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{{About|the city and county in California}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!--See the table at Template:Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of their usage-->| name = San Francisco <!--Do not add state, per Infobox:settlement.-->
| native_name =
| settlement_type = [[Consolidated city-county]]
| official_name = City and County of San Francisco
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = San Francisco skyline from Marin Headlands.jpg
| caption1 = [[Financial District, San Francisco|Downtown skyline]] from the [[Marin Headlands]]
| image2 = Cable car 19 on Hyde Street, July 2023.JPG
| caption2 = [[San Francisco cable car system|San Francisco cable car]]
| image3 = Alcatraz 2020 01.jpg
| caption3 = [[Alcatraz Island]]
| image4 = 1 chinatown san francisco arch gateway.JPG
| caption4 = [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown]]
| image5 = Aerial view of San Francisco, 30 Jun 2018 (cropped).jpg
| caption5 = [[Golden Gate Park]] and [[Lands End (San Francisco)|Lands End]]
| image6 = The Golden Gate Bridge 2019.jpg
| caption6 = [[Golden Gate Bridge]]
}}
| image_flag = Flag of San Francisco, California.svg
| flag_size = 110px
| image_seal = Seal of San Francisco.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| seal_size = 90px
| module = {{Infobox region symbols|embedded=yes
| animal = [[Red-masked parakeet]]
| flower = [[Dahlia]]
| song = "[[Theme from San Francisco|Theme from ''San Francisco'']]", "[[I Left My Heart in San Francisco]]"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/song.html |work=Museum of San Francisco |access-date=June 17, 2020 |title=San Francisco's Official Songs }}</ref>
| nickname = [[List of nicknames for San Francisco|See list]]<ref name="TBI20130630">{{cite web|url=https://thebolditalic.com/don-t-call-it-frisco-the-history-of-san-francisco-s-nicknames-the-bold-italic-san-francisco-5c14348d49c#.m605gfvq5|title=Don't Call It Frisco: The History of San Francisco's Nicknames|last=Garling|first=Caleb|date=June 30, 2013|work=[[The Bold Italic]]|access-date=June 18, 2016}}</ref>
| motto = {{Lang|es|Oro en Paz, Fierro en Guerra}}<br />({{Langnf|es||Gold in Peace, Iron in War}})
}}
<!-- Location ------------->| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=250|frame-height=250|frame-align=center|stroke-width=2|zoom=9|frame-lat=37.7775|frame-long=-122.416389|type=shape-inverse|stroke-color=#808080|fill=#808080|fill-opacity=0.4|id=Q62|title=San Francisco}}
| map_caption = Interactive map outlining San Francisco
| pushpin_map = California#USA#North America
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within California##Location within the United States
| pushpin_label = {{nowrap|San Francisco}}
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|37|47|N|122|25|W|region:US-CA_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties of California|County]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Metropolitan statistical area|Metro]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Combined Statistical Area|CSA]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[California]]
| subdivision_name2 = San Francisco
| subdivision_name3 = [[San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area|San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland]]
<!-- Politics ----------------->| established_title = Mission
| established_date = {{Start date and age|June 29, 1776|p=yes}}<ref name="DeAnza-Moraga-Palou"/>
| established_title1 = [[Municipal incorporation|Incorporated]]
| established_date1 = {{Start date and age|April 15, 1850|p=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www6.sfgov.org/index.aspx?page=4|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120316222315/http://www6.sfgov.org/index.aspx?page=4|archive-date = March 16, 2012|title = San Francisco: Government|publisher = SFGov.org|access-date = March 8, 2012|quote = San Francisco was incorporated as a City on April 15th, 1850 by act of the Legislature.}}</ref>
| founder = [[Juan Bautista de Anza]]<br />[[José Joaquín Moraga]]<br />[[Francisco Palóu]]
| named_for = [[St. Francis of Assisi]]
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor-council]]
| governing_body = [[San Francisco Board of Supervisors|Board of Supervisors]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor of San Francisco|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Daniel Lurie]] ([[California Democratic Party|D]])
| leader_title1 = [[San Francisco Board of Supervisors|Supervisors]]
| leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|list_style = text-align:left;
|1 = [[Connie Chan (politician)|Connie Chan]] (D)
|2 = [[Stephen Sherrill]] (D)
|3 = [[Danny Sauter]] (D)
|4 = [[Joel Engardio]] (D)
|5 = [[Bilal Mahmood]] (D)
|6 = [[Matt Dorsey]] (D)
|7 = [[Myrna Melgar]] (D)
|8 = [[Rafael Mandelman]] (D)
|9 = [[Jackie Fielder]] (D)
|10 = [[Shamann Walton]] (D)
|11 = [[Chyanne Chen]] (D)
}}
| total_type = City and county
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_06.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=October 30, 2021}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 600.65
| area_total_sq_mi = 231.91
| area_land_km2 = 121.51
| area_land_sq_mi = 46.91
| area_water_km2 = 479.15
| area_water_sq_mi = 185.00
| area_water_percent = 79.77
| area_metro_sq_mi = 3524.4
<!-- Elevation ------------------------->| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite GNIS|277593|San Francisco}}</ref>
| elevation_ft = 52
| elevation_min_ft = 0
| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref name=elvadist>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|title=Elevations and Distances in the United States|publisher=US Geological Survey|date=April 29, 2005|access-date=October 29, 2014|archive-date=November 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109183109/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| elevation_min_footnotes = <ref name=elvadist/>
| elevation_min_point = Pacific Ocean
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Davidson (California)|Mount Davidson]]
<!-- Population ----------------------->| population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_total = 873965
| population_footnotes = <ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: San Francisco city, California |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/sanfranciscocitycalifornia/POP010220 |website=www.census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 10, 2024}}</ref>
| population_density_sq_mi = 18634.65
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = {{nowrap|[[List of North American cities by population|49th]] in North America<br />[[List of United States cities by population|17th]] in the United States<br />[[List of largest cities in California by population|5th]] in California}}
| population_urban = 3,515,933 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|14th]])
| population_density_urban_km2 = 2,642.1
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 6,843.0
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="urban area">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html|title=List of 2020 Census Urban Areas|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 8, 2023}}</ref>{{efn-lg|Urban area population/density are for the San Francisco–Oakland, CA urban area as of the 2020 Census.}}
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2021Pop">{{cite web |title=Personal Income by County, Metro, and Other Areas |url=https://www.bea.gov/data/income-saving/personal-income-county-metro-and-other-areas |publisher=United States Bureau of Economic Analysis | website=bea.gov |access-date=December 8, 2022}}</ref>
| population_metro = 4566961 (US: [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|13th]])
| population_blank1_title = [[Combined statistical area|CSA]]
| population_blank1 = 9225160 (US: [[Combined statistical area|5th]])
| population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="CSA pop">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html|title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020–2021|date=February 24, 2022|work=United States Census Bureau|access-date=August 13, 2022}}</ref>
| population_demonym = San Franciscan<ref>{{cite news|last=Massara|first=Graph|date=February 20, 2018|title=If you're from SF, you're a 'San Franciscan{{sic|.'|hide=y}} But what if you're from Fremont? Berkeley? Livermore?|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/San-Franciscan-Bay-Area-cities-demonyms-12609025.php |work=[[SFGATE]]|___location=San Francisco|access-date=July 29, 2023}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Official<ref>{{cite news |last=Yip |first=Isabel |title=Vietnamese becomes one of San Francisco's official languages |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/san-francisco-vietnamese-official-language-rcna158080 |access-date=September 28, 2024 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=June 20, 2024}}</ref>
| demographics1_info1 = English, Spanish, Chinese, [[Filipino language|Filipino]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/release?rid=397|website=fred.stlouisfed.org}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = City and county
| demographics2_info1 = $263.1 billion (2023)
| demographics2_title2 = [[Metropolitan statistical area|Metro]]
| demographics2_info2 = $778.9 billion (2023)
| demographics2_title3 = [[Combined statistical area|CSA]]
| demographics2_info3 = $1.397 trillion (2023)
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zip-codes.com/city/ca-san-francisco.asp|title=ZIP Codes for City of San Francisco, CA|publisher=[[2010 United States census]]|via=Zip-Codes.com|date=2010|access-date=March 14, 2021|archive-date=October 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030231624/https://www.zip-codes.com/city/ca-san-francisco.asp}}</ref>
| postal_code = {{Collapsible list
|94102–94105
|94107–94112
|94114–94134
|94137
|94139–94147
|94151
|94158–94161
|94163–94164
|94172
|94177
|94188}}
| area_code = [[Area codes 415 and 628|415/628]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nanpa.com/enas/npa_city_query.do |title = NPA City Report |publisher = North American Numbering Plan Administration |access-date = November 5, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141104200810/http://www.nanpa.com/enas/npa_city_query.do |archive-date = November 4, 2014 |url-status = dead }}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area codes]]
| website = {{URL|https://sf.gov|sf.gov}}
| leader_title2 = [[California State Assembly|Assembly members]]<ref name=CCRC_CoI>{{cite web|url = http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip|title = Communities of Interest – City|publisher = California Citizens Redistricting Commission|access-date = 2014-09-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054757/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip|archive-date = 2015-10-23|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://assembly.ca.gov/assemblymembers|title = Members Assembly|publisher = California State Assembly|access-date = September 23, 2014}}</ref>
| leader_name2 = {{Representative|caad|17|fmt=sleader}}<br />{{Representative|caad|19|fmt=sleader}}
| leader_title3 = [[California's 11th State Senate district|State senator]]
| leader_name3 = {{Representative|casd|11|fmt=sleader}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html|title=Statewide Database|publisher=UC Regents|access-date=November 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201113744/http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html|archive-date=February 1, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| leader_title4 = [[United States House of Representatives|United States Representatives]]
| leader_name4 = {{Representative|cacd|11|fmt=usleader}}<ref>{{cite web |title=California's 11th Congressional District |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/CA/11 |work=[[GovTrack]] |access-date=January 8, 2023}}</ref><br />{{Representative|cacd|15|fmt=usleader}}<ref>{{cite web |title=California's 15th Congressional District |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/CA/15 |work=[[GovTrack]] |access-date=January 8, 2023}}</ref>
<!-- Area------------------>| elevation_max_ft = 934
| timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]]
| utc_offset = −08:00
| timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = −07:00
<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->| blank_name_sec1 = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 06-67000
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature IDs
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{GNIS 4|277593}}, {{GNIS 4|2411786}}
| footnotes = {{notelist-lg}}
| pop_est_as_of = 2024
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="Estimate2024">{{cite web |title=County Population Totals: 2020-2024 |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2024/counties/totals/co-est2024-pop-06.xlsx |website=census.gov |access-date=March 14, 2025}}</ref>
| population_est = 827526
}}
'''San Francisco''',<ref>{{Bulleted list|English: {{IPA|en|ˌsæn fɹənˈsɪskoʊ|audio|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Noaius Paticus-San Francisco.wav}} | Spanish: {{IPA|es|saɱ fɾanˈsisko|}}, {{lit|[[Francis of Assisi|Saint Francis]]}}}}</ref> officially the '''City and County of San Francisco''', is a commercial, [[Financial District, San Francisco|financial]], and [[Culture of San Francisco|cultural]] center of [[Northern California]]. With a population of 827,526 residents as of 2024,<ref name="Estimate2024"/> San Francisco proper is the [[List of California cities by population|fourth-most populous city]] in the U.S. state of [[California]] and the [[List of United States cities by population|17th-most populous]] in the United States. Among U.S. cities proper with over 300,000 residents, San Francisco is ranked [[List of United States cities by population density|second by population density]], first by per capita income, and sixth by aggregate income as of 2023.<ref name=ipums_nhgis>{{Cite web |title=IPUMS NHGIS {{!}} National Historical Geographic Information System |url=https://www.nhgis.org |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=nhgis.org}}</ref> Depending on [[San Francisco Bay Area#Boundaries|how its borders are defined]], the broader San Francisco metropolitan area or [[San Francisco Bay Area]] is home to 4.6 to 9.2 millions residents as of 2023, making it the [[Metropolitan statistical area|13th]] to [[Combined statistical area|5th]] most populous urban region in the country.
Prior to [[European colonization of the Americas|European settlement]], the modern city proper was inhabited by the [[Yelamu|Yelamu Ohlone]]. On June 29, 1776, [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|settlers from New Spain]] established the [[Presidio of San Francisco]] at the [[Golden Gate]], and the [[Mission San Francisco de Asís]] a few miles away, both named for [[Francis of Assisi]].<ref name="DeAnza-Moraga-Palou">{{cite web|last1=O'Day |first1=Edward F. |date=October 1926 |title=The Founding of San Francisco |url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/founding.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727190828/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/founding.html |archive-date=July 27, 2010 |access-date = November 24, 2024 |work=San Francisco Water |publisher=Spring Valley Water Authority}}</ref> The [[California gold rush]] of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] at the time.<ref name=ipums_nhgis/> In 1856, San Francisco became a [[consolidated city-county]].<ref name="Coy 1919 409">{{cite book |last=Coy |first=Owen Cochran |title=Guide to the County Archives of California |publisher=California Historical Survey Commission |year=1919 |___location=Sacramento, California |page=409}}</ref> After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|1906 earthquake and fire]],<ref name="Montagne" /> it was quickly rebuilt, hosting the [[Panama–Pacific International Exposition]] nine years later. In [[World War II]], it was a major port of embarkation for [[United States Department of the Navy|naval service]] members shipping out to the [[Pacific Ocean theater of World War II|Pacific Theater]].<ref name="WWII" /> After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, significant [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]], liberalizing attitudes, the rise of the [[beatnik]] and [[hippie]] countercultures, the [[sexual revolution]], [[opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War]], and other factors led to the [[Summer of Love]] and the [[LGBTQ rights in the United States|gay rights]] movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal activism]].
San Francisco and the surrounding [[San Francisco Bay Area]] are a global center of economic activity and the arts and sciences,<ref name="Nature Index 2018 Science cities">{{cite web |title=Top 200 Science cities |url=https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2018-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=August 17, 2019 |website=Nature Index}}</ref><ref name="Cultural times: the first global map of cultural and creative industries">{{cite web |title=The Global Creative Economy Is Big Business |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235710 |access-date=August 17, 2019}}</ref> spurred by [[List of colleges and universities in San Francisco|leading universities]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |work=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> [[IT|high-tech]], healthcare, finance, insurance, real estate, and professional services sectors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional Data: GDP and Personal Income |url=https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1 |access-date=June 18, 2022 |website=apps.bea.gov}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the metropolitan area, with 4.5 million residents, ranked 5th by GDP ($874 billion) and 2nd by GDP per capita ($131,082) across the [[OECD]] countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metropolitan areas |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CITIES |access-date=September 17, 2022 |website=stats.oecd.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=January 1, 1947 |title=Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL |access-date=June 18, 2022 |work=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April |access-date=June 18, 2022 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, San Francisco proper had a GDP of $263.1 billion and a GDP per capita of $325,000.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=GDP by County, Metro, and Other Areas |url=https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-county-metro-and-other-areas |access-date=2024-12-07 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> The city is home to [[List of companies based in San Francisco|numerous companies]]—many in the [[Technology company|technology sector]]—including [[Salesforce.com|Salesforce]], [[Uber]], [[Airbnb]], [[OpenAI]], [[Levi Strauss & Co.|Levi's]], [[Gap Inc.|Gap]], [[Dropbox]], and [[Lyft]].
In 2022, San Francisco had more than 1.7 million international visitors and approximately 20 million domestic ones.<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/cities/america-s-10-most-visited-cities.html "America's 10 most visited cities"], World Atlas, November 14, 2023</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.sftravel.com/media/press-release/san-francisco-travel-association-announces-2022-results-2023-forecast#:~:text=The%20San%20Francisco%20Travel%20Association%20is%20the%20official%20destination%20marketing,in%202022%20exceeded%20%247.7%20billion |title=San Francisco Travel Association Announces 2022 Results and 2023 Forecast |publisher=San Francisco Travel |date=March 21, 2023 |access-date=December 7, 2023}}</ref> It is known for its steep rolling [[List of hills in San Francisco|hills]] and [[Architecture of San Francisco|eclectic mix of architecture]] across [[San Francisco neighborhoods|varied neighborhoods]]; its [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown]] and [[Mission District, San Francisco|Mission]] districts; mild climate; and landmarks including the [[Golden Gate Bridge]], [[San Francisco cable car system|cable cars]], and [[Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary|Alcatraz]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Top U.S. Destinations for International Visitors |url=http://www.hotel-price-index.com/2013/fall/american-travel-habits/top-locations-for-americans.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327035130/http://www.hotel-price-index.com/2013/fall/american-travel-habits/top-locations-for-americans.html |archive-date=March 27, 2014 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |website=The Hotel Price Index}}</ref> The city is home to educational and cultural institutions such as the [[University of California, San Francisco]], the [[University of San Francisco]], [[San Francisco State University]], the [[San Francisco Conservatory of Music]], the [[Legion of Honor (museum)]], the [[de Young Museum]], the [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]], the [[San Francisco Symphony]], the [[San Francisco Ballet]], the [[San Francisco Opera]], the [[SFJAZZ Center]], and the [[California Academy of Sciences]]. Two [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major league]] sports teams, the [[San Francisco Giants]] and the [[Golden State Warriors]], play their home games within San Francisco. [[San Francisco International Airport]] (SFO) is one of the world's busiest airports, while [[San Francisco Municipal Railway|a light rail and bus network]], in tandem with the [[Bay Area Rapid Transit|BART]] and [[Caltrain]] systems, connects nearly every part of San Francisco with the wider region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leins |first=Casey |date=April 3, 2019 |title=The 10 Best Cities for Public Transportation |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/cities/slideshows/10-best-cities-for-transportation/ |access-date=February 7, 2023 |work=USNews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Direct flights from San Francisco (SFO) – FlightConnections |url=https://www.flightconnections.com/flights-from-san-francisco-sfo |access-date=February 7, 2023 |website=www.flightconnections.com}}</ref>
== Etymology ==
{{see also|List of San Francisco placename etymologies}}
San Francisco, which is Spanish for "Saint Francis", takes its name from [[Mission San Francisco de Asís]], which in turn was named after [[Francis of Assisi|Saint Francis of Assisi]]. The mission received its name in 1776, when it was founded by the Spanish under the leadership of Padre [[Francisco Palóu]]. The city has officially been known as San Francisco since 1847, when [[Washington Allon Bartlett]], then serving as [[List of pre-statehood mayors of San Francisco|the city's alcalde]], renamed it from [[Yerba Buena, California|Yerba Buena]] (Spanish for "Good Herb"), which had been the name of the first civilian {{lang|es-US|pueblo}} in San Francisco. Earlier in San Francisco's history, the uninhabited area on the northeastern side of San Francisco was called {{lang|es-MX|El Paraje de Yerba Buena}}, after the herb that was growing abundantly there. The name Yerba Buena continues to be used in locations in the city, such as on [[Yerba Buena Island]].
When using a nickname or abbreviation, local residents most commonly refer to San Francisco as "the City" or "SF."<ref name="TBI20130630"/><ref name="is-it-ever-ok">{{cite web |last1=Brinklow |first1=Adam |title=Is it ever okay to use "San Fran?" |url=https://sf.curbed.com/2018/1/26/16936872/san-fran-frisco-survey-nickname-francisco |work=Curbed SF |access-date=February 17, 2020 |date=January 26, 2018}}</ref> Although the nickname "Frisco" has a local pedigree dating at least to 1850 and has been used by some local residents in every generation since then, the uses of both "Frisco" and the historically more recent "San Fran" tend to elicit sharp divisions among residents.<ref name="is-it-ever-ok"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Don't Call It 'Frisco': The History of San Francisco's Nicknames |url=https://thebolditalic.com/don-t-call-it-frisco-the-history-of-san-francisco-s-nicknames-the-bold-italic-san-francisco-5c14348d49c |work=The Bold Italic|access-date=February 17, 2020 |date=December 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gilson |first1=Dave |title=Why San Francisco's "Frisco" debate will never, ever die |url=https://www.motherjones.com/media/2016/01/san-francisco-frisco-timeline/ |work=Mother Jones |access-date=February 17, 2020|date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
The [[California Cantonese]] who came for the [[California Gold Rush]] named California and specifically San Francisco {{lang|yue-US|金山}}, {{Transliteration|yue|Gāmsāan}}, "[[Gold Mountain (toponym)|Gold Mountain]]".
When gold was discovered in [[Bendigo]], Victoria, Australia, it was named "New Gold Mountain" ({{langx|yue|新金山}}, {{Transliteration|yue|Sān Gāmsāan}}) and California and San Francisco as "Old Gold Mountain" ({{lang|yue-US|舊金山}}, {{Transliteration|yue|Gāu Gāmsāan}}).<ref name="Yip">{{cite book |last1=Yip |first1=Liping Wong |title=From Wah Lee to Chew Keen |date=2017 |publisher=FriesenPress |isbn=978-1-4602-9430-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjADDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |access-date=24 March 2025 |language=en |quote=To distinguish between the two gold fields, the Chinese nicknamed San Francisco as Kui Gum San (Old Gold Mountain) and the Victoria gold fields of Australia, Sun Gum San (New Gold Mountain)}}</ref>
== History ==
{{see also|History of San Francisco}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of San Francisco}}
=== Indigenous history ===
The earliest [[archeological site|archeological evidence]] of [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|human habitation]] of the territory of San Francisco dates to 3000 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonoma.edu/asc/projects/pointreyes/overview2.pdf|title=Archaeological Research Issues for the Point Reyes National Seashore – Golden Gate National Recreation Area|access-date=June 12, 2008|last=Stewart|first=Suzanne B.|date=November 2003|publisher=Sonoma State University – Anthropological Studies Center|archive-date=June 24, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624193135/http://www.sonoma.edu/asc/projects/pointreyes/overview2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Yelamu]] group of the [[Ramaytush]] people resided in a few small villages when an overland [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish exploration party]] arrived on November 2, 1769, the first documented European visit to [[San Francisco Bay]].<ref name="Portola">{{cite web|title=Visitors: San Francisco Historical Information|url=http://sfgov.org/site/visitor_index.asp?id=8091|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301022510/http://sfgov.org/site/visitor_index.asp?id=8091|archive-date=March 1, 2006|date=n.d.|access-date=June 10, 2008|publisher=City and County of San Francisco}}</ref> The [[Ohlone languages|Ohlone]] name for San Francisco was ''Ahwaste'', meaning "place at the bay".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Billiter |first=Bill |date=January 1, 1985 |title=3,000-Year-Old Connection Claimed : Siberia Tie to California Tribes Cited |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-01-01-me-10267-story.html |access-date=September 25, 2023 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> The arrival of Spanish colonists, and the implementation of their Mission system, marked the beginning of the assimilation of the Ramaytush people, and the decline of their language and culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Peoples of San Mateo County |url=https://www.smcoe.org/for-communities/indigenous-people-of-san-mateo-county.html |access-date=January 18, 2024 |work=San Mateo County Office of Education}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Association of Ramaytush Ohlone |url=https://www.ramaytush.org/ |access-date=January 18, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2018 |title=The Ramaytush Ohlone – Lessons on stewardship from the ancestral stewards of the Peninsula |url=https://www.parksconservancy.org/article/ramaytush-ohlone-lessons-stewardship-ancestral-stewards-peninsula |access-date=January 18, 2024 |work=Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy}}</ref>
===Spanish era (1769–1821) ===
[[File:Victor Adam after Louis Choris - Vue du Presidio san Francisco, 1822 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Juan Bautista de Anza]] established the [[Presidio of San Francisco]] for the [[Spanish Empire]] in 1776.]]
[[File:Mission San Francisco de Asís (Oriana Day) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Mission San Francisco de Asís]] was founded by Padre [[Francisco Palóu]] on October 9, 1776.]]
The [[Spanish Empire]] claimed San Francisco as part of [[Las Californias]], a province of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]]. The Spanish first arrived in what is now San Francisco on November 2, 1769, when the [[Portolá expedition]] led by Don [[Gaspar de Portolá]] and [[Juan Crespí]] arrived at [[San Francisco Bay]]. Having noted the strategic benefits of the area due to its large natural harbor, the Spanish dispatched [[Pedro Fages]] in 1770 to find a more direct route to the [[San Francisco Peninsula]] from [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], which would become part of the [[El Camino Real (California)|El Camino Real]] route. By 1774, [[Juan Bautista de Anza]] had arrived to the area to select the sites for a [[Spanish missions in California|mission]] and [[presidios of California|presidio]]. The first European maritime presence in San Francisco Bay occurred on August 5, 1775, when the Spanish ship [[San Carlos (1768 ship)|''San Carlos'']], commanded by [[Juan Manuel de Ayala]], became the first ship to anchor in the bay.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Raup|first1=H. F.|title=The Delayed Discovery of San Francisco Bay|journal=California Historical Society Quarterly|volume=27|issue=4| year=1948|page=293|doi=10.2307/25156125 |jstor=3816007 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3816007|access-date=November 12, 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
Soon after, on March 28, 1776, Anza established the [[Presidio of San Francisco]]. On October 9, [[Mission San Francisco de Asís]], also known as Mission Dolores, was founded by Padre [[Francisco Palóu]].<ref name="DeAnza-Moraga-Palou"/> In 1794, the Presidio established the [[Fort Point National Historic Site|Castillo de San Joaquín]], a fortification on the southern side of the [[Golden Gate]], which later came to be known as Fort Point.
In 1804, the province of [[Alta California]] was created, which included San Francisco. At its peak in 1810–1820, the average population at the Mission Dolores settlement was about 1,100 people.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cleary |first=Brother Guire |url=http://www.catholic-sf.org/013103.html |title=Mission Dolores Links San Francisco with its 18th Century Roots – Founded as La Mission San Francisco De Asis by Franciscans, it survived earthquake and fire |work=Catholic San Francisco |date=January 31, 2003 |access-date=March 23, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205190950/http://catholic-sf.org/013103.html |archive-date=February 5, 2007 }}</ref>
===Mexican era (1821-1848)===
{{See also|Yerba Buena, California}}
[[File:Doña_Juana_Briones_de_Miranda_(7222900876)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Juana Briones de Miranda]], known as the "Founding Mother of San Francisco"<ref name="Briones de Miranda">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Juana-Briones-San-Francisco-s-founding-mother-4757183.php|title=Juana Briones – San Francisco's founding mother|first=Gary|last=Kamiya|date=August 23, 2013|work=SFGATE}}</ref>]]
In 1821, the [[The Californias|Californias]] were [[Mexican War of Independence|ceded to Mexico]] by Spain. The extensive [[missions in California|California mission system]] gradually lost its influence during the period of [[First Mexican Republic|Mexican rule]], although it was not until 1833 that the missions would be secularized. Agricultural land became largely privatized as [[Ranchos of California|ranchos]], as was occurring in other parts of California. Coastal trade increased, including a half-dozen [[barques]] from various Atlantic ports which regularly sailed in California waters.<ref name="sfmuseum-early">{{cite web |last = San Francisco News Letter| title=From the 1820s to the Gold Rush |date= September 1925|url = http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/early.html |access-date = November 11, 2024|publisher = The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco| url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022224825/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/early.html |archive-date=October 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>Cf. {{cite book|author-link=Richard Henry Dana Jr. |author-first1=Richard Henry|author-last1=Dana Jr. |title=[[Two Years before the Mast]]|year=1840}}</ref>
With the enactment of the [[Mexican Secularization Act of 1833]], the missions were made to divest themselves of their extensive landholdings and emancipate the indigenous people under their control. As part of the process of secularization, Governor [[José Figueroa]] opened up San Francisco to civilian settlement. Prior to secularization, the only settlements in San Francisco had been the military settlement at the Presidio and the religious settlement at Mission Dolores.<ref name="Briones de Miranda"/> In 1835, the Presidio garrison, commanded by [[Mariano Vallejo]], relocated to the [[Presidio of Sonoma]], which was regarded as needing a greater military presence due the proximity of the Russian settlement at [[Fort Ross]]. Only a small detachment remained at the Presidio of San Francisco.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing USA| isbn = 9781598842227| pages = 343–345| editor = Danver, Steven L| last = Chandler| first = Robert J| title = Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History: An Encyclopedia| chapter = Bear Flag Revolt (1846): Sonoma| date = 2010| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Qk7eEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA343}}</ref> Mission Dolores sold most of its property in 1836, retaining only the church and related structures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yenne |first=Bill |title=The Missions of California |publisher=Thunder Bay Press |year=2004 |isbn=1-59223-319-8 |___location=San Diego, California |pages=18–19}}</ref>
In 1833, [[Juana Briones de Miranda]] was granted a small [[ranchos of California|rancho]] at [[El Polín Spring]], near the Presidio, founding the first non-indigenous civilian household in San Francisco.<ref name="Briones de Miranda"/> In 1834, the ''pueblo'' of [[Yerba Buena, California|Yerba Buena]] was founded. [[Yerba Buena Cove]] (named after [[Clinopodium douglasii|a native herb]]) was already a favored anchorage spot and the new settlement and trading post was founded by its shores. Yerba Buena was located in what is now the city's [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown]] and [[Financial District, San Francisco|Financial District]] and was centered on a plaza that is now [[Portsmouth Square]].<ref name="sfmuseum-early"/><ref>{{Cite journal| volume = 9| issue = 11| pages = 110–111| last = Eldredge| first = Zoeth Skinner| title = El Paraje de Yerba Buena| journal = Municipal Record| ___location = San Francisco, CA| date = 1916-03-16| hdl = 2027/uc1.32106019794160?urlappend=%3Bseq=110| url = https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.32106019794160?urlappend=%3Bseq=110}}</ref><ref name="browning">{{Cite book| publisher = Great West Books| isbn = 9780944220085| last = Browning| first = Peter| title = San Francisco/Yerba Buena: From the Beginning to the Gold Rush 1769-1849| date = 1998}}</ref> A land survey of Yerba Buena was made by the Swiss immigrant [[Jean Jacques Vioget]] as prelude to the city plan.<ref name="sfmuseum-early"/>
[[File:A view of Yerba Buena (San Francisco). On July 9, 1846, Capt. Montgomery of the Sloop of War Portsmouth, raised the American Flag in the plaza and seized the region of the United States LCCN2004666425.jpg|thumb|left|The 1846 [[Battle of Yerba Buena]] was an early U.S. victory in the [[Conquest of California|American conquest of California]].]]
