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{{Short description|Evaluation of quality and condition of tea leaves}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Globalize|date=April 2018}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2018}}
}}
[[File:TeaLeaves.JPG|thumb|Tea leaves of different sizes just after plucking; value is inversely proportional to size]]
[[File:Black tea grading.jpg|thumb|right|Basic leaf grades of [[black tea]], as used in South Asia]]
'''Tea leaf grading''' is the process of evaluating [[tea]] based on the quality and condition of the [[Camellia sinensis|tea leaves]] themselves.
The highest grades for Western and South Asian teas are referred to as "[[#Orange pekoe|orange pekoe]]" (abbreviated as "OP"), and the lowest as "[[#Fannings|fannings]]" or "dust". Pekoe tea grades are classified into various qualities, each determined by how many of the adjacent young leaves (two, one, or none) were picked along with the leaf buds. Top-quality pekoe grades consist of only the leaf buds, which are picked using the balls of the fingertips. Fingernails and mechanical tools are not used, to avoid bruising. Certain grades of leaf are better suited to certain varieties of tea. For example, most white tea is processed from the buds or shoots of the tea plant.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Krisi|title=World Atlas of Tea|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|year=2016|isbn=978-1-78472-124-4|___location=Great Britain|pages=22|language=English}}</ref>
When crushed to make bagged teas, the tea is referred to as "broken", as in "broken orange pekoe" ("BOP"). These lower grades include fannings and dust, which are tiny remnants created in the sorting and crushing processes.
The "OP" grade is also subdivided to include categories higher than OP, which are determined primarily by leaf wholeness and size; "TGFOP1" (Tippy Golden Flowery Orange Pekoe, First Grade) is an example of a higher grade of OP.<ref name=FDA /><ref>{{cite web
|author=TeaFountain |year=2004
|title=Tea Leaf Grades & Production Methods
|work=TeaStation & TeaFountain
|url=http://www.teafountain.com/teagrades/
|access-date=2006-12-12 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902002712/http://www.teafountain.com/teagrades/
|archive-date=2006-09-02
}}</ref>
Broken, fannings and dust orthodox teas ("orthodox tea" meaning the leaves are processed only by traditional methods) have slightly different grades. [[Crush, Tear, Curl|CTC]] teas, which consist of leaves rendered to uniform fannings by machine, have yet another grading system.
==General classifications==
[[File:Sri Lankan OP Tea Case.jpg|thumb|Tray bins of dried tea leaves: O.P. (Orange Pekoe), B.O.P. (Broken Orange Pekoe), and dust-graded black teas at a [[Sri Lanka]]n tea factory]]
=== Grading by size ===
Although grading systems vary, the size of the leaf or broken pieces is an essential quality. Size is an important factor how tea is prepared as a beverage. In general, larger leaves or pieces require a longer steeping time. Also, if measured by volume, the larger sizes need more tea to produce the same strength beverage.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schapira|first=Joel|title=The book of coffee & tea : a guide to the appreciation of fine coffees, teas, and herbal beverages|date=1996|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|others=David Schapira, Karl Schapira|isbn=0-312-14099-1|edition=2nd|___location=New York|pages=190–191|oclc=33404177}}</ref>
=== Grading by appearance ===
Some teas are graded by their appearance. Whole leaves are easier to grade by appearance than broken pieces.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schapira|first=Joel|title=The book of coffee & tea : a guide to the appreciation of fine coffees, teas, and herbal beverages|date=1996|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|others=David Schapira, Karl Schapira|isbn=0-312-14099-1|edition=2nd|___location=New York|pages=191, 200|oclc=33404177}}</ref>
=== Orange pekoe ===
[[File:Earl Grey FBOP-Wilson Ceylon Teas.jpg|thumb|right|Wilson Ceylon [[Earl Grey tea|Earl Grey]] F.B.O.P. (Flowery Broken Orange Pekoe)]]
Orange pekoe ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɛ|k|oʊ|,_|ˈ|p|iː|k|oʊ}}), also spelled pecco, or OP is a term used in the Western tea trade to describe a particular genre of [[black tea]]s (orange pekoe grading).<ref name=StashOP>{{cite web
|url=http://www.stashtea.com/w-050420.htm
|access-date=2006-12-12 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112025317/http://www.stashtea.com/w-050420.htm |archive-date=2006-11-12
}}</ref><ref name=Swan>{{cite web
|author=Swann's Classic Teas
|title=The Leaf is All: Leaf Grading
|work=Swann's Classic Teas
|url=http://www.swannteas.com/abouttea3.html
|access-date=2006-12-12 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819044001/http://www.swannteas.com/abouttea3.html |archive-date=2006-08-19
}}</ref> Despite a purported Chinese origin, these grading terms are typically used for teas from Sri Lanka, India and countries other than China; they are not generally known within Chinese-speaking countries. The grading system is based upon the size of processed and dried black tea leaves.
