Utente:Esculapio/Sandbox/Formicidae: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 22:18, 6 feb 2019

Versione attuale delle 15:31, 11 mar 2019

(103 versioni intermedie di 2 utenti non mostrate)

Riga 1:

{{torna a|Formicidae}}

{{vedi anche|Utente:Esculapio/Sandbox/Specie di Formicidae presenti in Italia}}

{|

== [[Formicinae]] ==

|-

* ''[[Camponotus]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mayr, 1861</span>

||it.wiki||en.wiki||new

* ''[[Polyrhachis]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">F. Smith, 1857</span>

|-

|valign=top|

* [[Aenictinae]]

* [[Aenictogitoninae]]

* [[Agroecomyrmecinae]]

* [[Amblyoponinae]]

* [[Aneuretinae]]

* †[[Brownimeciinae]]

* [[Cerapachyinae]]

* [[Dolichoderinae]]

* [[Dorylinae]]

* [[Ecitoninae]]

* [[Ectatomminae]]

* †[[Formiciinae]]

* [[Formicinae]]

* [[Heteroponerinae]]

* [[Leptanillinae]]

* [[Leptanilloidinae]]

* [[Martialinae]]

* [[Myrmeciinae]]

* [[Myrmicinae]]

* [[Paraponerinae]]

* [[Ponerinae (zoologia)|Ponerinae]]

* [[Proceratiinae]]

* [[Pseudomyrmecinae]]

* †[[Sphecomyrminae]]

* †[[Armaniinae]]

|valign=top|

*. ''[[Aenictus]]'' > [[Dorylinae]]

*. ''[[Aenictogiton]]'' > [[Dorylinae]]

* [[Agroecomyrmecinae]]

* [[Amblyoponinae]]

* [[Aneuretinae]]

* †[[Brownimeciinae]]

* > [[Dorylinae]]

* [[Dolichoderinae]]

* [[Dorylinae]]<br/>(incl. [[Ecitoninae]] e [[Cerapachyinae]])

* [[Ectatomminae]]

* †[[Formiciinae]]

* [[Formicinae]]

* [[Heteroponerinae]]

* [[Leptanillinae]]

*.> [[Dorylinae]]

* [[Martialinae]]

* [[Myrmeciinae]]

* [[Myrmicinae]]

* [[Paraponerinae]]

* [[Ponerinae (zoologia)|Ponerinae]]

* [[Proceratiinae]]

* [[Pseudomyrmecinae]]

* †[[Sphecomyrminae]]

*. > [[Sphecomyrminae]]

||

* [[Agroecomyrmecinae]]

* [[Amblyoponinae]]

* [[Aneuretinae]]

* †[[Brownimeciinae]]

* [[Dolichoderinae]]

* [[Dorylinae]]

* [[Ectatomminae]]

* †[[Formiciinae]]

* [[Formicinae]]

* [[Heteroponerinae]]

* [[Leptanillinae]]

* [[Martialinae]]

* [[Myrmeciinae]]

* [[Myrmicinae]]

* [[Paraponerinae]]

* [[Ponerinae (zoologia)|Ponerinae]]

* [[Proceratiinae]]

* [[Pseudomyrmecinae]]

* †[[Sphecomyrminae]]

*.

|}

== [[DorylinaeMyrmicinae]] ==

{{Div col|cols=2}}

* ''[[Crematogaster]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lund, 1831</span>

* ''[[Formicoxenus]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mayr, 1855</span>

* ''[[Messor]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Forel, 1890</span>

* ''[[Myrmica]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Latreille, 1804</span>

* ''[[Oxyepoecus]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Santschi, 1926</span>

* ''[[Pheidole]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Westwood, 1839</span>

* ''[[Pogonomyrmex]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mayr, 1868</span>

* ''[[Solenopsis (zoologia)|Solenopsis]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Westwood, 1840</span>

* ''[[Temnothorax]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mayr, 1861</span>

* ''[[Veromessor]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Forel, 1917</span>

{{Div col end}}

== Filogenesi==

{{S|imenotteri}}

Relationships among ant subfamilies (extant taxa only) based on M. L. Borowiec et al. <ref>{{cita pubblicazione |autore=Marek L. Borowiec, Christian Rabeling, Séan G. Brady, Brian L. Fisher, Ted R. Schultz, Philip S. Ward |titolo=Compositional heterogeneity and outgroup choice influence the internal phylogeny of the ants|rivista=BioRxiv|anno=2017|volume=|pagine=|url=https://doi.org/10.1101/173393 |lingua=en}}</ref>