[[Francisco de Haro]] became the first [[alcalde]] of Yerba Buena. In 1835, the second alcalde, [[José Joaquín Estudillo]], approved the first land grant in Yerba Buena: to [[William A. Richardson|William Richardson]].<ref name="sfmuseum-early"/> Yerba Buena began to attract American and European settlers; an 1842 census listed 21 residents (11%) born in the United States or Europe, as well as one Filipino merchant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=san_francisco_history:san_francisco_census_1842 [SFgenealogy] |url=https://www.sfgenealogy.org/doku.php?id=san_francisco_history:san_francisco_census_1842 |access-date=June 18, 2022 |website=www.sfgenealogy.org}}</ref>
Following the [[Bear Flag Revolt]] in Sonoma and the beginning of the [[Conquest of California|U.S. Conquest of California]], American forces from the ''[[USS Portsmouth (1843)|USS Portsmouth]]'' under the command of [[John B. Montgomery]] captured Yerba Buena on July 9, 1846, with little resistance from the local Californio population, raising the American flag over Yerba Buena plaza (later renamed Portsmouth Square in commemoration of this event).
Following the capture, U.S. forces appointed both [[José de Jesús Noé]] and [[Washington Allon Bartlett]] to serve as co-[[alcalde]]s (mayors), while the conquest continued on in the rest of California. On January 30, 1847, Mayor Bartlett ordained that the city should officially change its name from "Yerba Buena" to "San Francisco", as the former name was only locally recognized and the latter name was in use on international maps.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yerba Buena Renamed San Francisco |publisher=The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco |url=http://www.sfmuseum.net/hist/name.html |access-date=November 20, 2024}}</ref> There was also concern that a new town being planned by General Vallejo on the [[Carquinez Strait]] was to be called "Francisca", after the first name of his wife. After the name change to "San Francisco", the name of Vallejo's town was changed to [[Benicia, California|Benicia]], after his wife's middle name. Following the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] in 1848, [[Alta California]] was [[Mexican Cession|ceded from Mexico to the United States]].
{{clear}}
=== Early American era (1848-1906) ===
[[File:San Francisco in July 1849 Painting by George Henry Burgess.jpg|thumb|San Francisco in 1849, during the beginning of the [[California gold rush]]]]
[[File:SanFranciscoharbor1851c sharp.jpg|thumb|right|[[Port of San Francisco]] in 1851]]
Despite its attractive ___location as a port and naval base, San Francisco under American sovereignty was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography.{{sfn|Wiley|2000|p=4–5}} Situated at the tip of a windswept peninsula without water or firewood, San Francisco lacked most of the basic facilities for a 19th-century settlement. Its 1847 population was said to be 459.<ref name="sfmuseum-early"/>
The [[California gold rush]] brought a flood of treasure seekers. Prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival [[Benicia, California|Benicia]],<ref>{{cite web|title=San Francisco's First Brick Building|publisher=The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco|date=July 16, 2004|url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/brick.html|access-date=June 13, 2008}}</ref> raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849.<ref name="1849pop">{{cite book|last=Richards|first=Rand|title=Historic San Francisco: A Concise History and Guide|publisher=Heritage House|year=1992|isbn=978-1-879367-00-5|oclc=214330849|url=https://archive.org/details/historicsanfranc00rich}}</ref> The promise of wealth was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of [[mast (sailing)|masts]] in San Francisco harbor.<ref name="buriedships">{{cite news|last=Harris|first=Ron|title=Crews Unearth Shipwreck on San Francisco Condo Project|agency=Associated Press|date=November 14, 2005|url=http://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/story.asp?story=6287&headline=Crews|access-date=September 4, 2006}}</ref> Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as [[storeship]]s, [[bar (establishment)|saloons]], and hotels; many were left to rot, and some were sunk to establish title to the underwater lot. By 1851, the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870, [[Yerba Buena Cove]] had been filled to create new land. Buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings.<ref name="buriedshipsSFgenalogy">{{cite web|title=Buried Ships|url=http://www.sfgenealogy.org/sf/history/hgshp1.htm|last=Filion|first=Ron S.|publisher=SFgenealogy|access-date=April 19, 2016}}</ref>
California was quickly [[Compromise of 1850|granted statehood]] in 1850, and the U.S. military built [[Fort Point, San Francisco|Fort Point]] at the [[Golden Gate]] and a fort on [[Alcatraz Island]] to secure San Francisco Bay. San Francisco County was one of the state's 18 original counties established at California statehood in 1850.<ref>Report of Committee on Counties, January 4, 1850, revised to 27 counties on February 18, 1850 – {{cite book |last=Coy|first=Owen C. |title=California County Boundaries |publisher=California Historical Survey Commission |year=1923 |___location=Berkeley |pages=1–2}}</ref> Until 1856, San Francisco's city limits extended west to [[Divisadero Street]] and Castro Street, and south to 20th Street. In 1856, the California state government divided the county. A straight line was then drawn across the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula just north of [[San Bruno Mountain]]. Everything south of the line became the new San Mateo County while everything north of the line became the new consolidated City and County of San Francisco.<ref>{{cite book |author=<!--no by-line.--> |title=Statutes of California and Digests of Measures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4a83AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA145|publisher= J. Winchester|page=145 |date=1856}}</ref>
[[File:Bank of California Building San Francisco (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Bank of California]], established in 1863, was the first commercial bank in [[Western United States]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/openforum/article/dont-bank-on-california-especially-banks-17896018.php|title=Don't bank on California, especially when banks are involved|first=Joe|last=Mathews|date=April 16, 2023|website=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref>]]
The California gold rush triggered a wave of entrepreneurial activity as individuals sought to capitalize on the newfound wealth. The discovery of silver deposits, notably the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further fueled rapid population growth and economic expansion.{{sfn|Wiley|2000|p=31–33}}
San Francisco, as the gateway to the goldfields, experienced a surge in population and commercial activity. However, the influx of fortune seekers also brought challenges. Lawlessness was rampant, and the [[Barbary Coast, San Francisco|Barbary Coast]] district became synonymous with vice, attracting criminals, prostitutes, and illicit activities, including but not limited to prostitution, [[Rum-running|bootlegging]], and gambling.{{sfn|Wiley|2000|p=237–238}} The rapidly growing population, with its lawlessness, gambling and other vices, and the fact that there were no churches to be found, prompted missionaries like [[William Taylor (missionary)|William Taylor]] to come to San Francisco where he began preaching in the streets, using an upright barrel as his pulpit. Taylor garnered enough generous donations from successful gold miners to build a church.{{sfn|Taylor|1895|p=195}}
One of the most influential figures of this era was [[William Chapman Ralston]]. A shrewd banker and investor, Ralston amassed considerable wealth and influence in San Francisco. He gained control over a significant portion of the [[Comstock Lode]]'s gold and silver mines, establishing a virtual monopoly. Using his incredible clout, Ralston was able to generate millions of dollars for San Francisco during its heady boom years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Ralston - FoundSF |url=https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=William_Ralston |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=www.foundsf.org}}</ref> He founded the [[Bank of California]], the first bank in the Western United States, and built the opulent Palace Hotel, a symbol of San Francisco's newfound prosperity and the largest hotel in the country at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Calic |first=Dan |date=2024-01-05 |title=Blog: How The Mighty Fall. The Story of William C. Ralston |url=http://www.rwcpulse.com/blogs/portal-to-our-past/2024/01/05/blog-how-the-mighty-fall-the-story-of-william-c-ralston/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |work=Redwood City Pulse}}</ref> His financial empire, however, collapsed in 1875 as a result of the [[Panic of 1873]], triggering a major economic crisis in San Francisco.
Development of the [[Port of San Francisco]] and the establishment in 1869 of overland access to the eastern U.S. rail system via the newly completed [[First transcontinental railroad|Pacific Railroad]] (the construction of which the city only reluctantly helped support<ref>Construction of the Pacific Railroad was partially (albeit reluctantly) funded by the [[:File:Pacific RR Bond SF 1865.jpeg|City and County of San Francisco Pacific Railroad Bond issue]] under the provisions of ''"An Act to Authorize the Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco to take and subscribe One Million Dollars to the Capital Stock of the Western Pacific Rail Road Company and the Central Pacific Rail Road Company of California and to provide for the payment of the same and other matters relating thereto."'' approved on April 22, 1863, as amended by §5 of the ''"Compromise Act of 1864"'' approved on April 4, 1864. The bond issue was objected to by the Mayor and the Board of Supervisors, however, and they were not delivered to the WPRR and CPRR until 1865 after Writs of Mandamus ordering such were issued by the Supreme Court of the State of California in 1864 (''"The People of the State of California on the relation of the Central Pacific Railroad Company vs. Henry P. Coon, Mayor; Henry M. Hale, Auditor; and Joseph S. Paxson, Treasurer, of the City and County of San Francisco"'' 25 Cal 635) and 1865 (''"The People ex rel The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California vs. The Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco, and Wilhelm Lowey, Clerk"'' 27 Cal 655)</ref>) helped make the Bay Area a center for trade. Catering to the needs and tastes of the growing population, [[Levi Strauss]] opened a [[dry goods]] business and [[Domingo Ghirardelli]] began manufacturing chocolate. Chinese immigrants made the city a polyglot culture, drawn to "Old Gold Mountain", creating the city's [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown]] quarter. By 1880, Chinese made up 9.3% of the population.<ref name=IPUMSUSA>{{Cite web |title=IPUMS USA |url=https://usa.ipums.org/usa/ |access-date=2022-02-25 |work=usa.ipums.org}}</ref>
[[File:The City of San Francisco, panorama by Currier & Ives, 1878 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|View of the city in 1878]]
The first [[San Francisco cable car system|cable cars]] carried San Franciscans up [[Clay Street Hill Railroad|Clay Street]] in 1873. The city's sea of [[Victorian house]]s began to take shape, and civic leaders campaigned for a spacious public park, resulting in plans for [[Golden Gate Park]]. San Franciscans built schools, churches, theaters, and all the hallmarks of civic life. The [[Presidio of San Francisco|Presidio]] developed into the most important American military installation on the Pacific coast.<ref>{{cite web|title=Under Three Flags |work=Golden Gate National Recreation Area Brochures|publisher=US Department of the Interior|date=November 2004|url=https://www.nps.gov/goga/planyourvisit/upload/3flags_7-03.pdf |access-date=June 22, 2011}}</ref> By 1890, San Francisco's population approached 300,000, making it the [[Largest cities in the United States by population by decade#1890|eighth-largest city]] in the United States at the time. Around 1901, San Francisco was a major city known for its flamboyant style, stately hotels, ostentatious mansions on [[Nob Hill, San Francisco|Nob Hill]], and a thriving arts scene.{{sfn|Wiley|2000|p=44–55}} The first North American plague epidemic was the [[San Francisco plague of 1900–1904]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kalisch |first=Philip A. |title=The Black Death in Chinatown: Plague and Politics in San Francisco 1900–1904 |journal=Arizona and the West |volume=14 |date=Summer 1972 |pages=113–136 |jstor=40168068 |issue=2|pmid=11614219 }}</ref>
=== Modern American era (1906-1940) ===
[[File:Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg|thumb|right|The [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] was the [[List of disasters in the United States by death toll|deadliest earthquake in U.S. history]].]]
At 5:12 am on April 18, 1906, a major [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|earthquake struck San Francisco]] and northern California. As buildings collapsed from the shaking, ruptured [[pipeline transport|gas lines]] ignited fires that spread across the city and burned out of control for several days. With [[water main]]s out of service, the [[Presidio of San Francisco|Presidio]] Artillery Corps attempted to contain the [[conflagration|inferno]] by dynamiting blocks of buildings to create firebreaks.<ref name="Funston">{{cite web|title = 1906 Earthquake: Fire Fighting|work=Golden Gate National Recreation Area|publisher=US Department of the Interior |date = December 24, 2003|url = https://www.nps.gov/prsf/learn/historyculture/1906-earthquake-fire-fighting.htm|access-date =June 13, 2008}}</ref> More than three-quarters of the city lay in ruins, including almost all of the downtown core.<ref name="Montagne">{{cite news|last = Montagne |first = Renée|title = Remembering the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake|work=People & Places |publisher=NPR|date = April 11, 2006|url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5334411|access-date =June 13, 2008}}</ref> Contemporary accounts reported that 498 people died, though modern estimates put the number in the several thousands.<ref>{{cite web|title = Casualties and Damage after the 1906 earthquake|work=Earthquake Hazards Program – Northern California|url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/events/1906calif/18april/casualties.php|publisher=US Geological Survey|date = January 25, 2008|access-date =June 13, 2008}}</ref> More than half of the city's population of 400,000 was left homeless.<ref>{{cite web|title = 1906 Earthquake and the Army|work=Golden Gate National Recreation Area|url = https://home.nps.gov/prsf/learn/historyculture/1906-earthquake.htm|publisher=US Department of the Interior |date =August 25, 2004|access-date =June 13, 2008}}</ref> [[Refugee]]s settled temporarily in makeshift tent villages in Golden Gate Park, the Presidio, on the beaches, and elsewhere. Many fled permanently to the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]]. [[Jack London]] is remembered for having famously eulogized the earthquake: "Not in history has a modern imperial city been so completely destroyed. San Francisco is gone."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist5/jlondon.html |title=Jack London Writes of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire |publisher=Sfmuseum.org |date=May 5, 1906 |access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref>
Rebuilding was rapid and performed on a grand scale. Rejecting calls to completely remake the street grid, San Franciscans opted for speed.{{sfn|Wiley|2000|p=56–62}} [[Amadeo Giannini]]'s [[Bank of Italy (United States)|Bank of Italy]], later to become [[Bank of America]], provided loans for many of those whose livelihoods had been devastated. The influential [[San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association]] or SPUR was founded in 1910 to address the quality of housing after the earthquake.<ref>{{cite web|title=SPUR Our Mission and History|url=http://www.spur.org/about/our_mission_and_history|access-date=March 26, 2013}}</ref> The earthquake hastened development of western neighborhoods that survived the fire, including [[Pacific Heights, San Francisco|Pacific Heights]], where many of the city's wealthy rebuilt their homes.<ref>{{cite book|last = O'Brien |first = Tricia
|title = San Francisco's Pacific Heights and Presidio Heights|publisher = Arcadia Publishing |year = 2008 |___location = San Francisco |isbn = 978-0-7385-5980-3|page = 7|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=J8dEQubtnqYC&pg=PA7}}</ref> In turn, the destroyed mansions of Nob Hill became grand hotels. [[San Francisco City Hall|City Hall]] rose again in the [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux Arts]] style, and the city celebrated its rebirth at the [[Panama–Pacific International Exposition]] in 1915.{{sfn|Wiley|2000|p=9}}
[[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, aeroplane view, 1915.jpg|thumb|left |upright=1.35|The [[Panama–Pacific International Exposition (1915)|Panama–Pacific Exposition]], a major [[world's fair]] held in 1915, was seen as a chance to showcase the city's recovery from the earthquake.]]
During this period, San Francisco built some of its most important infrastructure. Civil Engineer [[Michael O'Shaughnessy]] was hired by San Francisco Mayor [[James Rolph]] as chief engineer for the city in September 1912 to supervise the construction of the Twin Peaks Reservoir, the [[Stockton Street Tunnel]], the [[Twin Peaks Tunnel]], the [[San Francisco Municipal Railway]], the [[San Francisco Fire Department Auxiliary Water Supply System|Auxiliary Water Supply System]], and new sewers. San Francisco's streetcar system was pushed to completion by O'Shaughnessy between 1915 and 1927. It was the [[Hetch Hetchy|O'Shaughnessy Dam]], [[Hetch Hetchy Reservoir]], and [[Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct]] that would have the largest effect on San Francisco.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco – M.M. O'Shaughnessy Employed as City Engineer|url=http://www.sfmuseum.net/bio/mmo.html|access-date=March 16, 2013}}</ref> An abundant water supply enabled San Francisco to develop into the city it has become today.
[[File:SF-Oakland-Bay-Bridge-Construction.jpg|thumb|The [[San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge|Bay Bridge]] under construction on [[Yerba Buena Island]] in 1935]]
In ensuing years, the city solidified its standing as a financial capital; in the wake of the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|1929 stock market crash]], not a single San Francisco-based bank failed.<ref>{{cite web|title = San Francisco Gold Rush Banking – 1849|publisher = The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco|date = June 24, 2004|url = http://www.sfmuseum.net/hist9/banking.html|access-date = June 13, 2008|archive-date = May 9, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080509133016/http://www.sfmuseum.net/hist9/banking.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> Indeed, it was at the height of the [[Great Depression]] that San Francisco undertook two great civil engineering projects, simultaneously constructing the [[San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge]] and the [[Golden Gate Bridge]], completing them in 1936 and 1937, respectively. It was in this period that the island of [[Alcatraz Island|Alcatraz]], a former military stockade, began its service as a federal maximum security prison, housing notorious inmates such as [[Al Capone]] and [[Robert Franklin Stroud]], the Birdman of Alcatraz. San Francisco later celebrated its regained grandeur with a [[World's fair]], the [[Golden Gate International Exposition]] in 1939–40, creating [[Treasure Island, San Francisco|Treasure Island]] in the middle of the bay to house it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Treasure Island History|url=https://www.treasureislandmuseum.org/island-history|access-date=August 5, 2021|work=timuseum}}</ref>
=== Postmodern American era (1941-present) ===
{{see also|San Francisco in the 1970s}}
[[File:Alexander Loudon, de Nederlandse ambassadeur in de Verenigde Staten, ondertekent in aanwezigheid van Charles Olke (II) van der Plas en andere leden van de Nederlandse delegatie het handvast van de Uni, KITLV 403000.tiff|thumb|left|The [[United Nations]] was created in San Francisco in 1945, when the [[United Nations Charter]] was signed at the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|San Francisco Conference]].]]
During [[World War II]], the city-owned [[Sharp Park Detention Station|Sharp Park]] in [[Pacifica, California|Pacifica]] was used as an [[Japanese American internment|internment camp]] to detain [[Japanese Americans]].<ref name="dark past">{{cite news |last1=Kamiya |first1=Gary |title=The dark past of San Francisco's Sharp Park |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/vault/portalsofthepast/article/san-francisco-sharp-park-17383752.php |website=San Francisco Chronicle |date=August 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819155120/https://www.sfchronicle.com/vault/portalsofthepast/article/san-francisco-sharp-park-17383752.php |access-date=June 9, 2023|archive-date=August 19, 2022 }}</ref> [[San Francisco Naval Shipyard|Hunters Point Naval Shipyard]] became a hub of activity, and [[Fort Mason]] became the primary port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the [[Asiatic-Pacific Theater|Pacific Theater of Operations]].<ref name="WWII">{{cite web |date=August 28, 2007 |title=Port of Embarkation Essay—World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wwIIbayarea/embarkation.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624074834/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wwIIbayarea/embarkation.htm |archive-date=June 24, 2011 |access-date=June 22, 2011 |work=A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary |publisher=US Department of the Interior}}</ref> The explosion of jobs drew many people, especially [[Second Great Migration (African American)|African Americans from the South]], to the area. After the end of the war, many military personnel returning from service abroad and civilians who had originally come to work decided to stay. The [[United Nations Charter]] creating the [[United Nations]] was drafted and signed in San Francisco in 1945 and, in 1951, the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Powers]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Price |first1=John |title=A Just Peace? The 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty in Historical Perspective |url=http://www.jpri.org/publications/workingpapers/wp78.html |website=[[Japan Policy Research Institute]] |access-date=December 8, 2020 |date=June 2001 |archive-date=December 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207102227/http://www.jpri.org/publications/workingpapers/wp78.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Urban planning projects in the 1950s and 1960s involved widespread destruction and redevelopment of west-side neighborhoods and the construction of new [[freeway]]s, of which only a series of short segments were built before being halted by [[Highway revolts in the United States#San Francisco|citizen-led opposition]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Fang|first=Eric|title=Urban Renewal Revisited: A Design Critique|work=SPUR Newsletter|publisher=San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association|date=February 1999|url=http://www.spur.org/publications/library/article/urbanrenewalrevisited02011999|access-date=August 3, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011043744/http://www.spur.org/publications/library/article/urbanrenewalrevisited02011999|archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> The onset of [[containerization]] made San Francisco's small piers obsolete, and cargo activity moved to the larger [[Port of Oakland]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Rubin|first = Jasper|title = The Decline of the Port – A look at the transformation of the Port of San Francisco|journal=SPUR Newsletter|date=November 1999|url = http://www.spur.org/publications/library/article/declineofport11011999|quote = The final, insurmountable decline in San Francisco's shipping activity was heralded in 1958 by the departure of the first containerized freighter from San Francisco Bay.|access-date = January 5, 2013}}</ref> The city began to lose industrial jobs and turned to tourism as the most important segment of its economy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Terplan|first = Egon|title = Organizing for Economic Growth – A new approach to business attraction and retention in San Francisco|journal=SPUR Report|date = June 7, 2010|url = http://www.spur.org/publications/library/report/organizing-economic-growth|quote = During the 1960s and 1970s San Francisco's historic maritime industry relocated to Oakland. ... San Francisco remained a center for business and professional services (such as consulting, law, accounting and finance) and also successfully developed its tourism sector, which became the leading local industry.|access-date = January 5, 2013}}</ref> The suburbs experienced rapid growth, and San Francisco underwent significant demographic change, as large segments of the white population left the city, supplanted by an increasing wave of [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]] from Asia and Latin America.<ref>{{cite web|last = Willis|first=James|author2=Habib, Jerry|author3= Brittan, Jeremy|title = San Francisco Planning Department Census Data Analysis|url = http://bss.sfsu.edu/pamuk/SFDemographics.ppt|publisher=San Francisco State University|date = April 19, 2004|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110718191827/http://bss.sfsu.edu/pamuk/SFDemographics.ppt|archive-date = July 18, 2011|format = PPT |access-date =June 13, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last = Minton |first = Torri|title = Race Through Time|work=San Francisco Chronicle|page = SC-4|date = September 20, 1998|url = http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Race-Through-Time-2990221.php|access-date =September 11, 2013}}</ref> From 1950 to 1980, the city lost over 10 percent of its population.
[[File:KFRC Fantasy Fair Dryden Balin Kantner.png|thumb|right|The [[Summer of Love]] in 1967 was an influential [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] phenomenon with as many as 100,000 people converging in San Francisco's [[Haight-Ashbury]] neighborhood.]]
Over this period, San Francisco became a magnet for America's [[counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture movement]]. [[Beat Generation]] writers fueled the [[San Francisco Renaissance]] and centered on the [[North Beach, San Francisco|North Beach]] neighborhood in the 1950s.{{sfn|Wiley|2000|p=240–242}} [[Hippie]]s flocked to [[Haight-Ashbury]] in the 1960s, reaching a peak with the 1967 [[Summer of Love]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/filmmore/fd.html|title = American Experience: Summer of Love: Film Description|access-date = June 17, 2008|date = March 14, 2007|work = Website for American Experience documentary on the Summer of Love|publisher = PBS|archive-date = June 5, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080605215315/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/filmmore/fd.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> In 1974, the [[Zebra murders]] left at least 16 people dead.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911212,00.html |title=Fear in the Streets of San Francisco |date=April 29, 1974 |magazine=Time |access-date=August 28, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203143933/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911212,00.html |archive-date=December 3, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 1970s, the city became a center of the [[LGBTQ movements|gay rights movement]], with the emergence of [[The Castro, San Francisco|The Castro]] as an urban [[gay village]], the election of [[Harvey Milk]] to the [[San Francisco Board of Supervisors|Board of Supervisors]], and his [[Moscone–Milk assassinations|assassination]], along with that of Mayor [[George Moscone]], in 1978.<ref>{{cite web|title=San Francisco History: The 1970s and 1980s: Gay Rights|url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/sanfrancisco/0029033660.html|work=Destinations: San Francisco|publisher=Frommers.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010718020050/http://www.frommers.com/destinations/sanfrancisco/0029033660.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 18, 2001|access-date=June 17, 2008}}</ref>
[[Bank of America]], now based in [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], [[North Carolina]], was founded in San Francisco; the bank completed [[555 California Street]] in 1969. The [[Transamerica Pyramid]] was completed in 1972,<ref>{{cite web|title = Pyramid Facts and Figures |work=Company Profile|publisher=Transamerica Insurance and Investment Group|url = http://www.transamerica.com/company_profile/about_the_pyramid/pyramid_facts_and_figures.asp|access-date =June 13, 2008}}</ref> igniting a wave of "[[Manhattanization]]" that lasted until the late 1980s, a period of extensive high-rise development downtown.{{sfn|Wiley|2000|p=95–96}} The 1980s also saw a dramatic increase in the number of homeless people in the city, an issue that remains today, despite many attempts to address it.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/08/04/MNGILKB9KV1.DTL&ao=all|title = S.F.'s Homeless Aging on the Street / Chronic health problems on the rise as median age nears 50|work = San Francisco Chronicle|last1 = Fagan|first1= Kevin|date = August 4, 2006|access-date =March 6, 2012|quote = The findings support what many social workers have long suspected – that there was a "big bang" homeless population explosion as federal housing programs were slashed and the closing of mental hospitals hit home in the mid-1980s and that this core group constitutes the bulk of the street population.}}</ref>
[[File:SF Transamerica full CA.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Transamerica Pyramid]], built in 1972, characterized the [[Manhattanization]] of the city's skyline in the 1970–80s.]]
