded-by-france-bleu-november-29 |website=[[openDemocracy]] |access-date=20 November 2019 |date=7 December 2018
<ref name="Spectrum_42_revendications">{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2018/12/04/sur-un-axe-de-melenchon-a-le-pen-ou-se-situent-les-revendications-des-gilets-jaunes_5392592_4355770.html|title=Sur un axe de Mélenchon à Le Pen, où se situent les revendications des 'gilets jaunes'?|newspaper=Le Monde|language=fr|author1=Mathilde Damgé|author2=Anne-Aël Durand|author3=Maxime Vaudano|author4=Jérémie Baruch|author5=Pierre Breteau|date=4 December 2018|access-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211163014/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2018/12/04/sur-un-axe-de-melenchon-a-le-pen-ou-se-situent-les-revendications-des-gilets-jaunes_5392592_4355770.html|archive-date=11 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="mari331">{{cite news|author=Étienne Girard|title=Ni Macron, ni Mélenchon, ni Le Pen
<ref name="Lordon">{{cite web|url=https://blog.mondediplo.net/fin-de-monde|title=Fin de monde?|author=Frédéric Lordon|date=5 December 2018
<ref name="Renault">{{cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/2018/12/07/20004-20181207ARTFIG00160-gilets-jaunes-les-redactions-prennent-des-mesures-pour-assurer-la-securite-des-journalistes.php|title=
<ref name="oues121">{{cite news|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/pays-de-la-loire/nantes-44000/loire-atlantique-ce-journal-que-des-gilets-jaunes-ont-empeche-de-paraitre-6152586|title=Loire-Atlantique. Ce journal que des Gilets jaunes ont empêché de paraître|author=François Chrétien|date=27 December 2018|access-date=7 January 2019|language=fr}}</ref>
<ref name="Hurst">{{cite news|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/152853/ugly-illiberal-anti-semitic-heart-yellow-vest-movement|author=Alexander Hurst|title=The Ugly, Illiberal, Anti-Semitic Heart of the Yellow Vest Movement|date=7 January 2019|access-date=7 January 2019|
<ref name="euro244">{{cite news|author=Margaux Baralon|url=https://www.europe1.fr/politique/comment-les-gilets-jaunes-ont-bouleverse-les-codes-de-la-contestation-3803714|date=19 November 2018|language=fr|title=Comment les
<ref name="lefi1321">{{cite news|author=Blandine Le Cain|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2018/11/30/01016-20181130ARTFIG00321-les-gilets-jaunes-un-mouvement-sans-leader-dans-lequel-les-fake-news-prosperent.php|title=Les 'gilets jaunes', un mouvement sans leader dans lequel les 'fake news' prospèrent|date=30 November 2018|language=fr|newspaper=Le Figaro|access-date=9 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210103727/http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2018/11/30/01016-20181130ARTFIG00321-les-gilets-jaunes-un-mouvement-sans-leader-dans-lequel-les-fake-news-prosperent.php|archive-date=10 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="lete11">{{cite news|newspaper=[[Le Temps]]|author=Marie-Hélène Miauton|date=6 December 2018|access-date=22 December 2018|title=Des
<ref name="rts112">{{cite news|
<ref name="libe645">{{cite news|url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2019/01/02/gilets-jaunes-histoire-du-ric-un-cri-du-peuple_1700790|language=fr|title=Gilets jaunes Histoire du RIC, un cri du peuple|newspaper=Liberation|author=Vincent Glad|date=2 January 2019|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106104341/https://www.liberation.fr/france/2019/01/02/gilets-jaunes-histoire-du-ric-un-cri-du-peuple_1700790|archive-date=6 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="fra576">{{cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20170317-france-presidentielle-2017-marche-6e-republique-jean-luc-melenchon-hamon-macron|language=fr|title=La VIe République
<ref name="dissent2">{{cite news|url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/frances-yellow-vests-a-test-for-the-populist-left|language=en|title=France's Yellow Vests: A Test for the Populist Left|newspaper=Dissent|author=Jacob Hamburger|date=3 January 2019|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204308/https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/frances-yellow-vests-a-test-for-the-populist-left|archive-date=6 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="fra677">{{Cite web|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/economie/transports/gilets-jaunes/video-qu-est-ce-que-le-ric-la-revendication-phare-des-gilets-jaunes_3106271.html
<ref name="bbc2">{{cite news |title='Shame' on Paris protesters, says Macron |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46331783 |access-date=27 November 2018 |
