Diego Abad de Santillán: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Spanish anarchist, author, economist (1897–1983)}}

'''Diego Abad de Santillán''' ([[1897]]–[[1983]]), born '''Sinesio Vaudilio García Fernández''', was an [[author]], [[economist]] and leading figure in the [[Anarchism in Spain|Spanish]] and [[Argentina|Argentinian]] [[anarchism|anarchist]] movement.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}

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| name = Diego Abad de Santillán

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| caption = Santillán in 1971

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| term_start = 17 December 1936

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{{Anarcho-syndicalism sidebar|people}}

'''Sinesio Baudillo García Fernández''' (20 May 1897 – 18 October 1983), commonly known by his pseudonym '''Diego Abad de Santillán''', was a [[Spanish Argentines|Spanish Argentine]] [[anarcho-syndicalism|anarcho-syndicalist]] [[economist]]. Born in [[region of León|León]], his family moved to Argentina while he was young. He returned to Spain for his higher education and became involved in the [[Anarchism in Spain|Spanish anarchist movement]]. After his studies, he went back to Argentina and became involved with the [[Argentine Regional Workers' Federation]] (FORA), co-founding the [[IWA–AIT|International Workers' Association]] (IWA). Following the [[1930 Argentine coup d'état]] and the establishment of the [[Second Spanish Republic]], he again went to Spain, becoming involved in the [[Iberian Anarchist Federation]] (FAI). During the [[Spanish Civil War]], he served in the [[Generalitat de Catalunya|Catalan government]] as [[List of Ministers of Economy and Finance of Catalonia|Minister of Economy]]. After the war, he returned to Argentina and largely ceased political activities, going back to Spain only after the [[Spanish transition to democracy]].

==Early Years==

==Biography==

Born in Reyero, a village in the province of [[León (province)|León]] in northwestern [[Spain]], on [[20 May]] [[1897]], de Santillán emigrated at the age of eight with his parents to [[Argentina]]. He returned to Spain in 1912, entering the [[Complutense University of Madrid|University of Madrid]] in 1915 to study [[Philosophy]] and [[Literature]]. After the [[General Strike]] of [[1917]] he was imprisoned for a year, and then returned to Argentina in [[1918]], working as an activist for the [[Anarcho-syndicalism|anarcho-syndicalist]] Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (FORA), and editing its newspaper ‘La Protesta’.

In 1897, Santillán was born Sinesio Baudillo García Fernández in [[Reyero]], a small, isolated town in the [[region of León]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Casanova|1y=2004|1p=129|2a1=Tavera García|2y=2000|2p=26}} His father was from a [[Leonese people|Leonese]] family of [[blacksmith]]s and his mother was from an [[Andalusians|Andalucian]] family of [[miner]]s.{{Sfn|Tavera García|2000|p=26}} In 1905,{{Sfnm|1a1=Casanova|1y=2004|1p=129|2a1=Tavera García|2y=2000|2p=26}} the family moved to Argentina,{{Sfnm|1a1=Casanova|1y=2004|1p=129|2a1=Lee|2y=2009|2p=1|3a1=Tavera García|3y=2000|3p=26}} settling in [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Casanova|1y=2004|1p=129|2a1=Tavera García|2y=2000|2p=26}}

After working a number of jobs,{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Tavera García|2y=2000|2p=26}} in 1913, the young Sinesio returned to León and earned his [[bachelor's degree]] at a local university. After some travels around [[Catalonia]] and the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]], in 1915,{{Sfn|Tavera García|2000|p=26}} he enrolled at the [[Complutense University of Madrid|University of Madrid]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Tavera García|2y=2000|2p=26}} where he studied the [[humanities]],{{Sfn|Tavera García|2000|p=26}} graduating as a [[Doctor of Philosophy]].{{Sfn|Lee|2009|p=1}} In the Spanish capital, he began to live a [[Bohemianism|bohemian lifestyle]],{{Sfn|Tavera García|2000|p=26}} taking the pseudonym Diego Abad de Santillán while writing for dissident journals.{{Sfnm|1a1=Casanova|1y=2004|1p=129n1|2a1=Tavera García|2y=2000|2p=26}}