The [[1989 Loma Prieta earthquake]] caused destruction and loss of life throughout the Bay Area. In San Francisco, the quake severely damaged structures in the [[Marina District, San Francisco|Marina]] and [[South of Market, San Francisco|South of Market]] districts and precipitated the demolition of the damaged [[California State Route 480|Embarcadero Freeway]] and much of the damaged [[Central Freeway]], allowing the city to reclaim [[Embarcadero (San Francisco)|The Embarcadero]] as its historic downtown waterfront and revitalizing the [[Hayes Valley, San Francisco|Hayes Valley]] neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hayes Valley Neighborhood Association|url=https://hayesvalleysf.org/|access-date=August 5, 2021}}</ref>
The three recent decades have seen booms driven by the internet industry. During the [[Dot-com bubble|dot-com boom]] of the late 1990s, [[startup company|startup companies]] invigorated the San Francisco economy. Large numbers of entrepreneurs and computer application developers moved into the city, followed by marketing, design, and sales professionals, changing the social landscape as once poorer neighborhoods became increasingly [[Gentrification|gentrified]].<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/05/us/mission-district-fights-case-of-dot-com-fever.html|title = Mission District Fights Case of Dot-Com Fever|work = The New York Times|date = November 5, 2000|last1 =Nieves|first1=Evelyn|access-date =March 5, 2012}}</ref> Demand for new housing and office space ignited a second wave of high-rise development, this time in the South of Market district.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/High-rises-are-a-sign-of-the-times-in-changing-3233641.php|title = High-rises are a sign of the times in changing San Francisco|work = San Francisco Chronicle|date = January 2, 2008|last1 = Nolte|first1=Carl|access-date = July 9, 2012}}</ref> By 2000, the city's population reached new highs, surpassing the previous record set in 1950. When the bubble burst in 2001, many of these companies folded and their employees were laid off. Yet high technology and entrepreneurship remain mainstays of the San Francisco economy. By the mid-2000s (decade), the [[Web 2.0|social media boom]] had begun, with San Francisco becoming a popular ___location for tech offices and a common place to live for people employed in [[Silicon Valley]] companies such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] and [[Google]].{{efn |"Another positive trend for the future is San Francisco's highly entrepreneurial, flexible and innovative economy...San Francisco's very high reliance on small business and self-employment is typical of other dynamic, fast-growing, high-technology areas across the country."<ref name="ega06a" /> }}
The early 2020s saw a reduction of tech companies' presence in Downtown San Francisco in the wake of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], increased popularity of working at home, and struggles with homelessness. Although some observers have raised the possibility that office vacancies and declining tax revenues could cause San Francisco to enter an economic [[urban doom loop|doom loop]],<ref name=SanFranDoomLoop>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/san-francisco-crime-downtown-doom-loop-e5fcd7ba|title=Can San Francisco Save Itself From the Doom Loop?|first1=Jim|last1=Carlton|first2=Katherine|last2=Bindley|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=August 13, 2023|access-date=November 5, 2023}}</ref><ref name=SanFranDoomLoopCurbed>{{cite web|url=https://www.curbed.com/2023/05/san-francisco-doom-loop.html|title=Spiraling in San Francisco's Doom Loop|quote=What it's like to live in a city that no longer believes its problems can be fixed.|first1=Elizabeth|last1=Weil|publisher=Curbed|date=May 10, 2023|access-date=November 5, 2023}}</ref> other sources have refuted this broad-based characterization of the city as a whole, asserting that the issues of concern are restricted primarily to the urban core of San Francisco.<ref name=DowntownSanFranDying>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/local/article/downtown-san-francisco-retail-dying-sam-altman-20307342.php|title=Downtown San Francisco retail is dying. What's replacing it is so much worse.|author=Ariana Bindman|publisher=SFGate|date=May 6, 2025|access-date=May 6, 2025}}</ref><ref name=SanFranDoomLoopRefute>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/sf/article/breed-election-doom-loop-18430094.php|title=London Breed vs. the 'doom loop': How will S.F.'s mayor solve her biggest political problem?|first1=J.D.|last1=Morris|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=October 30, 2023|access-date=November 5, 2023}}</ref>
The [[San Francisco Armory]], [[Palace of Fine Arts]], [[Haas–Lilienthal House]], and [[450 Sutter Street]] are among the dozens of historical landmarks in the city [[National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco|listed on the National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NPGallery Search |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/ |access-date=April 2, 2023 |work=National Park Service}}</ref>
==
[[File:San Francisco cityscape and East Bay, from Twin Peaks, above the Castro.jpg|alt=San Francisco cityscape and East Bay, from Pikes Peak, above the Castro|left|thumb|San Francisco cityscape and [[East Bay]], from [[Twin Peaks (San Francisco)|Twin Peaks]], above the [[Castro District, San Francisco|Castro]].]]
San Francisco is located on the [[West Coast of the United States]], at the north end of the [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and includes significant stretches of the Pacific Ocean and [[San Francisco Bay]] within its boundaries. Several picturesque [[islands of San Francisco Bay|islands]]—[[Alcatraz Island|Alcatraz]], [[Treasure Island, San Francisco|Treasure Island]] and the adjacent [[Yerba Buena Island]], and small portions of [[Alameda (island)|Alameda Island]], [[Red Rock Island]], and [[Angel Island, California|Angel Island]]<!--Alameda island is capitalized correctly; "island" is not part of the proper noun and is used here to distinguish the island from the [[municipality]], which also includes of Bay Farm Island, Balena Bay, Coast Guard Island, etc. -->—are part of the city. Also included are the uninhabited [[Farallon Islands]], {{convert|27|mi|km}} offshore in the Pacific Ocean. The mainland within the city limits roughly forms a "seven-by-seven-mile square", a common local colloquialism referring to the city's shape, though its total area, including water, is nearly {{convert|232|sqmi|km2}}.[[File:San Francisco Peninsula by Sentinel-2, 2019-03-11 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Satellite view of San Francisco]]There are more than 50 hills within the city limits.<ref name=peak_experience>{{cite news|last = Graham |first = Tom|title = Peak Experience|work = San Francisco Chronicle|page = PK-23|publisher = Hearst Communications|date = November 7, 2004|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/11/07/PKGJ99K7KD1.DTL
|access-date =June 13, 2008}}</ref> Some neighborhoods are named after the hill on which they are situated, including [[Nob Hill, San Francisco|Nob Hill]], [[Potrero Hill]], and [[Russian Hill, San Francisco|Russian Hill]]. Near the geographic center of the city, southwest of the downtown area, are a series of less densely populated hills. [[Twin Peaks (San Francisco)|Twin Peaks]], a pair of hills forming one of the city's highest points, forms an overlook spot. San Francisco's tallest hill, [[Mount Davidson (California)|Mount Davidson]], is {{convert|928|ft|m|0}} high and is capped with a {{convert|103|foot|m|0|adj=on}} tall cross built in 1934.<ref>{{cite news|first=Henry K. |last = Lee|title = Mount Davidson Cross Called Landmark by Panel|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1997/01/16/MN71385.DTL|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date = January 16, 1997|access-date =June 17, 2008}}</ref> Dominating this area is [[Sutro Tower]], a large red and white radio and television transmission tower reaching 1,811 ft (552 m) above sea level.
[[File:Lake Merced Park, Fort Funston, and SF Zoo (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Lake Merced]], located in southwestern San Francisco]]
The nearby [[San Andreas Fault|San Andreas]] and [[Hayward Fault]]s are responsible for much earthquake activity, although neither physically passes through the city itself. The San Andreas Fault caused the earthquakes in 1906 and 1989. Minor earthquakes occur on a regular basis. The threat of major earthquakes plays a large role in the city's infrastructure development. The city constructed an [[San Francisco Fire Department Auxiliary Water Supply System|auxiliary water supply system]] and has repeatedly upgraded its building codes, requiring retrofits for older buildings and higher engineering standards for new construction.<ref>{{cite news|first = Charles |last = Smith
|title = What San Francisco didn't learn from the '06 quake|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/04/15/HOGQ9I7P2T1.DTL|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date = April 15, 2006|access-date =June 30, 2008}}</ref> However, there are still thousands of smaller buildings that remain vulnerable to quake damage.<ref>{{cite news|first = Robert |last = Selna|title = S.F. leaders ignore weak buildings' quake risk|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2008/06/29/MNDD110U2E.DTL|page = A-1 |work=San Francisco Chronicle|date = June 29, 2008|access-date =June 30, 2008}}</ref> USGS has released the [[California]] earthquake forecast which models earthquake occurrence in California.<ref>[http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3009/pdf/fs2015-3009.pdf California Earthquake forecast – UCERF3 – USGS Factsheet (non-technical) Mar, 2015.] predicts Earthquake risk for 30 years in California, [[California earthquake forecast]].</ref>
San Francisco's shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits. Entire neighborhoods such as the [[Marina District, San Francisco|Marina]], [[Mission Bay, San Francisco|Mission Bay]], and [[Hunters Point, San Francisco|Hunters Point]], as well as large sections of the [[Embarcadero (San Francisco)|Embarcadero]], sit on areas of [[Land reclamation|landfill]]. Treasure Island was constructed from material dredged from the bay as well as material resulting from the excavation of the [[Yerba Buena Tunnel]] through [[Yerba Buena Island]] during the construction of the Bay Bridge. Such land tends to be unstable during earthquakes. The resulting [[soil liquefaction]] causes extensive damage to property built upon it, as was evidenced in the Marina district during the [[1989 Loma Prieta earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Liquefaction Damage in the Marina District during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake|publisher=California Geological Survey|url = http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/information/outreach/Documents/Marina%20Poster%2011x17rw2b.pdf|access-date =June 17, 2008}}</ref> A few natural lakes and creeks ([[Lake Merced]], [[Mountain Lake Park|Mountain Lake]], [[Pine Lake (San Francisco)|Pine Lake]], [[Lobos Creek]], [[El Polin Spring]]) are within parks and remain protected in what is essentially their original form, but most of the city's natural watercourses, such as [[Islais Creek]] and [[Mission Creek]], have been partially or completely [[culvert]]ed and built over. Since the 1990s, however, the [[San Francisco Public Utilities Commission|Public Utilities Commission]] has been studying proposals to daylight or restore some creeks.<ref>{{cite web|title = The Lure of the Creeks Buried Beneath San Francisco's Streets|publisher = Streetsblog San Francisco|first1=Matt|last1=Baume|author-link= Matt Baume|url = http://sf.streetsblog.org/2010/04/14/the-lure-of-the-creeks-buried-beneath-san-franciscos-streets/|date = April 14, 2010|access-date = January 31, 2013}}</ref>
===Neighborhoods===
{{Main|Neighborhoods in San Francisco|List of Landmarks and Historic Places in San Francisco}}
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in San Francisco}}
[[File:San Francisco in 2018.jpg|thumb|right|View of the city's central districts along its northeastern coastline]]
An ''Historical Center of San Francisco'' monument,<ref name="sfG/rs/unP">{{cite news |last1=Solnit |first1=Rebecca |title=The heart of the city / U.N. Plaza: the beating pulse of public space in San Francisco, from protests to pomegranates |url=https://www.sfgate.com/living/article/The-heart-of-the-city-U-N-Plaza-the-beating-2831385.php |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=[[sfgate.com]] |date=Jan 11, 2004}}</ref> where the [[San Francisco City Hall#History|1899–1906 City Hall]] was once located,<ref name="a&A/Csf">{{cite web |title=Center of San Francisco |url=https://artandarchitecture-sf.com/center-of-san-francisco.html |website=artandarchitecture-sf.com – Public Art and Architecture from Around the World |access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref> is in [[United Nations Plaza (San Francisco)|United Nations Plaza]], at {{coord|37.7800397|-122.4135943|display=inline}}
The earliest center of San Francisco is [[Portsmouth Square]], in the northeast quadrant of the city anchored by [[Market Street (San Francisco)|Market Street]] and the waterfront. Here in the northeast quadrant, the [[Financial District, San Francisco|Financial District]] is centered, with [[Union Square (San Francisco)|Union Square]], the principal shopping and hotel district, and the [[Tenderloin, San Francisco|Tenderloin]] nearby. [[Cable car (railway)|Cable cars]] carry riders up steep inclines to the summit of [[Nob Hill]], once the home of the city's business tycoons, and down to the waterfront tourist attractions of [[Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco|Fisherman's Wharf]], and [[Pier 39]], where many restaurants feature [[Dungeness crab]] from a still-active fishing industry. Also in this quadrant are [[Russian Hill, San Francisco|Russian Hill]], a residential neighborhood with the famously crooked [[Lombard Street (San Francisco)|Lombard Street]]; [[North Beach, San Francisco|North Beach]], the city's [[Little Italy]] and the former center of the [[Beat Generation]]; and [[Telegraph Hill, San Francisco|Telegraph Hill]], which features [[Coit Tower]]. Abutting Russian Hill and North Beach is San Francisco's [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown]], the oldest [[Chinatown]] in North America.<ref>[http://www.sanfranciscochinatown.com/history/index.html The Official San Francisco Chinatown Website]. Sanfranciscochinatown.com. Retrieved February 16, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/101102/chinatown.shtml Depicting Otherness: Images of San Francisco's Chinatown]. College Street Journal (October 11, 2002). Retrieved February 16, 2012.</ref><ref name="Bacon, Daniel pages 52-53">Bacon, Daniel: Walking the Barbary Coast Trail 2nd ed., pp. 52–53, Quicksilver Press, 1997</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanfranciscodays.com/chinatown/ |title=Chinatown/Grant Avenue |access-date=August 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615053119/http://www.sanfranciscodays.com/chinatown/ |archive-date=June 15, 2011 }}. San Francisco Days</ref> The [[South of Market, San Francisco|South of Market]], which was once San Francisco's industrial core, has seen significant redevelopment following the construction of [[Oracle Park]] and an infusion of [[Startup company|startup companies]]. New skyscrapers, live-work lofts, and condominiums dot the area. Further development is taking place just to the south in [[Mission Bay, San Francisco|Mission Bay]] area, a former railroad yard, which now has a second campus of the [[University of California, San Francisco]] and [[Chase Center]], which opened in [[2019–20 Golden State Warriors season|2019]] as the new home of the [[Golden State Warriors]].<ref>{{cite web|title = S.F. supervisors OK Warriors arena for Mission Bay|url = http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/S-F-supervisors-OK-Warriors-arena-for-Mission-Bay-6685450.php|work = SFGATE|publisher=Hearst Communications, Inc|access-date = February 8, 2016|date = December 9, 2015|first1=J.K.|last1=Dineen}}</ref>
West of downtown, across [[Van Ness Avenue (San Francisco)|Van Ness Avenue]], lies the large [[Western Addition, San Francisco|Western Addition]] neighborhood, which became established with a large African American population after [[World War II]]. The Western Addition is usually divided into smaller neighborhoods including [[Hayes Valley, San Francisco|Hayes Valley]], [[Fillmore District, San Francisco|the Fillmore]], and [[Japantown, San Francisco|Japantown]], which was once the largest Japantown in North America but suffered when its [[Japanese American]] residents were [[Japanese American internment|forcibly removed and interned]] during World War II. The Western Addition survived the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|1906 earthquake]] with its [[Victorian house|Victorians]] largely intact, including the famous "[[Painted Ladies]]", standing alongside [[Alamo Square]]. To the south, near the geographic center of the city is [[Haight-Ashbury]], famously associated with 1960s [[hippie]] culture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haight-Ashbury's Hippie House: Preserving San Francisco's 1960s Counterculture |url=https://savingplaces.org/stories/haight-ashburys-hippie-house-preserving-san-franciscos-1960s-counterculture|access-date=August 5, 2021|website=savingplaces.org|language=en-US|date=25 July 2013|author-first=Aria|author-last=Danaparamita|publisher=National Trust for Historic Preservation}}</ref>
[[File:SF Chinatown CA (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Chinatown, San Francisco|San Francisco Chinatown]], the oldest in North America and one of the world's largest.]]
North of the Western Addition is [[Pacific Heights, San Francisco|Pacific Heights]], an affluent neighborhood that features the homes built by wealthy San Franciscans in the wake of the 1906 earthquake. Directly north of Pacific Heights facing the waterfront is the [[Marina District, San Francisco|Marina]], a neighborhood popular with young professionals that was largely built on reclaimed land from the Bay.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Marina|work=SFGate San Francisco Neighborhood Guide|url=http://www.sfgate.com/neighborhoods/sf/marina/|access-date=August 20, 2013|date=October 27, 2011}}</ref>
In the southeast quadrant of the city is the [[Mission District]]—populated in the 19th century by [[Californios]] and working-class immigrants from Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Scandinavia. In the 1910s, a wave of Central American immigrants settled in the Mission and, in the 1950s, immigrants from [[Mexican American|Mexico]] began to predominate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qualityoflife-themovie.com/website/mission.html |title=Quality of Life (film website) |work=Mission District History |author=Morgan, Benjamin (Director) |year=2007 |access-date=July 25, 2010}}</ref> In recent years, gentrification has changed the demographics of parts of the Mission from Latino, to [[Twentysomething (term)|twenty-something]] professionals. [[Noe Valley, San Francisco|Noe Valley]] to the southwest and [[Bernal Heights, San Francisco|Bernal Heights]] to the south are both increasingly popular among young families with children. East of the Mission is the [[Potrero Hill]] neighborhood, a mostly residential neighborhood that features sweeping views of downtown San Francisco. West of the Mission, the area historically known as [[Eureka Valley, San Francisco|Eureka Valley]], now popularly called [[The Castro, San Francisco|the Castro]], was once a working-class Scandinavian and Irish area. It has become North America's first [[gay village]], and is now the center of [[homosexuality|gay]] life in the city.<ref name=SFGateCastro>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfgate.com/neighborhoods/sf/castro/ |title=What's the Castro Like?|access-date=2009-08-03 |archive-date=September 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904173652/http://www.sfgate.com/neighborhoods/sf/castro/ |url-status=live|work=[[SFGate]]}}</ref> Located near the city's southern border, the [[Excelsior District, San Francisco|Excelsior District]] is one of the most ethnically diverse neighborhoods in San Francisco. The [[Bayview–Hunters Point, San Francisco|Bayview-Hunters Point]] in the far southeast corner of the city is one of the poorest neighborhoods, though the area has been the focus of several revitalizing and [[urban renewal]] projects.
[[File:FerryBuildingEmbarcaderoBayBridge.JPG|thumb|The [[San Francisco Ferry Building|Ferry Building]], located in the [[Embarcadero (San Francisco)|Embarcadero]], the city's eastern waterfront along San Francisco Bay]]
The [[West Side (San Francisco)|West Side]] of the city remained largely undeveloped until the early 20th century, due to the region being isolated from downtown because of the rugged terrain of Twin Peaks, Mount Sutro and Mount Davidson. Vast sand dunes made up the costal plain with the uninhibited area being dubbed the [[Outside Lands]]. The creation of Golden Gate Park in 1870–1900 contributed to the area being developed. The construction of the [[Twin Peaks Tunnel]] in 1918 connected southwest neighborhoods to downtown via streetcar, hastening the development of [[West Portal, San Francisco|West Portal]], and nearby affluent [[Forest Hill, San Francisco|Forest Hill]] and [[St. Francis Wood, San Francisco|St. Francis Wood]]. Further west, stretching all the way to the Pacific Ocean and north to [[Golden Gate Park]] lies the vast [[Sunset District, San Francisco|Sunset District]], a large middle-class area with a predominantly Asian population.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chow|first=Andrew|title=Dismal APA Turnout at First Redistricting Meetings|work=Asian Week|date=March 22, 2002}}</ref>
The northwestern quadrant of the city contains the [[Richmond District, San Francisco|Richmond]], a mostly middle-class neighborhood north of Golden Gate Park, home to immigrants from other parts of Asia as well as many [[Russian people|Russian]] and [[Ukrainian people|Ukrainian]] immigrants. Together, these areas are known as [[Neighborhoods in San Francisco|The Avenues]].
Many piers remained derelict for years until the demolition of the [[Embarcadero Freeway]] reopened the downtown waterfront, allowing for redevelopment. The centerpiece of the port, the [[San Francisco Ferry Building|Ferry Building]], while still receiving commuter ferry traffic, has been restored and redeveloped as a gourmet marketplace.
==
[[File:San francisco in fog with rays.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[San Francisco fog]] is a regular phenomenon in the summer.]]
San Francisco has a [[warm-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csb'', [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]]: Csll), characteristic of California's coast, with moist winters and dry summers.<ref>[http://ggweather.com/sf/narrative.html Climate of San Francisco: Narrative Description] Golden Gate Weather Services. Retrieved September 5, 2006.</ref> San Francisco's weather is strongly influenced by the [[California Current|cool currents]] of the Pacific Ocean on the west side of the city, and the water of [[San Francisco Bay]] to the north and east. This moderates temperature swings and produces a remarkably mild year-round climate with little seasonal temperature variation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=San Francisco climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, San Francisco water temperature - Climate-Data.org|url=https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/united-states-of-america/california/san-francisco-385/|access-date=August 5, 2021|website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>
Among major U.S. cities, San Francisco has the coolest daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures for June, July, and August.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coolest US Cities in Summer|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/US/coldest-cities-summer.php|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|work=Weather Extremes|publisher=Current Results Nexus|access-date=July 25, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724192713/http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/US/coldest-cities-summer.php |archive-date = July 24, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> During the summer, rising hot air in California's interior valleys creates a low-pressure area that draws winds from the [[North Pacific High]] through the [[Golden Gate]], which creates the city's [[San Francisco fog|characteristic cool winds and fog]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gilliam|first=Harold|author-link=Harold Gilliam|title=Cutting Through the Fog: Demystifying the Summer Spectacle|journal=Bay Nature|date=July–September 2002|url=http://baynature.org/articles/jul-sep-2002/cutting-through-the-fog}}</ref> The fog is less pronounced in eastern neighborhoods and during the late summer and early fall. The year's warmest month, on average, is September, and on average, October is warmer than July, especially in daytime.
Temperatures reach or exceed {{convert|80|°F|abbr=on}} on an average of only 21 and 23 days a year at downtown and [[San Francisco International Airport]] (SFO), respectively.<ref name="San Francisco NOAA"/> The dry period of May to October is mild to warm, with the normal monthly mean temperature peaking in September at {{convert|62.7|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref name="San Francisco NOAA"/> The rainy period of November to April is slightly cooler, with the normal monthly mean temperature reaching its lowest in January at {{convert|51.3|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref name="San Francisco NOAA"/> On average, there are 73 rainy days a year, and annual precipitation averages {{convert|23.65|in|mm|0}}.<ref name="San Francisco NOAA"/> Variation in precipitation from year to year is high. Above-average rain years are often associated with warm [[El Niño]] conditions in the Pacific while dry years often occur in cold water [[La Niña]] periods. In 2013 (a "La Niña" year), a record low {{convert|5.59|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rainfall was recorded at downtown San Francisco, where records have been kept since 1849.<ref name="San Francisco NOAA"/> Snowfall in the city is very rare, with only 10 measurable accumulations recorded since 1852, most recently in 1976 when up to {{convert|5|in|cm}} fell on Twin Peaks.<ref>[http://ggweather.com/sf/snow.html Climate of San Francisco: Snowfall] Golden Gate Weather Services. Retrieved December 3, 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://blog.sfgate.com/thebigevent/2012/11/29/blizzard-of-awesome-the-san-francisco-snowfall-of-1976/|title = Blizzard of awesome: The San Francisco snowfall of 1976|first1 = Peter|last1=Hartlaub|work = San Francisco Chronicle|date = November 29, 2012|access-date = February 1, 2013}}</ref>
[[File:View from Mirounga Bay.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Farallon Islands]] are located in the [[Gulf of the Farallones]], off the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific coast]] of San Francisco.]]
The highest recorded temperature at the official [[National Weather Service]] downtown observation station{{efn|Station currently at the [[San Francisco Mint#Current building|United States Mint]] building<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hoodline.com/2014/05/secretly-awesome-the-lower-haight-weather-station/|title=Secretly Awesome: The Lower Haight Weather Station|author=Dudley, Andrew|date=May 1, 2014|website=hoodline}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2021}} }} was {{convert|106|F|C}} on September 1, 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ruberstein |first1=Steve |last2=Asimov |first2=Nanette |last3=Lyons |first3=Jenna |title=San Francisco hits 106 degrees – shatters all-time record |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Hey-San-Francisco-get-ready-for-the-heat-12166706.php |date=September 1, 2017 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref> During that hot spell, the warmest ever night of {{convert|71|F|C}} was also recorded.<ref name="San Francisco NOAA2">{{cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=mtr|title=NOWData for San Francisco, CA forecast office|publisher=[[NOAA]]|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> The lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|27|F|C}} on December 11, 1932.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliGCStT.pl?ca7772|title = San Fran Mission Dolore, California (047772) Period of Record General Climate Summary – Temperature|work=Western Regional Climate Center|publisher=[[Desert Research Institute]]|year = 2010|access-date =July 25, 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513121708/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca7772 |archive-date = May 13, 2011|url-status=live}} ([http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca7772 Main page])</ref>
During an average year between 1991 and 2020, San Francisco recorded a warmest night at {{convert|64|F|C}} and a coldest day at {{convert|49|F|C}}.<ref name="San Francisco NOAA"/> The coldest daytime high since the station's opening in 1945 was recorded in December 1972 at {{convert|37|F|C}}.<ref name="San Francisco NOAA"/>
As a coastal city, San Francisco will be heavily affected by [[climate change]]. {{as of|2021}}, sea levels are projected to rise by as much as {{convert|5|ft}}, resulting in periodic flooding, rising groundwater levels, and lowland floods from more severe storms.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tuma |first1=Drew |last2=Didion |first2=Tim |title=UN climate report puts focus on sea level rise threat to San Francisco Bay |url=https://abc7news.com/un-climate-report-bay-area-rising-sea-level-change-ocean/10941431/ |access-date=January 31, 2022 |work=ABC7 San Francisco |date=August 10, 2021}}</ref>
San Francisco falls under the [[USDA]] 10b Plant [[hardiness zone]], though some areas, particularly downtown, border zone 11a.<ref>{{cite web|title=USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map|url=https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/|author=Agricultural Research Center, PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University|work=USDA|access-date=February 24, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227032333/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/|archive-date=February 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-california-usda-plant-zone-hardiness-map.php|title=California Interactive USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map|access-date=December 19, 2016}}</ref>
{{San Francisco weatherbox}}
===Ecology===
[[File:Aerial view - Presidio-whole.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of the [[Presidio of San Francisco]] and the [[Golden Gate]]]]
Historically, [[tule elk]] were present in San Francisco County, based on archeological evidence of elk remains in at least five different [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] shellmounds: at Hunter's Point, Fort Mason, Stevenson Street, Market Street, and Yerba Buena.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Declines in Mammalian Foraging Efficiency during the Late Holocene, San Francisco Bay, California |last1=Broughton|first1=Jack M. |date=1994 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=371–401 |doi=10.1006/jaar.1994.1019 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278416584710191 |access-date=May 27, 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Paleoecological inferences from a faunal analysis of CA-SFr-07 |last1=McCrossin|first1=M. |year=1982 |journal=Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology |volume=4 |pages=138–141}}</ref> Perhaps the first historical observer record was from the [[De Anza Expedition]] on March 23, 1776. [[Herbert Eugene Bolton]] wrote about the expedition camp at Mountain Lake, near the southern end of today's [[Presidio of San Francisco|Presidio]]: "Round about were grazing deer, and scattered here and there were the antlers of large elk."<ref>{{cite book |title=Anza's California Expeditions|volume=I. An Outpost of Empire. |first1=Herbert Eugene|last1=Bolton |publisher=University of California Press |___location=Berkeley, California |year=1930 |page=393}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of San Francisco}}
{{Historical populations
|type= USA
|1848|1000
|1849|25000
|1852|34776
|1860|56802
|1870|149473
|1880|233959
|1890|298997
|1900|342782
|1910|416912
|1920|506676
|1930|634394
|1940|634536
|1950|775357
|1960|740316
|1970|715674
|1980|678974
|1990|723959
|2000|776733
|2010|805235
|2020|873965
|2024|827526
|align-fn=center
|footnote=https://www.sfchronicle.com/sf/article/s-f-exodus-population-recovery-data-18564064.php
}}
The [[2020 United States census]] showed San Francisco's population to be 873,965, an increase of 8.5% from the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]].<ref name="QuickFacts"/> With roughly one-quarter the population density of [[Manhattan]], San Francisco is the [[List of United States cities by population density|second-most densely populated large American city]], behind only New York City among cities greater than 200,000 population, and the [[County statistics of the United States|fifth-most densely populated U.S. county]], following only four of the five New York City [[Boroughs of New York City|boroughs]].
San Francisco is part of the five-county [[San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area]], a region of 4.7 million people ([[Metropolitan statistical area|13th most populous in the U.S.]]), and has served as its traditional demographic focal point. It is also part of the greater 14-county [[San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area]], whose population is over 9.6 million, making it the [[Combined statistical area|fifth-largest in the United States]] {{As of|2018|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: San Francisco County, California |publisher=US Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/sanfranciscocountycalifornia,CA,US/PST045217 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116182249/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/sanfranciscocountycalifornia,CA,US/PST045217 |archive-date=January 16, 2019 |access-date=April 5, 2019}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2024}}
===Race, ethnicity, religion, and languages===
[[File:Ethnic Origins in San Francisco.png|thumb|left|upright=1.35 |Ethnic origins in San Francisco]]
As of the {{As of|2020|bare=yes}} census, the racial makeup and population of San Francisco included: 361,382 [[White Americans|Whites]] (41.3%), 296,505 [[Asian Americans|Asians]] (33.9%), 46,725 [[African Americans in San Francisco|African Americans]] (5.3%), 86,233 [[Multiracial Americans]] (9.9%), 6,475 [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] and [[Alaska Natives]] (0.7%), 3,476 [[Native Hawaiians]] and other [[Pacific Islands Americans|Pacific Islanders]] (0.4%) and 73,169 persons of other races (8.4%). There were 136,761 [[Hispanic and Latino Americans in San Francisco|Hispanic or Latino]] residents of any race (15.6%).