<ref name="Local1">{{cite news |author=Ben McPartland |title=LATEST: French police dislodge fuel protesters as movement wanes (for now) |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20181120/latest-yellow-vest-fuel-protests-enter-fourth-day-as-french-government-stands-firm |access-date=20 November 2018 |work=The Local |date=20 November 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120115036/https://www.thelocal.fr/20181120/latest-yellow-vest-fuel-protests-enter-fourth-day-as-french-government-stands-firm |archive-date=20 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="local0212">{{cite news |author=John Lichfield |title=ANALYSIS: The savage violence in Paris was not a protest, it was an insurrection |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20181202/analysis-the-savage-violence-in-paris-was-not-a-protest-it-was-insurrection |access-date=2 December 2018 |work=The Local |date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203130345/https://www.thelocal.fr/20181202/analysis-the-savage-violence-in-paris-was-not-a-protest-it-was-insurrection |archive-date=3 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="fra876">{{cite news |title=France's 'yellow vest' protesters block access to fuel depots |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181119-france-yellow-vest-protesters-block-access-fuel-depots-taxes-total |access-date=21 November 2018 |
<ref name="Bianchi">{{cite news|author=Leonardo Bianchi|url=https://www.vice.com/it/article
<ref name="Mazet">{{cite news|author=Serge Pueyo|title=Gilets jaunes: qui était Chantal, morte écrasée sur un barrage|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/gilets-jaunes-qui-etait-chantal-morte-ecrasee-sur-un-barrage-17-11-2018-7945344.php|date=17 November 2018|access-date=2 December 2018|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120010702/http://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/gilets-jaunes-qui-etait-chantal-morte-ecrasee-sur-un-barrage-17-11-2018-7945344.php|archive-date=20 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Monde_RoadSafety">{{cite news|title=
<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last1=Willsher |first1=Kim |title=French 'gilets jaunes' protests turn violent on the streets of Paris |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/24/french-gilets-jaunes-protests-turn-violent-on-the-streets-of-paris |access-date=27 November 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=24 November 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126202205/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/24/french-gilets-jaunes-protests-turn-violent-on-the-streets-of-paris |archive-date=26 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="bbc0312">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46429930|title=France fuel protests: 80-year-old woman killed in her home|publisher=BBC News |date=3 December 2018|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203183907/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46429930|archive-date=3 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="IGPN">{{cite news|newspaper=Ouest France|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/societe/faits-divers/marseille-une-octogenaire-decede-blessee-par-une-grenade-lacrymogene-en-marge-des-manifestations-6106076|title=Marseille. L'IGPN saisie après la mort d'une octogénaire blessée par une grenade|date=3 December 2018|access-date=4 December 2018|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204131049/https://www.ouest-france.fr/societe/faits-divers/marseille-une-octogenaire-decede-blessee-par-une-grenade-lacrymogene-en-marge-des-manifestations-6106076|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="BelfastT8th">{{cite news |title=French police use armoured vans and tear gas in bid to quell Paris protests |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/french-police-use-armoured-vans-and-tear-gas-in-bid-to-quell-paris-protests-37607287.html |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Belfast Telegraph}}</ref>
<ref name="Monde_SixDead">{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2018/12/13/un-gilet-jaune-tue-apres-avoir-ete-percute-par-un-camion-a-avignon_5396765_3224.html|title=
<ref name="lexp33452">{{cite web|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/gilets-jaunes-un-septieme-mort-en-marge-du-mouvement_2053513.html|title=Gilets jaunes: septième mort en marge du mouvement|date=15 December 2018|website=
