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{{Short description|Consonantal sound}}
{{about|click consonants initiated with a velar release|velar vs uvular clicks with a more forward release|Click consonant#Complex clicks}}▼
{{Infobox IPA
|above={{nowrap|
|ipa symbol=ʞ
|ipa symbol2=ʞ̃̊
|ipa-number=|decimal=▼
|ipa symbol3=ᵑ̊ʞ
|decimal=670
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x029E.svg
|imagesize=150px
}}
{{Infobox IPA
|above={{nowrap|Back-released uvular click}}
|ipa symbol=ʞ̠
|ipa symbol2=ᶰ̥ʞ
|ipa-number=291
|decimal=670
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x029E.svg
|imagesize=150px
}}
▲{{about|click consonants initiated with a velar release|velar vs uvular clicks with a more forward release|Click consonant#Complex clicks}}
A '''
==IPA symbol withdrawn==
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|publisher=Reichsdruckerei
|pages=18–27
}} Reprinted in ''Le Maître Phonétique'' 3, 6 (23), July–September 1928, {{
At the time, little was known about the articulation of clicks, and different authors used different labels for the same sounds – Doke, for example, called the same clicks 'alveolar'.<ref>Doke, Clement M. (1925) "An outline of the phonetics of the language of the ʗhũ: Bushman of the North-West Kalahari", ''Bantu Studies'' 2: 129–166.</ref>
The last mention of the "velar" clicks was in the 1949 ''Principles''. It was omitted when the other three click letters were moved into the symbol chart in 1951, and was not mentioned again.
An actual velar click, in the sense that term is used with the languages of southern Africa, is not possible. A click is articulated with two closures of the tongue or lips. The rear articulation of all clicks is velar or uvular, and the families of dental, alveolar, palatal, and bilabial clicks are defined by the front closure, which is released to cause the influx of air from the front of the mouth that identifies
From 2008 to 2015 the unused letter was picked up by the [[extensions to the IPA]] to mark a [[velodorsal]] articulation in [[speech pathology]].<ref>
▲An actual velar click, in the sense that term is used with the languages of southern Africa, is not possible. A click is articulated with two closures of the tongue or lips. The rear articulation of all clicks is velar or uvular, and the families of dental, alveolar, palatal, and bilabial clicks are defined by the front closure, which is released to cause the influx of air from the front of the mouth that identifies a click. A forward closure in the velar region would leave no room for the air pocket that generates that influx of air.<ref>Pullum & Ladusaw (2013) ''[[Phonetic Symbol Guide]]'', University of Chicago Press, p. 101.</ref>
However, velar clicks are possible in the sense that the release sequence of the tongue closures can be reversed: in [[paralinguistic]] use in languages such as Wolof, it is the rear (often velar) closure rather than front one that is released to produce the sound, and such clicks
The letter {{angbr IPA|ʞ}}
▲From 2008 to 2015 the unused letter was picked up by the [[extensions to the IPA]] to mark a [[velodorsal]] articulation in [[speech pathology]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140722085129/http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/extIPAChart2008.pdf]</ref>
A retraction diacritic may be used, {{angbr IPA|ʞ̠}}, to specify a uvular release.
▲However, velar clicks are possible in the sense that the release sequence of the tongue closures can be reversed: in [[paralinguistic]] use in languages such as Wolof, it is the rear (velar) closure rather than front one that is released to produce the sound, and such clicks are termed 'velar'.<ref name=Lionnet>Florian Lionnet (f.c.) "Paralinguistic use of clicks in Chad"</ref>
▲The IPA letter was resurrected for such sounds, and dropped from the extIPA to avoid confusion with such usage.
==Production==
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Paralinguistic velar clicks are attested from a number of languages in west and central Africa, from Senegal in the west to northern Cameroon and southern Chad in the east. The literature reports at least [[Laal language|Laal]], [[Mambay language|Mambay]], [[Mundang language|Mundang]], and [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]] in the east, and [[Wolof language|Wolof]] and Mauritanian [[Pulaar language|Pulaar]] in the west.<ref name=Lionnet/>
In Wolof, a back-released velar click is in [[free variation]] with a [[lateral click]] or an [[alveolar click]]. It means 'yes' when used once, and 'I see' or 'I get it' when repeated.
==See also==
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