==Activism in Germany, Mexico, Argentina and Spain==

Santillán participated in the [[1917 Spanish general strike]], for which he was imprisoned for a year.{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Tavera García|2y=2000|2p=26}} After receiving an [[amnesty]],{{Sfn|Lee|2009|p=1}} he returned to Argentina, briefly reuniting with his family in Santa Fe before moving to the capital [[Buenos Aires]].{{Sfn|Tavera García|2000|p=26}} There he joined the [[Argentine Regional Workers' Federation]] (FORA), working as editor of its newspaper ''{{ill|La Protesta|es}}''. In 1922, he went to [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] and participated in the establishment of the [[IWA–AIT|International Workers' Association]] (IWA), staying behind in [[Berlin]] in order to study medicine.{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Tavera García|2y=2000|2p=26}} There he met a number of famous anarchists, including [[Max Nettlau]], for whom he helped translate his works into Spanish. In 1925, he briefly went to [[Mexico]] and helped organise the [[General Confederation of Workers (Mexico)|General Confederation of Workers]] (CGT) before returning to Argentina, where he took part in the [[Sacco & Vanzetti]] defense campaign and wrote a history of anarchism in Argentina.{{Sfn|Lee|2009|p=1}} In the wake of the [[1930 Argentine coup d'état]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Tavera García|2y=2000|2p=26}} he was sentenced to death for sedition,{{Sfn|Lee|2009|p=1}} but managed to escape into exile in the newly-established [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Tavera García|2y=2000|2p=26}}

In [[1922]] de Santillán represented FORA at the formation of the anarcho-syndicalist [[International Workers Association|International Workingmen’s Association]] (IWMA) in [[Berlin]]; while there he began to study [[Medicine]], and came to know Elise Kater, who was to become his wife. The first of many works on the history and theory of anarchism were published at this time – ‘[[Ricardo Flores Magón]]: Apostle of the Mexican Social Revolution’, and ‘Anarchism in the [[Labour Movement]]’ [‘El anarquismo en el movimiento Obrero’] (with E. Lopez Arango) both appeared in [[1925]].

In Spain, Santillán joined the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo]] (CNT) and became secretary of the [[Iberian Anarchist Federation]] (FAI), for which he edited their respective newspapers ''[[Solidaridad Obrera (periodical)|Solidaridad Obrera]]'' and ''[[Tierra y Libertad (newspaper)|Tierra y Libertad]]''. Following the outbreak of the [[Spanish Civil War]], he joined the [[Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia]] and was appointed [[List of Ministers of Economy and Finance of Catalonia|Minister of Economy]] in the [[Generalitat de Catalunya|Catalan government]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Tavera García|2y=2000|2pp=26-27}} In the wake of the [[May Days]], he took a critical line against the government of [[Juan Negrín]] and the [[Communist Party of Spain]] (PCE),{{Sfn|Lee|2009|p=1}} publishing ''After the Revolution'', which outlined a program for [[workers' self-management]] under [[anarcho-syndicalism]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Spannos|2y=2012|2p=45}} In the program, Santillán invoked British utilitarian philosopher [[John Stuart Mill]] in his attacks against [[capitalism]], declaring:

In [[1926]] de Santillán interrupted his studies to travel to [[Mexico]], where he assisted the [[General Confederation of Workers (Mexico)|Confederación General de Trabajadores]] (CGT). Returning to Argentina, he continued his work for ‘La Protesta’, as well as for a new journal, ‘The Torch’, and completed ‘The Anarchist Movement in Argentina: From Its Beginnings to 1910’ ([[Buenos Aires]], [[1930]]). When, in 1930, he was condemned to death for sedition, de Santillán escaped to [[Uruguay]]. From there he travelled to Spain on the proclamation of the Republic in [[1931]], before returning to Argentina in secrecy to continue his militant activities and writing, including ‘The Ideology of FORA and Trajectory of the Revolutionary Labour Movement in Argentina’, ‘Social Reconstruction: Foundations for a New Economic Structure in Argentina’ [‘Reconstrucción social: Bases para una nueva edificación económica argentina’] ([[1933]]) and ‘The Bankruptcy of the Capitalist Economic and Political System’ [‘La bancarrota del sistema económico y político del capitalismo’]. But by the end of 1933, he had returned again at last to his home country, settling down in [[Barcelona]].