The tea industry uses the term orange pekoe to describe a basic, medium-grade black tea consisting of many whole tea leaves of a specific size;<ref name=StashOP/> however, it is popular in some regions (such as North America) to use the term as a description of any generic black tea (though it is often described to the consumer as a specific variety of black tea).<ref name=PCT>{{cite web
|author = Peet's Coffee
|year = 2006
|title = Learn: Tea Grades
|work = Peet's Coffee & Teas
|url = http://www.peets.com/learn/tea_grades.asp?sid=E5943581825A7026341FDFF28EDAE5EB
|access-date = 2006-12-12 |url-status=dead
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130131050648/http://www.peets.com/learn/tea_grades.asp?sid=E5943581825A7026341FDFF28EDAE5EB
|archive-date = 2013-01-31
}}</ref><ref name=BW>{{cite web |author=Barnes & Watson Fine Teas
|year=2006 |title=Leaf Grades
|work=Barnes & Watson Fine Teas
|url=http://barnesandwatson.com/Tea-Education/c3/p17/Leaf-Grades/pages.html
|access-date=2006-12-12 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124012353/http://barnesandwatson.com/Tea-Education/c3/p17/Leaf-Grades/pages.html
|archive-date=2007-01-24
}}</ref> Within this system, the teas that receive the highest grades are obtained from new flushes (pickings).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.houseoftea.ie/tea-grades |title=Tea grades |publisher=House of Tea |access-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> This includes the terminal leaf bud along with a few of the youngest leaves. Grading is based on the "size" of the individual leaves and flushes, which is determined by their ability to fall through the screens of special [[Mesh (scale)|mesh]]es<ref name=FDA>{{cite web |author=Marian Segal |access-date=2006-12-12 |date=March 1996 |title=Tea: A Story of Serendipity |url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps1609/www.fda.gov/fdac/features/296_tea.html |work=FDA Consumer magazine}}</ref> ranging from 8–30 mesh.<ref name=EBrit>{{citation |author=Campbell Ronald Harlers |year=1973 |title=Tea Production |edition=15 |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopædia Britannica 1973 |volume=18 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.}}</ref> This also determines the "wholeness", or level of breakage, of each leaf, which is also part of the grading system. Although these are not the only factors used to determine quality, the size and wholeness of the leaves will have the greatest influence on the taste, clarity, and brewing time of the tea.<ref>{{cite web |author=Olde Wyndham Tea Company |access-date=2006-12-12 |year=2002 |title=Grades of Gourmet Tea |url=http://www.oldewyndhamteacompany.com/grades.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209173601/http://www.oldewyndhamteacompany.com/grades.html |archive-date=2006-12-09 |work=Olde Wyndham Tea Company}}</ref>
When used outside the context of black-tea grading, the term "pekoe" (or, occasionally, orange pekoe) describes the unopened terminal leaf bud (tips) in tea flushes. As such, the phrases "a bud and a leaf" or "a bud and two leaves" are used to describe the "leafiness" of a flush; they are also used interchangeably with pekoe and a leaf or pekoe and two leaves.<ref name=AFD>{{cite web |author=AFD (Appui à la Formation et au Développement) |access-date=2006-12-12 |title=Les techniques d'exploitation – Cueillette – Normes de cueillette |url=http://www.afd-lv.org/plant-ch/theier/techniqu/NCthe.htm |work=Théier (Camellia sinensis) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929094002/http://www.afd-lv.org/plant-ch/theier/techniqu/NCthe.htm |archive-date=2007-09-29}}</ref>
====Etymology====
[[File:GoldenDianHong.jpg|thumb|A [[white tea]] with white "hairs" plainly visible on its surface]]
The origin of the word "pekoe" is uncertain. One explanation is that it is derived from the transliterated mispronunciation of the [[Amoy dialect|Amoy]] (Xiamen) dialect word for a Chinese tea known as "white down/hair" ([[white tea|白毫]]; {{zh|poj=''pe̍h-ho''}}).<ref name=TMMNM20>{{cite web
|author=James Norwood Pratt |date=May 2002 |title=The Dutch Invent "Orange Pekoe"
|url=https://www.teamuse.com/article_020501.html |access-date=2006-12-12
|work=TeaMuse Monthly Newsletter
}}</ref> This is how "pekoe" is listed by Rev. [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]] (1782–1834) in his Chinese dictionary (1819) as one of the seven sorts of black tea "commonly known by Europeans".<ref>Rev. [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]], [https://archive.org/details/p2dictionaryofch01morruoft A dictionary of the Chinese language, vol. 1, pt. 2], pp. 3-4. Quote: "The sorts commonly known to Europeans are these, ... ; 4th, Pekoe, 白毫, Pih-haou; ...". The same text is reproduced in the [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofchin00morr 1865 reprint].
