Diagonal method: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Photography}}

{{primary sources|date=October 2015}}

[[File:DM Diagonal method.svg|thumb|180px|right|Diagonal method of a 3:2 image]]

The '''diagonal method''' ('''DM''') is a [[rule of thumb]] in [[photography]], [[painting]], and [[drawing]]. Dutch photographer and lecturer [[Edwin Westhoff]] discovered the method when, after having long taught the [[rule of thirds]] in photography courses, he conducted visual experiments to investigate why this rule of thirds only loosely prescribes that points of interest should be placed more or less near the intersection of lines, rather than being rigid and demanding placement to be precisely on these intersections. Having studied many photographs, paintings and etchings, he discovered that details of interest were often placed precisely on the [[diagonals]] of a [[square (geometry)|square]], instead of any "strong points" that the rule of thirds or the photographic adaptation of the [[golden ratio]] suggests. A photograph is usually a rectangular shape with a ratio of 4:3 or 3:2, from which the diagonals of the photograph are placed at the [[bisection]] of each corner. Manually placing certain elements of interest on these lines results in a more pleasing photograph.<ref>Hartel, M. (2008). Urban expression. Digital Photographer, 74 (September), 30–42.</ref>

== Theory ==

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Diagonals, the middle [[perpendiculars]], the [[Centre (geometry)|center]] and the corners of a square are said to comprise the force lines in a square, and are regarded by some as more powerful than other parts in a square.<ref>Arnheim, R. (1954). Art and visual perception: A psychology of the creative eye. Los Angeles: University of California Press.</ref>

According to the DM, details that are of interest (to the artist and the viewer) are placed on one or more diagonals of 45 [[Degree (angle)|degrees]] from the four corners of the image. Contrary to other [[rules of thumb]] involving composition, such as the rule of thirds and the golden ratio, the DM isdoes not ascribingascribe value to the [[Line-line intersection|intersections]] of its lines. Rather, a detail of interest can be located on any point of the four bisections, to which the viewer’s attention will be drawn.<ref>Westhoff, E. (2009). De diagonaal-methode. (The Diagonal Method.) Zoom.nl Digitale Fotografie & Video, 2009(10), 82-87.</ref> However, the DM is very strict about placing details exactly ''on'' the bisection, allowing for a maximum deviation of one millimeter on an A4-sized picture.{{cn|date=September 2014}} Another difference withfrom other rules of thumb is that the DM is not being used for improving aimprove composition.{{clarify|date=September 2014}}

== Application ==

The diagonal method was derived from an analysis of how artisrsartists intuitively locate details within a composition, and can be used for such analyses. Westhoff discovered that by drawing lines with an angle of 45 degrees from the corners of an image, one can find out which details the artist (deliberately or unconsciously) intended to emphasize. Artists and photographers intuitively place areas of interest within a composition. The DM can assist in determining which details the artist wishes to emphasize. Research by Westhoff has resulted in the finding that important details onin paintings and on etchings of [[Rembrandt]], such as eyes, hands or utilities, were placed exactly on the diagonals.{{cn|date=October 2014}}

It is very difficult to consciously place points of attention precisely on the diagonals during the making of photos or artworks, yet it is possible to do this in post-production using guidelines.<ref>Westhoff, E. (2007). De Diagonaal Methode. (The Diagonal Method.) FocusXtra 2007(Februari), 18-19.</ref> For instance, the DM can be applied to move the subject of a picture further into a corner.<ref>Elzenga, J. W. (2009). Digitale fotografie natuur: Tips en technieken voor het fotograferen van landschap en dieren. (Digital photography in nature: Tips and techniques for photographing landscapes and animals.) Amsterdam: Pearson Education. Pp. 47-49.</ref>

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The DM can only be applied to images where certain details are supposed to be emphasized or exaggerated, such as a [[portrait]] in which a specific body part deserves extra attention by the viewer, or a photograph for advertising a product. Photographs of landscapes and architecture usually rely on the composition as a whole, or have lines other than the bisections to determine the composition, such as the horizon.<ref>Elzenga, J. W. (2009). Digitale fotografie natuur: Tips en technieken voor het fotograferen van landschap en dieren. (Digital photography in nature: Tips and techniques for photographing landscapes and animals.) Amsterdam: Pearson Education. P. 49.</ref> Only if the picture includes details such as persons, (standalone) trees, or buildings is the DM applicable.{{cn|date=October 2014}}

== See also ==