{{quote|Stuart Mill is right. We believe that such a society has no right to existence and we desire its total transformation. We want a socialized economy in which the land, the factories, the homes, the means of transport cease to be the monopoly of private ownership and become the collective property of the entire community.}}

==The Spanish Revolution==

When the Republic was defeated, Santillán fled into exile in France, before finally returning to Argentina. There he continued his historical work and contributed to dictionaries and encyclopedias,{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1pp=1-2|2a1=Tavera García|2y=2000|2p=27}} notably writing ''Why We Lost the War'', which his son Luis later adapted into film. He largely ceased political activities and gravitated increasingly towards reformism, defending anarchist collaboration with the Republican government during the war, while also coming to prioritise the abolition of the state over the abolition of capitalism.{{Sfn|Lee|2009|pp=1-2}}

The following year, de Santillán began work for the [[Federación Anarquista Ibérica]] (FAI), becoming, in [[1935]], secretary to its Peninsular Committee, and editor of ‘Working Solidarity’ and ‘Tierra y Libertad’; he also founded three new journals during this period: ‘Tiempos Nuevos’, ‘Butlletí de la Conselleria d’Economia’ and ‘Timón’. After the [[Spanish Revolution|Revolution]] in July [[1936]], he represented the FAI on the Comité de Milícies Antifeixistes de Catalunya, which co-ordinated the various militias in [[Catalonia]] – and, in the name of the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo]] (CNT), published ‘The Economic Organism of the Revolution’ [‘El organismo económico de la revolución’]

During the [[Spanish transition to democracy]], Santillán finally returned to Spain, settling in Barcelona, where he died in 1983.{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=2|2a1=Tavera García|2y=2000|2p=27}}

Between December [[1936]] and April [[1937]] he served as Minister of the Economy [Conseller de Economía] for the Generalitat of Catalonia, while apparently maintaining anarchist principles of free participation in politics. He was especially critical of the government and person of [[Juan Negrín]], and denounced the crimes of the Czechs and [[Communist Party of Spain|PCE]] (the Spanish Communist Party) in the [[Spanish Civil War|Civil War]]. At this point he was also editor of ‘The Rudder’ – and more books appeared: ‘After the Revolution’ (1937), ‘The Revolution and the War in Spain’ ([[1938]]) and a bibliography of Argentinian anarchist writings (1938). In April 1938, de Santillán joined the National Committee of the Antifascist Popular Front, which formed from the union of the anarchist CNT and the socialist [[Unión General de Trabajadores|UGT]] – but with the defeat of the Republic by [[Spain under Franco|Francoist]] forces in [[1939]], returned to Argentina.

==Selected works==

==Return to Argentina==

*''[https://libcom.org/article/after-revolution-economic-reconstruction-spain-diego-abad-de-santillan After the Revolution: Economic Reconstruction in Spain]'' (1937){{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Spannos|2y=2012|2pp=45, 61n9}}

*''[https://libcom.org/article/why-we-lost-war-diego-abad-de-santillan Why We Lost the War: A Contribution to the History of the Spanish Tragedy]'' (1940){{Sfn|Lee|2009|pp=1-2}}

==See also==

From this point on, de Santillán lived rather more obscurely, founding several more journals, and continuing his scholarly work, including collaboration on the Gran Enciclopedia Argentina, and critical analyses of the labour movement and [[Peronism]]: ‘How We Lost the War’ [‘Por qué perdimos la guerra’] ([[1940]]) – later made into a film by his son – ‘The Crisis of [[Capitalism]] and the Mission of the [[Proletariat]]’ [‘La crisis del capitalismo y la misión del proletariado’] ([[1946]]), the section on Argentina in ‘The Labour Movement: Anarchism and [[Socialism]]’ Vol. III ([[1965]]), ‘Contributions to a History of the Spanish Labour Movement’ [‘Contribución a la historia del movimiento obrero español’] ([[1962]]-[[1971]]), and ‘Strategy and Tactics: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow’ [‘Estrategia y Táctica’] (1971). Further unpublished works, ‘Ideas and Suggestions for a New Revolutionary Strategy’ [‘Ideas y suggestiones para una nueva estrategía revolutionaria’] and ‘Political Criminality’ [‘Delincuencia política’], along with the rest of his extensive archives, are held in [[Amsterdam]] at the [[International Institute of Social History]].

*[[Anarchist economics]]

*[[Gaston Leval]]

*[[Matteotti Battalion]]

==Final YearsReferences==

{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==

In [[1977]], at the age of 80, de Santillán returned to post-[[Franco]] Spain, settling once again in Barcelona, and producing a final memoir, ‘Memorias 1897-1936’ (1977). He died in Barcelona on [[18 October]] [[1983]].