{{Tassobox

|nome=Dorylinae

|statocons=

|statocons_versione=

|statocons_ref=

|immagine=Dorylus emeryi casent0172656 profile 1.jpg

|didascalia=''[[Dorylus emeryi]]''

<!-- CLASSIFICAZIONE -->

|regno=[[Animalia]]

|sottoregno=[[Eumetazoa]]

|dominio=[[Eukaryota]]

|phylum=[[Arthropoda]]

|subphylum=[[Tracheata]]

|superclasse=[[Hexapoda]]

|classe=[[Insecta]]

|sottoclasse=[[Pterygota]]{{Tassobox gruppo generico|titolo=[[Coorte (tassonomia)|Coorte]]|nome=[[Endopterygota]]}}

|superordine=[[Oligoneoptera]]{{Tassobox gruppo generico|titolo=[[Sezione (tassonomia)|Sezione]]|nome=[[Hymenopteroidea]]}}

|ordine = [[Hymenoptera]]

|sottordine = [[Apocrita]]{{Tassobox gruppo generico|titolo=[[Sezione (tassonomia)|Sezione]]|nome=[[Aculeata]]}}

|superfamiglia=[[Vespoidea]]

|famiglia=[[Formicidae]]

|sottofamiglia='''Dorylinae'''<br /><span style="font-variant: small-caps">[[Auguste Forel|Forel]]</span>, 1893

<!-- ALTRO -->

|sinonimi=

|nomicomuni=

|suddivisione=[[Genere (tassonomia)|Generi]]

|suddivisione_testo=

[[#Tassonomia|vedi testo]]

}}

'''Dorylinae''' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">[[Auguste Forel|Forel]]</span>, 1893 è una [[sottofamiglia]] di [[Formicidae|formiche]], comunemente note come '''formiche legionarie'''.<ref name=AntWeb>{{cita web|titolo=Dorylinae|opera=AntWeb |url=http://www.antweb.org/description.do?name=dorylinae&rank=subfamily&project=worldants |accesso=6 febbraio 2019}}</ref>

It should be noted that the details of these relationships are in a state of flux as we explore the analytical methods used to interpret the ever-increasing amount of genomic data becoming available as DNA sequencing methods explode. For earlier estimates of the relationships among ant subfamilies see Brady et al. 2006<ref>Brady, S.G., Fisher, B.L., Schultz, T.R. & Ward, P.S. (2006) [http://www.pnas.org/content/103/48/18172.abstract Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants.] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U. S. A., 103, 18172–18177.</ref>, Moreau et al. 2006<ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/312/5770/101.short Moreau, C.S., Bell, C.D., Vila, R., Archibald, S.B. & Pierce. N.E. (2006) Phylogeny of the ants: diversification in the age of angiosperms. Science (Washington D. C.), 312, 101–104].</ref>, Ward 2007<ref>[http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01668p563.pdf Ward, P.S. 2007. Phylogeny, classification, and species-level taxonomy of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1668, 549–563].</ref>, Rabeling et al. 2008<ref>[http://www.pnas.org/content/105/39/14913.full.pdf Rabeling, C., Brown, J.M., Verhaagh, M. (2008) Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U. S. A., 105, 14913–14917].</ref>, Moreau 2009<ref>Moreau, C.S. 2009. Inferring ant evolution in the age of molecular data (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 12, 201-210.</ref>, Brady et al. 2014<ref>Brady et al 2014.pdf|Brady, S. G.; Fisher, B. L.; Schultz, T. R.; Ward, P. S. 2014. The rise of army ants and their relatives: diversification of specialized predatory doryline ants. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:93, 14 pp. (doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-93)</ref> and Ward & Fisher, 2016<ref>Ward, P.S. & Fisher, B.L. 2016. Tales of dracula ants: the evolutionary history of the ant subfamily Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology, 41, 683–693 (DOI: 10.1111/syen.12186).</ref>, or the [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Phylogeny_of_Formicidae&action=history history of this page].