San Francisco is a [[majority minority]] city, as [[non-Hispanic White]] residents comprise less than half of the population; in 1940 they formed 92.5% of the population.<ref name="census">{{cite web |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places in the United States|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|archive-date=August 12, 2012|access-date=December 18, 2011 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref>
In 2010, residents of [[Chinese Americans in San Francisco|Chinese ethnicity]] constituted the largest single ethnic minority group in San Francisco at 21% of the population; other large Asian groups include [[Filipino Americans|Filipinos]] (5%) and [[Vietnamese Americans|Vietnamese]] (2%), with [[Japanese in San Francisco|Japanese]], [[Korean Americans|Koreans]] and many other Asian and Pacific Islander groups represented in the city.<ref name="Census 2010-GCT-PH1-racial">{{cite web|title = QT-P3 – Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin: 2010|url = http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP3|work = [[2010 United States Census]] Summary File 1|publisher = United States Census Bureau|access-date = July 11, 2011|archive-url = https://archive.today/20200212210601/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP3|archive-date = February 12, 2020|url-status = dead}}</ref> The population of Chinese ancestry is most heavily concentrated in Chinatown and the [[Sunset District, San Francisco|Sunset]] and [[Richmond District, San Francisco|Richmond District]]s. [[Filipinos]] are most concentrated in [[South of Market, San Francisco|SoMa]] and the [[Crocker-Amazon]]; the latter neighborhood shares a border with [[Daly City, California|Daly City]], which has one of the highest concentrations of Filipinos in North America.<ref name="Census 2010-GCT-PH1-racial"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faleo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=62 |title=Training and Education /PET |access-date=April 28, 2012 |publisher=Filipino-American Law Enforcement Officers Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116021343/http://www.faleo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=62 |archive-date=January 16, 2013 }}</ref> The [[Tenderloin, San Francisco|Tenderloin District]] is home to a large portion of the city's Vietnamese population as well as businesses and restaurants, which is known as the city's Little Saigon.<ref name="Census 2010-GCT-PH1-racial"/>
The principal [[Hispanic and Latino Americans in San Francisco|Hispanic]] groups in the city were those of [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]] (7%) and [[Salvadoran Americans|Salvadoran]] (2%) ancestry. The Hispanic population is most heavily concentrated in the [[Mission District, San Francisco|Mission District]], Tenderloin District, and [[Excelsior District, San Francisco|Excelsior District]].<ref name="interactivemap"/> The city's percentage of Hispanic residents is less than half of that of the state.
[[African Americans in San Francisco|African Americans]] constituted about 5% of San Francisco's population in 2020; their share of the city's population has been decreasing since the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://missionlocal.org/2021/09/census-2020-as-san-francisco-grew-the-ethnic-makeup-of-its-neighborhoods-changed-heres-how/ |title=2020 Census: As San Francisco grew, the ethnic makeup of its neighborhoods changed. Here's how | date=September 27, 2021 }}</ref> The majority of [[African Americans in San Francisco|the city's Black residents]] live in the neighborhoods of [[Bayview-Hunters Point]], [[Visitacion Valley]], and the [[Fillmore District]].<ref name="interactivemap">{{cite news|title = Interactive: Mapping the census|newspaper=The Washington Post |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/nation/census/2010/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513090510/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/nation/census/2010/|url-status = dead|archive-date = May 13, 2011|access-date =February 9, 2012}}</ref> There are smaller Black communities in [[Diamond Heights, San Francisco|Diamond Heights]], [[Glen Park, San Francisco|Glen Park]], and the [[Mission District, San Francisco|Mission District]].
Unlike many other Western cities, San Francisco has a significant [[Irish Americans|Irish American]] population. Drawn by the California Gold Rush, the Irish were one of the first major White immigrant groups to arrive in California, settling in the city of San Francisco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IRISH San Francisco - FoundSF |url=https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=IRISH_San_Francisco |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=www.foundsf.org}}</ref> The Irish historically settled in [[Irish Hill (San Francisco)|Irish Hill]], which was razed following [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-17 |title=SF's Irish Neighborhood Was All but Obliterated After World War II |url=https://sfstandard.com/2023/03/17/this-irish-neighborhood-in-sf-was-all-but-obliterated-after-world-war-ii/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=The San Francisco Standard |language=en}}</ref> Despite this, San Francisco is still one of only three counties in the entire [[Western United States]] whose White population is plurality (20.6%) Irish.<ref>{{Cite web |author=US Census Bureau|title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Detailed White Alone or in Any Combination Groups in San Francisco County, CA |url=https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/us.census.bureau/viz/shared/3WYDMCRJ3 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=public.tableau.com}}</ref>
The city has long been home to a significant Jewish community; in 2018 [[Jewish Americans]] made up an estimated 10% (80,000) of the city's population. It the third-largest Jewish community in proportional terms in the United States, behind only those of New York City, and Los Angeles, respectively, and it is also relatively young compared to other major U.S. cities.<ref name="ToI">{{cite news |last1=Ghert Zand |first1=Renee |title=Vast, young San Fran Jewish community is growing — but unaffiliated, says study |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/unprecedented-study-yields-surprising-results-on-san-francisco-area-jews/amp/ |access-date=July 13, 2022 |agency=Times of Israel |publisher=The Times of Israel |date=February 14, 2018}}</ref> The Jewish community resides throughout the city, but the [[Richmond District, San Francisco|Richmond District]] is home to an ethnic enclave of mostly [[Russian Jews]].<ref name="SF Travel">{{cite web |title=THE GUIDE TO JEWISH HERITAGE IN SAN FRANCISCO |url=https://www.sftravel.com/article/guide-jewish-heritage-san-francisco |work=San Francisco Travel Association |publisher=SF Travel |access-date=July 13, 2022}}</ref> The [[Fillmore District]] was formerly a mostly Jewish neighborhood from the 1920s until the 1970s, when many of its Jewish residents moved to other neighborhoods of the city as well as the suburbs of nearby [[Marin County]].<ref name="Found SF">{{cite web |last1=Shvetsky |first1=Kate |title=The Fillmore: A Jewish Neighborhood in the 1920s |url=https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=The_Fillmore:_A_Jewish_Neighborhood_in_the_1920s |work=Found SF |access-date=July 13, 2022}}</ref>
{|
| align="left" |
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align: left;font-size: 90%;"
!Demographic profile<ref name=IPUMSUSA/>
!1860
!1880
!1920
!1960
!1980
!1990
!2000
!2010
!2020<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=United States Census Bureau|title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html|access-date=February 25, 2022|website=Census.gov}}</ref>
|-
| align="left" |'''[[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic White]] alone'''
|'''90.2%'''
|'''87.7%'''
|'''93.5%'''
|'''72.7%'''
|'''52.8%'''
|'''46.9%'''
|'''43.5%'''
|'''41.7%'''
|'''39.1%'''
|-
| align="left" |'''[[Asian Americans|Non-Hispanic Asian]] alone'''
|'''4.6%'''
|'''9.3%'''
|'''2.7%'''
|'''7.9%'''
|'''21.3%'''
|'''28.0%'''
|'''30.7%'''
|'''33.1%'''
|'''33.7%'''
|-
|— [[Chinese Americans in San Francisco|Chinese American]]
|4.6%
|9.3%
|1.5%
|5.1%
|12.1%
|17.6%
|20.0%
|19.8%
|21.0%
|-
|— [[Filipino Americans|Filipino American]]
|—
|—
|0.2%
|1.5%
|5.2%
|5.4%
|5.0%
|4.9%
|4.4%
|-
| align="left" |'''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans in San Francisco|Hispanic or Latino]], any race(s)'''
|'''3.0%'''
|'''2.4%'''
|'''3.4%'''
|'''9.4%'''
|'''12.6%'''
|'''13.3%'''
|'''14.2%'''
|'''15.2%'''
|'''15.6%'''
|-
|— [[Mexican Americans|Mexican American]]
|1.8%
|1.4%
|1.5%
|5.1%
|5.0%
|5.2%
|6.0%
|7.5%
|7.9%
|-
| align="left" |'''[[African Americans in San Francisco|Non-Hispanic Black]] alone'''
|'''2.1%'''
|'''0.6%'''
|'''0.4%'''
|'''9.7%'''
|'''12.3%'''
|'''10.7%'''
|'''7.6%'''
|'''6.0%'''
|'''5.1%'''
|-
| align="left" |'''[[Pacific Islands Americans|Non-Hispanic Pacific Islander]] alone'''
|'''—'''
|'''—'''
|'''<0.1%'''
|'''—'''
|'''0.2%'''
|'''0.4%'''
|'''0.4%'''
|'''0.5%'''
|'''0.3%'''
|-
| align="left" |'''[[Native Americans in the United States|Non-Hispanic Native American]] alone'''
|'''<0.1%'''
|'''<0.1%'''
|'''<0.1%'''
|'''0.1%'''
|'''0.4%'''
|'''0.4%'''
|'''0.3%'''
|'''0.3%'''
|'''0.2%'''
|-
| align="left" |'''Non-Hispanic other'''
|'''—'''
|'''—'''
|'''—'''
|'''0.2%'''
|'''0.4%'''
|'''0.2%'''
|'''0.3%'''
|'''0.3%'''
|'''0.8%'''
|-
| align="left" |'''Non-Hispanic [[Multiracial Americans|two or more races]]'''
|'''—'''
|'''—'''
|'''—'''
|'''—'''
|'''—'''
|'''—'''
|'''3.0%'''
|'''2.9%'''
|'''5.2%'''
|-
| colspan="10" |
|-
|[[Immigration to the United States|'''Foreign-born''']]'''{{Efn|Those not born in the 50 states or D.C., excluding California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas before 1850.}}'''
|'''50.2%'''
|'''44.5%'''
|'''30.1%'''
|'''20.2%'''
|'''29.5%'''
|'''35.4%'''
|'''38.4%'''
|'''38.2%'''
|'''34.2%'''
|}
{{see also|Demographics of San Francisco#Historical estimates}}
Source: U.S. Census and IPUMS USA<ref name=IPUMSUSA/>
|}
[[File:Race and ethnicity 2010- San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley (5560477152) (cropped).png|thumb|Map of racial distribution in San Francisco, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ff0000|White}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#0000ff|Black}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#00ffaa|Asian}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffa600|Hispanic}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffff07|Other}}]]
According to a 2018 study by the Jewish Community Federation of San Francisco, Jews make up 10% (80,000) of the city's population, making Judaism the second-largest religion in San Francisco after Christianity.<ref name="ToI" /> A prior 2014 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], the largest religious groupings in San Francisco's [[San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area|metropolitan area]] are Christians (48%), followed by those of [[Irreligion|no religion]] (35%), Hindus (5%), Jews (3%), Buddhists (2%), Muslims (1%) and a variety of other religions have smaller followings. According to the same study by the [[Pew Research Center]], about 20% of residents in the area are [[Protestantism|Protestant]], and 25% professing [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] beliefs. Meanwhile, 10% of the residents in metropolitan San Francisco identify as [[agnostics]], while 5% identify as [[Atheism|atheists]].<ref>[http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/29/major-u-s-metropolitan-areas-differ-in-their-religious-profiles/ Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles], Pew Research Center</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |title=America's Changing Religious Landscape |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]: Religion & Public Life |date=May 12, 2015}}</ref>
{{As of|2010}}, 55% (411,728) of San Francisco residents spoke only English at home, while 19% (140,302) spoke a [[variety of Chinese]] (mostly [[Taishanese]] and [[Cantonese]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2007/12/21/chung-chinese-peasant-dialect-redeemed/|title=Chung: Chinese 'peasant' dialect redeemed|website=The Mercury News|access-date=December 19, 2016|date=December 22, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.modernluxury.com/san-francisco/story/chinatown-decoded-what-language-everybody-speaking|title=Chinatown Decoded: What Language Is Everybody Speaking?|access-date=December 19, 2016}}</ref>), 12% (88,147) Spanish, 3% (25,767) [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], and 2% (14,017) Russian. In total, 45% (342,693) of San Francisco's population spoke a language at home other than English.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=6&place_id=67000&cty_id= |title=San Francisco County, California |publisher=[[Modern Language Association]] |access-date=April 25, 2023 }}</ref>
==== Ethnic clustering ====
San Francisco has several prominent Chinese, Mexican, and Filipino neighborhoods including [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown]] and [[Mission District, San Francisco|the Mission District]]. Research collected on the immigrant clusters in the city show that more than half of the Asian population in San Francisco is either Chinese-born (40.3%) or Philippine-born (13.1%), and of the Mexican population 21% were Mexican-born, meaning these are people who recently immigrated to the United States.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Pamuk|first=Ayse|date=Fall 2017|title=Geography of immigrant clusters in global cities: a case study of San Francisco|journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research|volume=28|issue=2|pages=287–307|doi=10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00520.x}}</ref> Between the years of 1990 and 2000, the number of foreign-born residents increased from 33% to nearly 40%.<ref name=":02"/> During this same time period, the San Francisco metropolitan area received 850,000 immigrants, ranking third in the United States after Los Angeles and New York.<ref name=":02"/>
===Education, households, and income===
[[File:Seacliff District SF.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sea Cliff, San Francisco|Sea Cliff]] is one of the city's most expensive neighborhoods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.california.com/guide-san-franciscos-most-expensive-neighborhoods/|title=A Guide to San Francisco's Most Expensive Neighborhoods|website=www.california.com}}</ref>]]
Of all major cities in the United States, San Francisco has the second-highest percentage of residents with a college degree, second only to [[Seattle]]. Over 44% of adults have a bachelor's or higher degree.<ref name="Bizjournals">{{cite news|url = http://www.bizjournals.com/specials/pages/12.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060701071804/http://www.bizjournals.com/specials/pages/12.html|archive-date = July 1, 2006|title = The brainpower of America's largest cities|access-date =August 5, 2010|year = 2006|publisher = Bizjournals.com (data interpreted from U.S. Census)}}</ref> San Francisco had the highest rate at 7,031 per square mile, or over 344,000 total graduates in the city's {{convert|46.7|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name="USA Today">{{cite news|last = Winter |first = Michael|url = http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/06/new-measure-ranks-san-francisco-the-smartest-us-city/1|title = New measure ranks San Francisco the 'smartest' U.S. city|work = USA Today|access-date =August 5, 2010|date = June 9, 2010}}</ref>
San Francisco has the highest estimated percentage of gay and lesbian individuals of any of the 50 largest U.S. cities, at 15%.<ref>{{cite web|last = Gates |first=Gary|title = Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey|publisher=The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law|url=http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/publications/SameSexCouplesandGLBpopACS.pdf|access-date =July 10, 2008|date=October 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070702202709/http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/publications/SameSexCouplesandGLBpopACS.pdf|archive-date = July 2, 2007}}</ref> San Francisco also has the highest percentage of same-sex households of any American county, with the Bay Area having a higher concentration than any other [[metropolitan area]].<ref name="gaystats">{{cite web|title = Gay and Lesbian Families in the United States: Same-Sex Unmarried Partner Households|url = http://www.hrc.org/documents/gayandlesbianfamilies.pdf|publisher = Human Rights Campaign|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080413201016/http://www.hrc.org/documents/gayandlesbianfamilies.pdf|archive-date = April 13, 2008|access-date =August 26, 2006}}</ref>
San Francisco ranks third of American cities in median household income<ref name="Census ACS 2003">{{cite web|title=Median Household Income (In 2003 Inflation-adjusted Dollars) (Place Level)|url=https://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Ranking/2003/R07T160.htm|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209192629/http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Ranking/2003/R07T160.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 9, 2004|access-date=June 23, 2009|date=August 22, 2007}}</ref> with a 2007 value of $65,519.<ref name="SF QuickFacts">{{cite web|title=QuickFacts: San Francisco County, California|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/06075.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=July 11, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713075807/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/06075.html|archive-date=July 13, 2011}}</ref> Median family income is $81,136.<ref name="SF QuickFacts"/> An emigration of middle-class families has left the city with a lower proportion of children than any other large American city,<ref>{{cite news|first=Aaron|last=Sankin|url = https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/families-flee-san-francisco_n_1335639|title = Families Flee San Francisco: City Has Lowest Percentage Of Kids Of Any Major U.S. City|access-date =August 8, 2018|date = March 9, 2012|work = HuffPost}}</ref> with the dog population cited as exceeding the child population of 115,000, in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last = Hendrix |first = Michael|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/young-americans-loneliness-sets-the-table-for-friendsgiving/2018/11/21/4de85848-ed9c-11e8-8679-934a2b33be52_story.html|title = Young Americans' loneliness sets the table for Friendsgiving|newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]|access-date = November 21, 2018|date = November 21, 2018}}</ref> The city's [[poverty rate]] is 12%, lower than the national average.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economic Characteristics|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=&geo_id=05000US06075&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US06%7C05000US06075&_street=&_county=san+francisco&_cityTown=san+francisco&_state=&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=050&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null®=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200211174518/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=&geo_id=05000US06075&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US06%7C05000US06075&_street=&_county=san+francisco&_cityTown=san+francisco&_state=&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=050&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null®=null:null&_keyword=&_industry=|archive-date=February 11, 2020
|access-date=January 9, 2015
|year=2007
|work=2005–2009 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Data Profile Highlights
|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
[[Homelessness in San Francisco|Homelessness has been a chronic problem for San Francisco]] since the early 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/asylums/special/excerpt.html |publisher=PBS |title=Deinstitutionalization: A Psychiatric 'Titanic' |access-date=August 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720013649/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/asylums/special/excerpt.html |archive-date=July 20, 2014}}</ref>
The city is believed to have the highest number of homeless inhabitants per capita of any major U.S. city.<ref>{{cite web
|title = San Francisco Program Combats Homelessness with Innovation
|publisher = [[PBS]]
|date = April 5, 2005
|url = https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/jan-june05/homeless_4-8.html
|access-date = September 6, 2007
|url-status=dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120110054843/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/jan-june05/homeless_4-8.html
|archive-date = January 10, 2012
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|last = Pratt
|first = Timothy
|title = Critics say regional plan won't solve the problem
|newspaper=Las Vegas Sun
|date = August 12, 2006
|url = http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/aug/12/critics-say-regional-plan-wont-solve-the-problem/
|access-date =August 30, 2006}}</ref>
There are 345,811 households in the city, out of which: 133,366 households (39%) were individuals, 109,437 (32%) were [[marriage|opposite-sex married couples]], 63,577 (18%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 21,677 (6%) were [[POSSLQ|unmarried opposite-sex partnerships]], and 10,384 (3%) were [[same-sex partnerships|same-sex married couples or partnerships]]. The average household size was 2.26; the average family size was 3.11. 452,986 people (56%) lived in rental housing units, and 327,985 people (41%) lived in owner-occupied housing units.
The median age of the city population is 38 years.
San Francisco declared itself a [[sanctuary city]] in 1989, and city officials strengthened the stance in 2013 with its 'Due Process for All' ordinance. The law declared local authorities could not hold immigrants for immigration offenses if they had no violent felonies on their records and did not currently face charges.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Cindy|last1= Carcamo|first2= Kate |last2=Mather|first3=Dakota|last3= Smith|url=https://latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-sanctuary-cities-20161114-story.html |title=Trump's crackdown on illegal immigration leaves a lot unanswered for sanctuary cities like L.A.|work=Los Angeles Times|date=November 15, 2016|access-date=December 5, 2019}}</ref> The city issues a [[SF City ID Card|Resident ID Card]] regardless of the applicant's immigration status.<ref>{{cite news| last = Buchanan| first = Wyatt| title = S.F. supervisors approve ID cards for residents| publisher = [[San Francisco Chronicle]]| date = November 14, 2007| url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/11/14/BAB9TBP5H.DTL&tsp=1 | access-date = April 17, 2019}}</ref>
=== Homelessness ===
{{See also|Homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area}}
[[File:San Francisco Homeless Tents (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area|Homeless encampment]] under a freeway in San Francisco]]
[[Homelessness in San Francisco]] emerged as a major issue in the late 20th century and remains a growing problem in modern times.<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Debra |url=http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/saunders/article/San-Francisco-s-summer-of-urine-and-6430084.php |title=San Francisco's summer of urine and drug-addicted homeless |work=San Francisco Gate |access-date=March 17, 2017 |date=August 9, 2015}}</ref>
8,035 homeless people were counted in San Francisco's 2019 point-in-time street and shelter count. This was an increase of more than 17% over the 2017 count of 6,858 people. 5,180 of the people were living unsheltered on the streets and in parks.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2019|title=2019 San Francisco Homeless Count Report|url=https://hsh.sfgov.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2019HIRDReport_SanFrancisco_FinalDraft-1.pdf|access-date=December 12, 2020|archive-date=September 8, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908180341/https://hsh.sfgov.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2019HIRDReport_SanFrancisco_FinalDraft-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> 26% of respondents in the 2019 count identified job loss as the primary cause of their homelessness, 18% cited alcohol or drug use, and 13% cited being evicted from their residence.<ref name=":6" />
The city of San Francisco has been dramatically increasing its spending to service the growing population homelessness crisis: spending jumped by $241 million in 2016–17 to total $275 million, compared to a budget of just $34 million the previous year. In 2017–18 the budget for combatting homelessness stood at $305 million.<ref name="Amy Graff">{{cite news|first1=Amy|last1=Graff|date=January 24, 2018|title=UN expert on San Francisco homelessness: 'I couldn't help but be completely shocked'|publisher=SFGATE|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Leilani-Farah-UN-rapporteur-homelessness-SF-CA-12519117.php|access-date=August 6, 2018}}</ref> In the 2019–2020 budget year, the city budgeted $368 million for homelessness services. In the proposed 2020–2021 budget the city budgeted $850 million for homelessness services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City & County of San Francisco, California Mayor's 2020–2021 & 2021–2022 Proposed Budget |url=https://sfmayor.org/sites/default/files/CSF_Proposed_Budget_Book_July_2020_LR_Web_REV2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021082419/https://sfmayor.org/sites/default/files/CSF_Proposed_Budget_Book_July_2020_LR_Web_REV2.pdf |archive-date= October 21, 2023 }}</ref>
In January 2018 a United Nations special rapporteur on homelessness, Leilani Farha, stated that she was "completely shocked" by San Francisco's homelessness crisis during a visit to the city. She compared the "deplorable conditions" of the homeless camps she witnessed on San Francisco's streets to those she had seen in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Amy Graff"/> In May 2020, San Francisco officially sanctioned [[Homelessness in the United States|homeless]] [[List of tent cities in the United States|encampments]].<ref>{{cite news |title=San Francisco sanctions once-shunned homeless encampments |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/san-francisco-sanctions-shunned-homeless-encampments-70825370 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522224051/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/san-francisco-sanctions-shunned-homeless-encampments-70825370 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 22, 2020 |work=ABC News |date=May 23, 2020|author-first1=Janie|author-last1=Har|author-first2=Terence|author-last2=Chea}}</ref>
According to San Francisco's Point-in-Time (PIT) count, the homeless population in 2024 was approximately 8,323 individuals. Additionally, over 20,000 people in the city were seeking homeless services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Point-in-Time Count |url=https://www.sf.gov/reports/september-2024/2024-point-time-count |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.sf.gov}}</ref>
===Crime===
{{main|Crime in San Francisco}}
{{update|date=March 2024}}
[[File:Police Horse with Giants Hat (8146841565).jpg|thumb|left|[[SFPD]] mounted police officers]]
San Francisco's violent crime rate is low compared to other major cities.
In 2011, 50 murders were reported, which is 6.1 per 100,000 people.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Demian|last1=Bulwa |url=http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Through-hard-times-S-F-killings-at-historic-lows-2441692.php |title=Through hard times, S.F. killings at historic lows |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=January 5, 2012 |access-date=July 29, 2013}}</ref> There were about 134 rapes, 3,142 robberies, and about 2,139 assaults. There were about 4,469 burglaries, 25,100 thefts, and 4,210 motor vehicle thefts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neighborhoodscout.com/ca/san-francisco/crime/ |title=San Francisco crime rates and statistics |publisher=NeighborhoodScout |access-date=July 29, 2013}}</ref> The [[Tenderloin, San Francisco|Tenderloin]] area has the highest crime rate in San Francisco: 70% of the city's violent crimes, and around one-fourth of the city's murders, occur in this neighborhood. The Tenderloin also sees high rates of drug abuse, gang violence, and prostitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foundsf.org/index.php?title=The_Tenderloin |title=The Tenderloin |publisher=FoundSF |access-date=July 29, 2013|author-first1=Rob|author-last1=Waters|author-first2=Wade|author-last2=Hudson}}</ref> Another area with high crime rates is the [[Bayview–Hunters Point, San Francisco|Bayview-Hunters Point]] area. In the first six months of 2015 there were 25 murders compared to 14 in the first six months of 2014. However, the murder rate is still much lower than in past decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Bay-Area-homicide-rates-remain-low-6366518.php|title=Bay Area homicide rates remain low|first1=Vivian|last1=Ho|date=July 4, 2015|work=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> That rate, though, did rise again by the close of 2016. According to the San Francisco Police Department, there were 59 murders in the city in 2016, an annual total that marked a 13.5% increase in the number of homicides (52) from 2015.<ref>Bodley, Michael (January 4, 2017). [http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/SF-cops-say-they-notch-2-arrests-in-last-2-10835808.php "SF cops say they notch 2 arrests in last 2 homicides of 2016"]. ''SFGate''. Retrieved January 17, 2017.</ref> The city has also gained a reputation for car break-ins, with over 19,000 car break-ins occurring in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shaban |first1=Bigad |last2=Campos |first2=Robert |last3=Carroll |first3=Jeremy |last4=Villarreal |first4=Mark |title=Breaking Point: SF Suffers Highest Rate of Car Break-Ins Compared to Atlanta, DC, Dallas, LA |url=https://www.nbcbayarea.com/investigations/breaking-point-sf-suffers-highest-rate-of-car-break-ins-compared-to-atlanta-dc-dallas-la/2731757/ |website=nbcbayarea.com |date=November 17, 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>
During the first half of 2018, human feces on San Francisco sidewalks were the second-most-frequent complaint of city residents, with about 65 calls per day. The city has formed a "poop patrol" to attempt to combat the problem.<ref name=sfchroniclepoop>{{cite news |last=Knight |first=Heather |date=August 14, 2018 |title=It's no laughing matter — SF forming Poop Patrol to keep sidewalks clean |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/heatherknight/article/It-s-no-laughing-matter-SF-forming-Poop-13153517.php |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=August 15, 2018}}</ref>
[[File:San Francisco Police Department vehicles Market Street (July 2022).JPG|thumb|right|SFPD [[parking enforcement officer]]s]]
Several [[street gang]]s have operated in the city over the decades, including [[MS-13]],<ref>{{cite web |work=SF Weekly |url=http://www.sfweekly.com/related/to/La+Mara+Salvatrucha+Street+Gang/ |title=La Mara Salvatrucha Street Gang |access-date=July 29, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726192405/http://www.sfweekly.com/related/to/La+Mara+Salvatrucha+Street+Gang/ |archive-date=July 26, 2013}}</ref> the [[Sureños]] and [[Norteños]] in the Mission District.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bulwa|first1=Demian |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/SAN-FRANCISCO-Sure-o-gang-s-threat-growing-in-2667647.php |title=SAN FRANCISCO / Sureño gang's threat growing in Bay Area / Widow's apartment is at heart of group's Mission District turf|work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=May 27, 2005 |access-date=March 29, 2014}}</ref>
African-American street gangs familiar in other cities, including the [[Bloods gang|Bloods]], [[Crips]], and their sets, have struggled to establish footholds in San Francisco,<ref>{{cite news|first1=Albert|last1=Samaha |url=http://www.sfweekly.com/2012-09-26/news/crips-gangs-sfpd-bloods-bayview-hunters-point/ |title=Crip-less: S.F.'s Dislike of Franchises Extends to Street Gangs – Page 1 – News – San Francisco |newspaper=SF Weekly |date=September 26, 2012 |access-date=July 29, 2013}}</ref> while police and prosecutors have been accused of liberally labeling young African-American males as gang members.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Chris|last1=Roberts |url=http://archives.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/mario-woods-news-police-black-lives-matter-gangs-oakdale-mob-west-mob-public-defender/Content?oid=4330336 |title=Mario Woods and Gang Injunctions |newspaper=SF Weekly |date=December 2015 |access-date=September 5, 2016 |archive-date=September 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232320/http://archives.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/mario-woods-news-police-black-lives-matter-gangs-oakdale-mob-west-mob-public-defender/Content?oid=4330336 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Criminal [[Triad (organized crime)|Triad]] groups such as the [[Wo Hop To]], were active in San Francisco in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mary Spicuzza |title=Enter The Dragon |newspaper=SF Weekly |url=http://archives.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/enter-the-dragon-head/Content?oid=2163615 |date=August 1, 2007 |access-date=September 5, 2016 |archive-date=September 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919000401/http://archives.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/enter-the-dragon-head/Content?oid=2163615 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
According to statistics released by SFPD in April 2024, the crime figures were down in the first 100 days of the year, namely in terms of robberies, burglaries and larceny.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Greschler |first=Gabe |date=April 23, 2024 |title=Crime is falling in San Francisco. Try telling that to voters. |url=https://sfstandard.com/2024/04/23/san-francisco-crime-rate-down-mayors-race/ |access-date=July 25, 2024 |work=The San Francisco Standard}}</ref> In the first half of 2024, San Francisco experienced a 32% decrease in overall crime compared to the previous year. Personal property theft saw a 41% reduction, and violent crimes, including gun-related incidents, decreased by 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |title= San Francisco Crime 2024 - KQED |url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11996211/san-francisco-crime-is-down-significantly-but-its-not-clear-trend-will-last |access-date=2024-09-05 |website= kqed.org |date=July 18, 2024 }}</ref>
==Economy==
{{See also|List of companies based in San Francisco}}
[[File:Montgomery Street from Telegraph Hill, San Francisco.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Financial District, San Francisco|San Francisco's Financial District]], despite its declining importance,<ref name=SanFranciscoFinancialDistrictDecline>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/projects/2022/sfnext-downtown/|title=Downtown S.F. on the brink: It's worse than it looks|first1=Noah |last1=Arroyo|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=June 10, 2022|access-date=September 8, 2023}}</ref> is still considered the [[Wall Street West#"Wall Street of the West"|Wall Street of the West]].]]