<ref name="lci98744">{{cite web|url=https://www.lci.fr/police/gilets-jaunes-un-conducteur-meurt-en-percutant-un-camion-a-la-frontiere-belge-2107551.html|title=Gilets jaunes: deux accidents mortels en marge de barrages, 8 morts depuis le début du mouvement|website=LCI |date=15 December 2018 |access-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215170415/https://www.lci.fr/police/gilets-jaunes-un-conducteur-meurt-en-percutant-un-camion-a-la-frontiere-belge-2107551.html|archive-date=15 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Reuters181220">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-protests-idUSKCN1OJ1IV|title=Death toll in French 'yellow vest' protests rises to nine|date=20 December 2018|
<ref name="Telegraph181222">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/12/22/driver-killed-accident-yellow-vest-roadblock-southern-france|title=Driver killed in accident at Yellow Vest roadblock in southern France|access-date=22 December 2018|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=22 December 2018|last1=Staff|first1=Our Foreign|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222160212/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/12/22/driver-killed-accident-yellow-vest-roadblock-southern-france/|archive-date=22 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="refl276276">{{Cite news|url=https://reflets.info/articles/les-blesses-eborgnes-par-les-forces-de-l-ordre-ne-le-sont-pas-par-accident|title=Les blessés éborgnés par les forces de l'ordre ne le sont pas par accident|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013821/https://reflets.info/articles/les-blesses-eborgnes-par-les-forces-de-l-ordre-ne-le-sont-pas-par-accident|archive-date=10 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="libe0928894">Since 2009 police are equipped with [[Brügger & Thomet GL06]]; they call the weapon ''LBD 40''
<ref name="thelo98287623">{{cite news |last=O'Reilly |first=Edward |title=Riot control guns: What's all the fuss about Flash Balls in France? |work=The Local |access-date=17 January 2019
<ref name="inter8783">{{cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/content/download/74530/546550/file/boi_20140010_0000_p000.pdf|access-date=17 August 2019|title=Bulletin Officiel du Ministère de l'intérieur|language=fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182153/https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/content/download/74530/546550/file/boi_20140010_0000_p000.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2019}} French police department rules regarding the weapon.</ref>
<ref name="libe872872">{{cite news|url=https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/2019/01/14/gilets-jaunes-le-decompte-des-blesses-graves_1702863|title=Gilets jaunes
<ref name="bbc98982333">{{Cite news
<ref name="maria27652">{{cite news|author=Hadrien Mathoux|title=Des gilets jaunes au comité Adama
<ref name="bbc99298982">{{cite news |title=French government fears 'major violence' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-46466268 |access-date=7 December 2018 |
<ref name="Parcoursup">{{cite news|author1=Eric Nunès|title=Parcoursup: retour sur une réforme explosive|date=20 September 2018|access-date=8 December 2018|language=fr|newspaper=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/campus/article/2018/09/20/parcoursup-retour-sur-une-reforme-explosive_5357725_4401467.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207121444/https://www.lemonde.fr/campus/article/2018/09/20/parcoursup-retour-sur-une-reforme-explosive_5357725_4401467.html|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="lanou29872">{{cite news|title=Les lycéens contre la réforme du bac|url=https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/romorantin/les-lyceens-contre-la-reforme-du-bac|date=1 December 2018|access-date=8 December 2018|newspaper=La Nouvelle République|language=fr|quote='On demande une égalité entre les lycées ruraux et les grands lycées urbains. Ils ont des options
<ref name="belly09092">{{cite web|website=rebellyon.info|date=7 December 2018|access-date=8 December 2018|author=zbeul|url=https://rebellyon.info/Contre-ParcourSup-et-la-reforme-du-bac-19894|title=Contre ParcourSup et la réforme du bac
<ref name="fra276276">{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20181207-france-mantes-jolie-images-video-interpellation-lyceens-police-blanquer|title=France
<ref name="lemo15427398">{{cite news |last1=Battaglia |first1=Mattea |last2=Couvelaire |first2=Louise |title=La vidéo de l'interpellation collective de dizaines de lycéens à Mantes-la-Jolie provoque de vives réactions |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/police-justice/article/2018/12/06/mantes-la-jolie-des-images-choquantes-de-lyceens-interpelles-par-la-police_5393757_1653578.html |access-date=7 December 2018 |work=Le Monde