{{refbegin|2}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Casanova |first1=Julián |title=Diego Abad de Santillán: memoria y propaganda anarquista |journal=Historia Social |date=2004 |issue=48 |pages=129–147 |jstor=40340897 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40340897 |access-date=4 June 2022 |issn=0214-2570 |language=es}}

*{{cite journal|title=Anarchism in One Country: Diego Abad de Santillán and the Invention of Participatory National Economic Planning in Interwar Anarchism|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/56/article/886184/pdf|first=Robert|last=Christl|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|volume=84|issue=2|date=April 2023|pages=313–336|doi=10.1353/jhi.2023.0014 |pmid=38588262 |s2cid=258056754 |issn=1086-3222|url-access=subscription}}

*{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp1656|last=Lee|first=Andrew H.|year=2009|title=Abad de Santillán, Diego (1897–1983)|editor-last=Ness|editor-first=Immanuel|encyclopedia=The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest|doi=10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp1656|isbn=9781405198073|pages=1–2|url-access=subscription}}

*{{cite book |last=Spannos|first=Chris|chapter=Examining the History of Anarchist Economics to See the Future|editor-last1=Shannon|editor-first1=Deric|editor-last2=Nocella II |editor-first2=Anthony|editor-last3=Asimakopoulos|editor-first3=John |title = The Accumulation of Freedom |year=2012|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQTRDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|publisher=[[AK Press]]|___location=[[Edinburgh]] |isbn = 978-1-84935-094-5 |lccn=2011936250 |pages=42–63 }}

*{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSiTVhCBM2UC&pg=PA26|last=Tavera García|first=Susanna|editor-last=Martínez de Sas|editor-first=María Teresa|title=Abad de Santillán, Diego»|encyclopedia=Diccionari biogràfic del moviment obrer als països catalans|publisher=L'Abadia de Montserrat|year=2000|pages=26–27|isbn=84-8415-243-X|language=ca}}

{{Refend}}

==Further Literature reading==

{{refbegin|2}}

* {{Cite book|last=Alexander|first=Robert J.|author-link=Robert J. Alexander|title=The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War|publisher=Janus Publishing Company|year=1999|isbn=978-1-85756-400-6|___location=[[London]]}}

* [http://membres.lycos.fr/anarchives/site/syndic/aftertherevolution.htm "After the Revolution"] by Diego Abad de Santillan Published 1937 by Greenberg Publisher

* {{cite book |title = [[The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939]] |last = Beevor |first = Antony |author-link = Antony Beevor |___location = [[London]] |publisher = [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |orig-year = 1982 |year = 2006 |isbn = 0-297-84832-1 }}

* {{cite book|first=Abel|last=Paz|author-link=Abel Paz|title=Durruti in the Spanish Revolution|url=https://www.akpress.org/durrutiinthespanishrevolution.html|year=2006|orig-year=1996|translator-first=Chuck|translator-last=Morse|translator-link=Chuck W. Morse|___location=[[Edinburgh]]|publisher=[[AK Press]]|isbn=1-904859-50-X|lccn=2006920974|oclc=482919277}}

* "Estrategia y Táctica" published in Mexico, 1971

{{refend}}

==External links==

* [httphttps://recollectionbookshdl.comhandle.net/bleed10622/Encyclopedia/AbadSantillanDiego.htmARCH00004 Diego Abad de Santillán Pagepapers] at the Daily[[International Institute Bleed’sof AnarchistSocial EncyclopediaHistory]]

* [https://theanarchistlibrary.org/category/author/diego-abad-de-santillan Diego Abad de Santillán Archive] at The Anarchist Library

*{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/diego-abad-de-santillan|title=Diego Abad de Santillán|encyclopedia=[[Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]|language=ca}}

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[[Category:1897 births|Abad de Santillán, Diego]]

[[Category:1983 deaths|Abad de Santillán, Diego]]

[[Category:Spanish anarchists|Abad de Santillán, Diego]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abad De Santillan, Diego}}

[[es:Diego Abad de Santillán]]

[[Category:1897 births]]

[[pt:Diego Abad de Santillán]]

[[Category:1983 deaths]]

[[Category:20th-century Spanish non-fiction writers]]

[[Category:20th-century Spanish economists]]

[[Category:Argentine anarchists]]

[[Category:Argentine anti-fascists]]

[[Category:Argentine economists]]

[[Category:Argentine non-fiction writers]]

[[Category:Argentine people of the Spanish Civil War]]

[[Category:Argentine revolutionaries]]

[[Category:Argentine trade unionists]]

[[Category:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo members]]

[[Category:Economy ministers of Catalonia]]

[[Category:Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in Argentina]]

[[Category:Historians of the Spanish Civil War]]

[[Category:Spanish anti-capitalists]]

[[Category:Spanish emigrants to Argentina]]

[[Category:Spanish non-fiction writers]]

[[Category:Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)]]

[[Category:People from Montaña de Riaño]]

[[Category:Deaths in Barcelona]]