The city has a diversified [[service economy]], with employment spread across a wide range of professional services, including [[tourism]], [[financial services]], and [[high tech]]nology.<ref name="caedd-2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/file/indhist/sanfrhaw.xls |title=Industry Employment & Labor Force – by Annual Average for San Francisco County |year=2016 |publisher=California Employment Development Department}}</ref> In 2016, approximately 27% of workers were employed in professional business services; 14% in leisure and hospitality; 13% in government services; 12% in education and health care; 11% in trade, transportation, and utilities; and 8% in financial activities.<ref name="caedd-2016" /> In 2023, GDP in the five-county [[San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area|San Francisco metropolitan area]] grew 3.4% in real terms to $779 billion.<ref name=":1" /> Additionally, in 2023 the 14-county [[San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area|San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland]] [[combined statistical area]] had a GDP of $1.397 trillion, ranking 3rd among [[Combined statistical area|CSA]]s, and ahead of all but [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|15 countries]]. {{As of|2023}}, San Francisco County ranked 11th by income per capita among U.S. counties, with a per capita personal income of $164,807.<ref name="2021Pop"/> [[Marin County, California|Marin County]], directly to the north over the [[Golden Gate Bridge]], and [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo County]], directly to the south on the [[San Francisco Peninsula|Peninsula]], were the 7th and 9th highest-income counties respectively.
[[File:San Francisco, California April 2022 skyline (cropped2).jpg|thumb|right|Skyline of [[South of Market, San Francisco|South of Market]] (SoMa), including [[Salesforce Tower]], the [[List of tallest buildings in San Francisco|tallest building in San Francisco]]]]
The legacy of the California gold rush turned San Francisco into the principal banking and finance center of the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] in the early twentieth century.<ref name="California2011">{{cite book|author=Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration of Northern California|title=San Francisco in the 1930s: The WPA Guide to the City by the Bay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gejyWi3CI74C&pg=PA114|year=2011|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-26880-7|page=114}}</ref> [[Montgomery Street]] in the [[Financial District, San Francisco|Financial District]] became known as the "[[Wall Street West#San Francisco|Wall Street of the West]]", home to the [[Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco]], and the site of the now-defunct [[Pacific Exchange|Pacific Coast Stock Exchange]].<ref name="California2011"/> [[Bank of America]], a pioneer in making banking services accessible to the middle class, was founded in San Francisco and in the 1960s, built the landmark modern skyscraper at [[555 California Street]] for its corporate headquarters, since relocated to [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. Many large financial institutions, multinational banks, and venture capital firms are based in or have regional headquarters in the city. With over 30 international financial institutions,<ref name="CityData.com">{{cite web
|title = San Francisco: Economy
|publisher=City-Data.com
|url = http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/San-Francisco-Economy.html
|access-date =June 15, 2008
}}</ref> six [[Fortune 500]] companies,<ref>{{cite news
|title = Fortune 500
|publisher = Fortune magazine, Time Inc
|year = 2013
|url = https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2013/full_list/index.html?iid=F500_sp_full
|access-date = April 6, 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140327164549/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2013/full_list/index.html?iid=F500_sp_full
|archive-date = March 27, 2014
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> and a large supporting infrastructure of professional services—including law, public relations, [[San Francisco architecture|architecture]] and design—San Francisco is designated as an [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha|Alpha(-) World City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012.html|title=The World According to GaWC 2012|work=Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network|publisher=[[Loughborough University]]|access-date=January 25, 2014}}</ref> The 2024 [[Global Financial Centres Index]] ranked San Francisco as the fifth-most competitive financial center in the world.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 36 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-36/ |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=www.longfinance.net}}</ref>
Beginning in the 1990s, San Francisco's economy diversified away from finance and tourism towards the growing fields of high tech, [[biotechnology]], and [[medical research]].<ref name="Waters2009"/> Technology jobs accounted for just 1 percent of San Francisco's economy in 1990, growing to 4 percent in 2010 and an estimated 8 percent by the end of 2013.<ref>{{cite news
|title = Forecasting San Francisco's Economic Fortunes
|first = Jennifer |last = Warburg
|date = February 27, 2014
|work = SPUR
|url = http://www.spur.org/blog/2014-02-27/forecasting-san-francisco-s-economic-fortunes
|access-date = April 6, 2014
}}</ref> San Francisco became a center of Internet [[Startup company|start-up companies]] during the [[dot-com bubble]] of the 1990s and the subsequent [[social media]] boom of the late 2000s (decade).<ref>{{cite news
|last = Selna |first = Robert
|title = New jobs, houses spur S.F. population in 2007
|work=San Francisco Chronicle |page = B-1
|date = May 15, 2008
|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/05/15/BA2110LPHB.DTL
|access-date =June 14, 2008
}}</ref> Since 2010, San Francisco proper has attracted an increasing share of venture capital investments as compared to nearby [[Silicon Valley]], attracting 423 financings worth US$4.58 billion in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2014/02/27/as-bay-area-investment-shifts-north-institutional-venture-partners-opens-san-francisco-office/ |title=As Bay Area Investment Shifts North, Institutional Venture Partners Opens San Francisco Office |date=February 27, 2014 |first=Russ |last=Garland |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=April 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Richard|last1=Florida|url=http://martinprosperity.org/2014/03/26/startup-city-the-urban-shift-in-venture-capital-and-high-technology/ |title=Startup City: The Urban Shift in Venture Capital and High Technology |date=March 31, 2014 |access-date=April 6, 2014 |publisher=Martin Prosperity Institute, Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405044024/http://martinprosperity.org/2014/03/26/startup-city-the-urban-shift-in-venture-capital-and-high-technology/ |archive-date=April 5, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/San-Francisco-s-urban-tech-boom-3850039.php |title=San Francisco's urban tech boom |first=Richard |last=Florida |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=September 8, 2012 |access-date=April 6, 2014}}</ref> In 2004, the city approved a payroll tax exemption for biotechnology companies<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2010/05/03/daily38.html |title=S.F. extends biotech payroll tax exemption |date=May 4, 2010 |first=Eric |last=Young |work=San Francisco Business Times |access-date=April 6, 2014}}</ref> to foster growth in the [[Mission Bay, San Francisco|Mission Bay]] neighborhood, site of a second campus and hospital of the [[University of California, San Francisco]] (UCSF). Mission Bay hosts the [[UCSF Medical Center]], the [[California Institute for Regenerative Medicine]], [[California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences]], and [[Gladstone Institutes]],<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://sfced.org/case-for-business/sectors/life-sciences-biotech/sector-data/ |title=Life Sciences & Biotech |publisher=San Francisco Center for Economic Development |access-date=April 6, 2014}}</ref> as well as more than 40 private-sector life sciences companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfmayor.org/index.aspx?page=899&recordid=91 |title=Mayor Lee Announces New Biotech Incubator in Mission Bay |date=September 10, 2013|publisher=Office of the Mayor, City and County of San Francisco|access-date=April 6, 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Union Square - San Francisco (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Union Square, San Francisco|Union Square]], despite its declining profile,<ref name=UnionSquareSFDecline>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/sf/article/union-square-macys-18693950.php|title=Union Square once was the center of San Francisco. Now it's off the map|first1=John|last1=King|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=March 3, 2024|access-date=March 3, 2024}}</ref> is still a major [[retail]] hub for San Francisco and the Bay Area.]]
According to academic Rob Wilson, San Francisco is a [[global city]], a status that pre-dated the city's popularity during the [[California gold rush]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Rob|date=November 2008|title=Spectral city: San Francisco as Pacific Rim city and counter-cultural contado|journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies|volume=9|issue=4|pages=583–597|doi=10.1080/14649370802386503|s2cid=145302676}}</ref> However, the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]] has led to high office vacancy rates and the accelerating evacuation of many retail and tech businesses out of the downtown core of San Francisco.<ref name=DowntownSanFranDying/><ref name=SanFran2025AcceleratingDoomLoop>{{cite web|url=https://sfist.com/2025/01/21/bloomingdales-to-close-at-sf-centre-ushering-in-further-bleak-days-for-beleaguered-mall/|title=Bloomingdale's to Close at SF Centre, Ushering In Further Bleak Days for Beleaguered Mall|author-first1=Jay |author-last1=Barmann|publisher=SFiST|date=January 21, 2025|access-date=January 23, 2025|archive-date=January 22, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122200834/https://sfist.com/2025/01/21/bloomingdales-to-close-at-sf-centre-ushering-in-further-bleak-days-for-beleaguered-mall/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="SanFranExodus4">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/17/business/economy/california-san-francisco-empty-downtown.html|title=What Comes Next for the Most Empty Downtown in America – Tech workers are still at home. The $17 salad place is expanding into the suburbs. So what is left in San Francisco?|first1=Conor|last1=Dougherty|first2=Emma|last2=Goldberg|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 17, 2022|access-date=December 17, 2022|quote=On any given week in San Francisco, office buildings are at about 40 percent of their prepandemic occupancy.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=D'Innocenzio |first1=Anne |last2=Har |first2=Janie |title=Diversify or die: San Francisco's downtown is a wake-up call for other cities |url=https://apnews.com/article/san-francisco-downtown-retail-exodus-6c956f6f219a25aafd292f567a45a302 |access-date=October 10, 2023 |work=AP News |date=July 16, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Attributed causes include a shift to [[remote work]] in the technology and professional services sectors, as well as high levels of [[homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area|homelessness]], drug use, and crime in areas around downtown San Francisco, such as the [[Tenderloin, San Francisco|Tenderloin]] and [[Mid-Market, San Francisco|Mid-Market]] neighborhoods.<ref name="SanFranDoomLoop5">{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/06/how-san-francisco-became-failed-city/661199/|title=HOW SAN FRANCISCO BECAME A FAILED CITY|first1=Nellie|last1=Bowles|date=June 8, 2022 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=June 27, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Truong |first1=Kevin |title=As Twitter Goes, So Goes a Revival of the Neighborhood It Helped Transform |url=https://sfstandard.com/2022/10/24/as-twitter-goes-so-goes-a-revival-of-the-neighborhood-it-helped-transform/ |access-date=October 10, 2023 |work=The San Francisco Standard |date=October 24, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
The top employer in San Francisco is the city government itself, employing 5.6% (35,000+ people) of the city's workforce, followed by [[UCSF]] with over 29,000 employees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Comprehensive Financial Reports (ACFR) {{!}} San Francisco |url=https://www.sf.gov/annual-comprehensive-financial-reports-acfr |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=www.sf.gov}}</ref> The largest private-sector employer is [[Salesforce]], with 11,953 employees, {{As of|2024|lc=y}}. Small businesses with fewer than 10 employees and self-employed firms made up 85% of city establishments in 2006,<ref>
{{cite news
|last = Tan |first = Aldrich M.
|title = San Francisco is gateway city for immigrants and Silicon Valley Technology
|publisher=Fogcityjournal.com
|date = April 12, 2006
|url = http://www.fogcityjournal.com/news_in_brief/sf_tech_gateway_060412.shtml
|access-date =June 15, 2008
}}</ref> and the number of San Franciscans employed by firms of more than 1,000 employees has fallen by half since 1977.<ref name="ega06b" /> The growth of national [[big-box store|big box]] and [[formula retail]] chains into the city has been made intentionally difficult by political and civic consensus. In an effort to buoy small privately owned businesses in San Francisco and preserve the unique retail personality of the city, the Small Business Commission started a publicity campaign in 2004 to keep a larger share of retail dollars in the local economy,<ref>{{cite news
|title=Main Street Fights Chain Street
|author=Said, Carolyn
|date=November 29, 2005
|url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/SMALL-BUSINESS-Main-Street-fights-Chain-Street-2592370.php
|access-date =August 27, 2006 |work=San Francisco Chronicle
}}</ref> and the Board of Supervisors has used the planning code to limit the neighborhoods where formula retail establishments can set up shop,<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/SAN-FRANCISCO-Supervisors-OK-limits-on-2776613.php
|last1=Hetter
|first1=Katia
|date=March 21, 2004
|title=Supervisors OK limits on chain-store expansion
|access-date=January 19, 2007
|work=San Francisco Chronicle
}}</ref> an effort affirmed by San Francisco voters.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://smartvoter.org/2006/11/07/ca/sf/meas/G/
|title=Proposition G: Limitations on Formula Retail Stores, City of San Francisco
|access-date=January 19, 2007
|publisher=smartvoter.org
}}</ref> However, by 2016, San Francisco was rated low by small businesses in a Business Friendliness Survey.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thumbtack.com/survey#/2016/11/states |title=Nevada|work=[[Thumbtack (website)|Thumbtack]]|access-date= October 21, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:San Francisco Ferry Building January 2014 002 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[San Francisco Ferry Building|Ferry Building]] in the [[Embarcadero (San Francisco)|Embarcadero]].]]
[[Manufacturing in the United States|Like many U.S. cities]], San Francisco once had a significant manufacturing sector employing nearly 60,000 workers in 1969, but nearly all production left for cheaper locations by the 1980s.<ref name="Frojo2014">
{{cite news
|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/print-edition/2014/02/14/made-in-san-francisco-manufacturing.html?page=all
|title=Made in San Francisco: Manufacturing a comeback
|first=Renée |last=Frojo
|date=February 14, 2014
|access-date=April 6, 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2014}}, San Francisco has seen a small resurgence in manufacturing, with more than 4,000 manufacturing jobs across 500 companies, doubling since 2011. The city's largest manufacturing employer is [[Anchor Brewing Company]], and the largest by revenue is [[Timbuk2]].<ref name="Frojo2014"/>
As of the first quarter of {{As of|2022|bare=yes}}, the median value of homes in San Francisco County was $1,297,030. It ranked third in the U.S. for counties with highest median home value, behind [[Nantucket, Massachusetts]] and [[San Mateo County, California]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=County Median Home Price |url=https://www.nar.realtor/research-and-statistics/housing-statistics/county-median-home-prices-and-monthly-mortgage-payment |date=2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420122337/https://www.nar.realtor/research-and-statistics/housing-statistics/county-median-home-prices-and-monthly-mortgage-payment |archive-date=April 20, 2022 |website=National Association of Realtors |access-date=October 26, 2022}}</ref>
===Technology===
[[File:Twitter Headquarters in San Francisco-L1001299.jpg|thumb|left|Former [[Twitter|X]] headquarters on [[Market Street (San Francisco)|Market Street]], prior to moving to [[Austin, Texas]]]]
San Francisco became a hub for technology-driven economic growth during the [[internet boom]] of the 1990s, and still holds an important position in the world city network today.<ref name=":02"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Aranya|first=Rolee|date=Fall 2017|title=A Global 'Urban Roller Coaster'? Connectivity Changes in the World City Network, 2000–2004|journal=Regional Studies|volume=42|issue=1 |pages=1–16|doi=10.1080/00343400601145202|s2cid=154611136|url=http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/13311}}</ref> Intense redevelopment towards the "[[new economy]]" makes business more technologically minded. Between the years of 1999 and 2000, the job growth rate was 4.9%, creating over 50,000 jobs in technology firms and internet content production.<ref name=":02" /> However, the technology industry has become geographically dispersed.<ref name=NewYorkCloserThanEvertoBayAreaTech>{{cite news|url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/technology/new-york-closer-ever-beating-bay-area-tech|title=New York is closer than ever to beating the Bay Area on tech|first1=Cara|last1=Eisenpress|newspaper=[[Crain Communications]]|date=April 28, 2023|access-date=May 29, 2023}}</ref><ref name=ManhattanNowBiggestTechHub>{{cite news|url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/technology/manhattan-edges-out-san-francisco-new-early-stage-startups-first-time|title=For the first time, Manhattan edges out San Francisco in new early-stage startups|first1=Cara|last1=Eisenpress|newspaper=[[Crain Communications]]|date=May 22, 2023|access-date=October 14, 2023}}</ref>
In the second technological boom driven by social media in the mid-2000s, San Francisco became a ___location for companies such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Google]], [[Ubisoft San Francisco|Ubisoft]], [[Facebook]], and [[Twitter]] (now known as ''X'') to base their tech offices and for their employees to live.<ref name="ega06a">{{cite web|url=http://www.sfeconomicstrategy.org/site/uploadedfiles/moed/economic_strat/ExecutiveSummary_EconomicPerformanceReview.pdf|title=City and County of San Francisco: An Overview of San Francisco's Recent Economic Performance|first=Ted |last=Egan|date=April 3, 2006|work=Report prepared for Mayor's Office of Economic and Workforce Development|publisher=ICF Consulting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201053456/http://www.sfeconomicstrategy.org/site/uploadedfiles/moed/economic_strat/ExecutiveSummary_EconomicPerformanceReview.pdf|archive-date=February 1, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-06-19}}</ref>
The final wave of technology materialized as AI companies have either been founded in the city or moved there attracted to a large talent pool, proximity to venture capital, and serendipitous connections.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Despite High Costs, AI-Charged San Francisco Remains a Top Choice for Founding Startups |url=https://www.inc.com/kit-eaton/despite-high-costs-ai-charged-san-francisco-remains-a-top-choice-for-founding-startups.html |work=Inc.}}</ref>
The [[Sunset Reservoir]] Solar Project, completed in 2010, installed 24,000 solar panels on the roof of the reservoir. The 5-megawatt plant more than tripled the city's 2-megawatt solar generation capacity when it opened in December 2010.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Mayor Newsom Praises SFPUC For Approving New Five Megawatt Solar Project at Sunset Reservoir |url=http://www.sfmayor.org/ftp/archive/209.126.225.7/archives/PressRoom_NewsReleases_2008_94667/index.html |publisher=Office of the Mayor, San Francisco |date=December 12, 2008 |access-date=September 29, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://abc7news.com/archive/7830862/ |title=SF gets new way to generate renewable energy |first1=Leigh|last1=Glaser|date=December 7, 2010 |publisher=KGO ABC7 News |access-date=April 13, 2013 |archive-date=April 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410123537/http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=resources/lifestyle_community/green&id=7830862 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Tourism and conventions===
{{See also|Port of San Francisco}}
[[File:Fishermans Wharf Sign, SF, CA, jjron 25.03.2012.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco|Fisherman's Wharf]] is a popular tourist attraction.]]
Tourism is one of San Francisco's most important private-sector industries, accounting for more than one out of seven jobs in the city.<ref name="Waters2009">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a0OqYCnyJ8eY |title=Biotech Jobs Germinate as San Francisco Diversifies Economy |first=Rob |last=Waters |date=May 15, 2009 |work=Bloomberg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023145832/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a0OqYCnyJ8eY |archive-date=October 23, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="tourism-largest-private-sector">{{cite news
|last = Flinn
|first = Ryan
|title = S.F. tourism picks up, but spending stays flat
|work = San Francisco Chronicle
|page = D-1
|date = September 3, 2010
|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/09/02/BU8S1F7CUG.DTL
|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170524232958/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/S-F-tourism-picks-up-but-spending-stays-flat-3253943.php
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = May 24, 2017
|access-date = February 4, 2012
}}</ref> The city's [[San Francisco in popular culture|frequent portrayal]] in music, film, and popular culture has made the city and its landmarks recognizable worldwide. In 2016, it attracted the fifth-highest number of foreign tourists of any city in the United States.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Overseas Visitors to Select U.S. Cities 2015–2016
|work = National Travel and Tourism Office
|publisher = International Trade Administration, US Department of Commerce
|year = 2016
|url = http://tinet.ita.doc.gov/outreachpages/download_data_table/Top%20Cities%202016.pdf
|access-date = February 22, 2018
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165421/http://tinet.ita.doc.gov/outreachpages/download_data_table/Top%20Cities%202016.pdf
|archive-date = February 22, 2018
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> More than 25 million visitors arrived in San Francisco in 2016, adding US$9.96 billion to the economy.<ref>{{cite press release
|title = San Francisco Travel Reports Record-Breaking Tourism in 2016
|work=San Francisco Travel Association
|date = January 18, 2017
|url = http://www.sftravel.com/article/san-francisco-travel-reports-record-breaking-tourism-2016
|access-date = December 8, 2017
}}</ref>
With a large hotel infrastructure and a major convention facility in the [[Moscone Center]], San Francisco is a popular destination for annual conventions and conferences.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sanfrancisco.travel/research/ |title=San Francisco Visitor Industry Statistics |year=2013 |publisher=San Francisco Travel Association |access-date=April 5, 2014}}</ref>
Some of the most popular tourist attractions in San Francisco, as noted by the [[Travel Channel]], include the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] and [[Alamo Square, San Francisco|Alamo Square Park]], home to the famous "[[Painted Ladies]]". Both of these locations were often used as landscape shots for the hit American television sitcom ''[[Full House]]''. There is also [[Lombard Street (San Francisco)|Lombard Street]], known for its "crookedness" and extensive views. Tourists also visit [[Pier 39]], which offers dining, shopping, entertainment, and views of the bay, sunbathing [[California sea lions]], the [[Aquarium of the Bay]], and the famous [[Alcatraz Island]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelchannel.com/destinations/us/ca/san-francisco/photos/san-francisco/page/16|title=Alcatraz Island : Explore Sensational San Francisco : TravelChannel.com|website=Travel Channel|access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Coit Tower, San Francisco, California LCCN2010630427.tif|thumb|left|[[Coit Tower]] on [[Telegraph Hill, San Francisco|Telegraph Hill]]]]
San Francisco also offers tourists varied nightlife in its neighborhoods.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sftravel.com/article/top-20-attractions-san-francisco|title=Top 20 Attractions in San Francisco|newspaper=San Francisco Travel|access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McLean |first=Tessa |title=San Francisco has almost 200 tiny streets. This is my favorite. |url=https://www.sfgate.com/essays/article/best-tiny-streets-alleyways-san-francisco-16386175.php |date=August 16, 2021 |website=SFGATE |language=en-US |access-date=October 26, 2022}}</ref>
The new Terminal Project at Pier 27 opened September 25, 2014, as a replacement for the old Pier 35.<ref>{{cite web|title=SFPort – James R. Herman Cruise Terminal Project at Pier 27|url=http://www.sfport.com/index.aspx?page=282|access-date=March 16, 2013}}</ref>
A heightened interest in conventioneering in San Francisco, marked by the establishment of convention centers such as Yerba Buena, acted as a feeder into the local tourist economy and resulted in an increase in the hotel industry: "In 1959, the city had fewer than thirty-three hundred first-class hotel rooms; by 1970, the number was nine thousand; and by 1999, there were more than thirty thousand."<ref>{{cite book|title=City for sale: The transformation of San Francisco|first=Chester |last=Hartman|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|page=24}}</ref> The [[pink capitalism|commodification]] of the [[Castro District, San Francisco|Castro District]] has contributed to San Francisco's tourist economy.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = San Francisco's Castro district: from gay liberation to tourist destination|journal = Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change|pages = 237–248|volume = 9|issue = 3|doi = 10.1080/14766825.2011.620122|first = Nan Alamilla|last = Boyd|year = 2011|s2cid = 143916613}}</ref>
==Arts and culture==
{{Main|Culture of San Francisco}}
{{See also|San Francisco in popular culture}}
[[File:Palace of Fine Arts during Schon – Holt Salahi wedding.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Palace of Fine Arts]], originally built for the 1915 [[Panama–Pacific International Exposition]]]]
Although the [[Financial District, San Francisco|Financial District]], [[Union Square, San Francisco|Union Square]], and [[Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco|Fisherman's Wharf]] are well known around the world, San Francisco is also characterized by its numerous culturally rich streetscapes featuring [[mixed-use development|mixed-use]] neighborhoods anchored around [[List of streets in San Francisco|central commercial corridors]] to which residents and visitors alike can walk.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} Because of these characteristics,{{original research inline|date=January 2022}} San Francisco is ranked the "most walkable" city in the United States by [[Walk Score]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.walkscore.com/cities-and-neighborhoods/
|title = Most Walkable Cities in the U.S.
|access-date = August 23, 2022
|publisher = Walkscore.com
}}</ref> Many neighborhoods feature a mix of businesses, restaurants and venues that cater to the daily needs of local residents while also serving many visitors and tourists. Some neighborhoods are dotted with boutiques, cafés and nightlife such as Union Street in [[Cow Hollow, San Francisco|Cow Hollow]], 24th Street in [[Noe Valley, San Francisco|Noe Valley]], [[Valencia Street]] in the [[Mission District, San Francisco|Mission]], Grant Avenue in [[North Beach, San Francisco|North Beach]], and Irving Street in the [[Sunset District, San Francisco|Inner Sunset]]. This approach especially has influenced the continuing South of Market neighborhood redevelopment with businesses and neighborhood services rising alongside high-rise residences.<ref name="FogDev">{{cite news
|last = Wach |first = Bonnie
|title = Fog City rises from the funk
|work=USA Today |date = October 3, 2003
|url = https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/cityguides/sanfrancisco/worthdoing.htm
|access-date =September 4, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515150859/https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/cityguides/sanfrancisco/worthdoing.htm|archive-date=May 15, 2006}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2022}}
[[File:Entering the Castro district, San Francisco (31984322697) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Castro District, San Francisco|The Castro]] is famous as one of the first [[gay village]]s in the country.<ref name=SFGateCastro/>]]
Since the 1990s, the demand for skilled [[information technology]] workers from local startups and nearby [[Silicon Valley]] has attracted [[white-collar worker]]s from all over the world and created a high standard of living in San Francisco.<ref>{{cite news
|last = Schwarzer |first = Michelle
|title = San Francisco by the Numbers: Planning After the 2000 Census
|work=SPUR Newsletter |publisher=San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association
|date=July 2001
|url = http://www.spur.org/documents/010701_article_03.shtm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211032911/http://spur.org/documents/010701_article_03.shtm
|archive-date = February 11, 2005
|access-date =July 25, 2010
}}</ref> Many neighborhoods that were once [[blue-collar]], middle, and lower class have been [[Gentrification|gentrifying]], as many of the city's traditional business and industrial districts have experienced a renaissance driven by the redevelopment of the [[Embarcadero (San Francisco)|Embarcadero]], including the neighborhoods [[South Beach, San Francisco|South Beach]] and [[Mission Bay, San Francisco|Mission Bay]]. The city's property values and household income have risen to among the highest in the nation,<ref>{{cite web
|last = Sadovi |first = Maura Webber
|title = San Francisco's Home Prices Remain Among the Highest in U.S.
|work=The Wall Street Journal
|date = April 12, 2006
|url = http://www.realestatejournal.com/columnists/livingthere/20060412-livingthere.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070301092505/http://www.realestatejournal.com/columnists/livingthere/20060412-livingthere.html
|archive-date = March 1, 2007
|access-date =June 14, 2008
}}</ref><ref name="MedianIncome">{{cite web
|title=Median Family Income (In 2003 Inflation-adjusted Dollars)
|work=American Community Survey
|publisher=US Census Bureau
|date=August 22, 2007
|url=https://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Ranking/2003/R14T160.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041013165845/http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Ranking/2003/R14T160.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=October 13, 2004
|access-date=June 14, 2008
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|last = Hawn |first = Carleen
|title = It may not feel like it, but your shot at the good life is getting better. Here's why
|work=San Francisco magazine |publisher=Modern Luxury
|date=March 2007
|url = http://www.sanfran.com/archives/view_story/1068/
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070224105246/http://www.sanfran.com/archives/view_story/1068/
|archive-date = February 24, 2007
|access-date =June 14, 2008
}}</ref> creating a large and upscale restaurant, retail, and entertainment scene. According to a 2014 quality of life survey of global cities, San Francisco has the [[Most livable cities|highest quality of living]] of any U.S. city.<ref>"{{cite web
|title = 2014 Quality of Living worldwide city rankings – Mercer survey
|work=Mercer Consulting
|date=February 2014
|url = http://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2014-quality-of-living-survey.html
|access-date =November 4, 2015
}}</ref> However, due to the exceptionally high cost of living, many of the city's middle and lower-class families have been leaving the city for the outer suburbs of the [[San Francisco Bay Area|Bay Area]], or for California's [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]].<ref name="MiddleClass">{{cite news
|last = Hendricks |first = Tyche
|title = Rich City Poor City: Middle-class neighborhoods are disappearing from the nation's cities, leaving only high- and low-income districts, new study says.
|work=San Francisco Chronicle
|page = A-1
|date = June 22, 2006
|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/06/22/MNG6HJIDMM1.DTL
|access-date =June 14, 2008}}</ref> By June 2, 2015, the median rent was reported to be as high as $4,225.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.sfgate.com/ontheblock/2015/06/02/san-franciscos-median-rent-hits-a-ridiculous-4225/ |title=San Francisco's median rent hits a ridiculous $4,225|author=Anna Marie Erwert|date=June 2, 2015|work=On The Block}}</ref> The high cost of living is due in part to restrictive planning laws which limit new residential construction.<ref>"Hot in the City{{sic?|."}} ''The Economist'' April 2, 2016: 71. print.</ref>
[[File:2019 San Francisco Carnaval Grand Parade 431 (49490263633) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Mission District, San Francisco|Mission District]] is the historic center of the city's [[Chicano]]/[[Mexican-American]] population and greater [[Hispanics and Latinos in California|Hispanic and Latino]] community.]]