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<ref name="fra87172653">{{cite news|title=Douze interpellations à Saint-Etienne en marge des manifestations lycéennes|url=https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/faits-divers-justice/huit-arrestations-a-saint-etienne-en-marge-des-manifestations-lyceennes-en-centre-ville-1544111704|date=6 December 2018|language=fr|newspaper=France Bleu|access-date=8 December 2018|quote=La ville est en état de siège depuis ce jeudi matin avec la manifestation des lycéens dans toute la ville.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206214609/https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/faits-divers-justice/huit-arrestations-a-saint-etienne-en-marge-des-manifestations-lyceennes-en-centre-ville-1544111704|archive-date=6 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="fra56583475">{{cite web|author=Romain Brunet|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20181211-france-mouvement-lyceens-gilets-jaunes-convergence-luttes-unl-fidl-parcoursup-bac|title=Mouvement des lycéens et Gilets jaunes
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<ref name="complosions">{{cite news|newspaper=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2018/12/12/strasbourg-apres-l-attaque-les-theories-du-complot_5396313_4355770.html|author=Les Decodeurs|date=12 December 2018|access-date=20 January 2019|language=fr|title=Strasbourg
<ref name="Soullier">{{cite news|author=Lucie Soullier|title=Les 'Gilets jaunes', nouveau terrain d'influence de la nébuleuse complotiste et antisémite|newspaper=Le Monde|date=20 January 2019|access-date=20 January 2019|page=6|language=fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2019/01/19/les-gilets-jaunes-nouveau-terrain-de-jeu-de-la-nebuleuse-complotiste-et-antisemite-francaise_5411427_3224.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120073736/https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2019/01/19/les-gilets-jaunes-nouveau-terrain-de-jeu-de-la-nebuleuse-complotiste-et-antisemite-francaise_5411427_3224.html|archive-date=20 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="OTRE">{{cite news|url=https://www.otre.org/lettre-ouverte-au-premier-ministre-edouard-philippe/|title=Lettre ouverte au Premier Ministre Edouard PHILIPPE|work=OTRE|date=20 November 2018|access-date=2 December 2018|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202202708/https://www.otre.org/lettre-ouverte-au-premier-ministre-edouard-philippe/|archive-date=2 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="MacronBlinks">{{cite news|author1=Gregory Viscusi|author2=Helene Fouquet|title=Macron Blinks as Yellow-Vests Protest Forces Fuel-Tax Climbdown|date=4 December 2018|access-date=7 December 2018|language=en|
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<ref name="cnn1119198282">{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/10/europe/macron-address-nation-french-schools-intl/index.html|title=Macron promises minimum wage hike in response to violent protests in France|date=11 December 2018|
<ref name="reut38735">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-protests-economy-lemaire-idUSKBN1O90LP|title=To quell unrest, France's Macron speeds up tax cuts but vows no U-turn|date=11 December 2018|
<ref name="lefi594874876">{{cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/2018/12/10/25001-20181210ARTFIG00312-ce-qu-a-annonce-macron-pour-sortir-de-la-crise-des-gilets-jaunes.php|title=Ce qu'a annoncé Macron pour sortir de la crise des
<ref name="AI">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/12/police-must-end-use-of-excessive-force-against-protesters-and-high-school-children-in-france/|title=Police must end use of excessive force against protesters and high school children in France|
<ref name="thel000958">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20181214/french-police-blasted-for-maiming-yellow-vests-with-tear-gas-and-rubber-bullets|title=French police blasted for maiming 'yellow vests' with tear gas and rubber bullets|date=14 December 2018|newspaper=TheLocal.fr|language=en|access-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075711/https://www.thelocal.fr/20181214/french-police-blasted-for-maiming-yellow-vests-with-tear-gas-and-rubber-bullets|archive-date=15 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="police_raise">{{cite news|newspaper=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/police-justice/article/2018/12/20/les-policiers-obtiennent-une-revalorisation-salariale_5400272_1653578.html|title=Policiers: avec la menace d'une mobilisation
<ref name="fra22248967587">{{cite news|
<ref name="Yorker0612">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-yellow-vests-and-why-there-are-so-many-street-protests-in-france|title=The Yellow Vests and Why There Are So Many Street Protests in France|author=Adam Gopnik|date=6 December 2018|newspaper=