</ref> This refers to the down-like white "hairs" on the leaf and also to the youngest leaf buds. Another hypothesis is that the term derives from the Chinese ''báihuā'' "white flower" ({{zh|c=白花|p=báihuā|poj=pe̍h-hoe}}), and refers to the bud content of pekoe tea.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}
Sir [[Thomas Lipton]], the 19th-century British tea magnate, is widely credited with popularizing, if not inventing, the term "orange pekoe", which seems to have no Chinese precedent, for Western markets. The "orange" in orange pekoe is sometimes mistaken to mean the tea has been flavoured with [[orange (fruit)|orange]], orange oils, or is otherwise associated with the fruit, which has no relation to the tea or its flavor.<ref name=StashOP /> There are two explanations for its meaning, though neither is definitive:
# The Dutch [[House of Orange-Nassau]], the royal family since 1815, had long been the most respected aristocratic family of the [[Dutch Republic]]. The [[Dutch East India Company]] played a central role in bringing tea to Europe and may have marketed the tea{{when|date=July 2025}} as "orange" to suggest association with the House of Orange.<ref name=TMMNM20 />
# Colour: the copper colour of a high-quality, oxidized leaf before drying, or the or orange hues in the dark dried pekoes in the finished tea may be related to the name.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gillards of Bath |year=2006 |title=Darjeeling teas |work=Gillards of Bath |url=http://www.gillards.co.uk/Tea_List.html |access-date=2006-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111164837/http://www.gillards.co.uk/Tea_List.html |archive-date=2007-01-11}}</ref> These usually consist of one leaf bud and two leaves covered in fine, downy hair. The orange colour appears when the tea is fully oxidized.
===Fannings===
Fannings are small pieces of tea that are left over after higher grades of teas are gathered to be sold. Traditionally these were treated as the rejects of the manufacturing process in making high-quality leaf tea like the orange pekoe. Fannings with extremely small particles are graded "Dust" (See [[Tea_leaf_grading#Dust_grades|"Dust grades" below]]).<ref name="sify">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150203144954/http://www.sify.com/finance/fullstory.php?id=14719977 "Good liquoring CTCs see demand at Kolkata tea sale", ''Sify'', Jul. 21, 2008.]</ref> Fannings and dusts are considered the lowest grades of tea, separated from broken-leaf teas which have larger pieces of the leaves. However, the fannings of expensive teas can still be more expensive and more flavourful than whole leaves of cheaper teas.
This traditionally low-quality tea has, however, experienced a huge demand in the developing world in the last century as the practice of tea drinking became popular. [[Tea stall]]s in India and the South Asian sub-continent and Africa prefer dust tea because it is cheap and also produces a very strong brew; consequently, more cups are obtained per measure of tea dust.
Because of the small size of the particles, a [[tea infuser]] is typically used to brew fannings.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1943/02/19/archives/tea-balls-for-conservation.html Felix Cooper, "Tea Balls for Conservation", ''New York Times'', Feb. 19, 1943.]</ref> Fannings are also typically used in most [[tea bags]], although some companies sell tea bags containing whole-leaf tea.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/09/dining/food-stuff.html Florence Fabricant, "Whole Leaves, No Strings For a New Tea Bag", ''New York Times'', Feb. 9, 2000.]</ref>
Some exporters focus primarily on broken-leaf teas, fannings, and dusts.<ref name="sify" />
==Grades==
Choppy contains many leaves of various sizes. Fannings are small particles of tea leaves used almost exclusively in tea bags. Flowery consists of large leaves, typically plucked in the second or third flush with an abundance of tips. Golden flowery includes very young tips or buds (usually golden in colour) that were picked early in the season. Tippy includes an abundance of tips.<ref>[http://www.theteahousetimes.com/members/theteahousetimes/adminpages/TeaFactsChartGrading The Tea House Times, GRADING TERMINOLOGY FOR TEA LEAVES]</ref>
===Whole-leaf grades===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="width: 600px;"
|-
! Grade
! Description
|-
| OP
|
; Orange Pekoe
: Main grade, consisting of long wiry leaves without tips.
|-
| OP1
|
: More delicate than OP; long, wiry leaf with a light liquor.
|-
| OPA
|
: Bolder than OP; long leaf tea which ranges from tightly wound to almost open.
|-
| OPS
|
; Orange Pekoe Superior
: Primarily from Indonesia; similar to OP.
|-
| FOP
|
; Flowery Orange Pekoe
: High-quality tea with a long leaf and few tips, considered the second grade in Assam, Dooars, and Bangladesh teas. Due to differences in tea picking methods and grading there is no equivalence to most appellation-specific grades in China.
|-
| FOP1
|
: Limited to only the highest quality leaves in the FOP classification.