The international character that San Francisco has enjoyed since its founding is continued today by large numbers of immigrants from Asia and Latin America. With 39% of its residents born overseas,<ref name="ega06b">{{cite web
|last = Egan |first = Ted
|title = An Overview of San Francisco's Recent Economic Performance – Executive Summary
|publisher=ICF Consulting
|date = April 3, 2006
|url = http://www.sfgov.org/site/uploadedfiles/moed/economic_strat/ExecutiveSummary_EconomicPerformanceReview.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070710072642/http://www.sfgov.org/site/uploadedfiles/moed/economic_strat/ExecutiveSummary_EconomicPerformanceReview.pdf
|archive-date = July 10, 2007
|access-date =June 14, 2008
}}</ref> San Francisco has numerous neighborhoods filled with businesses and civic institutions catering to new arrivals. In particular, the arrival of many ethnic Chinese, which began to accelerate in the 1970s, has complemented the long-established community historically based in [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown]] throughout the city and has transformed the annual [[San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade|Chinese New Year Parade]] into the largest event of its kind on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]].{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
With the arrival of the [[Beat Generation|"beat"]] writers and artists of the 1950s and societal changes culminating in the [[Summer of Love]] in the [[Haight-Ashbury]] district during the 1960s, San Francisco became a center of [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]] activism and of the [[counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] that arose at that time. The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] and to a lesser extent the [[Green Party (United States)|Green Party]] have dominated [[Politics of San Francisco|city politics]] since the late 1970s, after the [[John Barbagelata|last serious]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] challenger for city office [[1975 San Francisco mayoral election|lost the 1975 mayoral election]] by a narrow margin. San Francisco has not voted more than 20% for a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential or senatorial candidate since [[1988 United States presidential election|1988]].<ref>{{cite web
|last = Leip |first = Dave
|title = Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections
|publisher=Dave Leip
|date = June 4, 2008
|url = http://www.uselectionatlas.org/
|access-date =June 14, 2008
}}</ref> In 2007, the city expanded its [[Medicaid]] and other [[indigent]] medical programs into the [[Healthy San Francisco]] program,<ref>[http://www.californiahealthline.org/articles/2011/4/19/reform-law-could-curb-healthy-san-franciscos-enrollment-by-up-to-60.aspx Reform Law Could Curb Healthy San Francisco's Enrollment by Up to 60% – California Healthline]. Californiahealthline.org. Retrieved February 16, 2012.</ref> which [[subsidy|subsidizes]] certain medical services for eligible residents.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1207599,00.html|title=San Francisco's Latest Innovation: Universal Health Care|first1=Laura A.|last1=Locke|magazine=Time|date=June 23, 2006|publisher=TIME USA, LLC|access-date=July 21, 2021|archive-date=July 3, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703084949/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1207599,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.healthysanfrancisco.org/visitors/Participant_Costs.aspx "Participant Costs"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327140533/http://www.healthysanfrancisco.org/visitors/Participant_Costs.aspx |date=March 27, 2010 }}, healthysanfrancisco.org. Retrieved April 10, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/west/2006/07/20/70664.htm "Universal Health Care Plan Approved in San Francisco"], ''Insurance Journal'', July 20, 2006.</ref>
[[File:2017 SFMOMA from Yerba Buena Gardens.jpg|thumb|left|The [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]], also known as SF MOMA]]
Since 1993, the San Francisco Department of Public Health has distributed 400,000 [[Needle and syringe programmes#San Francisco|free syringes]] every month aimed at reducing HIV and other health risks for drug users, as well as providing disposal sites and services.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180509152417/https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/matier-ross/article/Those-needles-littering-the-streets-The-city-12898656.php Those needles littering the streets? The city gave them out], San Francisco Chronicle, May 8, 2018</ref><ref>[https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2018/05/10/san-francisco-free-syringes-litter/ San Francisco's Free Syringes Are Littering Its Streets], CBS San Francisco, May 10, 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Sydney |title=Second-chance city: San Francisco's plan to reduce overdose crisis |url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/news/second-chance-city-san-franciscos-plan-to-reduce-overdose-crisis/ |date=July 5, 2022 |website=The San Francisco Examiner |language=en-US |access-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319204055/https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/second-chance-city-san-franciscos-plan-to-reduce-overdose-crisis/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
San Francisco also has had a very active environmental community. Starting with the founding of the [[Sierra Club]] in 1892 to the establishment of the non-profit [[Friends of the Urban Forest]] in 1981, San Francisco has been at the forefront of many global discussions regarding the environment.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Sierra Club|url=http://sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/about/sierra.aspx|access-date=March 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Friends of the Urban Forest – About us|url=http://www.fuf.net/about-us/|access-date=March 26, 2013}}</ref> The 1980 [[San Francisco Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance|San Francisco Recycling Program]] was one of the earliest curbside recycling programs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recology Residential Service Program|url=http://www.sunsetscavenger.com/residentialFAQ.htm|access-date=March 26, 2013}}</ref> The city's GoSolarSF incentive promotes solar installations and the [[San Francisco Public Utilities Commission]] is rolling out the [[CleanPowerSF]] program to sell electricity from local renewable sources.<ref>{{cite web|title=SFPUC GoSolarSF|url=http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=133|access-date=March 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Clean Power SF |url=http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=577 |access-date=February 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220034605/http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=577 |archive-date=February 20, 2015 }}</ref> SF Greasecycle is a program to recycle used cooking oil for conversion to biodiesel.<ref>{{cite web|title=SFPUC Greasecycle|url=http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=465|access-date=March 26, 2013}}</ref>
===LGBTQ===
{{Main|LGBTQ culture in San Francisco}}
[[File:San Francisco Pride Parade 2012-6.jpg|thumb|right|[[San Francisco Pride]] is one of the oldest and largest [[Pride (LGBTQ culture)|LGBTQ pride]] events in the world.]]
San Francisco has long had an [[LGBTQ people|LGBTQ]]-friendly [[LGBTQ culture in San Francisco|history]]. It was home to the first lesbian-rights organization in the United States, [[Daughters of Bilitis]]; the first openly gay person to run for public office in the United States, [[José Sarria]]; the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California, [[Harvey Milk]]; the first openly lesbian judge appointed in the U.S., [[Mary C. Morgan]]; and the first [[transgender]] police commissioner, [[Theresa Sparks]]. The city's large gay population has created and sustained a politically and culturally active community over many decades, developing a powerful presence in San Francisco's civic life.<ref>{{cite web |website=The Travel Intern |first1=Alexis |last1=Ang |date=July 12, 2022 |access-date=July 28, 2024 |title=Cultures Explained: How did San Francisco become The World's Gay Mecca |publisher=The Travel Intern Pte. Ltd |___location=Singapore |url=https://thetravelintern.com/san-francisco-lgbt/}}</ref> Survey data released in 2015 by [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] places the proportion of LGBTQ adults in the San Francisco metro area at 6.2%, which is the highest proportion of the 50 most populous metropolitan areas as measured by the polling organization.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/182051/san-francisco-metro-area-ranks-highest-lgbt-percentage.aspx |title=San Francisco Metro Area Ranks Highest in LGBT Percentage |date=March 20, 2015 |website=Gallup |first1=Frank |last1=Newport |first2=Gary J. |last2=Gates |publisher=Gallup, Inc}}</ref>
[[File:The Castro (6163133524).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Rainbow flag (LGBTQ)|gay pride flag]] was originally developed in San Francisco.]]
One of the most popular destinations for gay tourists internationally, the city hosts [[San Francisco Pride]], one of the largest and oldest [[pride parades]]. San Francisco Pride events have been held continuously since 1972. The events are themed and a new theme is created each year.<ref>{{cite web |title=San Francisco Pride |url=https://sfpride.org/theme/ |date=March 2023 |access-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326224520/https://sfpride.org/theme/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2013, over 1.5 million people attended, around 500,000 more than the previous year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Court victories boost gay pride parades |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/30/san-francisco-gay-pride-parade-gay-marriage/2473379/ |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Pink Saturday]] is an annual street party held the Saturday before the pride parade, which coincides with the [[Dyke march]].
The [[Folsom Street Fair]] (FSF) is an annual [[BDSM]] and [[leather subculture]] street fair that is held in September, endcapping San Francisco's "Leather Pride Week".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rababy |first=Michael |title=Folsom Street Food Court |publisher=Delancey Street Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0692183731 |___location=Los Angeles, California |page=64}}</ref> It started in 1984 and is California's third-largest single-day, outdoor spectator event and the world's largest leather event and showcase for BDSM products and culture.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.folsomstreetfair.com/photos/http://www.cnn.com/2007/LIVING/personal/11/02/cheap.date/index.html |title=Cheap date – what to do? |work=CNN }}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
===Performing arts===
{{See also|List of theatres in San Francisco}}
[[File:San Francisco Opera House (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[War Memorial Opera House]], part of the [[San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center|S.F. War Memorial & Performing Arts Center]], one of the largest performing arts centers in the U.S.]]
[[File:Golden Gate Theatre - San Francisco, CA - DSC06532 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Golden Gate Theatre]] is located in the historic [[Theatre District, San Francisco|Theatre District]]]]
San Francisco's [[San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center|War Memorial and Performing Arts Center]] hosts some of the most enduring performing arts companies in the country. The [[War Memorial Opera House]] houses the [[San Francisco Opera]], the second-largest opera company in North America<ref>{{Cite web|title=San Francisco Opera |url=https://www.sfcv.org/organizations/san-francisco-opera#|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=www.sfcv.org}}</ref> as well as the [[San Francisco Ballet]], while the [[San Francisco Symphony]] plays in [[Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall|Davies Symphony Hall]]. Opened in 2013, the [[SFJAZZ Center]] hosts jazz performances year round.<ref>{{Cite web|title=sfjazz.org {{!}} About|url=https://www.sfjazz.org/about/|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=www.sfjazz.org}}</ref>
[[The Fillmore]] is a music venue located in the [[Western Addition, San Francisco|Western Addition]]. It is the second incarnation of the historic venue that gained fame in the 1960s, housing the stage where now-famous musicians such as the [[Grateful Dead]], [[Janis Joplin]], [[Led Zeppelin]], and [[Jefferson Airplane]] first performed, fostering the [[San Francisco Sound]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=San Francisco Sound|url=https://www.shsu.edu/~lis_fwh/book/regional_styles/San%20Francisco%20Sound2.htm|access-date=August 5, 2021|website=www.shsu.edu}}</ref> It closed its doors in 1971 with a final performance by [[Santana (band)|Santana]] and reopened in 1994 with a show by [[the Smashing Pumpkins]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uproxx.com/music/fillmore-west-greatest-concerts-of-all-time/|title=Remembering The Most Iconic Classic Rock Venue On The West Coast|date=May 24, 2018|accessdate=April 2, 2023}}</ref>
San Francisco has a large number of [[List of theatres in San Francisco|theaters and live performance venues]]. Local theater companies have been noted for risk taking and innovation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.7x7.com/stage-left-san-franciscos-theater-history-1781795434.html|title=Stage Left: San Francisco's Theater History|date=November 9, 2012|website=7x7 Bay Area}}</ref> The [[Tony Award]]-winning non-profit [[American Conservatory Theater]] (A.C.T.) is a member of the national [[League of Resident Theatres]]. Other local winners of the [[Regional Theatre Tony Award]] include the [[San Francisco Mime Troupe]].<ref name="tbtb">{{Cite magazine |date=2014-05-01 |title=Tonys by the Bay |magazine=Theater Bay Area Magazine |last=Jones |first=Chad |url=http://www.theatrebayarea.org/news/175997/Tonys-by-the-Bay.htm}}Jones, Chad. [http://www.theatrebayarea.org/news/175997/Tonys-by-the-Bay.htm "Tonys By the Bay"]. ''Theatre Bay Area Magazine'', May/June 2014.</ref>
San Francisco theaters frequently host pre-[[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] engagements and tryout runs,<ref>Sanders, Adrienne, "S.F. Raises Curtain For Broadway Hits" ''San Francisco Business Times'', April 3, 2005. [http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2005/04/04/story3.html?page=all]</ref> and some original San Francisco productions have later moved to Broadway.<ref name="tbtb"/>
===Museums===
{{Further|List of museums in San Francisco Bay Area, California#San Francisco}}
[[File:California Palace of the Legion of Honor, 02.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Legion of Honor (museum)|California Palace of the Legion of Honor]], part of the [[Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco]]]]
The [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]] (SFMOMA) houses 20th century and contemporary works of art. It moved to its current building in the [[South of Market, San Francisco|South of Market]] neighborhood in 1995 and attracted more than 600,000 visitors annually.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Corporate Sponsorship – Why Sponsor
|publisher=San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
|url = http://www.sfmoma.org/membership/corp_sponsors_why_sponsor.html
|access-date =June 14, 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071229011210/http://www.sfmoma.org/membership/corp_sponsors_why_sponsor.html |archive-date = December 29, 2007}}</ref> SFMOMA closed for renovation and expansion in 2013. The museum reopened on May 14, 2016, with an addition, designed by [[Snøhetta (company)|Snøhetta]], that has doubled the museum's size.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfmoma.org/about/our-expansion-2016/|title=Our Expansion · SFMOMA|website=SFMOMA}}</ref>
The [[California Palace of the Legion of Honor|Palace of the Legion of Honor]] holds primarily European antiquities and works of art at its [[Lincoln Park (San Francisco)|Lincoln Park]] building modeled after its [[Palais de la Légion d'Honneur|Parisian namesake]]. The [[M. H. de Young Memorial Museum|de Young Museum]] in Golden Gate Park features American decorative pieces and anthropological holdings from Africa, Oceania and the Americas, while Asian art is housed in the [[Asian Art Museum of San Francisco|Asian Art Museum]]. Opposite the de Young stands the [[California Academy of Sciences]], a natural history museum that also hosts the [[Morrison Planetarium]] and [[Steinhart Aquarium]]. Located on Pier 15 on the Embarcadero, the [[Exploratorium]] is an interactive science museum. The [[Contemporary Jewish Museum]] is a non-collecting institution that hosts a broad array of temporary exhibitions. On Nob Hill, the [[San Francisco Cable Car Museum|Cable Car Museum]] is a working museum featuring the cable car powerhouse, which drives the cables.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanfrancisco.net/museums|title=Museums in San Francisco|publisher=SanFrancisco.net|access-date=November 15, 2015}}</ref> [[Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts]] was founded in 1998 and is part of the California College of the Arts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCA Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts |url=https://wattis.org/read-about-us |access-date=February 20, 2024 |website=wattis.org}}</ref>
==Sports==
{{Further|Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area}}
[[File:Oracle Park 2021.jpg|thumb|[[Oracle Park]], home of the [[San Francisco Giants|SF Giants]]]]
[[Major League Baseball]]'s [[San Francisco Giants]] have played in San Francisco since moving from New York in 1958. The Giants play at [[Oracle Park]], which opened in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title = Federal Brownfields Tax Incentive: SBC Park|work=Brownfields|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency|date=May 2005|url = http://www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/pdf/sfcasestudy070505.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060921012953/http://www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/pdf/sfcasestudy070505.pdf|archive-date=September 21, 2006|access-date =June 15, 2008}}</ref> The Giants won [[World Series]] titles in [[2010 World Series|2010]], [[2012 World Series|2012]], and in [[2014 World Series|2014]]. The Giants have boasted stars such as [[Willie Mays]], [[Willie McCovey]], and [[Barry Bonds]] (MLB's [[List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders|career home run leader]]). In 2012, San Francisco was ranked No. 1 in a study that examined which U.S. metro areas have produced the most Major Leaguers since 1920.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sperling|first=Bert|title=Best Baseball Cities|date=October 25, 2012 |url=http://www.bertsperling.com/2012/10/25/best-baseball-cities/|access-date=October 29, 2012}}</ref>
The [[San Francisco 49ers]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL) began playing in 1946 as an [[All-America Football Conference]] (AAFC) league charter member, moved to the NFL in 1950 and into [[Candlestick Park]] in 1971. The team left San Francisco in 2014, moving approximately 50 miles south to [[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]], and began playing its home games at [[Levi's Stadium]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/09/BAGNJM99FK1.DTL |title=SAN FRANCISCO / 49ers say they are moving to Santa Clara |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=November 9, 2006 |access-date=March 28, 2012 |first1=Phillip |last1=Matier |first2=Andrew |last2=Ross}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressdemocrat.com/csp/mediapool/sites/PressDemocrat/News/story.csp?cid=2493373&sid=555&fid=181 |title=San Francisco mayor: 49ers move to Santa Clara all but assured |publisher=PressDemocrat.com |date=December 6, 2011 |access-date=March 28, 2012}}</ref> Despite this, the 49ers are still branded as a San Francisco team, and when the team hosted [[Super Bowl 50]] events were hosted in San Francisco such as the annual [[National Football League Experience|NFL Experience]] which was held at the [[Moscone Center]] and "Super Bowl City" which opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on [[Embarcadero (San Francisco)|The Embarcadero]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Roberts |first1=Chris |last2=News • • |first2=Bay City |date=2014-06-06 |title=Super Bowl 50 Gets Financial Boost from Big Tech |url=https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/sports/super-bowl-50-gets-boost-from-bay-area-tech-companies/1971816/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=NBC Bay Area |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Bowl 50 fan village details revealed |url=https://abc7news.com/super-bowl-50-santa-clara-village-nfl/673915/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=ABC7 San Francisco |language=en}}</ref> The 49ers have won five [[Super Bowl]] titles between 1982 and 1995.
[[File:Chase Center - Warriors.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chase Center]], home of the [[Golden State Warriors]]]]
The NBA's Golden State Warriors have played in the San Francisco Bay Area since moving from Philadelphia in 1962. The Warriors played as the San Francisco Warriors, from 1962 to 1971, before being renamed the [[Golden State Warriors]] prior to the 1971–1972 season in an attempt to present the team as a representation of the whole state of California, which had already adopted "The Golden State" nickname.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/warriors/news/behind_the_name.html|title=Behind The Name – Warriors |website=Nba.com|access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> The Warriors' arena, [[Chase Center]], is located in San Francisco.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oraclearena.com/teams/detail/golden-state-warriors|title=Golden State Warriors |website=Oraclearena.com|access-date=November 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209042505/http://www.oraclearena.com/teams/detail/golden-state-warriors|archive-date=December 9, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> After winning two championships in Philadelphia, they have won five championships since moving to the San Francisco Bay Area,<ref>{{cite web |title=Golden State Warriors Win 2022 NBA Championship: Warriors Earn Seventh Title in Franchise History |url=https://www.nba.com/warriors/news/warriors-2022-nba-champions-20220616 |date=June 16, 2022 |website=NBA |access-date=June 17, 2022}}</ref> and made five consecutive [[NBA Finals]] from 2015 to 2019, winning three of them. They won again in 2022, the franchise's first championship while residing in San Francisco proper.
At the collegiate level, the [[San Francisco Dons]] compete in [[NCAA Division I]]. [[Bill Russell]] led the Dons basketball team to [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA championships]] in 1955 and 1956. There is also the [[San Francisco State Gators]], who compete in [[NCAA Division II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfsu.edu/~bulletin/previous_bulletins/1314/athletic.htm|title=Athletics and Sports – San Francisco State University Bulletin 2013 – 2014|website=Sfsu.edu|access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> Oracle Park hosted the annual [[Fight Hunger Bowl]] college football game from 2002 through 2013 before it moved to Santa Clara.
There are a handful of lower-league soccer clubs in San Francisco playing mostly from April – June.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Club
! Founded
! Venue
! League
! Tier level
|-
| [[El Farolito]]
| 1985
| [[Boxer Stadium]]
| [[National Professional Soccer League (1967)|NPSL]]
| 4
|-
| [[San Francisco City FC]]
| 2001
| [[Kezar Stadium]]
| [[USL League Two]]
| 4
|-
| [[San Francisco Glens SC]]
| 1961
| [[Skyline College]]
| [[USL League Two]]
| 4
|}
[[File:Bay to Breakers 2011 Up.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bay to Breakers]] is an annual foot race known for colorful costumes.]]
The [[Bay to Breakers]] footrace, held annually since 1912, is best known for colorful costumes and a celebratory community spirit.<ref>{{cite web
|title=About Us – History
|work=ING Bay to Breakers
|publisher=ING Group
|date=March 11, 2008
|url=http://baytobreakers.com/index.php?page=race-history
|access-date=July 25, 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124013003/http://baytobreakers.com/index.php?page=race-history
|archive-date=November 24, 2012
|url-status=live
}}</ref> The [[San Francisco Marathon]] attracts more than 21,000 participants.<ref>{{cite news
|last = Bulwa |first = Demian
|title = S.F. Marathon: 26.2 miles of feel-good pain
|work=[[News release|Press Release]]
|date = July 27, 2009
|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/07/26/BA0218VCGF.DTL
|access-date =September 7, 2010
}}</ref> The [[Escape from Alcatraz (triathlon)|Escape from Alcatraz]] [[triathlon]] has, since 1980, attracted 2,000 top professional and amateur triathletes for its annual race.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Fact Sheet
|work = [[News release|Press Release]]
|publisher = Accenture Escape from Alcatraz Triathlon
|date = May 23, 2008
|url = http://www.escapefromalcatraztriathlon.com/Assets/ESCAPE+From+Alcatraz/Fact+Sheet.pdf
|access-date = January 19, 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090125053129/http://www.escapefromalcatraztriathlon.com/Assets/ESCAPE+From+Alcatraz/Fact+Sheet.pdf
|archive-date = January 25, 2009
}}</ref> The [[Olympic Club]], founded in 1860, is the oldest [[Sports club|athletic club]] in the United States. Its private golf course has hosted the [[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]] on five occasions. San Francisco hosted the [[2013 America's Cup]] yacht racing competition.<ref>{{cite news
|last = Cote |first = John
|title = San Francisco selected to host America's Cup
|work=San Francisco Chronicle
|year = 2010
|url = http://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/San-Francisco-chosen-to-host-America-s-Cup-2479352.php
|access-date =September 11, 2013
}}</ref>
With an ideal climate for outdoor activities, San Francisco has ample resources and opportunities for amateur and participatory sports and recreation. There are more than {{convert|200|mi|km}} of [[segregated cycle facilities|bicycle paths, lanes]] and bike routes in the city.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Bicycle Network Facilities
|work=Commuting and Resources
|publisher=SF Municipal Transportation Authority
|date = May 12, 2008
|url = http://www.sfmta.com/cms/bcomm/3180.html
|access-date =June 15, 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404210802/http://www.sfmta.com/cms/bcomm/3180.html |archive-date=April 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
San Francisco residents have often ranked among the fittest in the country.<ref name="fitness">{{cite news
|last = Hübler |first = Eric
|title = The Fittest and Fattest Cities in America
|work=Men's Fitness |year = 2008
|url = http://www.mensfitness.com/city_rankings/454
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081011203124/http://www.mensfitness.com/city_rankings/454
|archive-date = October 11, 2008
|access-date =June 15, 2008}}</ref> [[Golden Gate Park]] has miles of paved and unpaved running trails as well as a [[golf course]] and [[disc golf]] course.
Boating, sailing, [[windsurfing]] and [[kitesurfing]] are among the popular activities on San Francisco Bay, and the city maintains a yacht harbor in the [[Marina District, San Francisco|Marina District]].
San Francisco also has had [[Esports]] teams, such as the [[Overwatch League]]'s [[San Francisco Shock]]. Established in 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lautenbach |first=Brett |date=October 16, 2017 |title=Esports Comes to Shake Up Northern California: Meet the San Francisco Shock |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171016005990/en/Esports-Comes-to-Shake-Up-Northern-California-Meet-the-San-Francisco-Shock |access-date=April 23, 2021 |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref> they won two back-to-back championship titles in 2019 and 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Samples|first=Rachel|date=September 29, 2019|title=San Francisco Shock crowned 2019 Overwatch League champions|url=https://dotesports.com/overwatch/news/san-francisco-shock-crowned-2019-overwatch-league-champions|access-date=April 23, 2021|website=Dot Esports|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Amin |first=Justin |date=October 10, 2020 |title=San Francisco Shock are 2020 Overwatch League Champions |url=https://www.esportznetwork.com/2020-overwatch-league-champion-crowned-for-san-francisco-shock/ |access-date=April 23, 2021 |website=Esportz Network |archive-date=June 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607182459/https://www.esportznetwork.com/2020-overwatch-league-champion-crowned-for-san-francisco-shock/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Parks and recreation==
{{See also|List of parks in San Francisco}}
[[File:Aerial view of San Francisco, 30 Jun 2018 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Golden Gate Park]] is the 3rd most-visited [[Urban park|city park]] in the U.S., after [[Central Park]] and the [[National Mall]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sf.curbed.com/2018/8/22/17769694/golden-gate-park-trust-public-land-parkscore-2018|title=Golden Gate Park ranked third most popular park in US|first=Adam|last=Brinklow|work=Curbed SF|date=August 22, 2018|access-date=November 13, 2019}}</ref>]]
Several of San Francisco's parks and nearly all of its beaches form part of the regional [[Golden Gate National Recreation Area]], one of the most visited units of the [[National Park Service|National Park system]] in the United States with over 13 million visitors a year. Among the GGNRA's attractions within the city are [[Ocean Beach, San Francisco|Ocean Beach]], which runs along the Pacific Ocean shoreline and is frequented by a [[surfing]] community, and [[Baker Beach]], which is located in a cove west of the Golden Gate Bridge, as well as the [[California Academy of Sciences]], a research institute and natural history museum.
The [[Presidio of San Francisco]] is the former 18th century Spanish military base, which today is one of the city's largest parks and home to numerous museums and institutions. Also within the Presidio is [[Crissy Field]], a former airfield that was restored to its natural [[salt marsh]] [[ecosystem]]. The GGNRA also administers [[Fort Funston]], [[Lands End (San Francisco)|Lands End]], [[Fort Mason]], and [[Alcatraz]]. The National Park Service separately administers the [[San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park]] – a fleet of historic ships and waterfront property around [[Aquatic Park Historic District|Aquatic Park]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Boulevard |first1=Mailing Address: 2 Marina |last2=E |first2=Building |last3=Francisco |first3=2nd Floor San |last4=Us |first4=CA 94123 Phone: 415 561-7000 The public information office is open from 8 A. M. to 5 P. M. PST Contact |title=San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/safr/index.htm#:~:text=San%20Francisco%20Maritime%20National%20Historical%20Park%20(U.S.%20National%20Park%20Service) |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Alamo Square with Painted Ladies, SF, CA, jjron 26.03.2012.jpg|thumb|[[Painted Ladies]] on [[Alamo Square]].]]