<ref name="Libé68">{{cite news|url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2018/12/02/paris-emeutes-inedites-depuis-68_1695615|title=Paris:émeutes inédites depuis 68|newspaper=Libération|language=fr|author1=Emmanuel Fansten|author2=Willy Le Devin|author3=Ismaël Halissat|date=2 December 2018|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203203809/https://www.liberation.fr/france/2018/12/02/paris-emeutes-inedites-depuis-68_1695615|archive-date=3 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="proj298973">{{cite web|work=Project Syndicate|author=Bernard-Henri Lévy |date=5 December 2018|access-date=12 January 2019|url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/yellow-vests-or-brown-shirts-by-bernard-henri-levy-2018-12|title=Will the Yellow Vests Reject the Brown Shirts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113122445/https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/yellow-vests-or-brown-shirts-by-bernard-henri-levy-2018-12|archive-date=13 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="FranchTV0612">{{cite web|title=Gilets jaunes – Le ministre de l'Intérieur indique que le pics de manifestants s'est élevé à 282710 manifestants, atteint vers 17 heures|url=https://mobile.francetvinfo.fr/economie/transports/gilets-jaunes/gilets-jaunes-les-references-a-la-revolution-se-multiplient_3087501.html|
<ref name="
<ref name="
<ref name="
<ref name="udn092090982">{{cite news|newspaper=[[United Daily News]]|last1=Huang |first1=Yishu (黃義書) |script-title=zh:法稅改革聯盟等團體發起黃背心運動|url=https://udn.com/news/story/6656/3545882|language=zh-hant|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222040708/https://udn.com/news/story/6656/3545882|archive-date=22 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="merc23282762652">{{cite news|newspaper=The Mercury News|author1=Lorne Cook|author2=Mark Carlson|title='Yellow jacket' tax protests spread: billiard balls vs. water cannons|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/11/30/yellow-jacket-tax-protests-spread-billiard-balls-vs-water-cannons/|date=30 November 2018|access-date=1 December 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070508/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/11/30/yellow-jacket-tax-protests-spread-billiard-balls-vs-water-cannons/|archive-date=2 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Monde_Wallonie">{{cite news |author=Jean-Pierre Stroobants |title=En Belgique, un mouvement de " gilets jaunes " se cherche un débouché politique |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2018/11/18/en-belgique-un-mouvement-de-gilets-jaunes-se-cherche-un-debouche-politique_5385244_3214.html |access-date=27 November 2018 |work=Le Monde
<ref name="leso1129872872">{{cite news|language=fr|url=https://www.lesoir.be/190768/article/2018-11-18/des-gilets-jaunes-creent-un-mouvement-politique-pour-les-prochaines-elections|title=Des
<ref name="SudinfoBelga">{{cite news|url=https://www.sudinfo.be/id95716/article/2019-01-12/gilets-jaunes-trois-belges-decedes-depuis-le-debut-du-mouvement|title=
<!-- not presently used
<ref name="yell228972872762">{{cite web|url=https://australianyellowvestalliance.info/ayva-goals|title=AYVA goals|
<ref name="yell22872872">{{cite web|url=https://australianyellowvestalliance.info/details-of-events|title=Details of next gatherings|
<ref name="whits9982982">{{Cite news |
-->
<!--<ref name="CBC_20181215">{{cite news|first=Cory|last=Coleman|date=15 December 2018|title=Regina yellow vest protesters 'standing up for Canada', decry carbon tax, UN migration pact, Trudeau|
<ref name="globalnews_20181217">{{Cite news |first=Maham |last=Abedi |title=
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<ref name="Croatia">{{cite web|url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/hrvatski-zuti-prsluci-nije-iskljuceno-da-dodjemo-na-adrese-clanova-vlade/2050226.aspx|title=Hrvatski Žuti prsluci: 'Nije isključeno da dođemo na adrese članova vlade'|date=15 December 2018|website=Index.hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224170551/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/hrvatski-zuti-prsluci-nije-iskljuceno-da-dodjemo-na-adrese-clanova-vlade/2050226.aspx|archive-date=24 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="jpos22009384">{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Egyptian-lawyer-detained-after-wearing-yellow-vest-574104|title=Egyptian lawyer detained after wearing yellow vest|