==Descrizione==

[[File:Eciton burchellii casent0009219 head 1.jpg|thumb|left|Primo piano di operaia di ''[[Eciton burchellii]]'']]

{{clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:95%

Le operaie di questa sottofamiglia sono in genere prive di occhi o hanno occhi molto piccoli, ridotti ad un singolo [[Glossario entomologico#ommatide|ommatide]]; presentano un [[clipeo]] molto stretto, con inserzione delle [[antenne degli insetti|antenne]] prossima al margine anteriore della testa; [[Glossario entomologico#pronoto|pronoto]] e [[mesonoto]] sono fusi a formare un'unica struttura; il [[pigidio]] è semplice; sono inoltre dotate di [[pungiglione]].<ref name=AntWeb/>

|1={{clade|

|1={{clade

== Tassonomia ==

|1='''[[Leptanillinae]]'''

La sottofamiglia comprende i seguenti generi:

|2='''[[Martialinae]]''' }}

|2={{clade|

*''[[Acanthostichus]]'' Mayr, 1887 (24 specie)

|1={{clade|

*''[[Aenictogiton]]'' Emery, 1901 (7 spp.)

|1={{clade|

*''[[Aenictus]]'' Shuckard, 1840 (217 spp.)

|1={{clade|

*''[[Cerapachys]]'' Smith, 1857 (5 spp.)

|1='''[[Proceratiinae]]'''

*''[[Cheliomyrmex]]'' Mayr, 1870 (4 spp.)

|2={{clade|

*''[[Chrysapace]]'' Crawley, 1924 (3 spp.)

|1='''[[Amblyoponinae]]'''

*''[[Cylindromyrmex]]'' Mayr, 1870 (13 spp.)

|2='''[[Apomyrminae]]''' }} }}

|2={{clade|

*''[[Dorylus]]'' Fabricius, 1793 (127 spp.) [https://www.antweb.org/description.do?subfamily=dorylinae&genus=dorylus&rank=genus&project=worldants]

|1='''[[Ponerinae (zoologia)|Ponerinae]]'''

|2={{clade|

*''[[Eburopone]]'' Borowiec, 2016 (1 sp.)

|1='''[[Agroecomyrmecinae]]'''

|2='''[[Paraponerinae]]''' }} }} }} }}

*''[[Eciton]]'' Latreille, 1804 (29 spp.) [https://www.antweb.org/description.do?subfamily=dorylinae&genus=eciton&rank=genus&project=worldants]

|2={{clade|

|1='''[[Dorylinae]]'''

*''[[Eusphinctus]]'' Emery, 1893 (2 spp.)

|2={{clade|

|1={{clade|

*''[[Labidus]]'' Jurine, 1807 (9 spp.) [https://www.antweb.org/description.do?subfamily=dorylinae&genus=labidus&rank=genus&project=worldants]

|1={{clade|

|1='''[[Aneuretinae]]'''

*''[[Leptanilloides]]'' Mann, 1923 (19 spp.) [https://www.antweb.org/description.do?subfamily=dorylinae&genus=leptanilloides&rank=genus&project=worldants]

|2='''[[Dolichoderinae]]'''

}}

*''[[Lioponera]]'' Mayr, 1879 (74 spp.)

|2={{clade|

*''[[Lividopone]]'' Bolton & Fisher, 2016 (1 sp.)

|1='''[[Myrmeciinae]]'''

*''[[Neivamyrmex]]'' Borgmeier, 1940 (128 spp.)

|2='''[[Pseudomyrmecinae]]''' }} }}

*''[[Neocerapachys]]'' Borowiec, 2016 (2 spp.)

|2={{clade|

*''[[Nomamyrmex]]'' Borgmeier, 1936 (2 spp.)

|1={{clade|

*''[[Ooceraea]]'' Roger, 1862 (13 spp.) ]

|1='''[[Formicinae]]'''

*''[[Parasyscia]]'' Emery, 1882 (51 spp.)

|2={{clade|

*''[[Simopone]]'' Forel, 1891 (39 spp.)

|1='''[[Myrmicinae]]'''

*''[[Sphinctomyrmex]]'' Mayr, 1866 (3 spp.)

|2={{clade|

*''[[Syscia]]'' Roger, 1861 (5 spp.)

|1='''[[Ectatomminae]]'''

*''[[Tanipone]]'' Bolton & Fisher, 2012 (10 spp.)

|2='''[[Heteroponerinae]]'''

*''[[Vicinopone]]'' Bolton & Fisher, 2012 (1 sp.)

}}

*''[[Yunodorylus]]'' Xu, 2000 (4 spp.)

}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

*''[[Zasphinctus]]'' Wheeler, 1918 (23 spp.)

== Note ==