[[File:Cliff House from Ocean Beach.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Cliff House, San Francisco|Cliff House]] over [[Ocean Beach, San Francisco|Ocean Beach]]]]
There are more than [[List of parks in San Francisco|220 parks]] maintained by the [[San Francisco Recreation & Parks Department]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sf-recpark.org/index.aspx?page=56
|title=Facility Listings
|access-date=July 25, 2010
|work=San Francisco Recreation and Parks Department
|publisher=City and County of San Francisco
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816184256/http://sf-recpark.org/index.aspx?page=56
|archive-date=August 16, 2010
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The largest and best-known city park is [[Golden Gate Park]],<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.tpl.org/content_documents/ccpe_Most_Visited_Parks.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318011047/http://www.tpl.org/content_documents/ccpe_Most_Visited_Parks.pdf
|archive-date = March 18, 2009
|title = The Most Visited City Parks
|access-date =June 17, 2008
|date = October 11, 2007
|work=Center for City Park Excellence
|publisher=The Trust for Public Land
}}</ref> which stretches from the center of the city west to the Pacific Ocean. Once covered in native grasses and sand dunes, the park was conceived in the 1860s and was created by the extensive planting of thousands of non-native trees and plants. The large park is rich with cultural and natural attractions such as the [[Conservatory of Flowers]], [[Japanese Tea Garden (San Francisco)|Japanese Tea Garden]] and [[San Francisco Botanical Garden]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golden Gate Park Points of Interest |url=https://sfrecpark.org/1116/Golden-Gate-Park-Points-of-Interest |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=sfrecpark.org}}</ref> The [[Dahlia]] is the official flower of San Francisco.
[[Lake Merced]] is a fresh-water lake surrounded by parkland{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Lake Merced Trails |url=https://sfrecpark.org/Facilities/Facility/Details/Lake-Merced-Trail-58 |website=San Francisco Recreation & Parks}}</ref> and near the [[San Francisco Zoo]], a city-owned park that houses more than 250 animal species, many of which are endangered.<ref>{{cite web
|title = What to See at the Zoo
|publisher=San Francisco Zoo
|url = http://www.sfzoo.org/openrosters/ViewOrgPageLink.asp?LinkKey=15015&orgkey=1821
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719005811/http://www.sfzoo.org/openrosters/ViewOrgPageLink.asp?LinkKey=15015&orgkey=1821
|archive-date = July 19, 2011
|access-date =June 14, 2008
}}</ref> The only [[List of California state parks|park]] managed by the [[California Department of Parks and Recreation|California State Park]] system located principally in San Francisco, [[Candlestick Point State Recreation Area|Candlestick Point]] was the state's first urban recreation area.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Candlestick Point SRA
|publisher=California State Parks Department
|url = http://parks.ca.gov/?page_id=519
|access-date =January 27, 2009}}</ref>
Most of San Francisco's islands are protected as parkland or nature reserves. [[Alcatraz Island]], operated by the [[National Park Service]], is open to the public. The [[Farallon Islands]] are protected wildlife refuges. The [[Seal Rocks (San Francisco, California)|Seal Rocks]] are protected as part of [[Golden Gate National Recreation Area]]. [[Red Rock Island]] is the only privately owned island in San Francisco Bay, but is uninhabited. [[Yerba Buena Island]] is largely utilized by the military.
San Francisco is the first city in the U.S. to have a park within a [[10-Minute Walk]] of every resident.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/SF-1st-city-in-nation-with-a-park-10-minute-walk-11150987.php|title=SF 1st city in nation with a park 10-minute walk from every home|work=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=May 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2017/05/16/in-san-francisco-everyone-lives-within-a-10-minute-walk-of-a-park/|title=In San Francisco, Everyone Lives Within A 10-Minute Walk of a Park|date=May 16, 2017|work=CBS SF Bay Area|access-date=May 23, 2018|language=en}}</ref> It also ranks fifth in the U.S. for park access and quality in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the top 100 park systems across the United States, according to the nonprofit [[Trust for Public Land]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parkscore.tpl.org/rankings.php|title=ParkScore|website=Parkscore.tpl.org|language=en-US|access-date=May 23, 2018|archive-date=May 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524003623/http://www.parkscore.tpl.org/rankings.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Government==
{{Main|Government of San Francisco|Politics of San Francisco|Mayor of San Francisco|l3=Mayors of San Francisco}}
{{See also|San Francisco City Hall}}
[[File:San Francisco City Hall (front) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[San Francisco City Hall]], built 1913–16 and designed by [[Arthur Brown Jr.]]]]
The [[Mayor of San Francisco|mayor]] is also the county executive, and the county [[San Francisco Board of Supervisors|Board of Supervisors]] acts as the [[city council]]. The government of San Francisco is a [[charter city]] and is constituted of two co-equal branches: the executive branch is headed by the mayor and includes other citywide elected and appointed officials as well as the civil service; the 11-member Board of Supervisors, the legislative branch, is headed by a president and is responsible for passing laws and budgets, though San Franciscans also make use of [[Popular initiative|direct ballot initiatives]] to pass legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgov.org/site/sf311_index.asp?id=55765|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080826045706/http://www.sfgov.org/site/sf311_index.asp?id=55765|title=Board of Supervisors – Does San Francisco have a City Council?|access-date=October 28, 2015|archive-date=August 26, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Because of its unique city-county status, the local government is able to exercise jurisdiction over certain property outside city limits. [[San Francisco International Airport]], though located in [[San Mateo County]], is owned and operated by the City and County of San Francisco. San Francisco's largest jail complex (County Jail No. 5) is located in San Mateo County, in an [[unincorporated area]] adjacent to [[San Bruno, California|San Bruno]]. San Francisco was also granted a perpetual leasehold over the [[Hetch Hetchy Valley]] and [[drainage basin|watershed]] in [[Yosemite National Park]] by the [[Raker Act]] in 1913.<ref name="CityCounty">{{cite web
|url=http://sf311.org/index.aspx?page=262
|title=Board of Supervisors – Does San Francisco have a City Council?
|access-date=June 16, 2008
|work=SFGov SF311
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129121724/http://sf311.org/index.aspx?page=262
|archive-date=November 29, 2010
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
[[File:Supremecourtofcaliforniamaincourthouse.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Supreme Court of California]] is based in the [[Earl Warren Building]].]]
The members of the Board of Supervisors are elected as representatives of specific districts within the city.<ref name="SF_Gov_Supervisor_Districts">{{cite web
|title = Board of Supervisors District Information
|url = http://www.sfgov.org/site/bdsupvrs_index.asp?id=4385
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070714005328/http://www.sfgov.org/site/bdsupvrs_index.asp?id=4385
|archive-date = July 14, 2007
|publisher=City and County of San Francisco, Board of Supervisors
|access-date =January 29, 2006
}}</ref> Upon the death or resignation of the mayor, the President of the Board of Supervisors becomes acting mayor until the full Board elects an interim replacement for the remainder of the term. In 2011, [[Ed Lee (politician)|Ed Lee]] was selected by the board to finish the term of [[Gavin Newsom]], who resigned to take office as [[Lieutenant Governor of California]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blog.sfgate.com/cityinsider/2011/01/11/ed-lee-becomes-the-citys-first-chinese-american-mayor/ |work=The San Francisco Chronicle |first=John |last=Coté |title=Ed Lee becomes the city's first Chinese American mayor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012112709/http://blog.sfgate.com/cityinsider/2011/01/11/ed-lee-becomes-the-citys-first-chinese-american-mayor/| archive-date=October 12, 2013 | date=January 11, 2011}}</ref> Lee (who won two elections to remain mayor) was temporarily replaced by San Francisco Board of Supervisors President [[London Breed]] after he died on December 12, 2017. Supervisor [[Mark Farrell (politician)|Mark Farrell]] was appointed by the Board of Supervisors to finish Lee's term on January 23, 2018.
Most local offices in San Francisco are elected using [[Ranked-choice voting in the United States|ranked choice voting]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranked-choice voting |url=https://sf.gov/ranked-choice-voting |access-date=September 13, 2023 |website=sf.gov}}</ref>
[[File:San Francisco Federal Building (main structure, seen from Mission and 7th, 2020).jpg|thumb|left|[[San Francisco Federal Building]]]]
San Francisco serves as the regional hub for many arms of the federal bureaucracy, including the [[Ninth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals|U.S. Court of Appeals]], the [[Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco|Federal Reserve Bank]], and the [[United States Mint|U.S. Mint]]. Until [[Base Realignment and Closure|decommissioning]] in the early 1990s, the city had major military installations at the [[Presidio of San Francisco|Presidio]], [[Treasure Island, San Francisco|Treasure Island]], and [[San Francisco Naval Shipyard|Hunters Point]]—a legacy still reflected in the annual celebration of [[Fleet Week]]. The State of California uses San Francisco as the home of the [[Supreme Court of California|state supreme court]] and other state agencies. Foreign governments maintain [[List of diplomatic missions in the San Francisco Bay Area|more than seventy consulates in San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/91446.pdf
|title = Foreign Consular Offices in the United States, 2007
|access-date = December 12, 2008
|publisher = United States Department of State
}}</ref>
The municipal budget for fiscal year 2015–16 was $8.99 billion,<ref>{{cite web |title=Budget and Appropriation Ordinance as of July 21, 2015 – Fiscal Years Ending June 30, 2016 and June 30, 2017 |url=http://sfcontroller.org/sites/default/files/FileCenter/Documents/6643-FY16%20%26%20FY17%20AAO%20Board%20FINAL.pdf |date=July 21, 2015 |website=SF Controller |access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> and is one of the largest city budgets in the United States.<ref name="ballotpedia.org">{{Cite news|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Analysis_of_spending_in_America's_largest_cities|title=Analysis of spending in America's largest cities – Ballotpedia|access-date=March 16, 2017|language=en}}</ref> The City of San Francisco spends more per resident than any city other than Washington, D.C., over $10,000 in FY 2015–2016.<ref name="ballotpedia.org"/> The city employs around 27,000 workers.<ref>{{cite news
|author = Gordon, Rachel
|title = 1 in 3 San Francisco employees earned $100,000
|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/04/25/MNC51CLUBN.DTL
|work = San Francisco Chronicle
|date = April 26, 2010
|access-date =March 7, 2012}}</ref>
[[File:U.S. Post Office & Courthouse (San Francisco) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The historic [[James R. Browning United States Court of Appeals Building|Browning Courthouse]]]]
In the [[California State Senate]], San Francisco is in {{Representative|casd|11|fmt=sdistrict}}. In the [[California State Assembly]], it is split between {{Representative|caad|17|fmt=adistrict}}, and {{Representative|caad|19|fmt=adistrict}}.<ref name=CCRC_CoI/>
In the [[United States House of Representatives]], San Francisco is split between two congressional districts. Most of the city is in the [[California's 11th congressional district|11th District]], represented by {{Representative|cacd|11}}. A sliver in the southwest is part of the [[California's 15th congressional district|15th District]] represented by {{Representative|cacd|15}}.<ref>{{Cite GovTrack|CA|12|accessdate=March 12, 2013}}</ref>
One of San Francisco's most notable achievements is its ambitious zero-waste goal, which aims to divert 100% of waste from landfills by 2025. The city has already made significant strides, with widespread recycling and composting programs that encourage residents to minimize waste. San Francisco was one of the first U.S. cities to ban plastic bags and continues to lead in banning single-use plastics, setting a standard for cities across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2024 |title=Top 5 Reasons People Move to San Francisco |url=https://www.cheapmoversinsanfrancisco.com/post/top-5-reasons-people-move-to-san-francisco }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
==Education==
===Colleges and universities===
{{See also|List of colleges and universities in San Francisco}}
[[File:Lone Mountain Campus (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[University of San Francisco]]]]
The [[University of California, San Francisco]] is the sole campus of the [[University of California|University of California system]] entirely dedicated to graduate education in health and biomedical sciences. It is ranked among the top five medical schools in the United States<ref>{{cite magazine
|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/primary-care-rankings
|title=America's Best Graduate Schools: Best Medical Schools
|access-date=July 25, 2010
|year=2010
|magazine=[[U.S. News & World Report]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421213522/http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/primary-care-rankings
|archive-date=April 21, 2010
}}</ref> and operates the [[UCSF Medical Center]], which ranks as the number one hospital in California and the number 5 in the country.<ref>{{cite magazine
|url = http://health.usnews.com/health-news/best-hospitals/articles/2011/07/18/best-hospitals-2011-12-the-honor-roll
|title = Best Hospitals 2011–12: the Honor Roll
|magazine=U.S. News & World Report
|author=Comarow, Avery
|date = July 14, 2010
|access-date =July 25, 2010
}}</ref> UCSF is a major local employer, second in size only to the city and county government.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.sfced.org/docs/Largest_Employers_in_SF_2007.doc
|title = San Francisco Business Information: Largest Employers in San Francisco
|access-date =June 9, 2008
|work=San Francisco Business Times Book of Lists, 2007
|format = Microsoft Word
|publisher=San Francisco Center for Economic Development
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070817111006/http://www.sfced.org/docs/Largest_Employers_in_SF_2007.doc|archive-date = August 17, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title = UCSF packs a $6B punch for economy
|work=[[San Francisco Business Times]]
|last1=Leuty
|first1=Ron
|date = June 11, 2010
|url = http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2010/06/14/story1.html
|access-date =July 26, 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100616084742/http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2010/06/14/story1.html |archive-date = June 16, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ucsf.edu/eir/employment-economic-stimulus
|title = Employment & Economic Stimulus
|access-date =July 26, 2010
|work=2010 Economic Impact Report
|publisher=[[University of California, San Francisco]]
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100701173949/http://www.ucsf.edu/eir/employment-economic-stimulus |archive-date = July 1, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> A {{convert|43|acre|ha|adj=on}} [[Mission Bay, San Francisco|Mission Bay]] campus was opened in 2003, complementing its original facility in [[List of hills in San Francisco|Parnassus Heights]]. It contains research space and facilities to foster biotechnology and life sciences entrepreneurship and will double the size of UCSF's research enterprise.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2003/07/4846/new-ucsf-mission-bay-campus-countrys-largest-biomedical-university-expansio
|title = New UCSF Mission Bay campus: country's largest biomedical university expansion
|first1=Wallace
|last1=Ravven
|access-date =June 9, 2008
|publisher=University of California, San Francisco
|date = July 22, 2003
}}</ref> All in all, UCSF operates more than 20 facilities across San Francisco.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ucsf.edu/locations
|title = Locations
|author= UCSF
|access-date =February 21, 2015
|year = 2015
}}</ref>
The [[University of California College of the Law, San Francisco]], founded in [[Civic Center, San Francisco|Civic Center]] in 1878, is the oldest law school in California and claims more judges on the state bench than any other institution.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.uchastings.edu/?pid=37
|title = Hastings Quick Facts
|access-date =August 30, 2006
|publisher=University of California, Hastings College of the Law}}</ref>
San Francisco's two University of California institutions have recently formed an official affiliation in the UCSF/UC Law SF Consortium on Law, Science & Health Policy.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://ucsfconsortium.uchastings.edu/
|title = UCSF/UC Hastings Consortium
|access-date = June 2, 2013
|publisher = University of California, Hastings College of the Law
|archive-date = April 26, 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130426222524/http://ucsfconsortium.uchastings.edu/
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
[[File:SFSU Campus Overview Nov2012.JPG|thumb|left|[[San Francisco State University]] library building]]
[[San Francisco State University]] is part of the [[California State University]] system and is located near [[Lake Merced]].<ref name=sfsu>{{cite web
|url = http://www.sfsu.edu/~puboff/sfsufact/archive/0809/files/SFSU_Facts_0809.pdf
|title = SF State Facts 2008–2009
|access-date = March 7, 2009
|publisher = SFSU
|archive-date = March 3, 2016
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214251/http://www.sfsu.edu/~puboff/sfsufact/archive/0809/files/SFSU_Facts_0809.pdf
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> The school has approximately 30,000 students and awards undergraduate, master's and doctoral degrees in more than 100 disciplines.<ref name=sfsu/> The [[City College of San Francisco]], with its main facility in the Ingleside district, is one of the largest two-year [[community college]]s in the country. It has an enrollment of about 100,000 students and offers an extensive continuing education program.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ccsf.edu/Offices/Public_Information/factsheet.html
|title = City College of San Francisco Fact Sheet
|access-date = June 16, 2008
|date = April 2008
|format = PDF
|publisher = City College of San Francisco
|archive-date = December 2, 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081202165806/http://www.ccsf.edu/Offices/Public_Information/factsheet.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
[[File:McAllister Tower in San Francisco (TK2).JPG|thumb|upright|[[University of California College of the Law, San Francisco|University of California College of the Law]]]]
Founded in 1855, the [[University of San Francisco]], a private [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] university located on [[Lone Mountain (California)|Lone Mountain]], is the oldest institution of higher education in San Francisco and one of the oldest universities established west of the Mississippi River.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.usfca.edu/online/about_USF/USFAlmanac2007.pdf
|title = University of San Francisco Fact Book and Almanac 2007
|date = December 31, 2007
|publisher=University of San Francisco
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080624193135/http://www.usfca.edu/online/about_USF/USFAlmanac2007.pdf
|archive-date = June 24, 2008
|access-date =July 25, 2010
}}</ref> [[Golden Gate University]] is a private, nonsectarian university formed in 1901 and located in the [[Financial District, San Francisco|Financial District]].
[[California Institute of Integral Studies]], founded in 1968, offers graduate programs in its Schools of Professional Psychology & Health, and Consciousness and Transformation.
With an enrollment of 13,000 students, the [[Academy of Art University]] is the largest institute of art and design in the nation.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.academyart.edu/whoweare.html
|title = Who We Are
|access-date =February 18, 2009
|publisher=Academy of Art University
|year = 2008
}}</ref> The [[California College of the Arts]], located north of [[Potrero Hill]], has programs in architecture, fine arts, design, and writing.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.cca.edu/admissions/undergrad/campuses
|title = Oakland & San Francisco Campuses
|access-date = May 23, 2012
|publisher = California College of the Arts
|year = 2012
|archive-date = May 1, 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201558/http://www.cca.edu/admissions/undergrad/campuses
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> The [[San Francisco Conservatory of Music]], the only independent [[music school]] on the West Coast, grants degrees in orchestral instruments, chamber music, composition, and conducting. The [[San Francisco Art Institute]], founded in 1871 and the oldest [[art school]] west of the Mississippi,<ref>{{cite book
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2kz2R2rPFXgC&q=Roadtripping+USA
|title = Let's Go: Roadtripping USA
|access-date =February 18, 2009
|page = 489
|publisher=MacMillan
|year = 2007
|isbn = 9780312361822
}}</ref> closed in 2022.
The [[California Culinary Academy]] had programs in the culinary arts, baking and pastry arts, and hospitality and restaurant management, and is now closed.
===Primary and secondary schools===
{{see also|San Francisco public grammar schools|List of high schools in California#San Francisco County}}
<!--Note: All PUBLIC schools are listed in San Francisco Unified School District-->
[[File:Mission High School.jpg|thumb|left|The [[San Francisco Unified School District]] operates 114 schools and is the oldest school district in California.]]
[[Public school (government funded)|Public schools]] are run by the [[San Francisco Unified School District]], which covers the entire city and county,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06_ca/schooldistrict_maps/c06075_san_francisco/DC20SD_C06075.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS – SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: San Francisco County, CA|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=July 22, 2022}} – [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06_ca/schooldistrict_maps/c06075_san_francisco/DC20SD_C06075_SD2MS.txt Text list]</ref> as well as the [[California State Board of Education]] for some charter schools. [[Lowell High School (San Francisco)|Lowell High School]], the oldest public high school in the U.S. west of the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]],<ref>{{cite web
|title = The Oldest Public High School West of the Mississippi
|work=About Lowell: Lowell History
|publisher=San Francisco Unified School District
|date = February 22, 2002
|url = http://www.sfusd.edu/schwww/sch697/about/history/
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020414125943/http://www.sfusd.edu/schwww/sch697/about/history/
|archive-date = April 14, 2002
|access-date =July 25, 2010
}}</ref> and the smaller [[Ruth Asawa San Francisco School of the Arts|School of the Arts High School]] are two of San Francisco's [[magnet school]]s at the secondary level. Public school students attend schools based on an assignment system rather than neighborhood proximity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/education/article/S-F-board-sticks-with-school-assignment-system-6317632.php|title=S.F. board sticks with school-assignment system|first1=Jill|last1=Tucker|date=June 10, 2015|website=SFGATE|publisher=Hearst Communications, Inc}}</ref>
Just under 30% of the city's school-age population attends one of San Francisco's more than 100 [[private school|private]] or [[parochial school]]s, compared to a 10% rate nationwide.<ref name="SFGPrvtSchools">{{cite news
|last = Knight |first = Heather
|title = Many reluctantly chose private schools
|work=San Francisco Chronicle |page = A-1
|date = May 31, 2006
|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/05/31/MNGJIJ50T41.DTL
|access-date =June 16, 2008
}}</ref> Nearly 40 of those schools are [[Catholic school]]s managed by the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco|Archdiocese of San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite web
|title = School Directory August 2010
|publisher=Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco
|date = August 2010
|url = http://sfdcs.org/dcs/sites/default/files/docs/school_directory/Directory_Regular_10-11.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101127114957/http://sfdcs.org/dcs/sites/default/files/docs/school_directory/Directory_Regular_10-11.pdf
|archive-date = November 27, 2010
|access-date =January 23, 2011
}}</ref>
San Francisco has nearly 300 [[preschool]] programs primarily operated by [[Head Start (program)|Head Start]], [[San Francisco Unified School District]], private for-profit, private non-profit and [[Child care#Family child care homes|family child care]] providers.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Preschools in San Francisco
|publisher=Winnie
|access-date = May 18, 2017
|url = https://winnie.com/search?category=childcare&find=preschool&ne=37.829105%2C-122.065999&sw=37.685788%2C-122.817189
}}</ref> All four-year-old children living in San Francisco are offered [[Universal preschool|universal access to preschool]].<ref>{{cite web
|title = Preschool for All
|publisher = San Francisco Office of Early Care and Education
|access-date = May 18, 2017
|url = http://sfoece.org/preschool-for-all-pfa-first-5-sf-and-oece/
|url-status=dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170524225949/http://sfoece.org/preschool-for-all-pfa-first-5-sf-and-oece/
|archive-date = May 24, 2017
}}</ref>
==Media==
{{Further|Media in the San Francisco Bay Area}}
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2022}}
[[File:San Francisco Chronicle 2023.jpg|thumb|[[San Francisco Chronicle]] building]]
The major daily newspaper in San Francisco is the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', which is currently Northern California's most widely circulated newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessabc.com/products/top200.htm|title=Top 200 Newspapers by Largest Reported Circulation|date=March 31, 2007|publisher=Audit Bureau of Circulations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813073544/http://www.accessabc.com/products/top200.htm|archive-date=August 13, 2007|access-date=June 14, 2008}}</ref> The Chronicle is most famous for a former columnist, the late [[Herb Caen]], whose daily musings attracted critical acclaim and represented the "voice of San Francisco". ''[[The San Francisco Examiner]]'', once the cornerstone of [[William Randolph Hearst]]'s media empire and the home of [[Ambrose Bierce]], declined in circulation over the years and now takes the form of a free daily tabloid, under new ownership.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.salon.com/media/feature/2000/03/21/examiner/index.html|title=The San Francisco Examiner, 1887–2000|last=Rosenberg|first=Scott|date=March 21, 2000|work=Salon|access-date=June 15, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627064603/http://archive.salon.com/media/feature/2000/03/21/examiner/index.html|archive-date=June 27, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2000/11/22/MN121380.DTL&hw=san+francisco+examiner&sn=005&sc=498|title=Examiner Staff Ends an Era With Tears, Newsroom Tales|last=Nolte|first=Carl|date=November 22, 2000|work=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=June 15, 2008|page=A-1}}</ref>
''[[Sing Tao Daily]]'' claims to be the largest of several Chinese language dailies that serve the Bay Area.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/08/03/BAGI781MM91.DTL|title=Newspaper war in the Bay Area: Ming Pao becomes 6th Chinese-language daily|last=Hua|first=Vanessa|date=August 3, 2004|work=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=June 14, 2008|page=B-1}}</ref> ''[[SF Weekly|SF Weekly]]'' is the city's [[alternative weekly]] newspaper. ''[[San Francisco (magazine)|San Francisco]]'' and ''[[7x7 (magazine)|7x7]]'' are major glossy magazines about San Francisco. The national newsmagazine ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' is also based in San Francisco. San Francisco is home to online-only media publications such as [[SFist]], and ''[[AsianWeek]]''.
[[File:Hearst Building entrance - San Francisco, CA - DSC06547.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[Julia Morgan]]-designed Hearst Building, the western headquarters of the [[Hearst Corporation]]]]
The San Francisco Bay Area is the sixth-largest [[designated market area|television market]] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nielsenmedia.com/nc/nmr_static/docs/2007-2008_DMA_Ranks.xls|title=Local Television Market Universe Estimates|date=September 22, 2007|format=XLS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200433/http://www.nielsenmedia.com/nc/nmr_static/docs/2007-2008_DMA_Ranks.xls|archive-date=September 27, 2007|access-date=June 15, 2008}}</ref> It is the fourth-largest [[designated market area|radio market]] after that of New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbitron.com/radio_stations/mm001050.asp|title=Arbitron Radio Market Rankings: Spring 2008|date=April 16, 2008|publisher=Arbitron|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710153242/http://www.arbitron.com/Radio_Stations/mm001050.asp|archive-date=July 10, 2007|url-status=live|access-date=June 14, 2008}}</ref>
All major U.S. television networks have [[List of television stations in the San Francisco Bay Area|affiliates]] serving the region, with most of them based in the city. [[CNN]], [[MSNBC]], [[BBC]], [[RT (TV network)|Russia Today]], and [[CCTV America]] also have regional news bureaus in San Francisco. [[Bloomberg West]] was launched in 2011 from a studio on the Embarcadero and [[CNBC]] broadcasts from [[One Market Plaza]] since 2015. [[ESPN]] uses the local ABC studio for their broadcasting. The [[regional sports network]], [[Comcast SportsNet Bay Area]] and its sister station [[Comcast SportsNet California]], are both located in San Francisco. The [[Pac-12 Network]] is also based in San Francisco.
[[File:Sutro Tower from Grandview.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sutro Tower]] is a [[Radio masts and towers|broadcast tower]] and local landmark.]]
[[Public broadcasting]] outlets include both a [[KQED-TV|television station]] and a [[KQED-FM|radio station]], both broadcasting under the call letters KQED from a facility near the [[Potrero Hill]] neighborhood. KQED-FM is the most-listened-to [[National Public Radio]] affiliate in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pacifica.org/documents/pdf/ArbitronRatingsWinter2004.pdf|title=Top 30 Public Radio Subscribers – Winter 2004 Arbitron|date=June 17, 2004|work=Radio Research Consortium|publisher=Arbitron Media Research|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050423215537/http://www.pacifica.org/documents/pdf/ArbitronRatingsWinter2004.pdf|archive-date=April 23, 2005|access-date=June 14, 2008}}</ref>
[[KUSF (University of San Francisco)|KUSF]] is a student-run radio station by college students from the [[University of San Francisco]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kusf.org/about|title=About – KUSF|website=www.kusf.org|accessdate=April 2, 2023}}</ref> Another local broadcaster, [[KPOO]], is an independent, African-American owned and operated noncommercial radio station established in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kpoo.com/about|title=KPOO – About Us|website=kpoo.com}}</ref> [[CNET Networks|CNET]], founded 1994, and [[Salon.com]], 1995, are based in San Francisco. [[Sutro Tower]] is an important [[Radio masts and towers|broadcast tower]] located between [[Mount Sutro]] and the [[Twin Peaks (San Francisco)|Twin Peaks]], built in 1973 for [[KTVU]], [[KRON]], and [[KPIX]].
==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
{{see also|Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area}}
====Public transportation====
{{See also|San Francisco Municipal Railway}}
[[File:Cable Car No. 1 and Alcatraz Island.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[San Francisco cable car system|San Francisco cable car]] with [[Alcatraz]] seen behind]]
Transit is the most used form of transportation every day in San Francisco. Every weekday, more than 560,000 people travel on Muni's 69 bus routes and more than 140,000 customers ride the Muni Metro light rail system.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/reports-and-documents/2020/01/sfmta_annual_2019_spreads_r2.pdf|title=SFMTA 2019 Annual Report|website=Sfmta.com|access-date=April 16, 2021}}</ref> 32% of San Francisco residents use public transportation for their daily commute to work, ranking it fourth in the United States and first on the West Coast.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Les|last1=Christie|date=June 29, 2007|title=New Yorkers are Top Transit Users|work=CNNMoney.com|url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm|access-date=August 20, 2008}}</ref> The [[San Francisco Municipal Railway]], primarily known as Muni, is the primary public transit system of San Francisco. As of 2023, Muni is the eighth-largest transit system in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Largest U.S. transit agencies based on passenger trips |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/204955/10-largest-us-transit-agencies-based-on-passenger-trips-in-2009/ |access-date=January 1, 2024 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> The system operates a combined [[light rail]] and [[rapid transit|heavy rail]] (subway) system, the [[Muni Metro]], as well as large bus and [[Trolleybuses in San Francisco|trolley coach]] networks.<ref name="transportation">{{cite news|date=March 2007|title=Bay Area Traveler: Transportation Information|work=San Francisco Chronicle Inc|url=http://www.sfgate.com/traveler/guide/transportation/publictrans.shtml|url-status=dead|access-date=June 16, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830051722/http://sfgate.com/traveler/guide/transportation/publictrans.shtml|archive-date=August 30, 2008}}</ref> Additionally, it runs a [[F Market|historic streetcar line]], which runs on Market Street from [[The Castro|Castro Street]] to [[Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco|Fisherman's Wharf]].<ref name="transportation"/> It also operates the famous [[San Francisco cable car system|cable cars]],<ref name="transportation"/> which have been designated as a [[National Historic Landmark]] and are a major tourist attraction.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 2007|title=Report on San Francisco's Cable Cars|url=http://www.sfbeautiful.org/PDF/2007_Cable_Car_Report.pdf|access-date=June 16, 2008|publisher=San Francisco Beautiful}}</ref>
[[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] (BART), a regional Rapid Transit system, connects San Francisco with the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] and San Jose through the underwater [[Transbay Tube]]. The line, which contains all except the Orange Line, runs under Market Street to [[Civic Center, San Francisco|Civic Center]] where it turns south to the Mission District, the southern part of the city, and through northern [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo County]], to the [[San Francisco International Airport]], and [[Millbrae, California|Millbrae]].<ref name="transportation"/> BART also shares stations with SFMTA [[Muni Metro]] under [[Market Street (San Francisco)|Market Street]].