<ref name="seat22989282">{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/egypt-restricts-yellow-vests-sales-to-avoid-copycat-protests/|title=Egypt restricts yellow vests sales to avoid copycat protests|author=Hamza Hendawi (AP)|date=10 December 2018|newspaper=The Seattle Times|access-date=11 December 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210220231/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/egypt-restricts-yellow-vests-sales-to-avoid-copycat-protests/|archive-date=10 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
Line 850 ⟶ 924:
<ref name="theg22009092982">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/11/egypt-bans-sale-of-gilets-jaunes-yellow-vests-in-fear-copycat-protests|title=Egypt bans sale of yellow vests in fear of gilets jaunes copycat protests|agency=Associated Press|date=11 December 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=11 December 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211120216/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/11/egypt-bans-sale-of-gilets-jaunes-yellow-vests-in-fear-copycat-protests|archive-date=11 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="talouselämää-yellow-vests">{{cite web|url=https://www.talouselama.fi/uutiset/maanantaina-tama-on-totta-suomessa-suomalaiset-keltaliivit-osoittavat-mielta-eduskuntatalon-edessa-meuhkataan-havisi-facebookin-aanestyksen/49e40128-7e75-3010-bb23-11b3b4db6b45|title=Maanantaina tämä on totta Suomessa! Suomalaiset keltaliivit osoittavat mieltä eduskuntatalon edessä
<ref name="lemo9968986985">{{cite news|author=Thomas Wieder|newspaper=Le Monde|title=En Allemagne, l'extrême droite revêt l'uniforme des 'gilets jaunes'|date=3 December 2018|access-date=8 December 2016|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2018/12/03/en-allemagne-l-extreme-droite-revet-l-uniforme-des-gilets-jaunes_5391918_3210.html|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203211656/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2018/12/03/en-allemagne-l-extreme-droite-revet-l-uniforme-des-gilets-jaunes_5391918_3210.html|archive-date=3 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="SPON-1243957">{{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/muenchen-gelbwesten-protest-in-deutschland-aufruf-der-aufstehen-bewegung-a-1243957.html|title='Gelbwesten'-Protest in München|date=15 December 2018|work=[[
<ref name="risex33983983">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/hundreds-join-yellow-vest-protest-march-in-dublin-893734.html|title=Hundreds join 'yellow vest' protest march in Dublin|
<ref name="guard3uh">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/26/paris-begins-clean-up-after-gilets-jaunes-clash-protest-with-police|title=Macron: Paris protest 'battle scenes' could hurt France's image|last=Willsher|first=Kim|date=26 November 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=7 January 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|quote=In Italy, a protest group inspired by the ''gilets jaunes'' and unveiled on Facebook on Saturday has garnered thousands of supporters online. Alberto Nardozzi, who runs market stalls in Turin and started the Italian protest group, said Brussels was the focus of his ire. 'We are inspired by the French ''gilet jaunes''{{'}}, he said. 'But we are motivated by other issues. We, unlike the French, support our government. What we protest against is Europe. We want Europe to no longer interfere with Italian politics.' Nardozzi said his group, which was planning a major rally in January, opposed the so-called Bolkestein directive, which
<ref name="Italy">{{Cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/world/2018/12/16/IN-PICTURES-Protesters-march-against-Italy-s-tough-new-anti-migrant-law.html|title=In Pictures: Protesters march against Italy's tough new anti-migrant law|
<ref name="loca0098408598">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20190107/italian-leaders-back-french-yellow-vest-protesters|title=Italian leaders back French 'yellow vest' protesters|date=7 January 2019|
<ref name="PAGE">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/12/19/govt-employed-engineers-block-the-mall/|title=Govt-employed engineers block The Mall|newspaper=[[Pakistan Today]]|date=19 December 2018|language=en|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222221255/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/12/19/govt-employed-engineers-block-the-mall/|archive-date=22 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
Line 872 ⟶ 946:
<ref name="Portugal">{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2018/12/21/portugal-s-yellow-vests-turn-out-for-anti-government-protests|title=Portugal's 'yellow vests' turn out for anti-government protest|date=21 December 2018|website=Euronews|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224220056/https://www.euronews.com/2018/12/21/portugal-s-yellow-vests-turn-out-for-anti-government-protests|archive-date=24 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Russia">{{Cite news|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3841530 |script-title=ru:
<ref name="lepa3084500000010">{{cite news|newspaper=Le Parisien|title=Irak, Serbie,
<ref name="Maxon">{{Cite news|
<ref name="Everington">{{cite news|newspaper=[[Taiwan News]]|
<ref name="inde0090967">{{Cite news|title=Egypt clamps down on yellow vest sales to avoid copycat protests as angry Tunisian activists launch 'red vest' campaign|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/egypt-yellow-vest-sales-paris-protests-tunisia-red-vest-gilets-jaunes-riots-rallies-opposition-a8677771.html|last=Trew|first=Bel|date=11 December 2018|work=The Independent|access-date=12 December 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212014410/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/egypt-yellow-vest-sales-paris-protests-tunisia-red-vest-gilets-jaunes-riots-rallies-opposition-a8677771.html|archive-date=12 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<!-- <ref name="indep30303094985">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/london-protest-yellow-vests-uk-manchester-arrests-far-right-brexit-roads-bridges-a8713081.html|title=Teenage girl arrested during far-right 'yellow vest' protests in London|date=5 January 2019|last=Dearden|first=Lizzie|work=The Independent|language=en|access-date=6 January 2019|quote=A 13-year-old girl has been arrested on suspicion of assaulting a police officer during a far-right 'yellow vest' protest that blocked major roads in London ... It was one of several protests held in British cities by the UK 'yellow vests', who have appropriated the high-visibility jackets worn in demonstrations that turned violent in France. Supporters called for a no-deal Brexit and shouted that the prime minister was a 'traitor'
<ref name="guard292972973">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/dec/23/police-probe-far-right-yellow-vest-group-anna-soubry|title=Police probe far-right 'yellow vest' group that intimidated Anna Soubry|last=Townsend|first=Mark|date=23 December 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=6 January 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|quote=Police are investigating a group of far-right members of the UK's embryonic 'yellow-vest' movement who accosted the Conservative MP Anna Soubry outside parliament and called her a traitor, the ''Observer'' can reveal...The development comes as the ''Observer'' has learned that BNP founder Nick Griffin is among a cohort of prominent far-right figures keen to hijack the UK's yellow-vest movement, which has recently appropriated the high-visibility jackets worn in the French ''gilet jaune'' protests.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102202011/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/dec/23/police-probe-far-right-yellow-vest-group-anna-soubry|archive-date=2 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> -->
<ref name="metro1112">{{Cite news|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/01/05/girl-13-among-four-arrested-pro-brexit-yellow-vest-protest-london-8313140/|title=Girl, 13, among four arrested during pro-Brexit 'yellow vest' protest in London|last=Mahmood|first=Basit|date=5 January 2019|work=Metro|language=en|access-date=6 January 2019|quote=A 13-year-old girl was arrested on suspicion of assaulting a police officer during a pro-Brexit 'yellow vest' protest in London today. She was arrested alongside three others as a far-right march blocked major roads around Westminster Bridge near the Parliament on Saturday. The demonstration in the capital was one of several held across UK cities, including Manchester, by demonstrators who have copied the high-visibility jackets worn in demonstrations that have turned violent in France.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204245/https://metro.co.uk/2019/01/05/girl-13-among-four-arrested-pro-brexit-yellow-vest-protest-london-8313140/|archive-date=6 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Line 892 ⟶ 965:
<ref name="BBC_Finkielkraut">{{cite news|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47286576|title=Gilets jaunes: How much anti-Semitism is beneath the yellow vests?|first=Lucy|last=Williamson|date=19 February 2019|access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="BFM_Finkielkraut">{{cite news|language=fr|last=Finkielkraut|first=Alain|
<ref name=Goswami>{{cite web |last1=Goswami |first1=Neal |title=Carbon tax supporters, opponents weigh in on 1st day of session |url=https://www.wcax.com/content/news/Carbon-tax-supporters-opponents-weigh-in-first-day-of-session--504121081.html |