|-
| GFOP
|
; Golden Flowery Orange Pekoe
: Higher proportion of tip than FOP. Top grade in the Milima and Marinyn regions, but uncommon in Assam and Darjeeling.
|-
| TGFOP
|
; Tippy Golden Flowery Orange Pekoe
: The highest proportion of tip, and the main grade in Nepal, Darjeeling and Assam.
|-
| TGFOP1
|
:Limited to only the highest quality leaves in the TGFOP classification.
|-
| FTGFOP
|
; Finest Tippy Golden Flowery Orange Pekoe
: Highest quality grade.
|-
| FTGFOP1<br />STGFOP<br />SFTGFOP
|
; Special Finest Tippy Golden Flowery Orange Pekoe
:Limited to only the highest quality leaves in the FTGFOP classification.
|}
===Broken leaf grades===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="width: 600px;"
|-
! Grade
! Description
|-
| BT
|
; Broken Tea
: Usually a black, open, fleshy leaf that is very bulky. This classification is used in Sumatra, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and some parts of Southern India.
|-
| BP
|
; Broken Pekoe
: The most common broken pekoe grade; from Indonesia, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Assam and Southern India.
|-
| BPS
|
; Broken Pekoe Souchong
: Term for broken pekoe in the Assam and Darjeeling regions.
|-
| FP
|
; Flowery Pekoe
: High-quality pekoe. Usually coarser with a fleshier, broken leaf. Produced in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Southern India, as well as in some parts of Kenya.
|-
| BOP
|
; Broken Orange Pekoe
: Main broken grade. Prevalent in Assam, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Southern India, Java, and China.
|-
| FBOP
|
; Flowery Broken Orange Pekoe
: Coarser and broken with some tips. From Assam, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Indonesia, China, and Bangladesh. In South America, coarser, black broken.{{clarify|date=June 2018}}
|-
| FBOPF
|
; Flowery Broken Orange Pekoe Fannings
: The finest broken orange pekoe, with a higher proportion of tips; mainly from Ceylon's "low districts".
|-
| GBOP
|
; Golden Broken Orange Pekoe
: Second grade tea with uneven leaves and few tips.
|-
| GFBOP1
|
; Golden Flowery Broken Orange Pekoe 1
: As above, but with only the highest quality leaves in the GFBOP classification.
|- style="white-space: nowrap;"
| TGFBOP1
|
; Tippy Golden Flowery Broken Orange Pekoe 1
: High-quality leaves with a high proportion of tips; finest broken First Grade Leaves in Darjeeling and some parts of Assam.
|}
===Fannings grades===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="width: 600px;"
|-
! Grade
! Description
|-
| PF
|
; Pekoe Fannings
|-
| OF
|
; Orange Fannings
: From northern India and some parts of Africa and South America as well as Nepal .
|-
| FOF
|
; Flowery Orange Fannings
: Common in Assam, Dooars, Nepal and Bangladesh. Some leaf sizes come close to the smaller broken grades.
|-
| GFOF
|
; Golden Flowery Orange Fannings
: Finest grade in Darjeeling for tea bag production.
|-
| TGFOF
|
; Tippy Golden Flowery Orange Fannings
|-
| BOPF
|
; Broken Orange Pekoe Fannings
: Main grade in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Nepal, Southern India, Kenya, Mozambique, Bangladesh, and China. Black-leaf tea with few added ingredients, uniform particle size, and no tips.
|}
===Dust grades===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="width: 400px;"
|-
! Grade
! Description
|-
| D1
|
; Dust 1
: From Sri Lanka, Indonesia, China, Africa, South America, Southern India, and Bangladesh.
|-
| PD
|
; Pekoe Dust
|-
| PD1
|
; Pekoe Dust 1
: Mainly produced in India.
|}
===Other terms===
* Musc. – Muscatel
* Cl. – Clonal
* Ch. – China varietal
* Qu. – Queen jat
* FBOPF Ex. Spl. – Finest Broken Orange Pekoe Flowery (Extra Special)
* FP – Flowery Pekoe
* PS – Pekoe Souchong
* S – Souchong
* BOF – Broken Orange Fannings
* BPF – Broken Pekoe Fannings
* RD – Pekoe Dust / Red Dust
* FD – Fine Dust
* GD – Golden Dust
* SRD – Super Red Dust
* SFD – Super Fine Dust
* BMF – Broken Mixed Fannings
==See also==
{{Portal|Agriculture|Drink}}
* [[
* [[ISO 3103]], a standardized method of tea brewing used to compare tea leaf flavor and aroma characteristics
* [[Tea blending and additives]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
'''General'''
* {{cite web |url=https://plain-t.com/tea-production |title=Tea Production |publisher=Plain T |access-date=2006-11-15}}
{{Teas}}
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