[[File:L Taraval train on Ulloa Street, June 2017-001 (cropped).JPG|thumb|left|[[Muni Metro]], run by [[San Francisco Municipal Railway|SF Muni]]]]
Another commuter rail system, [[Caltrain]], runs from San Francisco along the [[San Francisco Peninsula]] to [[San Jose, California|San Jose]].<ref name="transportation"/> Historically, trains operated by [[Southern Pacific Lines]] ran from San Francisco to Los Angeles, via [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]] and [[San Jose, California|San Jose]].
[[Amtrak Thruway]] runs a shuttle bus from three locations in San Francisco to its station across the bay in [[Emeryville, California|Emeryville]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Emeryville Station (EMY)|url=https://www.amtrak.com/stations/emy|access-date=July 25, 2010|publisher=Amtrak}}</ref> Additionally, BART offers connections to San Francisco from Amtrak's stations in Emeryville, Oakland and [[Richmond, California|Richmond]], and Caltrain offers connections in San Jose and [[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]]. Thruway service also runs south to [[San Luis Obispo, California|San Luis Obispo]] with connection to the [[Pacific Surfliner]].
San Francisco was an early adopter of [[carsharing]] in America. The non-profit [[City CarShare]] opened in 2001<ref>{{cite web|title=City CarShare Out Mission|url=https://www.citycarshare.org/why-city-car-share/our-mission/|access-date=March 26, 2013}}</ref> and [[Zipcar]] closely followed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zipcar Our Mission|url=http://www.zipcar.com/about|access-date=March 26, 2013}}</ref>
[[File:The Larkspur Ferry “Mendocino” at the San Francisco Ferry Terminal in June of 2023 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Golden Gate Ferry|Golden Gate Ferries]] connect the city to [[North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|North Bay]] communities, while [[San Francisco Bay Ferry]] connects the city to both the North and [[East Bay]].]]
[[San Francisco Bay Ferry]] operates from the [[San Francisco Ferry Building|Ferry Building]] and [[Pier 39]] to points in [[Oakland Ferry Terminal|Oakland]], [[Alameda, California|Alameda]], [[Bay Farm Island, Alameda, California|Bay Farm Island]], [[South San Francisco Ferry Terminal|South San Francisco]], [[Richmond Ferry Terminal|Richmond]], and north to [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]] in [[Solano County, California|Solano County]].<ref>{{cite web|title=San Francisco Bay Ferry|url=http://sanfranciscobayferry.com/|access-date=March 26, 2013}}</ref> The [[Golden Gate Ferry]] is the other ferry operator with service between San Francisco and [[Marin County]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Gate Ferry|url=http://goldengateferry.org/|access-date=March 26, 2013}}</ref> [[SolTrans]] runs supplemental bus service between the Ferry Building and Vallejo.
To accommodate the large amount of San Francisco citizens who commute to the [[Silicon Valley]] daily, employers like [[Genentech]], [[Google]], and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] have begun to provide private bus transportation for their employees, from San Francisco locations. These buses have quickly become a heated topic of debate within the city, as [[San Francisco tech bus protests|protesters]] claim they block bus lanes and delay public buses.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 9, 2016|title=Google bus blocked in San Francisco protest vs gentrification|newspaper=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-protest-idUSBRE9B818J20131209|access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref>
====Freeways and roads====
{{Further|List of streets in San Francisco}}
[[File:Bay Bridge 2022.jpg|thumb|left|The [[San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge|Bay Bridge]] connects the city to [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] and the East Bay.]]
In 2014, only 41.3% of residents commuted by driving alone or carpooling in private vehicles in San Francisco, a decline from 48.6% in 2000.<ref name=":5" /> There are 1,088 miles of streets in San Francisco with 946 miles of these streets being surface streets, and 59 miles of freeways.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2015|title=SFMTA Transportation Fact Sheet|url=https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/reports/2016/2015%20SFMTA%20Transportation%20Factsheet.pdf}}</ref> Due to its unique geography, and the [[Highway revolts in the United States#San Francisco|freeway revolts]] of the late 1950s,<ref name="freeway">{{cite news
|last = Gordon |first = Rachel
|title = Boulevard of dreams, the premiere
|work=San Francisco Chronicle |page = B-1
|date = September 8, 2005
|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/09/08/BAGBFEJVE21.DTL
|access-date =June 16, 2008
}}</ref>
[[Interstate 80 in California|Interstate 80]] begins at the approach to the [[San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge|Bay Bridge]] and is the only direct automobile link to the East Bay. [[U.S. Route 101 in California|U.S. Route 101]] connects to the western terminus of Interstate 80 and provides access to the south of the city along San Francisco Bay toward [[Silicon Valley]]. Northward, the routing for U.S. 101 uses arterial streets to connect to the [[Golden Gate Bridge]], the only direct automobile link to [[Marin County]] and the North Bay.
As part of the retrofitting of the Golden Gate Bridge and installation of a suicide barrier, starting in 2019 the railings on the west side of the pedestrian walkway were replaced with thinner, more flexible [[slat (aircraft)|slats]] in order to improve the bridge's aerodynamic tolerance of high wind to {{convert|100|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. Starting in June 2020, reports were received of a loud hum produced by the new railing slats, heard across the city when a strong west wind was blowing.<ref name="bridge harmonic resonance issues">{{cite news |first=Eric |last=Ting |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Golden-Gate-Bridge-noise-humming-why-wind-sound-15321767.php |title=Why the Golden Gate Bridge made strange noises with the wind Friday |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=June 6, 2020 |access-date=July 5, 2020 |archive-date=July 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705073455/https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Golden-Gate-Bridge-noise-humming-why-wind-sound-15321767.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Lombard Street 2020.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lombard Street (San Francisco)|Lombard Street]] in [[Russian Hill, San Francisco|Russian Hill]] is famed as "the most crooked street in the world".]]
[[California State Route 1|State Route 1]] also enters San Francisco from the north via the Golden Gate Bridge and bisects the city as the [[19th Avenue (San Francisco)|19th Avenue]] arterial thoroughfare, joining with [[Interstate 280 (California)|Interstate 280]] at the city's southern border. Interstate 280 continues south from San Francisco, and also turns to the east along the southern edge of the city, terminating just south of the Bay Bridge in the [[South of Market (San Francisco)|South of Market]] neighborhood. After the [[1989 Loma Prieta earthquake]], city leaders demolished the [[Embarcadero Freeway]] and a portion of the [[Central Freeway]], converting them into street-level boulevards.<ref name="freeway" />
[[California State Route 35|State Route 35]] enters the city from the south as [[Skyline Boulevard]] and terminates at its intersection with Highway 1. [[California State Route 82|State Route 82]] enters San Francisco from the south as [[Mission Street]], and terminates shortly thereafter at its junction with 280. The western terminus of the historic transcontinental [[Lincoln Highway]], the first road across America, is in San Francisco's [[Lincoln Park (San Francisco)|Lincoln Park]].
===== Vision Zero =====
In 2014, San Francisco committed to [[Vision Zero]], with the goal of ending all traffic fatalities caused by motor vehicles within the city by 2024.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kwong|first=Jessica|date=February 19, 2014|title=SF takes step forward in education for pedestrians, cyclists and drivers|newspaper=San Francisco Examiner|url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/sf-takes-step-forward-in-education-for-pedestrians-cyclists-and-drivers/Content?oid=2708625|access-date=February 26, 2014|archive-date=February 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226232558/http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/sf-takes-step-forward-in-education-for-pedestrians-cyclists-and-drivers/Content?oid=2708625|url-status=dead}}</ref> San Francisco's Vision Zero plan calls for investing in engineering, enforcement, and education, and focusing on dangerous intersections. In 2013, 25 people were killed by car and truck drivers while walking and biking in the city and 9 car drivers and passengers were killed in collisions. In 2019, 42 people were killed in traffic collisions in San Francisco.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Vision Zero 2019 End of Year Traffic Fatality Report|url=https://www.visionzerosf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Vision-Zero-2019-End-of-Year-Traffic-Fatality-Report_final.pdf}}</ref>
====Airports====
{{Main|San Francisco International Airport}}
[[File:San Francisco International Airport - aerial photo.jpg|thumb|left|[[San Francisco International Airport]], one of the [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|busiest airports in the world]]]]
Though located {{convert|13|mi|km}} south of downtown in [[Unincorporated area|unincorporated]] [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo County]], [[San Francisco International Airport]] (SFO) is under the jurisdiction of the City and County of San Francisco. SFO is a hub for [[United Airlines]]<ref name="UAL">{{cite news
|last = Young |first = Eric
|title = Pact keeps United from flying away
|work=San Francisco Business Times
|date = April 2, 2004 |url = http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2004/04/05/story1.html
|access-date =June 16, 2008
}}</ref> and [[Alaska Airlines]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsroom.alaskaair.com/2016-12-14-Alaska-Air-Group-closes-acquisition-of-Virgin-America-becomes-the-5th-largest-U-S-airline |title=Alaska Air Group closes acquisition of Virgin America, becomes the 5th largest U.S. airline |date=December 14, 2016 |access-date=February 24, 2019}}</ref> SFO is a major international gateway to Asia and Europe, with the largest international terminal in North America.<ref name="intlterminalfactsheet">{{cite web
|title = Fact Sheet: International Terminal
|publisher=San Francisco International Airport
|date=May 2007
|url = http://www.flysfo.com/web/export/sites/default/download/about/news/pressres/fact-sheet/pdf/International_Terminal_Fact_Sheet.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807172338/http://www.flysfo.com/web/export/sites/default/download/about/news/pressres/fact-sheet/pdf/International_Terminal_Fact_Sheet.pdf
|archive-date=August 7, 2013
|access-date =June 16, 2008
|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011, SFO was the eighth-busiest airport in the U.S. and the 22nd-busiest in the world, handling over 40.9 million passengers.<ref name="SFO-stats-2011">{{cite web
|title = Preliminary World Airport Traffic 2011 (Table 2 – Total Passenger Traffic 2011)
|publisher=Airports Council International
|date = March 27, 2012
|url = http://www.centreforaviation.com/files/analysis/70690/PR_2012-03-27_PreliminaryResults_2011.pdf
|access-date =April 22, 2012}}</ref>
Located in the [[Santa Clara Valley|South Bay]], the [[San Jose International Airport]] (SJC) is the second-busiest airport in the Bay Area, followed by [[Oakland San Francisco Bay Airport]], which is a popular, low-cost alternative to SFO.
====Cycling and walking ====
{{main|Cycling in San Francisco}}
[[File:San Francisco Bay Wheels.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bay Wheels]] station on [[Market Street (San Francisco)|Market St.]]]]
Cycling is a popular mode of transportation in San Francisco, with 75,000 residents commuting by bicycle each day.<ref name="2011 Bicycle Count Report">{{cite news
|title = 2011 Bicycle Count Report
|work=SFMTA
|publisher=City of San Francisco
|date = December 2011
|url = http://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/2011BicycleCountReport-accessible.pdf
|access-date =May 17, 2012
}}</ref> In recent years,{{when|date=May 2024}} the city has installed better [[cycling infrastructure]] such as [[protected bike lane]]s and parking racks.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/documents/cs/impl/ca-sanfrancisco-2012report.pdf|title=2012 San Francisco State of Cycling Report|publisher=San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency|page=2|access-date=October 24, 2015|year=2012}}
</ref> [[Bay Wheels]], previously named Bay Area Bike Share at inception, launched in August 2013 with 700 bikes in downtown San Francisco, selected cities in the East Bay, and San Jose. The [[San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency]] and [[Bay Area Air Quality Management District]] are responsible for the operation with management provided by [[Motivate (company)|Motivate]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bialick |first=Aaron |title=Ford GoBike Launches, Bringing Bike-Share to New SF Neighborhoods |url=https://www.sfmta.com/blog/ford-gobike-launches-bringing-bike-share-new-sf-neighborhoods |date=June 29, 2017 |website=SFMTA: Municipal Transportation Agency |access-date=April 30, 2018}}</ref> A major expansion started in 2017, along with a rebranding as Ford GoBike; the company received its current name in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grab an ebike and go |url=https://www.fordgobike.com/ |website=Ford GoBike |access-date=April 30, 2018 |archive-date=December 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217041452/https://www.fordgobike.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Pedestrian traffic is also widespread. In 2021, [[Walk Score]] ranked San Francisco the most walkable city in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.walkscore.com/cities-and-neighborhoods/|title=2021 City & Neighborhood Ranking|work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=July 20, 2011 |first=Carolyn |last=Said |date=July 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-10-most-walkable-us-cities-2011-07-20?link=MW_popular |title=The 10 most walkable U.S. cities |publisher=MarketWatch |year=2011 |access-date=July 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Walk Score Ranks The Most Walkable Cities of 2015 – @Redfin|url = https://www.redfin.com/blog/2015/04/walk-score-ranks-the-most-walkable-cities-of-2015.html|access-date = September 25, 2015|date = April 7, 2015}}</ref>
San Francisco has significantly higher rates of pedestrian and bicyclist traffic deaths than the United States on average. In 2013, 21 pedestrians were killed in vehicle collisions, the highest since 2001,<ref name="SF Examiner ped safety">{{cite news|last=Sabatini|first=Joshua|title=Lee unveils push for pedestrian safety|url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/lee-unveils-push-for-pedestrian-safety-measures/Content?oid=2678662|access-date=January 19, 2014|newspaper=SF Examiner|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref> which is 2.5 deaths per 100,000 population – 70% higher than the national average of 1.5.<ref name="NHTSA 2012 Crashes">{{cite web|title=Traffic Safety Facts, 2012 Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview|url=http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811856.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114225313/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811856.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 14, 2013|publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|access-date=January 19, 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Critical Mass, San Francisco, April 29, 2005 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Cycling in San Francisco|San Francisco cycling]] event]]
[[Cycling in San Francisco|Cycling]] is becoming increasingly popular in the city. The 2010 [[San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency|Municipal Transportation Agency (MTA)]] annual bicycle count showed the number of cyclists at 33 locations had increased 58% from the 2006 baseline counts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://128.121.89.101/cms/bhome/documents/City_of_San_Francisco_2010_Bicycle_Count_Report_edit12082010.pdf|title=City of San Francisco 2010 Bicycle Count Report|work= San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, 2010, p. 3}}</ref> In 2008, the MTA estimated that about 128,000 trips were made by bicycle each day in the city, or 6% of total trips.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archives.sfmta.com/cms/rbikes/documents/2008SFStateofCyclingReport.pdf
|title = 2008 San Francisco State of Cycling Report
|publisher = San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency
|year = 2008
|page = 9
|access-date = October 1, 2014}}
</ref> {{As of|2019}}, 2.6% of the city's streets have protected bike lanes, with 28 miles of protected bike lanes in the city.<ref name=":0" /> Since 2006, San Francisco has received a Bicycle Friendly Community status of "Gold" from the [[League of American Bicyclists]].<ref>{{cite journal
|title=Bicycle Friendly America 2010
|url=http://www.bikeleague.org/sites/default/files/american_bicyclists_jan_feb10.pdf
|date=2010
|page=17
|journal=American Bicyclist
|access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref> In 2022 a measure on the ballot passed to protect JFK drive in Golden Gate Park as a pedestrian and biking space with 59% of voters in favor.<ref>{{cite news | last=Cano | first=Ricardo | title=JFK Drive will remain car-free after S.F. voters reject Prop. I, pass Prop. J | website=San Francisco Chronicle | date=November 9, 2022 | url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/election/article/JFK-Drive-will-remain-car-free-after-S-F-voters-17570182.php | access-date=December 5, 2022}}</ref>
===Public safety===
{{see also|History of the San Francisco Police Department}}
The [[San Francisco Police Department]] was founded in 1849.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanfranciscopolice.org/sfpd-history|title=SFPD History|publisher=San Francisco Police Department|access-date=February 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301011255/http://sanfranciscopolice.org/sfpd-history|archive-date=March 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The portions of the [[Golden Gate National Recreation Area]] located within the city, including the [[Presidio of San Francisco|Presidio]] and [[Ocean Beach, San Francisco|Ocean Beach]], are patrolled by the [[United States Park Police]].
The [[San Francisco Fire Department]] provides both fire suppression and emergency medical services to the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sf-fire.org/fire-commission-response-grand-jury-report|title=Fire Commission Response to Grand Jury Report|publisher=San Francisco Fire Department|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213163640/http://sf-fire.org/fire-commission-response-grand-jury-report|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Sister cities==
{{Main|Sister cities of San Francisco, California|List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco}}
San Francisco participates in the [[Sister Cities International|Sister Cities]] program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oewd.org/san-francisco-sister-cities|title=San Francisco Sister Cities|access-date=February 1, 2017|archive-date=March 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311225254/http://oewd.org/san-francisco-sister-cities|url-status=dead}}</ref> A total of 41 consulates general and 23 honorary consulates have offices in the San Francisco Bay Area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oewd.org/media/docs/SF%20Register%20of%20Foreign%20Consulates.pdf|title=REGISTER OF FOREIGN CONSULATES IN SAN FRANCISCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123011642/http://www.oewd.org/media/docs/SF%20Register%20of%20Foreign%20Consulates.pdf|archive-date=November 23, 2014|access-date=March 11, 2013}}</ref>
In January 1980, Mayor [[Dianne Feinstein]] signed a sister cities agreement with Shanghai during a visit to China.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Lampton |first=David M. |title=Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8 |___location=Lanham, MD |pages=200 |author-link=David M. Lampton}}</ref>
== Notable people ==
{{main|List of people from San Francisco}}
==See also==
{{Div col |colwidth=25em}}
* [[San Francisco Bay Area]]
* [[List of neighborhoods in San Francisco]]
* [[List of people from San Francisco]]
* [[List of cities and towns in California]]
* [[List of counties in California]]
* [[Northern California megaregion]]
* [[Ships lost in San Francisco]]
* [[USS San Francisco|USS ''San Francisco'']], 3 ships
{{Div col end}}
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist |30em |refs=
<!-- Unused references
<ref name="Frisco okay">{{cite news
|url=http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Frisco-that-once-verboten-term-for-the-city-by-2582886.php
|title=Frisco, that once-verboten term
|last1=Sullivan
|first1=James
|date=October 14, 2003
|work= San Francisco Chronicle
|access-date=February 25, 2013
}}</ref>
<ref name="Don't Call It Frisco">{{cite news
|title = Don't Call It Frisco
|url = http://www.sfgenealogy.com/sf/history/hgoe82.htm
|access-date =July 11, 2011
|newspaper = San Francisco Examiner, San Francisco Chronicle
|date = April 3, 1918|page = 6
}}</ref>
<ref name="Frisco">Though many residents still maintain that the nickname "Frisco" is taboo, many residents, especially younger and working-class natives, have kept this term alive and well. In any case, this is a matter of ongoing speculation that reflects certain cultural divisions within the city. {{cite news
|last = Sullivan |first = James
|title = Frisco, that once-verboten term for the city by the bay, is making a comeback among the young and hip. Herb Caen is spinning at warp speed.
|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/10/14/DD67721.DTL
|work = San Francisco Chronicle
|page = D-1
|date = October 14, 2003
|access-date =June 12, 2008
}}</ref>
<ref name="Friscophobia">Some tourists refer to San Francisco as "Frisco". However, locals discourage this. Samuel D. Cohen writes that many credit "Friscophobia" to newspaper columnist [[Herb Caen]], whose first book, published in 1953, was "Don't Call it Frisco" after a 1918 newspaper article of the same name. Caen was considered by many to be the recognized authority on what was, and what was not, beneath the city's dignity, and to him, Frisco was intolerable. {{cite web
|last = Cohen |first = Sam
|title = Locals know best: only tourists call it 'Frisco'
|work = Golden Gater Online
|publisher = San Francisco State University
|date = September 11, 1997
|url = http://www.journalism.sfsu.edu/www/pubs/gater/fall97/sept11/Frisco.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19971123191158/http://www.journalism.sfsu.edu/www/pubs/gater/fall97/sept11/Frisco.html
|archive-date=November 23, 1997
|access-date =July 13, 2008
}}</ref>
<ref name="The City that Knows How">{{cite web
|url = http://sfpl.org/index.php?pg=2000141201
|title = PPIE: The City That Knows How
|access-date =June 14, 2008
|work = Amusing America
|publisher = San Francisco Public Library
|date = March 29, 2005
}}</ref>
<ref name="Baghdad by the Bay">{{cite book
|last = Caen |first = Herb
|author-link = Herb Caen
|title = Baghdad-by-the-Bay
|url = https://archive.org/details/baghdadbybay00caen
|url-access = registration
|year = 1949
|___location = Garden City, NY
|publisher = Doubleday
|id = LC F869.S3 C12
|isbn = 978-0-89174-047-6
|oclc = 31060237
}}</ref>
<ref name="The Paris of the West">{{cite book
|first=Gregory A. |last=Kompes
|title = 50 Fabulous Gay-Friendly Places to Live
|url=https://archive.org/details/50fabulousgayfri00greg |url-access=registration |page = [https://archive.org/details/50fabulousgayfri00greg/page/66 66]
|publisher = Career Press|___location=Franklin Lakes, NJ |isbn=1-56414-827-0
|year = 2005
}}</ref>
-->
<ref name="Census 2010-GCT-PH1-density">{{cite web
|title = GCT-PH1 – Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 – County – Census Tract
|url = https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY07/0500000US06075
|work = [[2010 United States Census]] Summary File 1
|publisher = United States Census Bureau
|access-date = February 8, 2018
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20200213235157/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY07/0500000US06075
|archive-date = February 13, 2020
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
}}
==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin |30em}}
<!-- Books & Journals cited in the Notes section -->
* {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=William |author-mask= |editor=Ridpath, John |title=Story of my life |year=1895 |publisher=W. Briggs |___location=Toronto |url=https://archive.org/details/williamtaylor00tayluoft}}
* {{cite book |last=Wiley|first= Peter Booth |title=National trust guide San Francisco: America's guide for architecture and history travelers |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-471-19120-9 |oclc=44313415}}
{{Refend}}
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin |30em}}
* {{cite book |year= 1989 |publisher=Dorset Press |title=The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld |author=Asbury, Hubert |isbn=978-0-88029-428-7 |oclc= 22719465}}
* {{cite book |author=Bronson, William |title=The Earth Shook, the Sky Burned |url=https://archive.org/details/earthshookskybur0000bron |url-access=registration |publisher=Chronicle Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8118-5047-6 |oclc=65223734}}
* {{cite book |year= 1987 |publisher=Square Books |title=Spanning the Gate |author=Cassady, Stephen |isbn=978-0-916290-36-8 |oclc= 15229396}}
* {{cite book |year= 1998 |publisher=Celestial Arts (Reissue edition) |title=High Steel: Building the Bridges Across San Francisco Bay |author=Dillon, Richard H. |isbn=978-0-88029-428-7 |oclc= 22719465}}
* {{cite book |last=Eldredge |first=Zoeth Skinner |author-link=Zoeth Skinner Eldredge |title=The Beginnings of San Francisco: from the Expedition of Anza, 1774, to the City Charter of April 15, 1850 |url=https://www.library.sfgenealogy.org/books/san_francisco_county/The_Beginnings_of_San_Francisco_1912%20(ACPL).pdf |date=1912 |___location=New York |publisher=John C. Rankin Company}}
* {{cite book |title=Literary San Francisco: A pictorial history from its beginnings to the present day |author=Ferlinghetti, Lawrence |isbn=978-0-06-250325-1 |year=1980 |publisher=Harper & Row |oclc=6683688 |url=https://archive.org/details/literarysanfranc00ferl }}
* {{cite book
|last = Hansen
|first = Gladys
|author-link1 = Gladys Hansen
|title = San Francisco Almanac: Everything you want to know about the city
|publisher = Chronicle Books
|year = 1995
|isbn = 978-0-8118-0841-5
|oclc = 30702907
|url = https://archive.org/details/sanfranciscoalma00hans_0
}}
* {{cite book |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |title=City for Sale: The Transformation of San Francisco |author=Hartman, Chester |isbn=978-0-520-08605-0 |oclc=48579085}}
* Heller, Nathan. [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/10/14/bay-watched ''Bay Watched – How San Francisco's New Entrepreneurial Culture is Changing the Country'' (article)] (October 2013). ''[[The New Yorker]]''
* {{ cite book |title=Rush for Riches: Gold Fever and the Making of California |url=https://archive.org/details/rushforrichesgol00holl |url-access=registration |author=Holliday, J. S. |isbn = 978-0-520-21402-6 |year=1999 |publisher=University of California Press |oclc=37545551}}
* {{cite journal
|last = London
|first = Jack
|title = The Story of an Eyewitness by Jack London
|journal=Collier's, the National Weekly
|date = May 5, 1906
}}
* {{cite book |year= 1997 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |title=San Francisco, 1846–1856: From Hamlet to City |author=Lotchin, Roger W. |isbn=978-0-252-06631-3 |oclc= 35650934}}
* {{cite book |year=1981 |publisher=Heydey Books |title=The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area |author=Margolin, Malcolm |isbn=978-0-930588-01-4 |oclc=4628382 |url=https://archive.org/details/ohlonewayindianl00marg_0 }}
* {{cite book |year=1978 |publisher=Harper Collins |title=Tales of the City |author=Maupin, Armistead |isbn=978-0-06-096404-7 |oclc=29847673 |url=https://archive.org/details/talesofcity000maup }}
* {{cite book
|last=De La Perouse
|first=Jean Francois
|author2=Yamane, Linda Gonsalves
|author3=Margolin, Malcolm
|title=Life in a California Mission: Monterey in 1786: The Journals of Jean Francois De La Perouse
|year=1989
|publisher=[[Heyday Books]]
|isbn=978-0-930588-39-7
|oclc=20368802
|url=https://archive.org/details/montereyin1786jo00lape
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Richards
|first = Rand
|title = Historic San Francisco: A Concise History and Guide
|publisher = Heritage House
|year = 1991
|isbn = 978-1-879367-00-5
|oclc = 214330849
|url = https://archive.org/details/historicsanfranc00rich
}}
* Solnit, Rebecca. ''Infinite City: A San Francisco Atlas'' (University of California Press, 2010). 144 pp. {{ISBN|978-0-520-26250-8}}; [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=34658 online review]
* {{cite book |year=1971 |publisher=Stein and Day |title=The San Francisco Earthquake |author1=Thomas, Gordon |author2=Witts, Max Morgan |name-list-style=amp |isbn=978-0-8128-1360-9 |oclc=154735 |url=https://archive.org/details/sanfranciscoeart00thom }}
* {{cite book
|last = Ungaretti
|first = Lorri
|title = San Francisco's Richmond District
|publisher = Arcadia Publishing
|year = 2005
|isbn = 978-0-7385-3053-6
|oclc = 62249656
|url-access = registration
|url = https://archive.org/details/sanfranciscosric0000unga
}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Watkins |first=James F. |title=San Francisco |url=http://cprr.org/Museum/SF_Overland_Monthly_1870.html |date=January 1870 |magazine=[[Overland Monthly|The Overland Monthly]] |volume=4 |number=1 |pages=9–23 |___location=San Francisco |publisher=A. Roman & Co.}}
* Winfield, P.H., ''The Charter of San Francisco'' (The fortnightly review Vol. 157–58:2 (1945), p. 69–75)
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* [https://zazor.net/ News of San Francisco] — information portal
* [http://www.sfmuseum.org/ Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco]
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