<ref name=Gribkoff>{{cite web |last1=Gribkoff |first1=Elizabeth |title=No carbon tax plan yet, but lots of noise from many directions |url=https://vtdigger.org/2019/01/09/no-carbon-tax-plan-yet-lots-noise-many-directions/ |website=[[VTDigger]] |access-date=22 March 2019 |date=9 January 2019}}</ref>
<!--unused<ref name="durand2">{{cite news |last=Durand|first=Cédric|date=14 December 2018 |title=A Movement With a Future|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2018/12/gilets-jaunes-yellow-vest-macron-capitalism|work=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |access-date=18 February 2019|quote=The second path is that of the Left and the social movements, a direction clearly developed in the critique of neoliberalism since the 1990s. Among the gilets jaunes, demands for social justice, wage increases, defense of public services, and hostility to the oligarchy have been fueled by several decades of criticism of globalized and financialized capitalism. The centrality of demands for the restoration of the wealth tax, and the circulation of videos of François Ruffin or Olivier Besancenot, testify to the strength of this left wing of the movement.}}</ref>-->
<ref name="Marlowe">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/gilets-jaunes-protests-cause-extensive-damage-on-champs-%C3%A9lys%C3%A9es-1.3829587|
<ref name=Obciansky_tribunal>{{cite web |language=sk |title=Občiansky Tribunál
<ref name="AJE_2000_MSquare_190419">{{cite news |title=Heavy clashes near Libya's Tripoli amid 'new phase of attack' |date=20 April 2019 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/heavy-clashes-libya-tripoli-phase-attack-190420150424744.html |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://
<ref name="AFP_yellowvests_190419">{{cite news |language=fr |title=En Libye, des gilets jaunes pour dénoncer l'offensive d'Haftar et la France |trans-title=In Libya, yellow vests protestors denounce the Haftar offensive and France |date=19 April 2019 |publisher=Orange Actu/[[Agence France Presse|AFP]] |url=https://actu.orange.fr/monde/en-libye-des-gilets-jaunes-pour-denoncer-l-offensive-d-haftar-et-la-france-CNT000001f4JGs.html |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://
<ref name="Tripolidemo_190503">{{cite news |language=fr |title=Des Libyens en gilets jaunes dénoncent une ingérence française |trans-title=Libyans in yellow vests complain about French interference |date=5 May 2019 |publisher=[[Valeurs actuelles]] |url=https://www.valeursactuelles.com/monde/des-libyens-en-gilets-jaunes-denoncent-une-ingerence-francaise-106650 |access-date=5 May 2019 |archive-url=https://
}}
==Sources==
* {{cite book|date=2019 |isbn=978-2-322-04114-5 |last1=Ludosky |first1=Priscillia |last2=Souque |first2=Maxime |last3=Prost |first3=David |last4=Gontard |first4=Rolland |oclc=1107844201 |page=14 |publisher=Books on Demand |title=#Gilets Jaunes 'Revendications 100% citoyennes passées sous silence par le gouvernement' }}
* {{cite journal|first=Clément |last=Mabi |date=April 2019 |doi=10.3917/pro.371.0020 |periodical=Revue Projet |title=Grand débat: ce que la technique dit du politique |volume=371 |issue=4 |pages=20–24 |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-projet-2019-4-page-20.htm|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book <!--|author=L'Observatoire de Triangle, responsables: --> |first1=Jean-Claude |last1=Zancarini |first2=Guillaume |last2=Gourgues |date=2019 <!-- |présentation en ligne=http://triangle.ens-lyon.fr/spip.php?article8544 --> |publisher=Triangle UMR 5206 (CNRS) |title=Gilets jaunes – groupe de travail |url=http://source.contrecourbe.free.fr/triangle.pdf}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator -->
==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://europeancollections.wordpress.com/2019/10/31/les-gilets-jaunes-reading-list-social-protest-and-discontent-in-france-2018-2019/ ''Les Gilets jaunes: reading list. Social protest and discontent in France (
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{{Portal bar|France|Society}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:2018 establishments in France]]
[[Category:2018 in French politics]]
[[Category:2018 protests]]
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[[Category:Police brutality in France]]
[[Category:Populism in France]]
[[Category:Presidency of Emmanuel Macron]]
[[Category:Protests in France]]
[[Category:Protests in the European Union]]
[[Category:Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Rebellions in France]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in France]]
[[Category:Second Philippe government]]
[[Category:Social movements in Europe]]
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